CHUYN

NH THC NEWTON
V NG DNG
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
CHUYN NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
A.L THUYT:
1.Cc hng ng thc
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
1
2
2 2
3
3 2 2 3
4
4 3 2 2 3 4
1
2
3 3
4 6 4
...
a b
a b a b
a b a ab b
a b a a b ab b
a b a a b a b ab b
+
+ +
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
2.Nh thc Newton( Niu-tn)
a.nh l:
( )
0 1 1 1 1
0
...
n
n
n n n n n n k n k k
n n n n n
k
a b C a C a b C ab C b C a b

+ + + + +

Kt qu:
*( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1
k
n n
n n k
k n k k n k k
n n
k k
a b a b C a b C a b


+ 1
]

*( )
0 1
0
1 . . ... .
n
n
k k n n
n n n n
k
x C x C C x C x

+ + + +

b.Tnh cht ca cng thc nh thc Niu-tn ( )

n
a b + :
-S cc s hng ca cng thc l n+1
-Tng s m ca a v b trong mi s hng lun lun bng s m ca nh thc: (n-k)+k=n
-S hng tng qut ca nh thc l:
1
k n k k
k n
T C a b

+

( l s hng th k+1 trong khai trin ( )
n
a b + )
-Cc h s nh thc cch u hai s hng u, cui th bng nhau.
-
1 0
2 ...
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ + +
- ( )
0 1
0 ... 1
n
n
n n n
C C C + +
-Tam gic pascal: 1
Khi vit cc h s ln lt vi n = 0,1,2,... ta c bng
n k
2
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
0 1 2 3 4 5 ....
0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
Trong tam gic s ny, bt u t hng th hai, mi s hng th n t ct th hai
n ct n-1 bng tng hai s ng hng trn cng ct v ct trc n. S d c quan h
ny l do c cng thc truy hi
1
1 1
k k k
n n n
C C C

+ (Vi 1 < k < n)
3.Mt s cng thc khai trin hay s dng:
( )
1 0
0
2 1 1 ...
n
n
n k n n
n n n n
k
C C C C

+ + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
0
0 1 1 1 ... 1
n
n k n
k n
n n n n
k
C C C C

+ +

( )
0 1 1 0
0
1 ...
n
n
k n k n n n
n n n n
k
x C x C x C x C x

+ + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 1 1
0
1 1 ... 1
n
n n n
k k n n
n n n n
k
x C x C x C x C x

+ +

( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 1 0
0
1 1 ... 1
n
n k n
k n k n n n
n n n n
k
x C x C x C x C x

+ +

4.Du hiu nhn bit s dng nh thc newton.

a.Khi cn chng minh ng thc hay bt ng thc m c
1
n
i
n
i
C

vi i l s t nhin lin
tip.
b. Trong biu thc c ( )
1
1
n
i
n
i
i i C

th ta dng o hm ( ) i
Trong biu thc c ( )
1
n
i
n
i
i k C

th ta nhn 2 v vi x
k
ri ly o hm
Trong biu thc c
1
n
k i
n
i
a C

th ta chn gi tr ca x=a thch hp.

Trong biu thc c
1
1
1
n
i
n
i
C
i

th ta ly tch phn xc nh trn [ ] ; a b

thch hp.
3
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
Nu bi ton cho khai trin
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 1
i
n n
n n i
a n i ib a b i a b i
n n
i i
x x C x x C x

+

+

th h
s ca x
m
l C
i
n
sap cho phng trnh ( ) a n i bi m +
c nghim i

i
n
C t MAX khi
1
2
n
i

hay
1
2
n
i
+
vi n l,
2
n
i vi n chn.
B.NG DNG CA NH THC NEWTON.
I.Cc bi ton v h s nh thc.
1.Bi ton tm h s trong khai trin newton.
V d 1:(i hc Thu li c s II, 2000) Khai trin v rt gn a thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
9 10 14
1 1 ... 1 Q x x x x + + + + + +
Ta c a thc: ( )
14
0 1 14
... Q x a a x a x + + +
Xc nh h s a
9
.
Gii:
H s x
9
trong cc a thc ( ) ( ) ( )
9 10 14
1 , 1 ,..., 1 x x x + + + ln lt l:
9 5 9
9 10 14
, ,..., C C C
Do :
9 5 9
9 9 10 14
1 1 1 1
... 1 10 .10.11 .10.11.12 .10.11.12.13 .10.11.12.13.14
2 6 24 20
a C C C + + + + + + + +
=11+55+220+715+2002=3003
V d 2:(HBKHN-2000) Gii bt phng trnh:
2 2 3
2
1 6
10
2
x x x
A A C
x
+
Gii:
iu kin: x l s nguyn dng v 3 x
Ta c: dt phng trnh cho tng ng vi:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 6 2 1
1 10
2 3!
2 2 1 2 2 1 10
3 12 4
x x x x
x x
x
x x x x x x
x x

+
+

V x l nghim nguyn dng v 3 x nn { } 3; 4 x
V d 3: (H KA 2004) Tm h s ca x
8
trong khai trin a thc ca: ( )
8
2
1 1 x x
1
+
]
Gii:
Cch 1: Ta c: ( ) ( ) ( )
8 8
2 2
8 8
0 0 0
1 1 .
k k
k
i
k k k i i
k
k k i
f x C x x C x C x

1
1
1 ]
]

Vy ta c h s ca x
8
l: ( )
8
1
i
k i
k
C C tho
0
0 8
4
2 8
2
,
3
i
i k
k
k i
i
i k
k

'

+
'

'

4
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
H s trong khai trin ca x
8
l: ( ) ( )
0 2
4 0 3 2
8 4 8 3
1 1 C C C C + =238
Cch 2: Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 8
0 3 2 4 2 8 2
8 8 8 8
... 1 1 ... 1 f x C C x x C x x C x x 1 1 1 + + + + +
] ] ]
Nhn thy: x
8
ch c trong cc s hng:
S hng th 4: ( )
3
3 2
8
1 C x x 1
]
S hng th 5: ( )
4
4 2
8
1 C x x 1
]
Vi h s tng ng vi: A
8
=
3 2 4 0
8 3 8 4
C C C C + =238
V d 4:(H HCQG, 2000)
a) Tm h s x
8
trong khai trin
12
1
1
x
_
+

,
b) Cho bit tng tt c cc h s ca khai trin nh thc
( )
2
1
n
x + bng 1024. Hy
tm h s a ( ) * a
ca s hng ax
12
trong khai trin .( HSPHN, khi
D,2000)
Gii:
a) S hng th (k+1) trong khai trin l:
12 12 2
12 12
1
k
k x k k
k
a C x C x
x

_


,
( ) 0 12 k
Ta chn 12 2 8 2 k k
Vy s hng th 3 trong khai trin cha x
8
v c h s l:
2
12
66 C
b) Ta c: ( )
2 2 1 2 12 2
0
1 ...
n
k n k k k
n n n n
k
x C x C C x C x

+ + + +

Vi x=1 th:
0 1
2 ... 1024
n n
n n n
C C C + + +
10
2 2 10
n
n
Do h s a (ca x
12
) l:
6
10
210 C
V d 5:(HVKTQS, 2000) Khai trin a thc:
( )
12 12
0 1 12
(1 2 ) ... P x x a a x a x + + + +
Tm max( )
0 1 2 12
, , ,..., a a a a
Gii:
Gi a
k
l h s ln nht ca khai trin suy ra:
1 k k
a a

>
T y ta c h phng trnh:
1 1
12 12
1 1
12 12
2 1
2 2
12 1
1 2
2 2
12 1
k k k k
k k k k
C C
k k
C C
k k

+ +

' '

+
( )
8 18
0 1 2 12 8 12
ax , , ,..., 2 126720 m a a a a a C
2.Bi ton tm s hng trong khai trin newton.
5
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
V d 6: Tm s hng th 21 trong khai trin: ( )
25
2 3x
Gii:
S hng th 21 trong khai trin l: ( )
20
20 5 20 5 20 20
25 25
2 3 2 3 C x C x
V d 7:
a. Tm s hng ng gia trong cc khai trin sau
( )
21
3
x xy +
b. Tm s hng ng gia trong cc khai trin sau
( )
20
4
2
3
1
x x
xy
_

+

,
Gii:
a. Khai trin
( )
20
3
x xy + c 21+1=22 s hng nn c hai s hng ng gia l s th
11 v 12.
S hng th 11 l:
( ) ( )
11
10
10 3 10 43 10
21 21
C x xy C x y
S hng th 12 l:
( ) ( )
10
11
11 3 10 41 11
21 21
C x xy C x y
b. Khai trin
( )
20
4
2
3
1
x x
xy
_

+

,
c 20+1=21 s hng. Nn s hng ng gia 2 s
l s hng th ( )
10
10
65 20 7
2
10 10
6 3 4
3
20 20
21
1 16:
2
C x xy C x y

_
_ 1
+

1
] ,
,
( Vi [x] l k hiu phn nguyn ca x ngha l s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu x).
V d 8: (H Khi D-2004) Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin.
( )
7
3
4
1
f x x
x
_
+

,
vi 0 x >
Gii:
S hng tng qut trong khai trin:
( )
( )
7 7
7
3
3 12
1 7 7
4
1
, 7
k
k k
k k
k
T C x C x k k
x

+
_


,

ng vi s hng khng cha x ta c:
7 7
0 4
3 12
k k
Vy s hng khng cha x trong khai trin ( ) f x
l:
4
7
35 C
V d 9: (H SPHN-2001) Cho khai trin nh thc:
10
9 10
0 1 9 10
1 2
... .
3 3
x a a x a x a x
_
+ + + + +

,
Hy tm s hng
k
a
ln nht.
Gii:
Ta c:
( ) ( )
10
10
10 10 10 10 10
0
1 2 1 1 1
1 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
n
k
k k k
k
k
x x C x a C

_
+ +

,

6
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
Ta c a
k
t c max
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
[ ] ( )
1 1
1 10 10
1 1
1
10 10
2 2
2 2
2 10! 2 10!
1 2
! 10 ! 1 ! 9 !
19 22
10 1
2 2 3 3
2 10! 2 10!
11
! 10 ! 1 ! 11 !
7 , 0,10
k k k k
k k
k k k k
k k
k k
k k
a a C C
a a
C C
k k k k
k k
k
k k
k k k k
k k k
+ +
+

' '

+
+

' '

Vy max
7
7
7 10 10
2
3
k
a a C
Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: (H TK-2002) Gi a
1
, a
2
,, a
11
l cc h s trong khai trin sau:
( ) ( )
11 10
1 11
1 2 ... x x x a x a + + + + +
Hy tm h s a
5
Bi 2: Tm h s ca x
5
trong khai trin ( ) ( )
5 10
2
1 2 1 3 x x x x + + ( Khi D-2007)
Bi 3: Tm h s ca x
5
y
3
z
6
t
6
trong khai trin a thc ( )
20
x y z t + + + ( 4 TH&TT
-2003)
Bi 4: (TT H- chuyn Phan Bi Chu-Ngh An) Xc nh h s ca x
11
trong khai trin
a thc:
( ) ( )
2 3
2 3 1
n n
x x + + bit:
( )
2 2 1 2 2 0
2 2 2 2
3 ... 1 3 ... 3 1024
k
n n k n k n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + +
Bi 5: (LAISAC) Khai trin
( )
3
2
1
2
n
P x x
x
_
+

,
ta c
( )
3 3 5 3 10
0 1 2
...
n n n
P x a x a x a x

+ + +
Bit rng ba h s u a
0
, a
1
, a
2
lp thnh cp s
cng. Tnh s hng th x
4
II. p dng nh th Newton chng minh h thc v tnh tng t hp.
1. Thun nh thc Newton
Du hiu nhn bit: Khi cc s hng ca tng c dng
k n k k
n
C a b

th ta s
dng trc tip nh thc Newton: ( )
0
n
n
k n k k
n
k
a b C a b

. Vic cn li ch l
kho lo chn a,b.
V d 10: Tnh tng
16 0 15 1 14 2 16
16 16 16 16
3 3 3 ... C C C C + +
Gii:
D dng thy tng trn c dng nh du hiu nu trn. Ta s chn a=3, b=-1. Khi tng
trn s bng (3-1)
16
=2
16
7
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
V d 11: ( H Hng Hi-2000) Chng minh rng:
( )
0 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
3 3 ... 3 2 2 1
n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ + + + +
Gii:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 ... 1
1 ... 2
n
n n n n
n n n n n
n
n n n n
n n n n n
x C C x C x C x C x
x C C x C x C x C x


+ + + + + +
+ + +
Ly (1) + (2) ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 2 ...
n n
n n
n n n
x x C C x C x 1 + + + + +
]
Chn x=3 suy ra:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
4 2
0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 1 2 0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
4 2 2 3 ... 3
2 2
3 ... 3
2
2 2 1
3 ... 3
2
2 (2 1) 3 ... 3
PCM
n n
n n
n n n
n n
n n
n n n
n n
n n
n n n
n n n n
n n n
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C

1 + + + +
]
+
+ + +
+
+ + +
+ + + +

2.S dng o hm cp 1,2.

a.o hm cp 1.
Du hiu: Khi h s ng trc t hp tng dn hoc gim dn t 1,2,3,,n hay n,
,3,2,1 tc l s hng c dng
k
n
kC hoc
1 k n k k
n
kC a b

th ta c th dng o hm cp
1 tnh. C th:
( )
0 1 1
2 ...
n
n n n n
n n n
a x C a C a x nC ax

+ + + +
Ly o hm hai v theo x ta c:
( ) ( )
1
1 1 2 2 1
2 ... 1
n
n n n n
n n n
n a x C a C a nC ax

+ + + +
n y thay x,a bng hng s thch hp ta c tng cn tm.
V d 12:(H BKHN-1999) Tnh tng ( )
1
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 ... 1
n
n
n n n n n
C C C C nC

+ + +
Gii:
Ta thy tng cn tnh c dng nh VP(1). Vic cn li ch cn chn a=1,x=-1 ta tnh c
tng bng 0.
Cch khc: S dng ng thc
1
1
k k
n n
kC nC

ta tnh c tng bng:

( ) ( )
1 1
0 1 2 1
1 1 1 1
... 1 1 1 0
n n
n
n n n n
nC nC nC nC n

+ + +
V d 13:Tnh tng:
0 1 2007
2007 2007 2007
2008 2007 ... C C C + + +
Gii:
H s trc t hp gim dn t 2008,2007,,1 nn dng o hm l iu d hiu:
( )
2007
0 2007 1 2006 2007
2007 2007 2007
1 ... x C x C x C + + + +
8
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
By gi nu o ly o hm th ch c
0 2006
2007
2007C x trong khi n 2008 do
ta phi nhn thm vi x vo ng thc trn ri mi dng o hm:
( )
( ) ( )
2007
0 2008 1 2007 2007
2007 2007 2007
2006
0 2007 1 2006 2007
2007 2007 2007
1 ...
1 2008 1 2008 2007 ...
x x C x C x C x
x x C x C x C
+ + + +
+ + + + +
Thay x=1 vo ta tm c tng l 2009.2
2006
b.o hm cp 2.
Du hiu: Khi h s ng trc t hp c dng 1.2,2.3,,(n-1)n hay (n-1)n,
,3.2,2.1 hay 1
2
,2
2
,,n
2
(khng k du) tc c dng ( 1)
k n k
n
k k C a

hay tng qut hn
( ) 1
k n k k
n
k k C a b

th ta c th dng o hm n cp 2 tnh. Xt a thc

( )
0 1 1
...
n
n n n n
n n n
a bx C C a bx C b x

+ + + +
Khi o hm hai v theo x ta c:
( )
1
1 1 2 2 2 1
2 ...
n
n n n n n
n n n
bn a bx C a b C a b x nC b x

+ + +
o hm ln na:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 1
1 2.1 ... 1 2
n n n n n
n n
b n n a bx C a b n n C b x

+ + +
n y ta gn nh gii quyt xong v d ton ch vic thay a,b,x bi cc hng s thch
hp na thi.
V d14: (H AN-CS Khi A 1998) Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , 2
n
f x x n +
a.Tnh ( ) 1 f
b.Chng minh rng:
( ) ( )
2 3 2
2.1 3.2 ... 1 1 2
n n
n n n
C C n nC n n

+ + +
Gii:
a. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
2
1 1 1 (1) (1 )
n n
n
f x n x f x n n x f n x


+ + +
b. Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
1 2
1 1
2
2
2
2
1
1 2 2 1
1
1
1 1 2
2.1 3.2 ... 1 ... 1 1 2 PCM
n n
n
k k k k
n n n n
k k
n
k k
n n
k
n
k k
n
k
n
k n
n
k
p n n
n n n n
f x x C x C C x C x
f x C kC x
f x k k C x
f k k C
C C p C n nC n n

+ + +
+


+ + + + + + + +

9
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
T cu b thay (n-1)=(n+1) th ta c mt bi ton khc:
b. Chng minh rng: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2
2.1 3.2 ... 1 ... 1 1 2
p n n
n n n n
C C n pC n nC n n

+ + + + + + + +
Vi bi ton ny ta gii nh sau:
Xt nh thc: ( )
0 1
1 ...
n
n n
n n n
x C C x C x + + + +
Nhn 2 v ca ng thc vi 0 x ng thi ly o hm cp 2 hai v theo bin x ta
c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1 2 1
2 1 1 1 2 3.2 ... 1
n n
n n
n n n
n x n n x x C x C x n nC x


+ + + + + + +
Cho x=2 ta c PCM
Bi tp p dng
Bi 1:(CSP Bn Tre Khi A-2002) Chng minh rng:
1 1 19 19
20 20 20
... 2 C C C + + +
Bi 2:(C Khi T-M-2004)Chng minh rng :
2004
0 2 1 2004 2004
2004 2004 2004
3 1
2 ... 2
2
C C C
+
+ + +
Bi 3:(HKTQD-2000) Chng minh:
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 2 2 1
2 1.2 . 2.2 . 3.2 . ... .3 1
n
n n n n n
n n n n
x C C C nC n n

+ + + + +
Bi 4: Rt gn tng:
2 1 2008 2 2 2007 2 2009
2009 2009 2009
1 2 2 2 ... 2009 C C C + + +
III.Mt s phng php khc:
V d 15: (HQG TP.HCM 1997) Cho
0
, ,
m k n
k m n Z

'

Chng minh:
0 1 1
. ...
k k k m m k
n m n m n m n m
C C C C C C C

+
+ + +
Gii:
( )
( )
( )
0 1
0 1 1
0 1
1 ...
Ta c : 1 ...
1 ...
m
m m
m m m
n
n n n
n n n
m n
m n m n
m n m n m n
x C C x C x
x C x C x C
x C C x C x

+
+ +
+ + +

+ + + +

+ + + +
'

+ + + +

Suy ra h s x
k
trong (1+x)
n
.(1+x)
m
l
0 1 1
...
k k m k m
m n m n m n
C C C C C C

+ + +
V h s x
k
trong khai (1+x)
m+n
l
k
m n
C
+
ng nht thc: (1+x)
n
.(1+x)
m
= (1+x)
n+m
Ta c:
0 1 1
. ...
k k k m m k
n m n m n m n m
C C C C C C C

+
+ + + PCM
V d16: (2-TH&TT-2008) S
2
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
2 ...
n
n n n
C C n C + + + vi n l s t nhin l
Gii:
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
1 ...
2 2
n n
n n
n n n n n
n n
S C n C C C n C
+

_ _ _ _ + _ _
+ + + + +


, ,
, , , ,
10
NH THC NEWTON V NG DNG
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1
2 2 2
1 2 1
2 2 2
1 2
...
...
2 ...
n
n n n
n n
n n n
n
n n n n
n C C C n
n C C C n
S n C C C n

+
+ + + +
+ + + +
1
+ + + +
1
]
Mt khc ta c: ( )
2
0 1 2 2
2 2 2
1 ...
n
n n
n n n
x C C x C x + + + + h s ca x
n

l:
2
(*)
n
n
C
Trong khi : ( )
0 1
1 ...
n
n n
n n n
x C C x C x + + + +
Nn h s ca x
n
l
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
...
n
n n n
C C C + + + (**)
T (*) v (**) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
2
1 ...
n n
n n n n
C n C C C
1
+ + +
1
]
2
PCM
2
n
n n
n
S C
Bi tp p dng
Bi 1: Chng minh rng:
a)
1 1 2 1 1
3 2 3 ... .4
n n n n
n n n
C C nC n

+ + + (H Lut-2001)
b) ( )
2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2 ... 1 2
n n
n n n
C C n C n n

+ + + +
( 1-TH&TT-2008)
Bi 2: Tnh cc tng sau:
a)
1 2 3 4 5 28 29
30 30 30 30
3.2 5.2 ... 29.2 C C C C + + + +
b)
( )
1 2
0
... 1
2 3 1
n
n
n n n
n
C C C
C
n
+ +
+
Bi 3: t ( )
1
2 1
6
1 3
k
k k
k n
T C
+
+
. Chng minh
3
1
0
n
k
k
T

11