http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Adverbul/EnglezaAdverbul-de-loc.

html Pronume si adjective demonstrative Forma de apropiere de departare Singular this that Plural these those

Adjectivele demonstrative sunt singurele care se acorda in numar cu substantivul.

Adjective si pronume cantitative: some; any; no (folosite ca adjective); none (folosit doar ca pronume); much (folosit pentru a exprima cantitatea); many (folosit pentru a exprima numarul).

Observatii:

Some se foloseste in propozitii cu verbul la afirmativ.

I have some books.

Any se foloseste in propozitii cu verbul la negativ sau interogativ. any books ?

Have you I havent any books.

No se foloseste in propozitii cu verbul la afirmativ, acest adjectiv avand sens negativ

Adjectiv---------------------------------------Substantiv big, small---------------------------------------size (masura) long, short---------------------------------------length (lungime) broad, narrow---------------------------------------breadth (largime pt ceva concret) wide, narrow---------------------------------------idth (largime pt ceva abstract) high, low---------------------------------------height (inaltime) deep, shallow---------------------------------------depth (adancime) heavy, light---------------------------------------weight (greutate) strong, weak---------------------------------------strength (putere)..etc. Adjectivele stau inaintea substantivelor (I like Chinese food) sau dupa anumite verbe auxiliare

(to appear, to be, to become, to feel, to get, to look, to keep,to seem, to taste, to make,to smell,to sound, to turn, to taste). Unele din adjectivele care pot sta numai dupa verbele auxiliare: asleep, awake, afraid, alike, alive, alone, annoyed, difficult, ill, nice, sorry, upset, well (She is alone.). Asa cum am mai spus, avem adjective care stau inaintea substantive: Ex : I like big black dogs. She was wearing a beautiful long red dress. Care este ordinea corecta pentru adjective ? 1) Ordinea generala: opinion, fact Ex : a nice French car (not a French nice car) "Opinion" este ceea ce crezi despre subiectul propozitiei/frazei . "Fact" este ceea ce este adevarat despre subiectul propozitiei/fraziei. 2) Ordinea normala a adjectivelor este : size, age/temperature , shape, colour, material, origin: Ex : a big, old, square, black, wooden Chinese table Size : small, little, thiny, big Age/Temperature : old, new, hot, cold Shape : round, square Color : yellow, red, blue Material : plastic, silver Origin : Chinese, Romanian, Franch 3) Determiners usually come first, even though they are fact adjectives: articles (a, the) possessives (my, your...) demonstratives (this, that...) quantifiers (some, any, few, many...) numbers (one, two, three)

Here is an example with opinion and fact adjectives: adjectives noun

determiner two

opinion

fact age shape round colour red candles

nice

old

Cand vrem sa folosim doua adjective care se refera la o culoare folosim and. Ex: Newspapers are usually black and white. Gradele de comparative ale adjectivelor : gradul pozitiv : arata prezenta normala a unei calitati a obiectelor (fara comparatii) Ex : She is beautiful. gradul comparativ : compara doua sau mai multe obiecte o in masura egala : comarativul de egalitate : he is as tall as his brother o in masura inegala :- comparativul de superioritate : he is taller then she. - compartivul de inferioritate : not as tall as gradul superlativ: este de doua feluri : relative(in comparative cu alte elemente) Ex : The biggeste : Cel mai mare The smallest = Cel mai mic The most important = Cel mai important absolute (fata de el insusi) Ex : Very gig = Foarte mare Very small = Foarte mic Very/Highly important = Foarte important Comparativul de egalitate se formeaza prin incadrarea adjectivului : asas Ex : as tall as = la fel de inalt ca, tot atat de inalt ca Pentru sens negative : incadram adjectivul in : not as/ soas Ex : not as/so tall as = nu atat/ asa de inalt cat/ca Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaza incadrand adjectivul in expresia : not so(as)as sau lessthen Ex : not as tall as/ not so tall as = nu atat de inalt ca Less tall then = mai putin inalt ca Atentie la aceste 4 expresii: So much the better = Cu atat mai bine

So much the worse = Cu atat mai rau So much the more = Cu atat mai mult So much the less = Cu atat mai putin Expresia cu cat..cu atat nu are echivalent in limba engleza. (Cu cat) mai curand, (cu atat) mai bine = The sooner, the better. (Cu cat este)casa mai veche, (cu atat este) pretul mai mic. = The older the house, the smaller the price. Adjectivele terminate in e mut suprima aceasta vocala inaintea terminatiilor -er , -est . Ex : large larger the largest fine finer - the finest Adjectivele terminate in y precedat de o consoana, schimba pe y in i inaintea lui er si est . Ex : heavy heavier the heaviest Adjectivele terminate in y precedat de o vocala raman neschimbate : Ex : gay gayer the gayest (vesel) Acest adjective este foarte rar folosit in sensului lui propriu, intrand in raza vulgar a vocabularului. Adjectivele monosilabice terminate in consoana, o dubleaza la comparative si la superlative : Ex: big bigger the biggest Unele adjective au forme diferite la comparativ si superlativ: Good better the best = bun(a) Well better the best = bine Bad worse the worst = rau Ill- worst the worst = bolnav Much more the most = mult(a) Many more the most = multi(e) Little less the least = putin Adjectivele posesive:

Se pun intotdeauna inaintea substantivelor: My = meu, mea, mei , mele Your = tau, ta, tai, tale His = lui, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansului, dumnealui, domniei sale Her = ei, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansei, dumneaei Its (pers III neutru) = lui, ei , sau, sa, sai , sale Our = nostril, nostru, noastra, noastre Your = vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre, d-voastra Their = lor, dansilor, danselor, dumnealor Adjectivele demonstrative: Pentru apropere: This = acest, acesta, ast, asta, aceasta, asta Those = acestia, acesti, asti, astia, aceste, acestea, astea, , aste Pentru departare: That = acela, acel, ala, aceea, acea, aia Those = acei, aceia, ai, aia, acelea, alea

Adverbul este cel care ne spune mai mult despre verb, care intareste verbul. Majoritatea adverbelor se formeaza din adjective. Ele seformeaza astfel: - pentru majoritatea adverbele - la adjectiv se adauga teminatia -ly : bad - badly hard - hardly - pentru adjectivele care se termina in -le, ca sa formam adverb, se shimba terminatia -le in -ly simple - simply probable - probably -pentru adjectivele care se termina in y, precedat de o consoana, ca sa formam adverb shimbam pe y in i si apoi adauga terminatia -ly easy - easily happy - happily

Exceptii : well = bine; cum trebuie fast = repede; strns very = foarte; chiar; prea never = niciodata; deloc always = totdeauna often = adesea still = nca; si mai; totusi Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor sunt aceleasi ca si la adjective si se formeaza in acelasi moduri. Pozitiv badly far late little well Comparativ worse farther further later less better Superlativ

the worst the farthest the furthest the latest the last = ultimul the least the best

Adverbele sunt de mai multe feluri : - de loc - de mod - de timp - precizat - neprecizat : already = deja, pana acum always = intotdeauna ever = totdeauna, vreodata just = tocmai often = adesea never = niciodata sometimes = uneori, cateodata seldom = rareori still = inca, mai O modalitate usoara de a tine minte adverbele de timp si care ne arata cat de des cineva face ceva : 100% always usually frequently often sometimes occasionally

50%

0%

rarely seldom hardly ever never Articolul

Articolul nehotarat (care se traduce in romana : un , o ): a = inaintea unei consoane (a car) an = inaintea unei vocale (an inkpot) Articolul nehotarat este acelasi pentru toate genurile. Trebuie tinut cont atunci cand vorbim ca articolul nehoratat nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa el. LA plural nu exista articol nehotarat(atunci cand este cazul se folosestie some = niste, unele). Exista unele exceptii : a ewe = o oaie/mioara a Europian = un european a union = o uniune, un sindicat a university = o universitate Articolul horatat: Articolul hotarat in limba engleza este THE , atat la singular cat si la plural, la toate genurile.

CONJUNCTIA Intotdeauna conjunctiile coordonatoare se gasesc intre cuvintele sau propozitiile pe care le leaga. I like [tea] and [coffee]. [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee]. Conjunctiile coordonatoare sunt sapte (7) la numar. Ele sunt cuvinte simple, formate din

doua sau trei litere. Iara un mod usor si distractiv de a tine minte conjunctiile coordonatoare : F For A And N Nor B But O Or Y Yet S So

Conjunctiile subordonatoare Cele mai comune conjunctii subordonatoare sunt : after although as because before how if once since than that though till until when where whether while Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga o propozitie secundara de una principala. Intotdeauna conjunctia subordonata se gaseste in fata propozitiei secundare. Ram went swimming although it was raining. Ram went swimming although it was raining. Although it was raining, Ram went swimming. Atentie la urmatoarele constructii : ...either ...or = ...sau ...sau ...neither ...nor = ...nici ...nici

...nor only ...but also = ...nu numai ...ci(dar)si ...both ...and = ...ata ...cat si

Numeralul cardinal : zero = zero = 0 one = unu = 1 two = doi = 2 three = trei = 3 four = patru = 4 five = cinci = 5 six = sase = 6 seven = sapte = 7 eight = opt = 8 nine = noua = 9 ten = zece = 10 Atentie la o deosebire de limba romana. In limba engleza se foloseste virgula in locul punctului din romana. hundred = suta = 100 thousand = mie = 1,000 million = milion = 1,000,000 Astfel ceea ce scriem in romana 1,7 - in engleza vom scrie 1.7 = one point seven. Numeralul ordinal : first = prim; second = al doilea third = al treilea; a treia De la patru in sus , numealul ordinal se formeaza din numeralul cardinal + th (dar atentie ca -y se inlocuieste ci - ieth ). fourth = al patrulea fifth = al cincilea sixth = al saselea seventh = al saptelea eighth = al optulea

ninth = al noualea tenth = al zecelea eleventh = al unsprezecelea twelfth = al doisprezecelea thierteenth = al treisprezecelea twentieth = al douazecilea thirtieth = al treizecilea fiftieth = al cincecilea Datele se exprima in limba engleza cu numeralul ordinal : The first of May sau May the first Numeralul multiplicativ : once = o data; twice = de doua ori; De la trei in sus , numeralele multiplicative se formeaza din cel cardinal + times three times = de trei ori four times = de patru ori Numeralele fractionale : one whole = un intreg (o unitate) one haf = o jumatate = 1/2 one third = o treime = 1/3 one quarter = un sfert, o patrime = 1/4 one tenth = o zecime = 1/10 Prepozitia

Prepozitiile sunt cuvintele care fac legatura intre partile de vorbire. Sunt peste 150 de prepozitii in limba engleza.Lista cu cele mai uzuale prepozitii le gasiti la Cuvinte necesare/Prepozitii. Prepozitii de loc: In general se tine cont de urmatoarele reguli: at = pentru un punct, un reper in = pentru o anumita zona

on = pentru o suprafata Iata aici cateva exemple : at punct, un reper at the corner at the bus stop at the door at the top of the page at the end of the road at the entrance at the crossroads at the entrance in zona in the garden in London in France in a box in my pocket in my wallet in a building in a car on suprafata on the wall on the ceiling on the door on the cover on the floor on the carpet on the menu on a page

Exista expresii standar cu prepozitiile de loc.Iata-le : at at home at work at school at university at college at the top at the bottom at the side at reception in in a car in a taxi in a helicopter in a boat in a lift (elevator) in the newspaper in the sky in a row in Oxford Street on on a bus on a train on a plane on a ship on a bicycle, on a motorbike on a horse, on an elephant on the radio, on television on the left, on the right on the way

Prepozitiile de timp : at = atunci cand timpul este precizat in = pentru luni, ani, secole si perioade lungi on = pentru zile si date Iata cateva exemple: at timp precizat at 3 o'clock at 10.30am at noon at dinnertime at bedtime at sunrise at sunset at the moment in luni, ani, secole si perioade lungi in May in summer in the summer in 1990 in the 1990s in the next century in the Ice Age in the past/future on zile si date on Sunday on Tuesdays on 6 March on 25 Dec. 2010 on Christmas Day on Independence Day on my birthday on New Year's Eve

Atunci cand folosim last, next, every, this - nu folosim si at, in, on. Exemple: I went to London last June. (not in last June) He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday) I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter) We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Pronumele

Pronumele personale :

Nominativ : I = eu you = tu, dumneata, dumneavoastra he = el, dansul, dumnealui she = ea, dumneaei we = noi you = voi they = ei,ele, dansii, dansele, dumnealor Acuzativ-dativ : me = mi-, ma, pe mine, imi you = ti, te, pe tine, iti, dumitale, dumneavoastra him = i-, l-, pe el, ii,(lui) her = i-, -o, pe ea, ii us = ne-, noua, pe noi you = v-, voua, pe voi them = i-, le-, loe, pe ei, pe ele Pronumele reflexive : myself = eu insumi/insami, pe mine insumi/insami yourself = tu insusi/insati, pe tine insuti/insati himself = el insusi/pe el insusi herself = ea insasi/pe ea insasi ourselves = noi insine, pe noi insine yourselves = voi insiva, pe voi insiva oneself = pe sine insusi (insasi) Pronumele posesiv : mine = al meu, a mea, ale mele, ai mei yours = al tau, a ta, ale tale, ai tai his = al lui, a lui, ale lui, ai lui hers = a ei, ale ei, al ei, ai ei ours = a noastra, al nostru, ale noastre, ai nostri yours = al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre theirs = al lor, a lui, ai lor, ale lor Pronumele demonstrative sunt identice ca forma cu adjectivele demonstrative(numai ca in cazul pronumelor, acestea inlocuiesc substantivele).

Substantivul

Substantivul, in limba engleza, are patru genuri: - genul masculin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen masculin (boy, man, son , brother, king) - genul feminin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen feminin (woman, mother, girl, wife, sister) - gen neutru = substantivele care denumesc obiecte si animale (dog, , purse, window, cat) - genul comun = substantivele care au aceeasi forma atat la masculin cat si la feminin (teacher, doctor, friend, author) Deosebirea dintre substantivele feminine si masculine se face astfel: - se foloseste cuvinte diferite pentru feminin si masculin : Feminin aunt = matusa daughter = fiica girl = fata hen = gaina nice = nepoata sister = sora mother = mama wife = sotie woman = femeie Masculin uncle = unchi son = fiu bou = baiat cock = cocos nephew = nepot brother = frate father = tata husband = sot man = barbat

- se adauga un sufix: prince - princess actor - actress waiter - waitress - pentru locuitorii unei tari, terminate in sh si ch, genul persoanei se indica folosind cuvintele: man si woman. an Englishman - an Englishwoman a Romanianmam - a Romanianwoman

Pluralul substantivelor : 1)- In general se realizeaza adaugand "-s" la substantivul la singular: cat + "s" = cats dog + "s" = dogs 2)- pentru substantivele terminate in "s", "x", "sh", "ch","zh", "z" sau "j" pluralul se formeaza adugand "-es" sau "-s", daca substantivul se termina in "e" mut. bus + "es" = buses box + "es" = boxes dish + "es" = dishes church + "es" = churches mirage + "s" = mirages prize + "s" = prizes bridge + "s" = bridges 3)- a) - pentru substantive terminate in "y" pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand "-s", daca "y" final este precedat de o vocala(a, e, i, o, u). boy + "s" = boys - b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "y", unde "y" final este precedat de o consoana, pluralul substantivelor se formeaza astfe: se transforma "y" in "i" si apoi se adauga "-es" baby - y + "s" = babies 4)- a) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand "-s", daca "o" este precedat de o vocala (a, e, i, o, u). radio + "s" = radios - b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", unde "o" este precedat de o consoana, pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand "-es". tomato + "es" = tomatoes Atentie : - pentru substantivele legate (referitoare) de muzica - pot forma pluralul adaugand "-s", chiar daca "o" este precedat de o consoana piano + "s" = pianos 5)-pentru substantivele terminate in "f" sau "fe", pluralul substantivelor se face

adaugand "-s". roof + "s" = roofs giraffe + "s" = giraffes - Exista exceptii la aceasta regula.Unele substantive terminate in "f" sau "fe" fac pluralul schimband pe "f" in "-ves". Iara aceste exceptii : calf - calves = vitel/ vitei elf- elves = spiridusi/i half - halves = jumatate/jumatati knife - knives = cutit/cutite leaf - leaves = frunza/frunze loaf - loaves = franzela,paine/franzele life - lives = viata/vieti penknife - penknife = briceag/bricege sheaf - sheaves = snop/snopi staff - staves = portativ scarf - scarves = esarfa, fular/esarfe,fulare - dar si scarfs self - selves = ins, fiinta shelf - shelves = raft/rafturi thief - thieves = hot/hoti wolf - wolves = lup/lupi wife - wives = sotie/sotii 6)- urmatoarele substantive nu respecta nici o regula in formarea pluralelor :

Singular alga alumna alumnus antenna (on a bug's head) antenna (on a television) appendix bacterium bison buffalo bus cactus child corps criterion crisis datum

Plural algae alumnae alumni antennae antennas appendixes, appendices bacteria bison buffalos, buffaloes, buffalo buses, busses cacti, cactuses children corps criteria crises data

deer die dwarf foot fish goose half hippopotamus hoof louse man medium memorandum moose mouse octopus ox scarf series sheep staff (stick or line for charting music) staff (group of workers) stegosaurus swine talisman tooth wharf woman

deer dice dwarfs, dwarves feet fish, fishes geese halves hippopotami, hippopotamuses hoofs, hooves lice men media memoranda moose mice octopi, octopuses, octopodes oxen scarves, scarfs series sheep staves staffs stegosauri swine talismans teeth wharfs, wharves women

Verbul

In limba engleza sunt doua categorii de verbe: -verbe regulate -verbe neregulate

Verbele regulate: Cele mai multe verbe in limba engleza sunt regulate. Ele se conjuga astfel: Indicativ prezent : I call You call He calls She calls We call You call They call I do not call You do not call He does not call She does not call We do not call You do not call They do not ask Forma interogativ-negativa: Don't I call ? Don't you call ? Doesn't he call ? Doesn't she call ? Don't we call ? Don't you call ? Don't they call ?

Forma interogativa: Do I call ? Do you call ? Does he call ? Does she call ? Do we call ? Do you call ? Do they call ?

- - - La indiativ prezent, numai prsoana a treia (III-a) singular, verbele primesc un "-s", celelalte ramanand neschimbate. - - - Pentru verbele terminate in "ch", "sh", "ss", "x" - la persoana III-a singular va fi "-es". - - - Verbele terminate in "y" precedate de o consoana, schimba pe "y" in "i" si primesc terminatia "-es". - - - Verbele terminate in "o" primesc terminatia "-es"

Toate verbele din limba engleza (cu exceptia celor doua verbe auxiliare: HAVE = a avea si BE = a fi) se conjuga la formele simple interogative si negative cu ajutorul auxiliarului DO/DOES. Past tense : La Imperfect si Perfect Simplu verbele neregulate primesc terminatia "-ed". I called You called He called she called We called You called They called Forma negativa: I did not call You did not call He did not call She did not call We did not call You did not call They did not call Forma interogativa: Did I call ? Did you call ? Did she call ? Did he call ? Did we call ? Did you call ? Did they call ? Future Tense: Forma interogatv-negativa: Didn't I call ? Didn't you call ? Didn't she call ? Didn't he call ? Didn't we call ? Didn't you call ? Didn't they call ?

Viitorul in limba engleza se formeaza cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare SHALL/WILL urmate de infinitiv. - auxiliarul SHALL - pentru persoana I singular si plural - auxiliarul Will - pentru restul persoanelor I shall call You will call He will call She will call We shall call You will call They will call Forma negativa : I shall not (shan't) call You will not call He will not call We shall not call You will not call They will not call Forma interogativa : Shall I call ? Will you call ? Will he call ? Will she call ? Shall we call ? will you call ? Will they call ? Mai-mult-ca-perfect(past perfect): M.m.c.p se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar HAVE la trecur (adica HAD) +participiu trecut al verbului. I had called You had called

He had called She had called We had called You had called They had called Conditionalul prezent : Se formeaza cu verbele auxiliarele SHOULD/WOULD + infinitivul verbului. I should call You would call ... Conditionalul trecut : Se formeaza din conditionalul prezent al verbului HAVE + participiu trecut al verbului I should have called you would have called He would have called She would have called We should have called You would have called They would have called Participiu prezent: Se formeaza adaugand "-ing" la infinitivul verbului. to call = a striga, a suna -> calling = strigand Participiu trecut : Se formeaza adaugand "-ed" la infinitivul verbului call -> called

Nr. Tense 1.

Form

Used to express

Romana Prezent

Present Tense S + V1 1.actiuni obisnuite repetabile Simple Do/Does + S + 2.adevaruri general valabile

V1 3.repros, constatari S + Do/does + 4.in loc de viitpr- pentru actiuni not + V1 planificate oficial 1.actiuni care se petrec in momentul vorbirii(now, at present, at the moment) Present Tense S + To be + V- 2.actiuni temporare(today, this week, this Prezent Continous ing mounth) 3.repros accentuat aproape de prezent. 4.actiuni oficiale planificate neoficial 1.actiune termiata in moment trecut neprecizat (lately, just, always, offe, ever, S + have/has + never) Present Perfect V3 Perfect 2.actiune terminata in perioada de timp Simple Have/has + S + compus neterminata (today, this week) V3 3.actiune terminata care are legatura cu prezentul S + have/has + been + v-ing Present Perfect Have/has + Continous been + S + Ving Past tense simple Past tense continous Past perfect simple Past perfect continous actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent sau al carui rezultat se vede acum in prezent prezent For + perioada de timp Since + inceputul de timp perfect compus

2.

3.

4.

5.

S + V2 Did + S + V1 Actiunitrecute terminate in momentul S + did + not + precizat(ago, last, yesterday, in 1990) V1 actiune trecuta in progres: S + was/were + while + timp continuu V-ing when + timp simple S + had + V3 exprima o actiune trecuta terminata inaintea altei actiuni trecute

6. 7. 8.

imperfect m.m.c.p. imperfect

S + had + been actiune trecutain progres, inceputa + V-ing inaintea altei actiuni trecute

In limba engleza este foarte important sa stim conjugarea celor doua verbe auxiliare :HAVE si BE. TO HAVE = a avea Indicativ prezent :

I have you have He has She has We have You have They have Imperfectul si perfect simplu: I had you had He had She had We had You had They had M.m.c.p. I had had you had had He had had She had had We had had You had had They had had Viitorul: I shall have You will have He will have She will have We shall have You will have They will have Conditional prezent : I should have You would have

He would have She would have We would have You would have They would have Conditional trecut : I should have had You would have had He would have had She would have had We would have had You would have had They would have had Participiu prezent: having Participiu trecut : had

TO BE = a fi Indicativ prezent : I am You are He is She is We are You are They are Imperfectul: I was You were He was She was We were You were They were

M.m.c.p.: I had been You had been He had been She had been We had been You had been They had been Viitor: I shall be You will be He will be She will be They shall be You will be Yhey will be Conditional prezent: I should be We would be ... Conditionalul trecut : I should have been He would have been