Chng 1

THNG TIN DI NG V VN DUNG LNG

1.1. Lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng
1.1.1. Lch s tin ha ca thng tin di ng
1895 ln u tin trong lch s nh bc hc Guglielmo Marconi
thc hin mt cuc lin lc gia mt my v tuyn t trn b vi mt chin
hm ngoi bin vi khong cch 18 dm (tng ng 28.8 Km). 1901 vn
l G. Marconi thc hin lin lc v tuyn gia Cornwall (thuc Chu u)
v New Forland (thuc M) tc l gia hai b i Ty Dng. n 1902 th
lin lc gia hai b i Ty Dng c thit lp.
1935 nh bc hc ngi M l Amstrong pht minh ra phng php
iu ch tn s (FM: Frequency Modulator) c tnh chng nhiu cao, t y
lin lc bng v tuyn bt u pht trin vi tc kh cao.
1946 ln u tin trong lch s vin thng th gii ti M trin khai
cng lc trn 25 thnh ph mt h thng thng tin di ng c tn l MTS
(Mobile Telephone System), h thng ny s dng phng php iu ch
tn s FM, ch lm vic c ch n cng hoc bn song cng. H
thng s dng mt my pht c cng sut ln v t trn mt Antenna cao,
s dng phng php chuyn mch nhn cng, s cuc gi ng thi rt t
(ch c 3 cuc).
1947 nh khoa hc D.H.Ring lm vic ti phng th nghim Bell Labs
thuc hng AT&T ca M xut ra khi nim t bo (Cell). tng ca
D.H.Ring l chia vng ph sng rng ln thnh nhiu vng nh hn v thay
vic s dng mt my pht c cng sut ln vi mt Antenna cao bng vic
s dng nhiu my pht c cng sut nh hn, vi Antenna thp hn. Mi
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vng nh c gi l mt t bo (Cell). Cc tn s s dng c chia thnh
mt nhm cc tn s khc nhau v phn cho cc t bo, sau khi phn ht tn
s cho cc t bo th c th ti s dng li tn s. Cc my pht nh s c
ni vi nhau qua trung tm chuyn mch, my di ng MS (Mobile Station)
c th di chuyn thoi mi t Cell ny sang Cell khc m khng b gin on
cuc gi. tng ny l c s cho cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo sau
ny. Tuy nhin do s hn ch ca khoa hc cng ngh lc by gi cho nn
tng ny khng th thc hin c.
1960 h thng MTS c ci tin thnh IMTS (Improved), c ci
tin l s dng chuyn mch t ng, c th song cng c, s cuc gi
ng thi tng ln ti 23 cuc gi.
1978 h thng in thoi t bo ln u tin c th nghim ti
Chicago (M). c im ca h thng ny l s dng phng php iu ch
tn s FM, s dng tn hiu iu khin l BPSK (10Kbps), s dng phng
php a truy nhp FDMA. H thng ny c gi l h thng 1G (first
Generation). 1979 h thng in thoi t bo u tin trn th gii c a
vo s dng ti Nht Bn do hng Docomo qun l. 1981 ti Chu u (bn
o Scadinavo) trin khai mt h thng c tn l NMT 450 (Nordic Mobile
Telephone s dng bng tn 450 MHz).
1983 M mi bt u trin khai h thng di ng t bo c tn l
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System). K t y cc h thng di ng
c trin khai rm r trn khp th gii. Tuy nhin h thng 1G ny c nhiu
nhc im nh l: cht lng cuc gi cha c tt, dung lng vn cn
thp cha p ng c yu cu ca ngi dng. khc phc ngi ta
xy dng cc h thng thng tin di ng th h 2 (2G: Second Generation),
nhm khc phc nhc im ca h thng 1G v s ha ting ni.
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Cc h thng thng tin di ng th h hai 2G bao gm: GSM, IS 136,
IS 95 CDMA, PDC (Personal Digital Cellular: in thoi t ong s c
nhn), cc h thng ny c mt s c im chung l. S ha ting ni; dng
a truy nhp: FDMA/TDMA, FDMA/CDMA nhm mc ch tng cng
dung lng; tc truyn s liu 9.6 Kbps, c th c nng cp ln thnh
14.4 Kbps, v c s dng tin nhn SMS.
H thng thng tin di ng mc d kh tin tin, tuy nhin tc truyn
d liu vn cn thp cha p ng c yu cu ca ngi s dng, bn cnh
ch yu li s dng chuyn mch knh nn hiu qu s dng v tuyn cn
thp. Ngi ta tin hnh ci tin cc h thng 2G ny thnh cc h thng
2.5G vi mc ch tng cng tc truyn s liu, s dng chuyn mch
gi. Cc h thng 2.5G nng tc truyn s liu ln ti 115.2 Kbps vi
GPRS ca GSM hoc 384 Kbps ca EDGE.
Cc h thng thng tin di ng 2G mc d c s ha tuy nhin
y vn ch l cc h thng bng hp tc truyn s liu cha cao, cha p
ng c yu cu ca ngi dng tng cng truyn s liu cho thng tin
di ng, t nm 1992 lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU: Internertional
Telecommunication Union ) bt u nghin cu tm ra mt h thng tin
tin hn cc h thng 2G hin c. Cho n nm 2000 a ra tiu chun
IMT 2000 cho h thng thng tin di ng th h 3.
tng ban u ca ITU l mun xy dng mt h thng 3G chung
cho tt c cc mng di ng, tuy nhin do ngay t xut pht im ban u
c nhiu chun di ng khc nhau nn vic xy dng mt chun chung cho
cc mng di ng khng thc hin c. Trn thc t c nhiu chun 3G khc
nhau, nhng c hai tiu chun c chp thun cho IMT 2000 l W
CDMA c xy dng t 3GPP v CDMA 2000 c xy dng t 3GPP2.
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Cc nc chu u ngin cu v cho ra h thng W CDMA khi
ngun t n CDMT (Code Division Multiple Testbed: Phng th nghim
a truy nhp theo m) v FRAMES (Future Radio Multiple Access Scheme:
S a truy nhp v tuyn tng lai), cc d n ny cng tin hnh th
nghim cc h thng W CDMA nh gi cht lng ca h thng. Sau
cc cng tc chun ha chi tit c thc hin 3GPP (Third Gerneration
Partnership Project: n ca cc i tc th h 3) bao gm cc thnh vin
sau: ETSI (chu u), TTA (Hn Quc), ARIB (Nht Bn), T1P1 (M).
Lch trnh nghin cu pht trin ca CDMA 2000/ 3GPP2 (Third
Gerneration Partnership Project 2: n th hai ca cc i tc th h 3) gm
cc nc sau: TIA, T1P1 (M), TTA (Hn Quc), ARIB, TTC (Nht Bn).
c chia thnh hai pha:
- Pha 1 (1997 1999): thi gian ny tp trung vo ngin cu pht trin
mu u tin ca h thng. Nm 1997 xy dng tiu chun, xy dng cu trc
mu u tin ca h thng v thit k cc phng tin th nghim chung. Nm
1998 tip tc xy dng mu th u tin ca h thng v cc phng tin th
nghim chung. Nm 1999 kim tra kt ni m hnh u tin ca h thng.
- Pha 2 (2000 2002): Pht trin h thng vi mc tiu thng mi
cc nh sn xut hng u, nm 2002 bt u dch v thng mi.
M t qu trnh pht trin ln thng tin di ng th h 3 (3G) c th
hin hnh di y.
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Hnh 1.1. S pht trin ca thng tin di ng th h 3.
Mc d h thng thng thng tin di ng 3G cha c trin khai rng
khp nhng ngi ta bt u xy dng cc h thng cao hn nhm mc
ch chnh l tng cng dch v truyn s liu nh HSPA (3.5G): High
Speed Packet Access, v LTE (4G): Long Term Evolution.
1.1.2. Tnh hnh ti Vit Nam
Vit Nam bt u dng di ng t 1993 TP. HCM trn c s lin
doanh gia mt cng ty ca Thy in tn l Commick vi VNPT, cng ty
ny ly tn l VMS Mobile Phone. K t y cc mng di ng ln lt ra
i. Nm 1997 Vina Phonne ra i. Nm 1999-2000 mng CDMA u tin
ca Vit Nam hot ng trn bng tn 800 Mhz xut hin c tn l S Fone,
da trn s hp tc vi tp on SK Telecom ca Hn Quc. Nm 2004 xut
hin thm mt mng GSM na thuc tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng qun
i, ly tn l Viettel.
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c bit nhng nm gn y mt lot cc nh cung cp vin thng xut
hin nh l: EVN telecom, HT Mobile, G-TEL lm cho th trng vin thng
Vit Nam tr nn nng bng hn.
Hin nay c mt s nc trin khai cc mng di ng th h 3 nh l
Nht, M tuy nhin trn th gii trong c Vit Nam vn ang s dng
cc mng th h hai (2G), v th h hai cng (2.5G). Cc h thng thng tin di
ng ny u s dng cng ngh s. Tuy nhin y vn l cc h thng bng
hp tc truyn dn thp, cha p ng c yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Ti Vit Nam cho n thi im ny c ti 7 nh khai thc vin
thng trong c 5 mng GSM hot ng trn cc bng tn GSM 850, GSM
900, GSM 18000 (Mobile phone, Vina phone, Viettel, c 3 mng ny u hot
ng trn hai bng tn GSM 900 v GSM 1800; cn HT mobile hot ng
trn bng e - GSM 850 v mt mng rt tr na l G-tel ng k hot ng trn
bng GSM 1800). Hai mng CDMA l EVN telecom (s dng bng tn 450),
S-phone (s dng bng tn 800). Cc mng ny hu ht l ang giai on
hai cng (2.5G).
p ng i hi ngy cng cao ca ngi s dng trong nc cc
nh mng ang ua tranh dnh c tm v trin khai 3G m cc phng
tin thng tin i chng ang rm r a tin trong giai on gn y. c bit
hn xc nh c chnh xc 4 tm v 3G cho cc nh khai thc vin thng
bao gm: Viettel, Mobile Phone, Vina Phone v lin doanh EVN Telecom vi
HT Mobile. Mc d tht bi trong vic thi tuyn 3G do sinh sau mun
nhng G-TEL quyt nh lin doanh vi Vina Phone cng khai thc 3G.
Nh vy vic i ln 3G Vit Nam l mt tt yu, trong mt tng lai khng
xa ngi dng s c s dng cc tin ch m n em li. Vit Nam s nh
khai thc vin thng s dng cng ngh GSM chim a s (vi 5 nh khai
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thc) do vy khi trin khai 3G chc chn hu ht cc mng s la chn chun
UMTS s dng k thut tri ph W-CDMA.
1.2 Gii thiu k thut tri ph v ng dng trong CDMA
1.2.1. K thut tri ph
Vi cc h thng thng tin khng s dng k thut tri ph CDMA th
rng bng tn l mt vn c quan tm chnh. cc h thng ny
ngi thit k h thng lun mong mun sao cho s dng cng t rng bng
tn cng tt. Vi cc h thng iu ch bin (AM: Amplitude Modulation)
th rng bng tn ti thiu cn thit pht mt ngun tn hiu tng t
gp 2 ln rng bng tn ca ngun tin. cc h thng iu tn (FM:
Frequency Modulation) rng bng tn c th bng vi ln rng bng tn
ngun, ph thuc vo ch s iu ch. Vi tn hiu s, rng bng tn cn
thit c cng gi tr vi tc bt ca ngun v n ph thuc vo dng iu
ch (M-PSK).
Vi cc h thng thng tin tri ph, rng bng tn ca tn hiu c
m rng, thng thng ln hn hng trm ln trc khi pht. Nh vy, c th
thy vi h thng tri ph nu s ngi s dng cng t v cc oan nht l ch
c mt ngi s dng th r rng l rt lng ph bng thng, tc l hiu qu s
dng ph tn khng cao. Tuy nhin khi s ngi s dng tng, lc ny nhiu
ngi c th s dng chung mt bng tn th hiu qu s dng bng tn s tng
ln. Nguyn l chung ca h thng tri ph nh sau: pha pht ph ca tn hiu
pht s c tri rng n rng bng tn cn thit v b iu ch s chuyn
ph ny n di tn c cp pht cho truyn dn. Sau tn hiu c iu
ch c khuch i v c pht ra knh truyn dn. Trong qu trnh truyn
trn knh truyn s chu nh hng ca tp m, nhiu, suy hao cng xut tn
hiu pha my thu tn hiu s c khi phc li nh ban u bng cch
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bin i ngc li so vi pha pht: gii iu ch tn hiu thu, gii tri ph, gii
m Mt h thng s c coi l tri ph nu tha mn:
- Tn hiu c pht chim rng bng tn ln hn rng
bng tn ti thiu cn pht thng tin.
- Tri ph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu.
C 3 h thng tri ph c bn:
i) Tri ph chui trc tip (DS/SS: Direct Sequence/Spread Spetrum): h
thng ny tri ph bng cch nhn tn hiu ngun vi mt tn gi ngu nhin.
ii) Tri ph nhy tn (FH/SS: Frequency Hopping/Spread Spectrum).
H thng ny tri ph bng cch nhy tn s sng mang trn mt tp ln cc
tn s. Mu nhy tn c dng gi ngu nhin.
iii) Tri ph nhy thi gian (TH/SS: Time Hopping/ Spread Spectrum).
Trong h thng ny mt khi cc bt s liu c nn v c pht ngt qung
trong mt hay nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung cha mt s lng ln cc
khe thi gian. Mt mu nhy thi gian s xc nh cc khe thi gian no c
s dng truyn dn trong mi khung.
Ngoi ra cn c cc h thng lai ghp t cc h thng ni trn:
- H thng nhy tn/chui trc tip (FH/DS: Frequency Hopping/
Direct Sequence).
- H thng nhy tn/thi gian (TFH: Time Frequency Hopping).
- H thng nhy thi gian/chui trc tip (TH/DS: Time Hopping/
Direct Sequence).
- H thng nhy thi gian tn s/chui trc tip (TFH/DS: Time
Frequency Hopping/ Direct Sequence).
Cc h thng tri ph nu trn ty vo mc ch s dng s c nhng
u nhc im ring. Vic trnh by c th tng phng php s rt di dng
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tuy nhin vi h thng UMTS s s dng k thut tri ph chui trc tip
DS/SS v c th phng php ny nh th no s c trnh by phn di.
Nhng trc khi xt c th h thng DS/SS ta cn tm hiu v nguyn l
CDMA trc.
1.2.2 a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA
a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple
Access) l phng php m nhiu ngi s dng c th s dng chung
mt ti nguyn v tuyn, hay ni cch khc l tt c mi ngi dng u pht
trong bng tn RF (Radio Frequency), mi ngi dng khc nhau c phn
bit vi nhau nh s dng cc m trc giao.
Trong h thng s dng k thut tri ph chui trc tip DS/SS mi
ngi s dng khc nhau s c gn mt m gi ngu nhin hay gi tp m
(PN: Pseudo Noise) c thuc tnh tng quan cho thp, do vy nhiu ngi c
th s dng chung mt bng tn rng. Cc tn hiu t nhng ngi s dng
khc nhau tr thnh nhiu ging nh tp m, do tng quan cho nn mc
nhiu ny l nh. V vy, c th thy s ngi s dng m h thng ny cho
php s ph thuc t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR: Signal Noise Ratio) cho php
v ty vo yu cu ca h thng s c mt t s c th, ngoi ra cng c th d
dng nhn ra s ngi s dng cn ph thuc vo di ca m trc giao.
r hn th ta xt c th 3 phng php a truy nhp in hnh FDMA
(Frequency Division Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) v CDMA. hai h thng FDMA v TDMA s ngi s dng cc i
ph thuc vo s knh vt l m nh cung cp c, tc l s ngi s dng cc
i khng th ln hn c s khe thi gian hay s bng tn. Nhng vi h
thng CDMA th li khc s ngi s dng cc i khng phi l mt con s r
rng m n ph thuc vo t s SNR. Khi s ngi s dng cng tng th cht
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lng ca tn hiu gim dn cho n khi khng th tip nhn c na. M
hnh m t cc phng php a truy nhp nh trn hnh 2.3.
Hnh 1.2. Cc phng php a truy nhp FDMA, TDMA, CDMA.
Trong h thng DS/SS tn hiu bng gc sau iu ch (vi h thng
UMTS v GSM s dng chung mt phng php iu ch l 4-PSK) c tri
rng bng cch nhn vi mt chi gi ngu nhin PN hay c gi l m tri
ph. Tn hiu sau tri ph c mt ph cng sut PSD (Power Spectral
Densty) thp c o bng W/Hz. Lc ny tn hiu th hin gn ging nh
mt tp m nn v t gy nhiu. Ch c my thu bit c m tri ph PN th
mi gii c tri ph t gii m ra c thng tin cn thit. Do cc tn
hiu tri ph s dng chung mt bng tn s gy ra xuyn nhiu ln nhau.
Nhng cc m PN ny c tnh tng quan cho thp v trc giao vi nhau cho
nn hm tng quan cho hu nh bng khng. Do vy mc d s dng chung
tn s nhng nh hng nhiu l khng nghim trng. Song cng c th nhn
thy khi s ngi s dng tng th mc nhiu nn tng dn n hiu nng s
dng ca h thng s gim.
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Hnh 1.3. M hnh tri ph v gii tri ph DS/SS.
1.3 Thng tin di ng th h 3 v UMTS
1.3.1 Gii thiu cc h thng 3G
1.3.1.1 Cc tiu ch ca thng tin di ng th h 3
S dng di tn quy nh quc t 2GHz nh sau :
- UL : 1885-2025 GHz.
- DL : 2110-2200 GHz.
L h thng thng tin di ng ton cu c tnh tch hp cao :
- Tch hp cc mng thng tin v tuyn v hu tuyn.
- Tng tc cho mi loi hnh dch v vin thng.
S dng khai thc trong cc mi trng khc nhau :
- Indoor trong nh.
- Outdoor ngoi ng.
- Di chuyn.
- V tinh.
C th h tr cc dch v nh :
- m bo chuyn mng quc t.
- m bo cc dch v a phng tin ng thi nh thoi, data.
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D dng h tr cc dch v mi xut hin : mi trng hot ng ca
IMT-2000 c chia lm 4 khu c bn vi tc bt R
b
khc nhau nh sau.
- Khu vc 1 : indoor, pico, R
b
2 Mbps.
- Khu vc 2 : outdoor, micro, R
b
384 Kbps.
- Khu vc 3 : outdoor, macro, R
b
144 Kbps.
- Khu vc 4 : ton cu, R
b
= 9.6 Kbps.
Bng 1.1. Phn loi cc dch v ca IMT 2000.
Kiu Phn loi Dch v chi tit
Di
ng
Dch v di
ng
- Di ng u cui, di ng c nhn, di ng dch v
Dch v
thng tin
nh v
- Theo di di ng, theo di di ng thng minh
Vin
thng
Dch v m
thanh
- m thanh cht lng cao
- Truyn thanh AM
- Truyn thanh FM
Dch v s
liu
- Tc trung bnh : 64-144 Kbps
- Tc tng i cao: 144 Kbps-2 Mbps
- Tc cao: 2 Mbps
Dch v a
phng tin
- Video: 384 Kbps
- Hnh ng: 384 Kbps- 2 Mbps
- Hnh chuyn ng thi gian thc: 2 Mbps
Internet Internet n
gin
- Truy cp WEB: 384 Kbps- 2 Mbps
Internet thi
gian thc
- Truy cp Internet : 384 Kbps- 2 Mbps
Internet a
phng tin
- Website a phng tin thi gian thc: 2 Mbps
1.3.1.2 Cc cng ngh s dng trong thng tin di ng th h 3
W-CDMA
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C cc tnh nng c s sau:
- S dng k thut tri ph DS/CDMA bng rng, vi rng
bng l 5 MHz.
- Lp vt l linh hot tch hp tt c cc tc bt trn mt sng
mang.
- H s ti s dng tn s bng 1.
Ngoi ra cng ngh ny cn c cc tnh nng tng cng sau:
- Phn tp pht.
- H tr Antenna thch nghi.
- H tr cc cu trc thu tin tin.
W-CDMA l chun thng tin di ng th h 3 do chu u xut v i
ln t GSM c lp vt l linh hot trong vic h tr cc loi hnh dch v khc
nhau c bit l cc dch v tc bt thp v tc bt trung bnh, s dng
nhiu cng ngh tin tin do n c s dng rt rng ri.
Tuy nhin W-CDMA cng c nhc im l h thng khng cp php
trong bng TDD vi pht thu lin tc. Cng ngh W-CDMA khng to iu
kin cho cc k thut chng nhiu cc phng tin lm vic nh my in
thoi khng dy.
W-TDMA
C cc tnh nng c s sau :
- Cn bng thch ng bng cc chui hng dn trong cc cm
TDMA.
- Trung bnh nhiu giao thoa bng nhy tn (frequency
hopping).
- Thch ng ng truyn.
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- C hi kiu cm vi cc tc di 1/16 v 1/64 cho tc s
liu cao v thp.
- Kch thc ti s dng tn s thp.
Cc tnh nng tng cng :
- Trit nhiu giao thoa gia cc .
- H tr Antenna thch nghi.
- Khai thc TDD.
- Cc b cn bng t phc tp cho cc phng tin phn tn tr
ln.
H thng ny c nhc im l vng dch v tc bt thp (thoi
chng hn) v thi gian ti thiu ca khe ch l 1/64 khung nn gi tr nh
cng sut rt cao hoc mc cng sut pht trung bnh rt thp i hi vi dch
v thoi cn phi c mt ty chn bng hp i km.
TDMA/CDMA bng rng
C cc tnh nng c s sau:
- Phn cch tn s 1.6 MHz.
- Cu trc cm cha on gia nh gi knh.
- Khi nim CDMA c p dng trn nn cu trc TDMA.
- Gim nhiu giao thoa ni bng cch s dng tch tn hiu a
ngi dng trong mt khe trn cng sng mang.
- H s ti s dng tn s bng 3.
- C tnh nng nhy tn.
- Trit nhiu giao thoa gia cc .
- H tr Antenna thch nghi.
- Hot ng ch TDD.
- Gin knh ng.
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H thng ny c nhc im l my thu phc tp nn gi thnh ca
thit b u cui s tng v khng thch hp cho dng cng cng.
OFDMA
C cc tnh nng c s sau:
- Hot ng vi nhy tn chm kt hp vi ghp knh TDMA
v OFDMA.
- Mi tn hiu OFDMA c khe bng tn 100 KHz.
- Tc cao t bng cch n nh mt s khe bng to nn
bng rng.
- Phn tp thc hin bng cch chia thng tin cho cc khe bng
cc sng mang khc nhau.
Cc tnh nng tng cng nh sau:
- Phn tp pht.
- Tch tn hiu a ngi s dng loi b nhiu.
- H tr Antenna thch nghi.
H thng ny c nhc im l ng ln, ng bao ca tn hiu
tng b thay i cho nn kh thit k b khuch i cng sut.
Tuy nhin k thut ny cng c xut s dng trong h thng
Wimax.
ODMA
y thc cht l mt phng thc chuyn tip ch khng thun ty l
mt phng thc a truy nhp. K thut ny cho php mt my di ng nm
ngoi vng ph sng ca mt Cell c th pht cc gi n BTS bng cch
chuyn tip thng qua mt my di ng khc.
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ODMA c xem xt s dng cho ch TDD vi pht thu trn cng
mt tn s. Hin nay ODMA c kt hp vo W-CDMA nhm mc
ch tng cng vng ph sng cho W CDMA.
1.3.2 Gii thiu h thng UMTS
1.3.2.1 L trnh pht trin t thng tin di ng th h 2 GSM sang UMTS
Hnh 1.4. L trnh pht trin t GSM ln UMTS.
Cc mng di ng GSM Vit Nam hin nay hu ht ang giai on
hai cng GPRS vi tc truyn s liu ti a ln ti 115.2 Kbps, ngoi tr
Mobile phone trin khai EDGE vi tc ti a ln ti 384 Kbps.
GPRS l vit tt ca General Packet Ratio Sevice (dch v v tuyn gi
chung) c a ra nhm h tr dch v s liu gi tc cao cho h thng
GSM hin c. GPRS c mt u im l s dng chuyn mch gi. Dn n
nhiu ngi s dng c th s dng chung mt ti nguyn v tuyn do vy
hiu sut s dng ti nguyn v tuyn rt cao. Vi GPRS, mt my di ng
bt k, tng ng l ngi s dng, ch dnh c ti nguyn v tuyn khi n
c s liu cn pht v ti cc thi im khc nhau nhng ngi s dng khc
nhau c th s dng chung mt ti nguyn v tuyn.
Mt ngi s dng GPRS khi c yu cu truyn s liu s c cp cho
cc khe thi gian (TS) ty thuc vo s liu cn truyn l nhiu hay t nu t
c cp 1TS, 2TS, c th ln ti 8TS tc l tng ng vi 1 sng mang
GSM do vy tc truyn s liu cao nht c th ln ti 115.2 Kbps.
16
HSCS
D
EDGE GPRS UMTS GS
M
1.3.2.2 M hnh tng qut ca h thng vin thng di ng ton cu UMTS
Do UMTS l s pht trin t GSM th h 2 sang thng tin di ng th
h 3 cho nn mt yu cu c bn ca n l phi tn dng trit cc c s vt
cht sn c, bn cnh vic khai thc hiu qu cc tin ch m n em li th
cng phi p ng tt v tt hn na cc dch v c bn sn c ca n c
th p ng c vi nhiu loi hnh ngi s dng c mc thu nhp khc
nhau. Di y l mt m hnh ca mng UMTS chng ln ln GSM do
3GPP pht hnh.
Hnh 1.5. M hnh mng UMTS do 3GPP pht hnh 1999.
C th thy mng chia lm 2 phn :
- Mng li (NC-Network Core): gm cc trung tm chuyn mch
di ng (MSC-Mobile Switching Centrer), cc nt h tr chuyn mch gi
17
phc v (SGSN-Serving General Packet Service Support Node), cc knh
thoi v cc knh s liu chuyn mch gi c kt ni vi cc mng ngoi
qua cc trung tm chuyn mch knh, nt chuyn mch gi cng (GMSC-
Gateway Mobile Switching Centrer) v im h tr GPRS cng (GGSN-
Gateway GPRS Support Node). kt ni trung tm chuyn mch knh vi
mng ngoi cn c thm phn t lm chc nng tng tc mng (IWF). Ngoi
ra mng li khng th thiu c cc c s d liu cn thit cho mng di ng
nh b ghi nh v thng tr (HLR), trung tm nhn thc (AUC), b ghi
nhn dang thit b (EIR).
- Mng truy nhp v tuyn UTRAN: gm b iu khin mng v tuyn
(RNC-Radio Netwwork Controller) ng vai tr nh b iu khin trm gc
(BSC) cc mng thng tin di ng, nt B ng vai tr nh trm thu pht gc
(BTS) cc mng thng tin di ng v thit b u cui ngi s dng (UE-
User Equipment).
Ring v UE, thc cht y chnh l cc MS. Do mng UMTS l s
pht trin k tip ca mng GSM/GPRS cho nn thng thng my di ng
phi h tr ng thi c hai mng ny. Giao din gia UE v mng c gi
l giao din Uu (tng t nh giao din Um ca GSM/GPRS).
Trong quy nh ca 3GPP th trm gc c coi l nt B c ni n
b iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) c chc nng iu khin cc ti nguyn
v tuyn ca cc nt B c ni vi n. RNC ng vai tr nh l b iu
khin trm gc ca GSM/GPRS. Giao din gia nt B v RNC c gi l
giao din IuB. Giao din ny c tnh m, ngha l n c th ni nt B ca mt
nh sn xut ny vi RNC ca nh sn xut khc. RNC kt hp vi cc nt B
ni vi n c gi l h thng con mng v tuyn (RNS-Radio Network
Subsystem).
18
Khc vi GSM, cc RNC khng ni vi nhau. Trong mng truy nhp v
tuyn ca UMTS (UTRAN) c c giao din gia cc RNC v giao din ny
c gi l giao din Iur, c tc dng h tr tnh di ng gia cc RNC v
chuyn giao gia cc nt B ni n cc RNC khc nhau. Bo hiu Iur h tr
chuyn giao.
UTRAN c ni n mng li qua giao din Iu. Giao din Iu c hai
phn t khc nhau l Iu-CS v Iu-PS. Giao din Iu-CS l giao din ni gia
RNC vi MSC/VLR (b ghi nh v tm tr), giao din Iu-PS l giao din ni
gia RNC n mt nt h tr chuyn mch gi phc v (SGSN).
Trong hu ht cc sn phm ca cc nh sn xut th nhiu phn t
mng c nng cp h tr ng thi GSM/GPRS v UMTS. Cc phn t
mng ny gm c MSC/VLR, HLR, SGSN v GGSN. i vi nhiu nh sn
xut, trm gc c trin khai cho GSM/GPRS c thit k sn c th
nng cp h tr cho c GSM v UMTS. Nhng GSM/BSC s khc so vi
UMTS/RNC v chng c yu cu giao din v cc chc nng khc nhau (v d
nh chuyn giao mm).
M hnh 2.2 ch l tham kho, cho n nay 3GPP cho ra nhiu m
hnh khc nhng nguyn l chung th khng thay i v mt trong nhng mc
tiu ca UMTS l tin ti mt mng a phng tin IP. Lc ny m hnh ca
mt cuc gi s hon ton thay i. c ting v s liu c x l ging
nhau trn ton b ng truyn t u cui n u cui.
1.4 Khi nim dung lng v nhu cu tng dung lng
1.4.1 Khi nim dung lng
Vi cc h thng thng tin di ng thng thng ngi ta hay quan tm
n s cuc gi ng thi c th thc hin c hay tc truyn s liu l
bao nhiu Kbps. cc h thng FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
19
Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) th s ngi s dng cc
i ph thuc vo s knh vt l m nh cung cp c, tc l s ngi s dng
cc i khng th ln hn c s khe thi gian hay s bng tn.
Xt vi h thng GSM/GPRS dung lng ca h thng ph thuc vo
s knh sng mang m h thng c, mi mt knh sng mang c chia
lm 8 khe thi gian c gi l TS (Time Slot: Khe thi gian) v mi mt
ngi s dng dch v thoi s c cp mt khe thi gian thc hin truyn
tin; cn i vi dch v truyn s liu th tc chuyn s liu ph thuc vo
s khe thi gian m ngi s dng c cp thng qua h thng t ch
Slotted Aloha v h thng h tr c t ch c n v a khe. Nu nh s liu
cn truyn l t th ngi s dng c cp mt khe thi gian, nu nhiu hn
th c cp 2 khe v cui cng l n c th cp ti 8 khe thi gian m h
thng c. Nh vy l c tn ti mt gii hn cng vi cc h thng GSM dung
lng ca h thng ni trn l cha k n vic ti s dng tn s, hay vic
phi mt mt cc khe thi gian cho vic truyn cc knh qung b.
Cn vi h thng CDMA th li khc, s ngi s dng cc i khng
phi l mt con s r rng m n ph thuc vo t s SNR. Khi s ngi s
dng cng tng th cht lng ca tn hiu gim dn cho n khi khng th
tip nhn c na.
H thng UMTS mc d l s pht trin k tip ca h thng
GSM/GPRS nhng vic tnh ton dung lng ca h thng hon ton khc
bit. Dung lng ca h thng UMTS s c tnh ton c phn no rt
ging vi h thng DS/CDMA. xt dung lng ca h thng UMTS trc
ht ta s thc hin trnh by cc yu t nh hng ti dung lng ca h
thng phn di y.
20
1.4.2 Nhu cu v kh nng tng dung lng
Nh trnh by phn trc khi h thng 1G ra i n c mt nhc
im chnh l dung lng rt thp cho dch v thoi cha c cc dch v s
liu trong khi nhu cu s dng ca con ngi ngy cng tng v th ngi
ta xy dng h thng 2G. Hin nay h thng 2G ang c s dng v c
dung lng kh cao cho dch v thoi nhng khi s lng thu bao tng
thng hay xy ra tc nghn mng khng th thc hin cuc gi c. Bn
cnh , do h thng thc hin phn knh c nh v m bo trnh gy
nhiu gia cc knh th kch thc ca Cluster khng th bng 1hay khng
bao gi t c ti s dng tn s bng 1v vy hiu qu s dng ph tn
khng cao v dch v s liu tc truyn cn rt thp.
lm r hn ta xt h thng 2G GSM cung cp c dch v thoi v s
liu trn c s chuyn mch knh. Vi dch v truyn s liu GSM ch h tr
tc truyn s liu cao nht l 9.6 Kbps tc s liu thp ny ch ph hp
cho Internet giai on trc. Hin nay do tc truyn s liu cao ca
Internet, cho nn cn phi c mt gii php m bo cho cc dch v truyn s
liu trn c s gi hiu qu hn. H thng GPRS ra i, v mt l thuyt
GPRS c th h tr ti tc Bt cao nht ln ti 115.2 Kbps. Nhng l
trn l thuyt, trn thc t do khi truyn n phi dnh ra mt phn dung lng
cho vic hiu chnh li trn giao din v tuyn nn thc t tc m cc mng
t c ch vo khong 40 Kbps 50 Kbps. Vi tc nh th ny th cha
th no c th p ng c cc dch v a phng tin. Mt gii php c
a ra tng cng dung lng cho thng tin di ng l EDGE (Enhandced
Data Rates for GSM Evolution: Cc tc s liu tng cng pht trin
GSM) trc y cng ngh ny c xut s dng nh l mt b phn
pht trin ca mng IS 136 TDMA.Thc t ti Vit Nam ng dng cng
21
ngh EDGE vi nh cung cp dch v l Mobile Phone, nhng hiu qu t
c khng cao . Do vy, vn ln nht ca n l ch l khng c nhiu
thit b u cui h tr chun ny v gi thnh li kh cao . Trong khi vi
mt s tin tng t ngi ta c th s dng cc dch v truyn s liu vi tc
cao hn rt nhiu ln. Mc tiu chnh ca EDGE l tng cng cc kh
nng cho qua s liu ca mng GSM/GPRS n vn s dng rng bng tn
l 200 KHz v 8 khe thi gian nhng vn l ch thay v s dng s
iu ch kha chuyn pha Gauss cc tiu GSM (thc cht y chnh l 4
PSK ) sang s iu ch 8 PSK nh vy m tc ca EDGE c th tng
ln ti 384 Kbps. Tc nh trn l cao, song n cha t c yu cu dung
lng ca h thng 3G (2Mbps).
Nh vy c th thy vic thay i phng php iu ch lm tng
hiu qu s dng ph tn hay ni cch khc n lm tng dung lng ca h
thng ln ng k. Nu nhn xa hn c th thy vic s dng cc phng php
iu ch nhiu trng thi nh l 32QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, th hiu
qu s dng ph cn cao hn na. Hin nay c s iu ch 1024QAM
( trong phng th nghim, cha c dng thng phm), y khng xt
n nhng nhc im m cc phng php iu ch nhiu trng thi em li.
Khi i sng ca con ngi ngy cng tng th nhu cu cho cc dch v
a phng tin tng ln ng k. Song cc ng dng bng hp GPRS, EDGE
tc truyn s liu kh cao nhng vn cha p ng nhu cu khch
hng, bn cnh dung lng cho dch v c bn l dch v thoi vn cn hn
ch do gii hn cng cc h thng ny. Mt phng n tng cng dung
lng cho h thng GSM/GPRS l xin thm tn s sng mang. V thc t
cho thy ban u cc h thng GSM Vit Nam u s dng bng tn 900
MHz nhng ch sau mt thi gian ngn a vo khai thc s lng khch hng
22
tng qu nhanh cho nn cc mng phi dng n bng tn 1800 MHz, y l
cha k khi cc mng mi ra i th vn ph tn cng tr nn bc thit.
Nhng d sao vn ch l ng dng bng hp ch yu cho dch v thoi, cn
yu cu cho cc dch v a phng tin trn di ng phi s dng cc ng dng
bng rng. thc hin iu ny ngi ta xy dng ln cc h thng bng rng
3G c dung lng cao p ng c yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Trn thc t c nhiu chun bng rng 3G khc nhau nh l CDMA
2000, UMTS, Wimax, Vi h thng UMTS ang xt c mt vn t ra
l trin khai c UMTS th nh khai thc phi c c ph tn ca
UMTS. Vi mt s nc ph tn c bn u gi cho ngi tr gi cao nht,
cc nh khai thc phi tr nhiu t USD c s dng mt on ph
tn ca UMTS. Sau khi nhn c ph tn, cc nh khai thc mng phi
xy dng mt mng v tuyn hon ton mi. Cn i vi Vit Nam th ph
tn ca UMTS s c cp thng qua thi tuyn, nu nh mng no p ng
c y cc yu cu t ra th s c cp php. Theo nh thng tin t B
Thng tin v Truyn thng ch c 4 giy php 3G c cp, mt khc nc
ta cc mng ng k thi tuyn 3G th u c trong tay mt mng 2G. Vic
trin khai 3G mang li cc tin ch cho ngi s dng l mt tng lai gn
v chc chn rng khi thy c tin ch m 3G em li th s lng thu bao
s tng ln nh vy nhu cu v dung lng s li l mt vn c quan tm
nh cc h thng 2G ang din ra. Vic nghin cu trc cc gii php tng
cng dung lng cho 3G m c th l UMTS l mt i hi quan trng.
23
Chng 2
CC YU T NH HNG TI DUNG LNG
2.1 Gii thiu
Khi tin hnh trin khai mng UMTS cc nh cung cp dch v thng
thng phi tin hnh quy hoch mng UMTS trc, da trn cc yu cu ca
cc thng s c thit lp. Mt trong nhng thng s quan tm hng u ca
nh cung cp dch v l dung lng ca h thng cho nn khi tin hnh quy
hoch mng thng s ny ngi ta hay da trn d bo cc yu t nh l: s
pht trin kinh t x hi, thu nhp bnh qun trn u ngi, mt dch v
in thoi di ng (gm c cc thu bao di ng th h 2 v cc nh cung cp
3G khc na), s ln truy nhp Internet trung bnh v cc s liu tng t
khc ca th trng cn phc v. Vic quy hoch ny hay c s dng bng
cc cng c phn mm quy hoch v kt qu cui cng l phi a ra c s
trm BTS, d tnh c lu lng, v tr ca cc trm BTS, bn ph
sng ... Dung lng v vng ph sng sau khi quy hoch phi c phn tch
chi tit cho tng . Tuy nhin sau khi mng i vo hot ng s cho thy mt
kt qu l khng th hoc khng ti u khi trin khai h thng ging nh quy
hoch. L do l cc cng c phn mm v vic tnh ton khng th lng ht
c cc yu t t bin nh l xu th ca ngi dng, s thay i bt ng
thi quen ca ngi s dng Nu nh giai on u vic phn tch dung
lng cho mt (c tnh n c d phng cho tng lai) l , thm ch cn
tha, nhng mt xu hng tt yu s ngi s dng chc chn s tng, iu
ny cng c th thy r trong cc mng 2G GSM nc ta, cho nn vic phi
tnh n cc bin php tng cng dung lng cho h thng l iu cc k cn
24
thit n nh hng n nim tin ca ngi s dng, uy tn ca nh cung cp
dch v.
Do ni dung ca n l thc hin nghin cu phng php tng
cng dung lng cho UMTS cho nn phn trnh by ny hc vin ch tp
trung vo phn tch cc yu t nh hng ti dung lng ca h thng UMTS.
H thng UMTS s dng k thut tri ph CDMA bng rng cho nn tn hiu
ca ngi dng s chu nh hng nhiu t nhng ngi s dng khc c
gi l nhiu. Ta s xt c th cc yu t nh hng ti dung lng ca h
thng phn di.
2.2 Qu ng truyn nh hng ca nhiu
Qu ng truyn l cn i ton b cng sut pht, cng nh khuch
i ca cc phn t trn ng truyn vi tn hao gy ra do cc phn t ng
truyn cng vi d tr fading ng truyn nhn c cng sut thu ti
my thu ( d tr fading: l mc tn hiu thu c c th b st i so vi mc
tn hiu thu c khi khng c fading trc khi h thng khng cn lm vic
ng
0
( ) ( )
m m m
F W dB W dB
: vi
m
F
l d tr fading,
0
( )
m
W dB
l mc tn
hiu thu c khng c fading,
( )
m
W dB
l mc tn hiu thu c thc t thp
nht trc lc h thng khng cn hot ng ng). Cng sut thu ny phi
ln m bo t s tn hiu trn tp m yu cu my thu '
( )
b
rev
o
E
N
, my
thu c th khi phc li thng tin pht t cht lng yu cu. Tn hao cc i
p ng iu kin ny gi l tn hao cc i cho php. Tn hao ny cn phi
c xem xt c ng xung v ng ln. Nh vy, khi phn tch qu
ng truyn h thng UMTS ta cn quan tm n cc thng s quan trng
sau y.
- D tr nhiu:
25
Cn phi c d tr nhiu trong qu ng truyn v ti ca , h s ti
tc ng ln vng ph sng. Nu cho php ti cng ln th cng cn nhiu d
tr nhiu ng ln v trong trng hp ny vng ph sng cng nh, trong
khi vi cc trng hp b hn ch bi dung lng th cn c d tr nhiu
cao. cc trng hp chu s hn ch ca vng ph ny, kch c ca b hn
ch bi tn hao ng truyn cho php cc i trong qu ng truyn v
dung lng cc i ca giao din v tuyn ca BTS khng c s dng. S
ph thuc d tr nhiu giao thoa vo ti ca c cho bng di. Thng
thng d tr nhiu cc trng hp gii hn vng ph c gi tr 1 3 dB
tng ng vi ti 20 50 %.
Bng 2.1. Ph thuc d tr nhiu yu cu vo ti .
Ti
(%)
D tr nhiu (hay tng tp m) yu cu
dB
0 0
10 0.46
20 1
50 3
75 6
90 10
95 13
99 20
- D tr fading nhanh:
Cn c mt lng d tr fading nht nh cng sut pht MS duy
tr iu khin cng sut nhanh vng kn tng ng. iu ny c bit c li
cho MS ca ngi i b chuyn ng chm khi iu khin cng sut nhanh b
tr nh hng ca fading nhanh. Gi tr in hnh ca d tr fading nhanh l 2
5 dB cho cc MS chuyn ng chm.
- li chuyn giao mm:
26
Chuyn giao mm hay cng m bo mt li chng li fading
(fading chun log) bng cch gim d tr nhiu fading chun log. S d nh
vy v fading chm thng khng tng quan gia cc trm gc v bng cch
chuyn giao MS c th chn ra c BTS tt nht trong s cc BTS thu c.
li chuyn giao mm cung cp li phn tp v m b sung chng li
fading nhanh bng cch gim '
b
o
E
N
lin quan n mt ng truyn n nh
vic kt hp ca phn tp v m. Tng li ca chuyn giao mm c coi
bng 2 dB v 3 dB.
- D tr fading chun log ph thuc vo mc yu cu tin cy
vng ph ca (xc sut ph sng).
Qu ng truyn ca thng tin di ng s phi bao gm qu ng
ln v qu ng xung. ng ln v ng xung thng c tn s khc
nhau, cng sut pht khc nhau, ti khc nhau (vi dch v s liu th ti
ng xung bao gi cng ln hn so vi ti ng ln) cho nn khi phn
tch qu ng truyn th ta phi xt ring.
Qu ng ln:
qu ng ln lc ny my di ng MS ng vai tr l my pht v
n thc hin truyn thng tin ti MS khc hoc ti mt im thu no thng
qua mt BTS lc ny ng vai tr l mt my thu.
Tng cng sut ca tp m nhit c tnh theo cng thc sau:
-23
F W m
( * )[dB]=10*log(290*1.38*10 )+N 30 10*log( )[dB /Hz]
T F
N N N B + +
(2.1)
Trong N l tp m nhit u vo my thu, F
N
l h s tp m ca
my thu v W
B
l rng knh o bng tc tri ph.
27
nhy cn thit ca my thu m bo t s '
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N

yu cu c
xc nh nh sau.
'
1 1
( )*( ) ( )*( )
Min b b
rev
T p TO o p TO
P E E
N I G N I G N

+ +
(2.2)
Trong : P
Min
l nhy my thu cn thit m bo t s '
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N

t yu cu, p
G
l tng ch em li nh x l hay li x l,
T
N
v I l tp
m nhit v nhiu t ngi s dng khc, 0 To
N I +
l mt tp m nhit v
nhiu t nhng ngi s dng khc,
'
TO
N
=
0 To
N I +
l mt ph cng sut
tp m tng ng.
Bin i phng trnh (2.2) ta c:
m p rev '
( )[dB ]-G [dB]+( ) [dB]
b
Min T
TO
E
P N I
N
+
(2.3)
m T T
* ( )[dB ]=N [dB]+M [dB]
T T T T
N I N M hay N I + +
(2.4)
T
M
l d tr nhiu giao thoa ca ngi s dng khc
Tn hao cc i cho php ng ln c tnh nh sau:
ax enet M m Min p f p f F l F HO
L EIRP P G L L M M G

+ +
(2.5)
Trong m txm fm b m
EIRP P L L G +
l cng sut pht x hiu dng ca
my di ng v
, , ,
txm fm b m
P L L G
l cng sut pht, tn hao fider + u ni, tn
hao c th v h s khuch i ca Antenna my i ng,
,
b f
G L
l h s
khuch i Antenna, tn hao fider v b ni ca BTS, enet p
L
tn hao thm nhp,
,
f F l F
M M
l d tr fading nhanh v d tr fading chun log,
HO
G
li
chuyn giao mm.
Di y l bng tnh ton qu ng truyn cho 3 dch v c bn ca
UMTS l dch v ting vi tc bt 12.2 Kbps ngoi tri, dch v s liu tc
28
128 Kbps trong nh v dch v s liu tc 384 Kbps trong nh khi
khng s dng phn tp Antenna (G
d
=0).
Bng 2.2. Th d tnh qu ng truyn cho ting tc 12.2 Kbps, cho
i tng i b ngoi tri.
My pht (di ng)
Cng sut pht ca my
pht di ng (dBm)
Txm
P
21
Khuch i Antenna
m
G
0
Tn hao feeder + B ni
(dB)
fm
L
0
Tn hao c th (dB)
b
L
3
Cng sut pht x ng
hng tng ng
(dBm)
m
EIRP
18
My thu (trmBTS)
Mt ph tp m nhit
(dBm/Hz)
0
N
-174
H s tp m my thu
(dB)
F
N
5
Cng sut tp m my
thu (dBm) tnh cho tc
chp 3.84 Mchip/s
6
10*lg(3.84*10 )
T F
N N + -103.2
D tr giao thoa (dB)
T
M
(ph thuc vo ti ) 4
Tng tp m + Giao thoa
(dBm)
T T
N M +
-99.2
li x l (dB)
6
3.84*10
10*lg( )
12200
P
G
25
T s SNR yu cu (dB)
'
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N
ph thuc dch v
4
nhy my thu hiu
dng (dBm)
P rev '
( )[dBm]-G [dB]+( ) [dB]
b
Min T
TO
E
P N I
N
+
-102.2
29
Khuch i Anten trm
gc (dBi)
b
G
18
Suy hao b ni v feeder
trm gc (dB)
f
L
2
D tr fading nhanh
(dB)
f F
M

c d tr cho iu khin cng
sut vng kn
4
D tr fading chun log
(dB)
l F
M

xc sut ph 93.4 % 7.5
Tn hao thm nhp ta
nh (dB)
enet p
L
0
li chuyn giao mm
(dB)
HO
G
2
Tn hao ng truyn
cc i cho php (dB)
ax enet M m Min b f p l F HO
L EIRP P G L L M G

+ +
144.7
Nhn xt: T bng trn ta thy, vi dch v thoi cho MS i b ngoi tri,
thit b ca ngi s dng c cng sut pht danh nh l 0.125W (21 dBm). y
l MS thuc loi 4: 21 dBm 2dBm, hay loi 3: 21 dBm 1/3 dBm. Trong
trng hp ny ta coi rng khng c khuch i Antenna v tn hao c th 3 dB
v thit b rt gn ngi s dng v tn hiu phi i xuyn qua ngi.
Bng 2.3. Th d tnh qu ng truyn cho s liu tc 128 Kbps,
cho i tng trong nh.
My pht (di ng)
Cng sut pht ca my
pht di ng (dBm)
Txm
P
24
Khuch i Antenna
m
G
0
Tn hao feeder + B ni
(dB)
fm
L
0
Tn hao c th (dB)
b
L
0
Cng sut pht x ng
m
EIRP
24
30
hng tng ng
(dBm)
My thu (trmBTS)
Mt ph tp m nhit
(dBm/Hz)
0
N
-174
H s tp m my thu
(dB)
F
N
5
Cng sut tp m my
thu (dBm) tnh cho tc
chp 3.84 Mchip/s
6
10*lg(3.84*10 )
T F
N N + -103.2
D tr giao thoa (dB)
T
M
(ph thuc vo ti ) 4
Tng tp m + Giao thoa
(dBm)
T T
N M +
-99.2
li x l (dB)
6
3.84*10
10*lg( )
12200
P
G
14.8
T s SNR yu cu (dB)
'
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N
ph thuc dch v
4
nhy my thu hiu
dng (dBm)
P rev '
( )[dBm]-G [dB]+( ) [dB]
b
Min T
TO
E
P N I
N
+
-112
Khuch i Anten trm
gc (dBi)
b
G
18
Suy hao b ni v feeder
trm gc (dB)
f
L
2
D tr fading nhanh
(dB)
f F
M

c d tr cho iu khin cng
sut vng kn
4
D tr fading chun log
(dB)
l F
M

xc sut ph 93.4 % 7.5
Tn hao thm nhp ta
nh (dB)
enet p
L
15
li chuyn giao mm
(dB)
HO
G
2
31
Tn hao ng truyn
cc i cho php (dB)
ax enet M m Min b f p l F HO
L EIRP P G L L M G

+ +
127.5
Nhn xt: Trng hp ny trm BTS c t ngoi ta nh. Thit b
ca ngi s dng c cng sut pht danh nh 0.25 W (24 dBm) (thuc loi
3: 24 dBm 1/3 dBm, hoc loi: 27 dBm 1/3 dBm), trong trng hp ny
coi nh khng c khuch i Antenna v tn hao c th v thit b s liu
khng c t gn ngi s dng.
Bng 2.4. Th d tnh qu ng truyn cho s liu tc 384 Kbps,
cho i tng trong nh.
My pht (di ng)
Cng sut pht ca my
pht di ng (dBm)
Txm
P
24
Khuch i Antenna
m
G
2
Tn hao feeder + B ni
(dB)
fm
L
0
Tn hao c th (dB)
b
L
0
Cng sut pht x ng
hng tng ng
(dBm)
m
EIRP
26
My thu (trmBTS)
Mt ph tp m nhit
(dBm/Hz)
0
N
-174
H s tp m my thu
(dB)
F
N
5
Cng sut tp m my
thu (dBm) tnh cho tc
chp 3.84 Mchip/s
6
10*lg(3.84*10 )
T F
N N + -103.2
D tr giao thoa (dB)
T
M
(ph thuc vo ti ) 4
Tng tp m + Giao thoa
T T
N M +
-99.2
32
(dBm)
li x l (dB)
6
3.84*10
10*lg( )
12200
P
G
10
T s SNR yu cu (dB)
'
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N
ph thuc dch v
1
nhy my thu hiu
dng (dBm)
P rev '
( )[dBm]-G [dB]+( ) [dB]
b
Min T
TO
E
P N I
N
+
-108.2
Khuch i Anten trm
gc (dBi)
b
G
18
Suy hao b ni v feeder
trm gc (dB)
f
L
2
D tr fading nhanh
(dB)
f F
M

c d tr cho iu khin cng
sut vng kn
4
D tr fading chun log
(dB)
l F
M

xc sut ph 93.4 % 7.5
Tn hao thm nhp ta
nh (dB)
enet p
L
15
li chuyn giao mm
(dB)
HO
G
2
Tn hao ng truyn
cc i cho php (dB)
ax enet M m Min b f p l F HO
L EIRP P G L L M G

+ +
125.7
Nhn xt: Trng hp ny BTS phc v nm ngoi ta nh. Thit b
ca ngi s dng c cng sut pht danh nh 0.25 W (24 dBm) (thuc loi
3: 24 dBm 1/3 dBm, hoc loi: 27 dBm 1/3 dBm). Trong trng hp ny
ta coi thit b ca ngi s dng l thit b s liu c bit s dng Antenna
ngoi vi khuch i l 2 dBi, v gi thit tn hao c th l 0 dB.
T ba th d trn (bng 2.2, bng 2.3, bng 2.4) cho ta thy i vi dch
v s liu trong nh th cng sut pht ca MS cao hn 3dBm so vi dch v
thoi, nhng t s SNR yu cu thp hn (do thit b trong nh hu nh
33
khng chuyn ng hoc l c chuyn ng nhng vi vn tc thp hn). Tc
bt cng cao th li x l G
p
cng thp. 3 th d trn cn cho thy tn hao
ng truyn cc i cho php gim khi tc s liu tng v iu ny dn
n din tch vng ph gim, v cng c th hiu rng mun c c tc
s liu cao th bn knh ca t bo phi nh.
S so snh trn ch l v d minh ha khng thc s chnh xc mt
mt gia cc dch v khc nhau trong th d tnh ton qu ng truyn cc
bng trn v ta s dng cc gi thuyt khc nhau cho cng sut pht MS,
khuch i Antenna v cc tn hao thm nhp. Ta s thy r hn s gim ca
vng ph ph thuc vo tng tc s liu dn n gim li x l, nu
so snh ta gi thuyt rng cc i lng trn nh nhau cho cc trng hp.
Tuy nhin cng cn phi lu rng trong khi li x l gim th s gim ny
cng c cn bng mt phn do yu cu t s SNR yu cu '
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N
gim khi
tc s liu tng.
'
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N
yu cu ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: tc MS, tc
s liu, tnh cht truyn sng a tia. L do lm gim '
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N
khi tc s liu
tng c th c gii thch nh sau: tc s liu tng ng ngha vi cng
sut pht tng, khi cng sut pht cho cc knh DPCCH (Dedicated
Physical Control Channel: knh iu khin vt l ring) v DPDCH
(Dedicated Physical Data Channel: knh vt l s liu ring) cng tng, trong
t l phn tng ca DPDCH cao hn DPCCH. T s SIR (Signal to
34
Interference Ratio: t s tn hiu trn nhiu) c nh gi trn c s cc k
hiu hoa tiu DPCCH do cng tt hn v th c th gim '
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N
.
T qu ng truyn trn ta c th d dng tnh ton c bn knh
vng ph R ca cho mt m hnh bit trc, v d nh m hnh Okumura
Hata hay Walfish Ikegami. M hnh truyn sng m t truyn sng tn hiu
trung bnh mi trng v bin i tn hao truyn sng cho php cc i
mi trng ph thuc vo c ly ph ca tnh theo Km. Ta s ly v d vi
m hnh Okumura Hata cho Macro vi cao Antenna BTS 30m, cao
Antenna MS 1.5m vi tn s sng mang l 1950 MHz:
137.4 35.2*log( ) L R +
(2.4)
Trong : L l tn hao ng truyn theo n v dB v R l c ly tnh
theo Km.
i vi vng ngoi ta c th s dng tha s hiu chnh vng ph b
xung bng 8 dB v nhn c tn hao ng truyn nh sau:
129.4 35.2*log( ) L R +
(2.5)
p dng vi cc v d nh trn t cng thc (2.4) ta c c ly vng
ph ca cho dch v thoi 12.2 Kbps vi suy hao ng truyn l 144.7 dB
(bng 2.2) vng ngoi l 2.72 Km. C ly trong nh cho dch v s liu thi
gian thc vi tc 128 Kbps vi tn hao ng truyn cc i cho php l
127.5 dB (bng 1.2) l 943 m. Khi tnh ton c c ly ph ca R th c
th d dng tnh ton c din tch vng ph ca . i vi t bo hnh lc
gic c th coi gn ng bng: 2.6*R
2
.
Qu ng xung
Vi qu ng xung th lc ny MS ng vai tr l my thu cn trm
gc ng vai tr l my pht. Tuy nhin theo l thuyt ngi ta chng
35
minh c rng qu ng ln nh th no th qu ng xung cng ht nh
vy. V th ta c th s dng cc cng thc cho ng ln trong mc trn
ch cn thay ch s m (MS) bng ch s b (BTS). Di y l mt v d cho
dch v thoi tc 12.2 Kbps cho i tng i b ngoi tri.
Bng 2.5. Th d tnh qu ng truyn cho ting tc 12.2 Kbps, cho
i tng i b ngoi tri.
My pht (BTS)
Cng sut pht ca trm
gc (dBm)
Txb
P
40
Khuch i Antenna trm
gc
b
G
18
Tn hao feeder + B ni
(dB)
fb
L
2
Tn hao c th (dB)
b
L
3
Cng sut pht x ng
hng tng ng (dBm)
b Txb b b
EIRP P G L +
56
My thu (MS)
Mt ph tp m nhit
(dBm/Hz)
0
N
-174
H s tp m my thu (dB)
F
N
5
Cng sut tp m my thu
(dBm) tnh cho tc chp
3.84 Mchip/s
6
10*lg(3.84*10 )
T F
N N + -
103.2
D tr giao thoa (dB)
T
M
(ph thuc vo ti ) 0
Tng nhiu + Giao thoa
(dBm)
T
( )[dBm]=N
T l
N l M + +
-
130.2
li x l (dB)
6
3.84*10
10*lg( )
12200
P
G
25
T s SNR yu cu (dB)
'
( )
b
rev
TO
E
N
ph thuc dch v
4
36
nhy my thu hiu dng
(dBm)
P rev '
( )[dBm]-G [dB]+( ) [dB]
b
Min T
TO
E
P N I
N
+
-
124.2
D tr fading nhanh (dB)
f F
M

c d tr cho iu khin
cng sut vng kn
4
D tr fading chun log
(dB)
l F
M
xc sut ph 93.4 % 7.5
Tn hao thm nhp ta nh
(dB)
enet p
L
0
li chuyn giao mm
(dB)
HO
G
2
Tn hao ng truyn cc
i cho php (dB)
ax enet M m Min b f p f F l F HO
L EIRP P G L L M M G

+ + + +
167.7
2.3 Ti ca
Trong h thng thng tin di ng t bo th dung lng cn quan tm li
chnh l dung lng ca tng , y l vn quan trng nht nh hng trc
tip ti ngi s dng v uy tn ca nh cung cp dch v. Dung lng ca
s quyt nh vic tnh ton qu ng truyn bao gm c nhiu giao thoa v
cc loi nhiu khc. Dung lng ca cng ln th cng cn c d tr nhiu
ln. D tr nhiu c s dng xt n nhiu do ngi s dng khc gy
ra, y l nhiu b sung thm vo tp m nhit. T bng 2.1 cho ta thy tng
tp m c khuynh hng tin n v hn khi ti tin n 100 %, c th nhn
thy rng ta khng th t c ti ca 100% nhng cng c th d dng t
c ti ca l 60% . Do UMTS cung cp dch v khng i xng cho nn
ta cn phi xt nhu cu cho c ng ln v ng xung v phi tnh ton
dung lng cho c hai ng.
xc nh ti ca c m bo ti d kin hay khng, ta cn nh
lng ti , nh lng ti ca ta cn xc nh nhu cu s dng gi cao
37
im. Nhu cu nh ny cn phi c xc nh cho cc dch v khc nhau m
ta cn cung cp: thoi v s liu cc tc bt khc nhau. Sau khi xc nh
c dung lng ca v kim tra li tin chc rng p ng c nhu
cu d kin. H thng 3G cung cp dch v s liu khng i xng, cho nn ta
cn phi phn tch nhu cu cho c ng ln v ng xung.
Ti ca ng ln
Ti ca ng ln c th c nh ngha nh sau:
Max
K
K

(2.6)
Trong : K
Max
l s ngi s dng cc i trong hay cn gi l
nh, v K l s ngi s dng trong .
Sau khi bin i phng trnh trn ta c h s ti ng ln l
UL
nh sau:

EN
EN
UL
1
P
P
1
total
N



(2.7)
Trong : Re Total v N
P P P +
l tng cng sut c th o BTS, Rev
P
l
tng cng sut thu c BTS, v N
P
l cng sut tp m nhit.
H s ti
UL
thng c s dng cho ch th ti ng ln, chng hn
nu ni ti ng ln l 60 % ca ti nh UMTS th iu ny c ngha l h
s ti l
UL
= 0.60.
Bin i phng trnh (2.7) ta c tng tp m nhit (Noise Rise) nh sau:
UL
Total
1
1
P
P


N
EN

(2.8)
Tng tp m nhit chnh l d tr nhiu giao thoa M
T
. C th nh gi
hiu sut s dng ph tn ca mt UMTS bng phng trnh di y:
38
i Total
i
i
p
i
p
b
P P
P
G
i
N
S
G
N
E

*
1
* ) ( *
'
0

(2.9)
Trong :
b
E
l nng lng bt,
'
0
N
l mt ph tp m gm tp m
nhit v nhiu ca cc ngi s dng khc quy i vo tp m,
i
l h s tch
cc ting, Total
P
l tng cng sut thu c my thu ca ngi s dng th i
gm cng sut nhiu ca ngi s dng khc, cng sut tp m nhit v cng
sut cn thu
i
P
.
Gii phng trnh (2.9) ta c:
Total
i i b
p
i
P
N E
G
P *
) ' / (
1
1
0

+

(2.10)
Ta nh ngha h s ti ca kt ni th i nh sau :
i i b
p
Total
i
i
N E
G
P
P
L
) ' / (
1
1
0
+

(2.11)
Ta c th vit tng cng sut thu c ca cc ngi s dng my thu
th i nh sau:
total
K
i
i
K
i
i N Total
P L P P P


+ +
1 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (

(2.12)
T phng trnh (2.7) v (2.12) ta c:

i i b
pi
K
i
K
i
i UL
N E
G
L

) / (
1
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
0
1 1
+
+ +

(1.13)
Trong :
- K l s ngi s dng trong .
-
Total
i
i
P
P
L
l h s ti ca ngi s dng i.
39
- i b
N E ) ' / (
0 l 0
/ N E
b ca ngi s dng th i.
- i

l h s tch cc ting ca ngi s dng th i (khong 65

% cho ting gm c thng tin b xung v 100 % cho s liu).
- pi
G
= pi
R
/ c
R
l tng em li nh s l ca ngi th i.
- pi
R
tc bt ca ngi s dng th i.
- c
R
tc chp (vi UMTS l 3.84 Mchips).
- l h s nhiu t khc.
Nu K ngi s dng c tc bt thp ( b
R
<< c
R
, p
G
>>1) ta c
th vit phng trnh (2.12) nh sau:
) 1 (
'
0
+ K
G
N E
p
b
UL (2.14)
Khi h s ti tin ti 1 th t c dung lng cc i.
Ti ca ng xung
H s ti ng xung c xc nh tng t nh ng ln tuy
nhin cn xt thm h s trc giao ta c biu din h s ti nh sau.
( ) [ ]
i i
K
i pi
i b i
DL
G
N E

1
) (
1
0
(2.15)
Trong :
-
DL
l h s ti ng xung.
-
i
l h s tch cc ting.
-
i
l h s nhiu t cc ln cn.
-
i
l h s trc giao ng xung.
- pi
G
l tng em li nh x l ca ngi th i.
H thng CDMA s dng cc m gi ngu nhin PN ng xung trc
giao phn bit gia nhng ngi s dng. Nu khng xy ra hin tng
truyn sng a ng, tnh trc giao vn m bo khi MS thu tn hiu t BTS.
Nhng khi phn knh v tuyn ln, MS s thu nhn mt b phn ca
40
tn hiu t BTS nh l nhiu a truy nhp. Tnh trc giao bng 1 tng ng
vi nhng ngi s dng trc giao hon ho, trn thc t h s trc giao nm
trong khong 0.4 0.9 cc knh a ng.
Nu K ngi s dng c tc bt thp ( b
R
<< c
R
, p
G
>>1) ta c
th vit li phng trnh tng ng ca ti ng ln nh sau:
) 1 (
'
0
+ K
G
N E
p
b
UL (2.16)
2.4 Cc trng hp b gii hn dung lng
Dung lng ng ln b gii hn khi h thng tin ti ti ng ln cc
i khi trm gc pht ht cng sut. iu ny c ngha l khng th phuc v
thm bt k ngi s dng no na. Dung lng ng ln b gii hn trong
mi trng yu cu dung lng thp, mng c quy hoch vi ti t bo
ng ln thp tng bn knh t bo cc i. Mc ch ca n nhm gim s
Site t s dn ti gim c chi ph u t. Thng thng hay s dng cho
cc khu vc nng thn, min ni,Mun tng cng dung lng ng ln th
phi yu cu ci thin cc tham s trong phng trnh ti ng ln.
Dung lng ng xung b gii hn khi trm gc pht ht cng sut.
Trng hp ny khng th thm ngi s dng khc na. Dung lng ng
xung b gii hn trong mi trng ngoi hoc thnh ph, cc khu vc m
m mng c quy hoch vi ti ng ln tng i cao. Tng cng dung
lng ca h thng cho cc trng hp gii hn dung lng ng xung th
phi ci thin phng trnh ti ng xung.
2.5 nh hng ca ti t bo ng ln v cng sut pht trm gc
Ti ca t bo ng ln v cng sut pht ca trm gc l cc nhn t
gy ra gii hn dung lng ca h thng c ng ln v ng xung. Khi
chn ti ca t bo phi tha mn c lu lng mong mun c tnh n c
41
d phng cho tng lai. Sau khi c trin khai th vic tng ti t bo s
rt phc tp, do phi thay i cu hnh Site so vi ban u.
V cng sut pht ca trm gc cng phi c quy hoch tnh ton
trc nhng vic nng cp cng sut pht ca trm gc l tng i d, n s
khng lm thay i cch b tr Site.
nh hng ca ti t bo ng ln
Mc ti t bo ng ln cho php cc i, dng xc nh d tr
nhiu. Ti ca t bo ng ln cng ln th s Site cng nhiu cng nh tim
nng dung lng trn mi Site cng ln.
Vi h thng gii hn dung lng ng ln, dung lng trn Site t l
trc tip vi mc ti t bo cho php cc i. Mi ngi s dng khi thit lp
kt ni c cng
b
O
E
N
yu cu v h s tch cc s tng ti t bo ln cng mt
lng. Tng gp i ti t bo cc i s dn n tng c gp i dung
lng vi h thng b gii hn dung lng ng ln. Mi quan h gia ti t
bo v tn hao truyn sng cc i cho php theo hm m. T cng thc tnh
ti t bo ng ln (2.14) m t mi quan h gia ti v nguyn nhn
tng nhiu nn my thu. Khi ti t bo tin ti 100 %, th nhiu nn my thu
tng v hn. Trn thc t khng gp phi iu ny nguyn nhn l mi mt
MS u c mt cng sut pht xc nh v c iu khin cht ch bi cc k
thut iu khin cng sut vi tn s 1500 Hz. Ti t bo ng ln nh nht
theo khuyn ngh quy hoch mng l 30 % v ln nht l 70 %. Khi h thng
b gii hn dung lng ng xung, quy hoch vi ti t bo ng ln cng
cao th dung lng trn mi t bo cng cao. iu ny l do tn hao ng
truyn cc i cho php t thp hn v yu cu cng sut pht trung bnh ca
mi ngi s dng ca trm gc thp hn.
42
nh hng ca cng sut pht trm gc
Nhng ngi dng tch cc trong t bo s dng chung cng sut pht
c n nh cho t bo, k c cc kt ni bng chuyn giao mm. Yu cu
cng sut pht trung bnh thp hn dn ti dung lng cao hn. Trn thc t
mt 20 % cng sut ca t bo dnh cho cc knh hoa tiu v knh iu
khin chung (cng tng t nh vic mt cc khe thi gian TS0 & TS1 dnh
cho knh diu khin qung b v cc knh khc trong h thng GSM). 80%
cng sut cn li dnh cho knh lu lng. Cng sut pht ca trm gc cng
ln th s cung cp dung lng cng ln. Bn cnh ty thuc vo tn hao
ng truyn cc i cho php s yu cu cng sut pht trung bnh thch
hp. iu ny c ngha l cng sut pht trm gc v tn hao ng truyn
ph thuc vo nhau.
43
Chng 3
CC PHNG PHP TNG CNG DUNG LNG CHO UMTS
3.1 Thm sng mang v m PN
Vi tt c cc h thng thng tin di ng ni chung khi dung lng ca
h thng b thiu th cch n gin v hiu qu nht tng cng dung lng
cho h thng l tng thm sng mang. iu ny c th d dng nhn thy
vi cc h thng 2G GSM hin c. Lc u h thng GSM ch s dng bng
tn 900 MHz l cho 3 mng GSM Vit Nam vi mi mng ch c
khong trn 40 tn s nhng sau mt thi gian ngn s lng thu bao tng
ln mi mng c cp thm 100 knh sng mang di 1800 MHz. Cn vi
h thng UMTS on bng tn s dng l 60 MHz c cp cho 4 nh khai
thc ( Vit Nam) nh vy mi nh khai thc c 15 MHz, tc l c ti 3 sng
mang. Ty vo chin lc ca tng nh khai thc c th s dng cng lc c 3
sng mang, hoc t hn, tuy nhin trong giai on u quy hoch mng th ch
s dng 1 sng mang.
Thm m ngu nhin PN c s dng khi dung lng ca h thng b
gii hn bi s lng m phn knh kh dng. Trong mi trng t bo
Macro dung lng thng b gii hn bi c ti t bo ng ln v kh nng
cng sut pht trm gc. M phn knh tr thnh nhn t gii hn trong cc
trng hp c thng lng tng i cao, iu ny d xut hin trong trng
hp t bo Micro v trong nh - trong bn knh ca t bo b gii hn v
tnh trc giao ca m cao.
3.1.1 nh hng ca vic thm sng mang
Do cc nh khai thc u c ti 3 sng mang, yu cu t ra phi xc
nh xem chin lc phn phi knh sng mang sao cho hp l. Cc sng
44
mang c th c dng chung hoc l c phn b ring r. Nu dng chung
sng mang s to ra c dung lng tng ca h thng cao nht v s dng
hiu qu ph tn, nhng phi quy hoch v tuyn cn thn m bo
cch ly gia Micro v Macro.
nh hng ca vic s dng nhiu sng mang trn mt t bo ph thuc
vo dung lng ca h thng b gii hn bi ng ln hay ng xung v bn
cnh cng sut pht ca trm gc cn mt yu t quan trng, l h thng
c h tr tt chc nng cn bng ti gia cc sng mang hay khng.
Cch n gin nht khi thm mt sng mang th hai tng cng
dung lng cho h thng l sng mang mi ny phi c cu hnh nh sng
mang c, t s to ra c dung lng ca t bo l gp i. Cn phi lu
rng khi thm sng mang th trong h thng phi c s h tr cn bng ti
gia hai sng mang . Thng thng t trm gc ca nh sn xut thng
cha c b khuch i trm gc, Module thu pht. Cho nn khi thm mt sng
mang mi th c th phi thm mt Module khuch i mi, hoc cng c th
dng chung Module khuch i vi sng mang c. iu ny cc k bt li do
cc Module khuch i thng thng ch cho mt hiu nng ti a vi mt tn
s nht nh, bn cnh Module khuch i ch khuch i c ti mt
cng sut pht cc i no . Khi thm sng mang n s khng khuch i
cng sut ca nhiu sng mang v nh vy dung lng ca h thng chc
chn s b gim do gii hn ca b khuch i cng sut. Cch ti u khc l
s dng mt b khuch i cng sut ring, song s dn ti nhc im l
tng chi ph, v phi thit k thm khng gian trm. Mt b khuch i cng
sut c th mua c vi gi thnh khng cao. Nhng khi cn lp t, trin
khai cho ton b h thng th chi ph b ra khng phi l nh, c bit l vi
h thng UMTS s dng di tn ln ti hn 2GHz, do s lng trm BTS
45
trong ton quc s rt ln. Cho nn vic tnh ton trin khai cn phi c cc
nh cung cp dch v cn nhc tht k.
3.1.2 nh hng ca vic thm m PN
Dung lng ca t bo Macro thng b gii hn bi giao din khng
gian tc l c ti t bo ng ln v kh nng cng sut pht ng xung
ca t bo (do kch c ca t bo Macro ln). Khi h thng b gii hn dung
lng ng xung, s ngi s dng c phc v ph thuc vo tnh trc
giao ca m phn knh ng xung. Tng tnh trc giao s lm gim tng
ng mc nhiu lin t bo. Trong trng hp ny dung lng ca t bo d b
chu nh hng hn t cc t bo khc. Tnh trc giao ch yu ph thuc vo
giao din v tuyn lin kt gia ngi s dng vi my thu trm gc, l do l
t bo c kch thc ln cho nn s c nhiu hn cc knh a ng kt hp
vi cc nhiu t t bo ln cn lm cho trm gc khng th gii quyt ht
c nhiu thu t chnh n.
Nu s dng thm mt m PN th hai to ra mt cy m phn knh
khc (hai cy m phn knh ny kh c th thit k c trc giao hon
ton vi nhau), mt ngi s dng c n nh mt m phn knh t cy m
phn knh th nht s c ti t bo ng xung v qu ng truyn khc so
vi ngi s dng c n nh t cy m phn knh kia nh vy hiu ng a
ng s b gim ng k.
3.2 Chia sector v trin khai t bo vi m
3.2.1 Chia sector
Thc ra k thut chia Sector c s dng t rt lu, n c s
dng vi cc h thng 2G nhm tng kh nng ti s dng tn s ca h
thng, gim nhiu t tng cng dung lng ca h thng.
46
Vi thng tin di ng t bo, mt Site c dng hnh lc gic u phi s
dng Antenna v hng 360
0
. Vic chia nh t bo ra lm 3 phi s dng
Antenna c hng vi gin hng 120
0
. Vic chia nh Sector l th
thut ch yu dng tng dung lng ca mng v bn cnh n cng s
lm tng vng ph sng ca mng, do khi thay Antenna v hng bng
Antenna nh hng s em li mt tham s ht sc quan trng l h s tc
dng nh hng D, hay tng ch em li nh s dng Antenna nh hng.
Vic la chn Antenna khi chia sector phi tht cn thn trnh gy nhiu
cho t bo ln cn v phn b sung cho chuyn giao mm.
Khi tng s lng sector ngoi vic phi thay th cc loi Antenna mi
cho ph hp, th cc thit b phn cng trong t trm gc cng phi c tng
ln. Bnh thng nu nh khi tng s lng sector ln gp i th cng phi
tng gp i s lng cc Module thu pht, Module khuch i cng sut, kh
nng x l bng gc. Nh vy, khi tng thm sector s rt tn km khi phi
trin khai thm nhiu thit b mi, bn cnh yu cu t trm gc phi c
khng gian h tr cho vic lp thm thit b mi. Nhng nu nh trc trm
gc h tr b khuch i s dng vi a sng mang th cc sng mang c
th s dng chung mt b khuch i cng sut nhng hiu qu s khng cao.
Ty thuc vo yu cu s dng v dung lng thc t qua qu trnh phn tch
m c th chia sector theo cc dng khc nhau tn km. Vic chia sector
cng nhiu s dn ti mt hu qu ht sc nghim trng, l qu trnh
HandOver xy ra cng nhiu. Nu vic chuyn giao xy ra lin tc th my di
ng s khng cn kh nng phc v na mc d tn hiu thu trn MS l
rt cao. Nhng iu ny ch xy ra vi cc u cui di ng c tnh chuyn
ng cao, cn vi cc u cui di ng khng chuyn ng cng khng ng
47
ngi. Di y l mt bng m t cu hnh s dng chia sector vi cc ng
dng khc nhau trong thc t.
Bng 3.1. cc cu hnh sector vi mc ch s dng khc nhau.
Mc phn
on
ng dng
1 sector S dng ch yu cho t bo Macro dung lng thp
2 sector S dng cho t bo Micro hoc l Macro dc theo cc sa l
3 sector
Cu hnh cho t bo Macro tiu chun dung lng trung
bnh
4 - 5 sector Rt t c s dng trong thc t
6 sector Cu hnh t bo Macro dung lng cao
3.2.2 Trin khai t bo vi m
H thng 3G UMTS khi c trin khai giai on u, cc nh cung
cp dch v s tp trung vo cc thnh ph ln, cc khu dn c ng c ni
m lu lng ngi s dng rt cao, sau ty theo tnh hnh c th tng
vng m s m rng v cc vng nng thn.
Cc thnh ph c mt c im l mt dn c v nh cao tng dy
c, s ngi s dng dch v rt ln, do vy mt trm BTS rt cao. c
th hn ta xt mt kt qu sau: Vi h thng GSM ca Viettel phc v cho
ring thnh ph H Ni (khng tnh H Ty v mt s khu vc mi st nhp)
phi s dng ti hn 700 trm BTS v bn knh vng ph gim xung c
ni ti hn 100m. Nh vy vic trin khai t bo vi m (Micro) tr thnh mt
yu t bt buc trong cc khu vc thnh ph do c u im gim c tn hao
truyn sng trong mi trng c nhiu nh cao tng. Cc t bo Micro cn
thng c trin khai bn trong cc ta nh cao tng cho nn s gim c
suy hao nhiu vt chn v tn hao xm nhp.
48
Khi trin khai t bo vi m c th thc hin bng cch trin khai c lp
mt t bo Micro hoc trin khai t bo Micro nm bn trong t bo Macro
bng vic s dng Antenna ring cho t bo Micro. Nu trin khai ring r
ton t bo Micro s dn ti u im l d dng trin khai lp t v gi thnh
s r. Nu trin khai t bo Micro kt hp vi t bo Macro c u im l tng
c cng sut pht v kh nng x l bng gc cao.
Khi trin khai t bo vi m u c th p dng cc phng php nh l
tng sng mang v chia secor nh trnh by phn trn, nhng khi chia
sector vi t bo Micro thng kh thc hin hn do bn thn ca t bo
qu b ri.
3.3 Antenna thch nghi
3.3.1 Gii thiu
Antenna thng minh hay cn gi l Antenna thch nghi l loi Antenna
c kh nng t ng chuyn bp sng chnh v pha ngi s dng. Do c kh
nng t ng chuyn bp sng chnh cho nn n s tp trung c ton b
nng lng v pha MS v ngc li nh vy m tng c ng k h s tc
dng nh hng D v gim nhiu t tng cng dung lng do nhiu
chnh l nguyn nhn chnh lm gim dung lng ca h thng thng tin di
ng UMTS. Nu nh s dng cc Antenna thng thng khi thc hin lin
lc vi mt ngi s dng trm gc s pht ra ton b hnh qut 120
0
nu nh
s dng 3 sector/Site. Ngc li vi Antenna thch nghi trm gc ch pht cho
mt ngi s dng. M hnh th hin hnh sau:
49
Hnh 3.1. Minh ho s khc nhau gia m hnh pht x trm gc truyn
thng v trm gc anten thch nghi.
Vi cc loi Antenna thng thng n ch thc hin chc nng bin i
tn hiu cao tn lin kt trong thit b thnh dao ng t do pht x vo khng
gian theo mt quy lut no . Antenna thng minh khng nhng thc hin
y cc chc nng ca Antenna thng thng m n cn nhim v iu
khin, t ng thay i hng pht theo mt thut ton no , t ng chia
tch/kt hp Trong Antenna thch nghi c mt phn t rt quan trng
quyt nh n hiu qu ca s dng Antenna l b s l tn hiu s DSP, ty
thuc vo mc ti tn ca thit b ny m ta c th xc nh c mc
thng minh ca Antenna. C mt s dng Antenna thng minh nh sau:
- Bp sng chuyn mch (SL Switched Lobe) hay cn gi l chm
sng chuyn mch. y l k thut n gin nht, ch bao gm mt chc nng
chuyn mch c bn gia cc antenna nh hng khc nhau hoc gia cc
chm sng c xc nh trc ca mt dn Antenna. S chuyn mch nhm
chn ra c hng tt nht, thng trong gii hn cng sut thu c. Bi s
50
t mc nh hng cao so vi Antenna truyn thng, nh tng ch thu
s ln hn. Nh vy, Antenna kiu ny c th c s dng cho cc h thng
2G hin c. Antenna loi ny thng c gi thnh khng cao, tuy nhin n
em li mc ci thin c gii hn.
- Dn pha ng (PA - Dynamically Phased Array): Bng cch s dng
thut ton DoA (Direction of Arrival - hng ca tia ti) cho tn hiu thu c
t ngi s dng, c th thc hin bm thu bao lin tc v c th c xem
nh l s khi qut ho ca chuyn mch bp sng. Trong trng hp ny,
cng sut thu c l ln nht.
- Dn thch nghi (AA - Adaptive Antenna): Trong trng hp ny, thut
ton DoA c thm chc nng xc nh hng v pha ngun nhiu. Biu
pht x lc ny c iu chnh v mc 0. Thm vo , bng cch s dng
thut ton c bit v k thut phn tp khng gian, biu pht x c th
c iu chnh thch nghi kt hp cc tn hiu a ng, sau kt hp
chng li thnh tn hiu c ch. Nh vy t s tn/nhiu (Signal to Interference
Ratio: SIR) hoc tn/tp m v nhiu (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio:
SINR) s t cc i. y la loi c gi thnh cao nhng hiu qu em li s
rt tuyt vi.
3.3.2 u nhc im ca vic s dng Antenna thng minh
Vic s dng Antenna thng minh em li nhng hiu qu ni tri sau:
- Tng cht lng ca tn hiu: s dng dn thch nghi c th em li
tng ch Antenna ph. iu ny c ngha l nu nh s dng mt dn Antenna
c t 2 n 8 phn t, th khi phn tp thu ng ln s to ra mt li
ng ln xp x 2 n 8 ln.
- Tng dung lng ca h thng: nhn t chnh ngi ta nghin cu
Antenna thng minh chnh l yu t dung lng c tng ln khi trin khai
51
n. Vi cc khu vc ng dn c, s ngi s dng dch v ng, s dn ti
nhiu a ngi dng l nguyn nhn chnh lm gim dung lng ca h thng.
iu ny cng c ngha l t s tn/nhiu (SIR) ln hn nhiu so vi t s
tn/tp m nhit (SNR). Antenna thch nghi s cn bng mc trung bnh,
bng cch tng ng thi mc tn hiu thu c ch v gim mc nhiu,
nh vy t s SIR s tng. c bit, dn thch nghi s cho mt s ci thin
ng k. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy c th tng mc SIR trung bnh ln ti
10dB trong khu vc th.
- Tng bn knh vng ph sng: i vi cc khu vc nng thn, vng
su, vng xa, ni m dn c tha tht, s ngi s dng cc dch v di
ng t. Nhng khu vc nh th ny thng t khi thiu dung lng cho nn
vic trin khai nhiu trm BTS l khng cn thit v n gy tn km cho nh
cung cp dch v. Vic s dng Antenna thch nghi vi tnh nh hng cao
hn Antenna v hng d qut cho vng ph sng ca thng tin di ng c
m rng ra.
- Cng sut pht ca trm gc gim: khi s dng Antenna thch nghi h
s tc dng nh hng D tng ln, vi cng mt cng sut pht th vng ph
sng c m rng ra. Nh vy nu vng ph sng vn gi nguyn th th c
th gim c cng sut pht ca trm gc. iu ny cc k c li cho cc nh
cung cp dch v di ng, v khi gim cng sut pht th gim c tiu tn
in nng, v ph sng cho ton quc s lng cc trm BTS c th ln ti
con s hng chc nghn.
- Kh nng trin khai cc dch v mi: khi s dng Antenna thch nghi
mng c th d dng bit c ta chnh xc ca MS, t c th d
dng trin khai cc dch v mi nh dch v gi khn cp, tnh cc theo v
tr, theo di v tr thu bao gip ch cho vic qun l con ci ca cha m.
52
- Bo mt: vi Antenna thch nghi vic b nghe trm cuc gi ca k
xu s kh thc hin hn v mun nghe trm c k xu phi nm trong
gin hng rt hp ca ngi s dng. Xc sut lm c iu ny rt
nh, khng nh vic dng Antenna d qut.
- Gim truyn dn a ng: do Antenna thch nghi s pht ra mt bp
sng tng i hp, cho nn kh nng chu nh hng ca cc yu t a hnh
gy nn cc tia a ng rt nh. Vic gim hin tng truyn dn a ng
s dn ti n gim ha cu trc thu.
Bn cnh nhng u im ni tri m Antenna thng minh em li, n
cng c mt s hn ch nh sau:
- Gi thnh: y c l l yu t quan trng nht lm cho Antenna thng
minh khng c trin khai rng ri. Antenna thch nghi thng thng c gi
khong 2000 USD. Cho mt d qut 120
0
, vi s lng trm BTS ln, m mt
Site li c chia thnh 3 sector th vic trin khai Antenna thng minh s l
mt chi ph khng l. Nhng tng lai khng xa, k thut cng pht trin th
gi thnh ca n s ngy cng gim xung.
- S phc tp ca thit b thu pht: my thu pht vi Antenna thch nghi
thng s phc tp hn nhiu so vi my thu pht trm gc. C bao nhiu
phn t Antenna th s c by nhiu b thu pht. m bo tc x l
nhanh vi thut ton thch nghi th yu cu b x l phi mnh, cha k cc c
ch bm vi cc MS di chuyn nhanh.
- Kch thc vt l ca Antenna: s lng cc phn t Antenna thch
nghi cng nhiu th tng ch em li cng ln. Theo thng s k thut ca nh
sn xut a ra mt Antenna thch nghi gm 8 phn t hot ng trn di tn 2
GHz s rng xp x 60 cm. y l mt kch thc kh ln, c bit nu mun
s dng vi MS.
53
Trn y ch l mt s nhc im ca Antenna thch nghi, tuy nhin
u im ca Antenna thch nghi em li rt hp dn vi ngi s dng v th
trong mt thi gian na khi m k thut pht trin chc chn ngi ta s hn
ch c cc nhc in ny v gi thnh ca n s gim.
3.4 iu khin cng sut
3.4.1 Khi nim iu khin cng sut
H thng UMTS s dng k thut tri ph WCDMA cung cp chc nng
iu khin cng sut 2 chiu t BS MS, cung cp mt h thng c dung
lng ln, cht lng cuc gi cao v cc li ch khc. Mc ch ca vic iu
khin cng sut pht ca MS l phi m bo tn hiu pht ca tt c cc MS
trong vng phc v c iu khin hon ho nht. T dn n tng cng
sut thu c ti b thu ca BS tr thnh cng sut trung bnh ca nhiu MS.
B thu WCDMA ca BS chuyn tn hiu WCDMA thu c ca cc
MS thnh thng tin s bng hp gi l gii tri ph. Cn tn hiu cn li ca cc
MS khc ch nh l tn hiu tp m bng rng.Th tc thu hp bng c gi l
li x l nhm mc ch nng cao t s tn hiu/giao thoa (dB) t gi tr m
ln n ma ln c th hot ng c vi mt t l li Bt cho php.
Do ph tn dnh cho di ng rt hn ch, cho nn mt yu cu t ra l
phi s dng hp l ti nguyn v tuyn lm tng dung lng ca h thng,
tc l lm tng s cuc gi ng thi hay lm tng tc truyn s liu trn
mt on bng tn cho trc. Dung lng ca h thng t gi tr ln nht khi
tn hiu pht ca MS thu c bi BS c t s tn hiu giao thoa mc yu
cu ti thiu thng qua vic iu khin cng sut hon ho ca MS.
Xt 2 MS hot ng trong cng mt , MS1 v MS2, lm vic vi cng
mt tn s, nhng s dng cc m tri ph khc nhau BS. Gi s MS1 xa
BS so vi MS2, do vy suy hao ng tryn i vi MS1 ln hn so vi MS2
54
(v d l 70 dB). Nu nh khng thc hin iu khin cng sut 2 MS to
ra mc thu nh nhau BS, th MS2 gn s gy nhiu rt ln cho MS1 v
nh vy c th chn mt b phn ln dn n hin tng xa gn CDMA,
t lm gim dung lng ca h thng.
3.4.2 Tnh dung lng
Xt s khi h thng DS/CDMA in hnh nh sau:
( ) t d

k
"+1"
"-1"
t=
k
+mT
b
Acos(2pf
c
t+'
kr
)
r(t)
n(t)
.
.
cos(2f
c
t+
K
) 2P
cos(2f
c
t+
2
) 2P
cos(2f
c
t+
1
) 2P
c
K
(t)
.
.
c
1
(t)
c
2
(t)
d
K
(t)
d
2
(t)
d
1
(t)

a)
b)
L
p1
,
1
L
pK
,
K
L
p2
,
2
dt (.)
b k
k
T

+
c
k
(t-
k
)
r(t)
>
0
<
Hnh 3.2. M hnh h thng DS/CDMA
a) S khi, b) My thu tng quan nht qun th k
Trn hnh 3.2, gi s c K tn hiu pht ng thi ti my thu, hay ni
cch khc c K my di ng MS pht ng thi ti trm thu pht gc BTS,
mi tn hiu c gn ch s k, trong k=1, 2, , K. Dng sng s liu c
s hai (t) d
k
(t) l hm ch nht c bin +1 hay -1 v c th i du sau T
b
giy, dng sng tri ph (t) c
k
(t) cng c hnh ch nht nhng n tun hon v
55
c tc cao hn nhiu so vi tc bt s liu R
b
= 1/T
b
. Ta coi rng thi
gian mt bt s liu (T
b
giy) cha ng mt chu k (N chp) m tri ph sao
cho tc chp bng N/T
b
= 1/T
c
, (tc chp l: R
c
= N/T
b
=1/T
c
), trong T
c
l thi gian chp hay chu k chp. Nh vy tc chp R
c
gp N ln tc bt
R
b
. Tuy nhin tn hiu a vo tri ph l tn hiu c iu ch PSK, do
sau tri ph s c tn hiu cng dng sng mang. Gi s sng tri ph
chui trc tip ca tn hiu th k l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
k c k k k
t f A t c t d t s + 2 cos
(3.1)
Trong : A=
P
T
E
b
b
2
2

l bin ca tn hiu
E
b
: l nng lng ca bt
P : l cng sut trung bnh ca s
k
(t), k = 1, 2,
c
k
(t):l m tri ph lng cc nhn hai gi tr l +1 v -1
R
c
>> R
b
, T
b
>> T
c
, T
b
= N.T
c
N >> 1
Do cc m PN trc giao vi nhau nn c ngha l cc m c
k
(t) tha mn
iu kin:
( ) ( )

'

j i
j i
dt t c t c
NT
c
NT
j i
c
, 0
, 1
1
0
(3.2)
Do h thng c s dng iu khin cng sut cho nn nu nh gi s
iu khin cng sut l l tng, ta c cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu pht l
P. Ti my thu, do c iu khin cng sut nn cng sut thu c ca K tn
hiu l nh nhau,
k
l pha ca sng mang. Do tt c cc tn hiu pht khng
ng b cho nn s c tr
k
trong m hnh trn. Knh truyn ch chu tc
ng ca tp m AWGN l n(t) c trung bnh bng khng, vi mt ph
56
cng sut hai pha l N
0
/2 (W/Hz). Tn hiu nhn c ti my thu s l k tn
hiu pht c tr, cng tp m ni ca my thu.
Nh vy tn hiu nhn c ti my thu (gi s l my thu th nht) l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ +
K
k
k
t n t s t s t r
1
1
(3.3)
Nu nh knh truyn tt coi nh suy hao khng ng k, m PN gia
thu v pht ng b hon ho. Ta c tn hiu u ra ca b nhn nh sau.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + +
+ + +
K
k
k c k k c
K
k
k c k k c
t f t c t c t d A C t f t d A C
t f t c t c t d A C t f t c t d A C t r
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
2
1 1
2 cos . . 2 cos . .
2 cos . . 2 cos . .


(3.4)
Trong : A =
P
T
E
b
b
2
2

C =
P
T
E
b
b
2
2

Nh vy, tn hiu ca lung 1 sau khi c nhn vi m tri ph ging

ht nh pha pht s c gii tri ph. Cn cc tn hiu khc (k 1) s b
tri ph thm mt ln na. Ph ca tn hiu cn thu cng vi tp m sau b
nhn c mt t nh sau:
57
Hnh 3.3. Ph ca tn hiu thu sau gii tri ph.
Sau khi ly tch phn trong khong thi gian T
b
, lung 1 s c tch ra
v ta nhn c:
( ) { }
br
E t z t
1

(3.5)
Sau mch so ngng s a ra quyt nh l + nu mu ln hn 0
(vn), hay - nu ngc li. v chui c s 2 u ra nh sau.
( ) { } 1

1
t t d
(3.6)
lm r hn ta xt mt v d:
- Xc xut li bt (PBE: Probability of Bit Error) l mt hm
ca E
b
/N
0
, c k hiu l P
b
.
- T s gia nng lng bt ca tn hiu vi mt ph tp m
u ra l SN R
0
(Signal-to-Noise Ratio).
- H thng ch chu tc ng ca tp m AWGN.
- Tn hiu iu ch l BPSK.
- Coi m hnh K-1 tn hiu nhiu bng rng nh l AWGN
58
Khi khng c suy gim cht lng no ngoi tp m AWGN th ta c
PBE i vi h thng BPSK l
( ) SNR Q P
BPSK b
. 2
,

, nu h thng tri ph c
rng bng l B(Hz), th cng sut kt hp ca chng l: (K-1)*P.
Do vy tng cng sut tp m ca h thng lc ny s l:
0
0
*2 ( 1) * * ( 1) *
2
N
B K P N B K P + +
(3.7)
Vi cng sut tp m mi ny cho ta mt mt ph cng sut tp m
hai pha mi:
0
( 1) *
2 2
N K P
B

+
(3.8)
Nhiu giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng s to nn mt tp m b sung c
mt ph cng sut hai bin bng:
( )
B
P K I
2
1
2
0

(3.9)
T s tn hiu trn tp m u ra mi l:
( ) P/B K N
E
I N
E
SNR
br br
1
0 0 0
+

(3.10)
Trong : E
b
= P* T
b

i vi h thng BPSK ta coi rng bng B 2/Tc, ta c
1
1
]
1

0
2
1
4
1
2
/N E G
K
Q ) .SNR Q( P
b p
b,BPSK (3.11)
Vi:
*
br kr b
E P T
: l nng lng bt trung bnh

b
p
c
T
G N
T

: Tng ch em li nh x l
( )

x
/ y
dy e

x Q
2
2
2
1
(3.12)
Nu K=1, tc l c h thng ch c mt ngi s dng, khi nhiu
giao thoa nhiu ngi s dng khng cn v ta s t c xc sut li bt
PBE l
( )
0
/ 2 N E Q
br
v y chnh l kt qu nhn c cho BPSK. Phng
59
trnh (3.11) cho thy xc sut li Bt PBE tng khi s ngi s dng ng thi
K tng v gim cng vi tng ch em li nh x l G
p
.
Gi s cho t s
b
O
E
N
, h s tri ph N (hoc G
p
) ta c th s dng
phng trnh (3.11) tnh s ngi s dng ng thi c php ca h
thng (K). Trn thc t nhiu giao thoa mc d c bng tn rt rng nhng
mt ph cng sut PSD ca n khng bng phng, v th khng phi l tp
m trng. Do vy trong iu kin thc t th cn phi c xt k hn.
Vi h thng thng tin di ng t bo (Cell), cho s ngi s dng cc
i K trong mt Cell, ta c t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo my thu th
k nh sau:
( )
( )
0
1
1 BN P
P
SNR
K
k j
j
jr j
kr
k
+ +

(3.13)
Vi: l h s nhiu t khc

j
l h s tch cc ting
N
0
l mt ph tp m nhit
B l rng bng tn
Bin i mu s ni trn thnh tp m trng, cng, chun (AWGN) ta c:

( )
( )
0
1
0 0
'
0
1
1
N P
B
N I N
K
k j
j
jr j
+ +
+
+

(3.14)
Vi I
0
l mt ph nhiu ca ngi dng khc
Kt hp hai phng trnh (3.11) v (3.13) ta c:

( )
k p '
br
SNR G
N
E

0
(3.15)
Vi: Gp = B/R
b
= R
c
/R
b
l tng ch em li nh x l
T (3.15) nu coi
br
O
E
N
l t s tn hiu trn tp m u ra, th nh c tri
ph m t s ny tng ln Gp ln so vi t s tn hiu trn tp m u vo.
60
Nu nh iu khin cng sut l l tng, tc l cng sut thu c ca
tt c cc ngi s dng cng my thu u bng nhau tc l: P
jr
= P
kr
= P,
coi rng tha s tch cc ting l nh nhau cho tt c cc ngi s dng th
t hai phng trnh (3.13) v (3.15) ta c:
( )
( ) ( ) P K BN
P
G G SNR
N
E
p p k
'
br
+ +

1 1
0 0
(3.16)
Gii phng trnh (3.15) cho K ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) P
BN
/N E
G
K
'
br
p
+

+
+
1 1
1
0
0
(3.17)
Nh vy ta c th tnh c s ngi s dng cc i K
max
:
( ) ( ) /N E
G
K
'
br
p
+
+
1
1
0
max
(3.18)
K
max
my chnh l dung lng ln nht m h thng c th t c, hay
dung lng l thuyt.
T phng trnh (3.17) nu xt n cc nh hng khc nh: chia nh
Cell, mc iu khin cng sut hon ho, c th tnh c s ngi s
dng cc i trong mt theo cng thc.
( ) ( )

/N E
G
K
'
br
p

+
+
1
1
1
1
0
max
(3.19)
Vi: l h s nhiu t cc khc.
l tng ch em li nh chia nh Cell.
l h s tch cc ting.
l h s iu khin cng sut hon ho.
3.5 Thay i phng php iu ch
3.5.1 Gii thiu
61
Mt trong cc vn ca thng tin di ng l ph tn, khi m ph tn
dnh cho thng tin di ng c dng ht trong khi dung lng yu cu i
hi khng ngng. C hai phng php gii quyt vn l: Tm kim
thm tn s mi hoc thay i phng php iu ch. Nu s dng tn s mi
th ngoi vic phi xin c cp php s mt rt nhiu thi gian, cc thit b
phi thay i c th hot ng tt trn tn s mi ny, vi cc tn s cng
cao th thit b cng t tin nh vy kh s dng cho thng mi. Nu nh
thay i phng php iu ch s c li l khng phi xin thm tn s mi
trong khi dung lng ca h thng tng ln, nhng mt yu cu t ra l cc
thit b u cui phi h tr.
Trn thc t vic thay i phng php iu ch ang s dng vi cc
h thng t 4PSK sang 8PSK cho hiu qu vt tri.
3.5.2 C s ton hc
Theo l thuyt truyn dn s th bn cht ca iu ch nhm mc ch
ghp m bt Symbol nhm mc ch lm tng hiu qu s dng ph v nh
x 1 1 t tp cc Symbol
M M
i=1 i(t) i=1
{ } {S }
i
S
{ S
i
}
i=1
, tp cc tn hiu dng sng.
Hiu qu s dng ph c nh gi thng qua tham s:
W
R
b

[bt/s/Hz] (3.20)
ngha ca n l trn mt on bng thng c di W c th truyn
c bao nhiu giy. Vi dung lng thoi vic thay i phng php iu
ch gip cho tng cht lng ca dch v thoi, do c th dng nhiu loi m
ha cht lng cao vi tc bt kh ln. Vi dung lng d liu th lm tng
tc truyn s liu trn mt on bng tn hn ch.
C nhiu s iu ch s khc nhau: nh ASK, M PSK (M ti a bng
8), FSK, M QAM. Vic s dng s iu ch cng nhiu trng thi th hiu
62
qu s dng ph cng cao. Hin nay trong phng th nghim ngi ta th
nghim c ti 1024 QAM , nhng dng thng phm ch c 512 QAM.
3.5.3 nh hng ca thay i phng php iu ch
i vi thng tin di ng v thng tin v tinh ngi ta ch s dng iu
ch FSK hoc l PSK v ng bao ca tn hiu l khng i v nh vy s
c li v mt cng sut. Cc h thng thng tin di ng hin nay u s
dng iu ch 4PSK. h thng GSM s dng iu ch 0.3 GMSK c ngha
l b iu ch bng thng vi rng bng 3dB bng 81.25 KHz. GSM
tc ca Symbol l 270.833 Kbps, trong mi Symbol th hin mt bt
cho nn tc ny cng bng 270.833 Kbps v c mang sng mang c
rng l 200 KHz. Nh vy ta c th tnh c hiu sut s dng ph tn
trong trng hp ny l:
270.833
1.354
200
b
GSM
R
W

[bt/s/Hz] (3.21)
V bn cht iu ch GMSK vn l iu ch 4PSK. H thng s dng
iu ch PSK cao nht l ti 8PSK. Mun tng s mc iu ch ln phi s
dng phng php iu ch khc. H thng UMTS c ra i da trn s
pht trin k tip ca mng GSM/GPRS, cho nn cc thit b u cui phi h
tr ng thi c hai mng ny. minh ha r hn ta c s khi ca thit
b u cui h tr ng thi c GSM ln UMTS.
63
Hnh 3.4. S khi thit b u cui h tr ng thi c GSM ln UMTS.
Trn thc t c rt nhiu thit b u cui vi cc mc gi thnh khc
nhau c h tr ng thi c GSM ln UMTS. Cc thit b u cui ny
c qu trnh x l tn hiu v bn cht l ging ht nhau cho c mng UMTS
v GSM. C hai u s dng chung phng php iu ch s l GMSK vi
tn s sng mang l 170 MHz ng ln v thc hin gii iu ch GMSK
(N 7501) vi tn s sng mang l 215 MHz ng xung. T N7501 nu l
GSM th tn hiu s c a qua b khuch i cng sut GSM, sau qua
chuyn mch Antenna ra mi trng; nu l tn hiu UMTS sau iu ch n
c tri ph WCDMA, sau khuch i cng sut, qua chuyn mch
Antenna ri bc x ra mi trng. Nh vy, ta c th tc ng thay i
64
phng php iu ch khi N 7501 thay i phng php iu ch t
GMSK sang 8PSK.
Vi iu ch 8PSK mi mt Symbol s mang 3 bt v c truyn
mt trong s 8 trng thi pha, coi rng tc Symbol ng bng rng bng
tn, nu nh phng php iu ch 8PSK c p dng cho GSM ta c tc
bt lc ny s tng ln 200*3= 600 Kbps. V ta c hiu qu s dng ph l:
200
600
8
W
R
b
PSK

= 3 [bt/s/Hz] (3.22)
V vy, hiu qu s dng ph ca 8PSK s cao hn so vi GMSK gn
2 ln. Vi h thng UMTS vic thay i phng php iu ch t 4PSK sang
8PSK cng s cho kh nng tng cng dung lng ng k.
Tuy nhin vic s dng iu ch 8PSK cng tn ti nhc im l do
cc trng thi phase rt gn nhau cho nn rt d xut hin li. Nu nh mt
BTS h tr c iu ch GMSK v 8PSK, c cng cng sut pht cho c hai
dng iu ch th vng ph sng i vi 8PSK s hp hn so vi GMSK, tc
l iu kin truyn sng thay i. Vic s dng iu ch 8PSK c th
c s dng cho cc dch v thoi cht lng cao hoc l cc dch v cn tc
bt ln, s dng trong cc pico c kch thc nh trong iu kin ng
truyn v tuyn l n nh, c bit l cho cc i tng t di chuyn.
KT LUN
Sau khi nghin cu tng quan v thng tin di ng v vn dung
lng, n nghin cu cc yu t nh hng ti dung lng v cc
phng php tng cng dung lng cho h thng 3G/UMTS.
Chng 2 tp trung nghin cu cc yu t nh hng ti dung lng
ca h thng UMTS, cc yu t bo gm: Qu ng truyn, dung lng ,
cc trng hp gii hn dung lng, nh hng ca ti t bo ng ln v
cng sut pht cu trm gc. Sau tp trung vo phn tch nhu cu v kh
65
nng lm tng dung lng. Do UMTS c nghin cu ch yu tng cng
tc truyn s liu v n s dng ng truyn khng i xng bn cnh s
dng k thut song cng theo tn s FDD tc l tn s ng ln bao gi cng
thp hn tn s ng xung do vy trong qu trnh tm hiu phi ch phn
tch ring qu ng ln v qu ng xung, ti cu t bo ng ln v ti
ca t bo ng xung.
Chng 3 ch yu nghin cu cc phng php tng cng dung
lng cho UMTS. Trn thc t c rt nhiu phng php tng cng dung
lng cho UMTS, nhng do thi gian c hn cho nn chng ny ch trnh
by cc phng php c cho l c tnh kh thi nht. Cc phng php
bao gm: Thm sng mang v m PN, chia sector v trin khai t bo vi
m, Antenna thch nghi, iu khin cng sut, thay i phng php iu
ch. Cc phng php ny ty vo mc ch s dng s c u nhc im
ring, vic s dng phng php ny s ty thuc vo iu kin c th ca
tng nh cung cp dch v.
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
1. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh thng tin di ng th h 3, NXB
Bu in 2004.
2. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng, Hc vin
cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng 2000.
3. PGS.TS Nguyn Quc Bnh, Thng tin di ng, Hc vin KTQS 2001.
4. TS. Quc Trinh, Tp bi ging (trn lp)
66
Ting Anh
5. Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS 2001.
6. McGraw-Hill, WCDMA and cdma2000 for 3G Mobile Networks 2002.
7. Jonathan P. Castro, The UMTS Network and Radio Access Technology -
Air Interface Techniques for Future Mobile Systems 2001.

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