1. Ph m ng trc nguyn m V nguyn tc, khi c mt ph m ng trc mt nguyn m, c ni ph m vi nguyn m. V d mark up, bn c lin ch khng tch ri 2 t (/ma:k k p/).

Tuy nhin, iu ny khng phi d, nht l i vi nhng t tn cng bng nguyn m khng c pht m, v d: leave (it) c l /li:v vit/; Middle (East), /midl li:st/, Hoc i vi nhng cm t vit tt, v d LA (Los Angeles) phi c l /el lei/; MA (Master of Arts), /em mei/ Lu : khi mt ph m c gi ng trc nguyn m, trc khi bn ni vi nguyn m, bn phi chuyn ph m sang ph m khng gi tng ng. V d laugh c pht m l /f/ tn cng, nhng nu bn dng trong mt cm t, v d laugh at someone, bn phi chuyn m /f/ thnh /v/ v c l /la:v vt/. 2. Nguyn m ng trc nguyn m iu ny c th rt mi m vi nhiu ngi. V nguyn tc, bn s thm mt ph m vo gia 2 nguyn m ni. C 2 quy tc thm ph m nh sau: - i vi nguyn m trn mi (khi pht m, mi bn nhn ging hnh ch O , v d: OU, U, AU, bn cn thm ph m W vo gia. V d do it s c c l /du: wit/. - i vi nguyn m di mi (khi pht m, mi bn ko di sang 2 bn) v d: E, I, EI, bn thm ph m Y vo gia. V d: "I ask s c c l /ai ya:sk/. Bn th p dng 2 quy tc ny pht m: USA /ju wes sei/, VOA /vi you wei/, XO /eks sou/, 3. Ph m ng trc ph m V nguyn tc, khi c 2 hay nhiu hn ph m cng nhm ng gn nhau, th ch c 1 ph m m thi. V d want to

(bao gm 3 ph m N, T, T cng nhm sau rng ng gn nhau) s c c l /won n/. 4. Cc trng hp c bit - Ch U hoc Y, ng sau ch ci T, phi c pht m l /ch/, vd: not yet /not chet/; picture /pikch/. - Ch ci U hoc Y, ng sau ch ci D, phi c pht m l /dj/, vd: education /edju:kein/. - Ph m T, nm gia 2 nguyn m v khng l trng m, phi c pht m l /D/, vd. trong t tomato /toumeidou/; trong cu I go to school /ai gou d sku:l/.