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ရဟႏၱာႏွင့္ ပုဂၢိဳလ္ထူးမ်ား
ရဟႏၱာႏွင့္ ပုဂၢိဳလ္ထူးမ်ား
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(1160-1242)
q&mawmfOD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´) "gwfawmfrsm;
(1182-1282)
a&pBudK*lNzLawm& q&mawmf
(1190-1281)
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDv
(1194-1269)
ykodrf rd*'g&Hk q&mawmf
(1194-1283)
yckuúL oJyHkawmf&q&mawmf
(1204-1288)
v,fwDawm& q&mawmff
(1208-1285)
ppfudkif;-0wfcsuf rif;ausmif;q&mawmf
q&mawmf
(1215-1288)
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(1220-1281)
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(1230-1316)
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(1233-1299)
rdk;nSif;awm& q&mawmf
(1234-1326)
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(1237-1283)
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(1239-1314)
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(1253-1346)
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(1255-1331)
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(1244-1321)
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(1248-1338)
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(1261-1324)
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(1088 - 1186)
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rif;jzpfawmfrlonfudk tcGifhaumif;,lum rif;jypfrif;'Pf cH&olrsm;onf q&mawmfhxH
toem;cHvmMu\/ xdkacwfu "r®duacsmifonf vTwfawmfBuD;yrm jzpfí q&mawmfrSm
&mZ0wfom;wdk h\ tm;xm;rSDcdk&mBuD; jzpfcJhjyefonf/ 'ku©dwowå0gwdk h\ toufab; jzpfívnf;
q&mawmfonf rygvdkaomfvnf; ra&Smifom jzpfcJh&\/
*smrefq&m0efBuD; rmbd
xG#facgif q&mawmf\ bm0emw&m;udk pOf;pm;awG;BuH vufcH ESpfoufolrsm;wGif
jrefrmrsm;omru xdkacwfu &Sdaom Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;vnf; yg0if\/ xdktxJwGif *smreDvlrsdK;
q&m0efBuD; rmbdum; a&S hwef;rS yg0if\/ rif;wkef;rif;BuD; vufxufwGif oltdkolem½Hk
(aq;½Hkrsm;) aqmufvkyfum vcaMu;aiGrsm;xkwfay;í usef;rma&;udk tm;ay;cJhonf/ q&m0ef
rmbdum; bk&ifh&du©mawmf& orm;awmfBuD; jzpdonf/ ol htaMumif; 1238-ckESpf wydk hwGJvqef;
7-&uf paeae h(20? 1? 1877) xkwf &efukefrS ]avmuDokwynm} owif;pmeGif atmufygtwdkif;
azmfjyxm;onf/
xG#facgifq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;\
ur®Xmef;oHayguf vuFmrsm;
&[EÅm ESpfudk,fcGJ
toufwpf&m&Snfaom
&[EÅm OD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´)
( 1182 - 1282 )
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;om&Tef;
udk,fa&miftvif; pdppfcsuf
udk,fhpsmye udk,fMudKufpDpOfOf
&[EÅmwkdif; "mwfawmfusoavm
ae&mü ]]&[EÅmrsm; y&dedAÁmef pH0ifwkdif; "mwfawmfusoavm}} [laom tar;udk A[kokwtjzpf
azmfjy&ef vkdayvdrfhrnf/ tusOf;csKyfí azmfjyygthH/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifrsm; y&dedAÁmef pH0ifaomtcg "mwfawmfjzpfaMumif; txl;azmfjy&ef rvdk/
r[my&dedAÁmeokwfjzifh xif&Sm;jyD;/ (okwf r[m0g t|uxm-196/)<o></o>
<o></o>
yapöuAk'¨g t&Sifjrwfrsm;um; y&dedAÁmefpHcgeD; tbdnmOf 0ifpm;í t"d|mefjyKawmfrlrSom
"mwfawmfusEkdifonf/ (okwåedygwf t|uxm-&weokwf/ c*¾0domPokwf-117/)<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;rSmvnf; t"d|merSomvQif t"d|mefonfhtwkdif; jzpfEkdifavonf/ (tH? |? 1/
0*Ðo0w¬K-209/)<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
t&Sifom&d ykMwm "mwfawmfrsm; yGwfopfp c&koif;uJhodkY juGif;usef\/ (r[m0*¾oH,kwf
t|uxm- pkE´okwf- 254/)<o></o>
<o></o>
t&Sif'AÁrax&fum; aumif;uifü wifysOfacGí ormywf 0ifpm;jyD; t"d|mefawmf rlonfhtwkdif;
jymrQrusef&atmif awaZm"mwf avmifuRrf;onf/ (O'gef; t|uxm-'AÁokwf-389/) &Sif'AÁum;
&[EÅyif jzpfaomfvnf; toufawmf&SdpOfuyif pGyfpGJ cH&jcif; ponfjzpfcJh&m ol\"mwfrsm;
pifMu,frI r&SdvSojzifh "mwfawmf rxm;cJhjcif; jzpfay rnfvm; rod/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
oufawmf&Snf t&Sif Amukvrax&fum; tjcm;olwkdYtm; rdrdtwGuf wm0efydkrwufap&ef xkdifvsuf
awaZm"mwfavmifí y&dedAÁmefjyK&m jrwfav;yef;iHkyrm "mwfawmfrsm; usukef\/ (Oy&dyPÖm
t|uxm Amukvokwf-140/)<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
]]xkdrSwpfyg; udavom tmoa0gukefaom &[EÅm t&Sifjrwfrsm;\ tavmif;awmf onfvnf;
tykyfeYH rxGufaMumif;}} (okwåedygwf-tmr*E¨okwftzGifh-303/) ü zGifhqkdxm;onfrSm
rSwfzG,fwpf&yfyif/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
(t&dk;uGif;quf? csdwfquf? awhqufrsm;taMumif; rdk;ukwfq&mawmf tcef;½I
ydEéJuGif;q&mawmf OD;uvsmP
( 1188 - 1270)
( 1191-
1191- 1281)
rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf enf;cHzl;jcif;
aumvm[vaMumifh a&TUajymif;&
xl;qef;aom tavmif;awmf
1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDv
(1194-
(1194-1269)
oli,fawmf1m0eSifh y&d,wådpmoifcsdef
okomef"kwif awm&0ifjcif;
1222-ckeSpf udk;0gt&wGif 1mkef;awmfMuD;onf pmayy&d,wåd'PfeSifh 1m0ay; yg&rDuH\
edSK;aqmfcsuft& usef;rma&;csdK hwJhojzifh ae&yfodk h jyefMuGvmawmfrl&\/ tawmftoifh
usef;rmvmvSsif yJcl;taemuf1muf vmurGwf&Gm? awmif1mufaps; anmifyif&Gm? usdKufywdkif
ukef;wef;&Gmwdk hü wpfvSnhfpD acwåa&T hajymif;í oDwif;oHk;onf/ xkdoDwif;oHk;&mwGifvnf;
ausmif;rymkwf/ xdk&Gmrsm;\ okomefwdk hom jzpfMu\/ xkdokomefrsm;onf
awm&rac:avmufojzifh &GmeSifh wm500(ig;zmvHkcef h) a0;uGmaom awmxJrSmyif aeawmfrlonf/
twlpmoifMuG1mufjzpfaom uvsmPDOD;0PÖ? aps;anmifyifom; OD;okre wdk hvnf;
uvsmPDawmeSifh ta&S h a&TeH homodk h toD;oD; awm0ifMu\/ rEÅav;rS twlvdkufygvmaom
OD;tmp&vnf; OD;0PÖeSifhtwl awm&0ifí aemufMucwf0dkif;odk h
a&G hajymif;aeawmfrlonf/
1mkef;awmfMuD;eSifh uvsmPDOD;0PÖwdk honf xdkpOfu tvGefxif&Sm;í wynfhtiftm;aumif;aom
axmifhausmif;MuD; *dkPf;tkyf q&mawmfMuD; 1mkef;MuD;yHktm; awm&0if&ef vSHKaqmfMu\/
1mkef;MuD;yHkum; rlvuwnf; o'¨g0D&d,&Sdoljzpfonf/ q&mvnf; jzpfcJh\/ xdkpOfu 1mkef;awmfMuD;
tcsdK hrSm vSnf;EGm;axmif? aA'ifaymm? aq;ukaiGpkjcif; paom omoemawmfeSifh rtyfr&m
(taeoe? rdp¨ämZD0? ukv') rsm;twk,l jydKifqdkifaeMuonfudk awm& &ymef;i,frsm;
pdwfraumif;&SmMu/ txl;ojzifh ]acgif} jzpfol q&m(1mkef;MuD;yHk) upí jzdK&ef pOf;pm;&if;
wpfpwpfp em;azmufMu\/ qGJaqmifMu\/ 1mkef;MuD;yHkvnf; *gr0goD&ymef;\ trltusifh
tavhqdk;rsm;? wPSmtaeSmiftzGJ h\ vSnfhpm;zrf;rsdKyHk? twkjrif twwfoifum vlusifhvlMuHí
tvZÆD? 'kóDvawGom OD;a&rsm;vmyHkwdk hudk jrifvmawmhonf/
]]igonf oHCmrsm;pGmudk tkyfcsKyfí *dkPf;tkyfMuD; vkyfumrSseSifh rjyD;ao;/ omrefukodkvfrSsom
&Sdao;\/ *dkPf;tkyfMuD;um; tyg,fa1m;rvHkacsao;}} ymk rdrd1mmom pOf;pm;í awmxGuf&ef
qE´rsm; MuD;xGm;vmcJh\/
1mkef;MuD;yHk awmxGufcef;
1mkef;awmfMuD;\ tavhtxrsm;
usm;
qif
*lNydKusjcif;
tusKd;taMumif; avQmufxm;Muaomtcg-
oifcef;pm ,lMupdkU
]]r[kwfyg}} [k avQmufí-
raoEdkifaom"mwf
r,fawmfMuD; uG,fvGefjcif;
xef;vsuf ur®Xmef;
armfvNrdKifü ausmif;w&m;jzpfjcif;
anmifwkH;a&T[oFmawm&
1262-ckESpfwGif bkef;awmfBuD;tm; anmifwHk;'umrsm;uyifh&m ]omoem t&SnftusKd;&SdrS oifhrnf}
rdefUawmfrlojzifh pmoifwdkufwnf&ef ajrESifh odrforkwf&ef ajrae&mwkdUudk pDpOfMuonf/ aemiftcg
]a&T[oFmawm&} ac:aom pmoifwdkufBuD; jzpfvm\/ ausmif;awmf&mq&mawmf OD;omoetm;
OD;pGmvTJtyfonf/ yxr wJausmif;av;rsm; aqmufí oDwif;oHk;Mu&\/ odrforkwfaomtcg
tqifoifh BuHKBudKufvsuf&Sdojzifh r[m0dok'¨g&mr q&mawmfpaom omoemhOD;udkif
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; yg0ifojzifh 0denf;uHwkdU\ tcsuftcsm? omoemawmf\ toufyrmjzpfaom
xdkodrfonf t&awmfcJhay\/ 0denf; pmjyefyGJrsm;vnf; usif;yMu\/ oHCmwpf&mausmf ESpf&mjzifh
jrefrmEdkifiH y&d,wådomoem0ifwGif ,aeUxdyfwef; pmoifwdkufBuD;tjzpf &yfwnfvsuf&SdayNyD/
jzL;NrdKUwGifvnf; a&Tusifawmifausmif; ajrmufausmif;ESpfausmif;udk bkef;awmfBuD;\ Mo0g'udk
cH,lí wkdufopfwnfMuav\/ bkef;awmfBuD;udk taMumif;jyKí odrfESihf awm&ausmif;wkdU\
ta&twGufum; rsm;jym;vSawmhonf/
rsuf&nfESifYaNymaom bkef;awmfBuD;taBumif;
&[EÅmESif.yk*¾Kdvfxl;rsm;
wwd,ydkif;
jAdwdoQacwfrS rsufarSmuf
mufacwfxd
wdkufqdkifvmaomaus;Zl;wHkUzG,f
q&mawmfOD;Munf
(yckuúL oJyHkapwDawm& OD;udwÅd)
(1204-
(1204-1288 )
wpfcsdefu yckuúLe,fü ]&[EÅm} [k ausmfMum;awmfrlcJhaom t&n0goD q&mawmfOD;Bunf [llí
&Sd\/bGJ.awmfum;OD;udwÅd jzpfonf/oJyHk apwDawm&q&mawmf [kvnf;ac:Bu\/ yckuúL
e,füq&mawmf\ tHYzG,f ESifYaus;Zl;*kPfum;,ckwdkifysHUvGifYvsuf&Sdonf/
q&mawmfoDwif;oHk;onfUoJyHkapwDawm&rSm yckuúLjrdKU jrpfudkif;&Gm\ajrmufbufwGif&Sd/
xdkawmwef; cifilrsm;wGifjrpdrf;awmif?rSefpDawmif ponfjzifUawm& ausmif; Xmersm;udk
awmiftrnfwyf íac:qdkBuonf/ ppfudkif; awmif&dk;acsmifrsm;uJUodkU jzpfonf/ q&mawmf\
oJyHkapwDawm&awifrSmbm0emeka,m*D yk*¾KdvfwdkUtwGuf eSpfvdkzG,f qdwfjidrfat;csrf;vSay\/
awm&qdkaomfvnf; tcgMuD;&ufMuD;rsm;ürl jrdKUay:rSoDv,l w&m;em bm0em yGm;aom
y&dowfrsm;jzifh pnfum;aewwfayonf/ q&mawmf\ZmwdXmeum; anmifOD;jrdKU? tzavSolMuD;
OD;ayacG;? trda':rif;bl;/ 1204- ckESpf oDwif;uRwfvjynfhausmf
ig;&ufaeUnESpfem&DausmftcsdefzGm;jrif\/ arG;csif;ig;
a,mufwGiftMuD;qHk;?i,frnfarmifMunf?q&mawmfBuD;Nzpf
onfhwdkifatmifxdktrnftwdkif;yifac:Mu\/ ]ynwfoGm;&m"mwfoufyg} [l\ odkUjrefrmEdkifiH
y&d,wÅdomoem0ifwGif xGef;awmufchJ aom aomuf½I;Munf(Mu,f) wpfvHk;yifwnf;/ wpfq,fhESpf
ESpfom; t&G,fwGif yckuúLjrdKU ykxdk;ausmif;wdkuf cifMuD;wdk;ac: q&mawmf OD;okrexH a&mufvm\/
ykxdk;ausmif;um; emrnfausmf oD[dkVf&Sifbk&m;MuD;\ taemuf awmifbufüwnf&Sdonf/
wpfq,fhig;ESpfom;wGif &Sifjzpf\/ bGJU&SifudwÅd jzpfonf/ 1223-ckESpf e,kefvqef; 10-
&ufaeUwGif xdkwdkuf&Sd c@odrfü xdkq&mawmfOD;okreudk
OyZÑm,fjyKíjrifhjrwfaom&[ef;tjzpfodkUa&muf\/ ausmif;om;b0rS &[ef; ESpf0g &onfh wdkif
xdkq&mhajcawmf&if;üy&d,wÅdoifMum;\/ oHk;0gt&wGif rEÅav;odkU <ua&muf pm oif onf/
OD;udwÅdpmayoif,laom ausmif;wdkufum; xdkacwfuoHCmwpfaxmif&Sd rEÅav;ajrmufjyif
emrnfausmf pHausmif; wdkufMuD;jzpf\/ &mZ*k&k wHqdyfawmf ESpfxyf& q&mawmf OD;ok'óeu
tkyfcsKyfawmfrl\/ v,fwDq&mawmff avmif;vsm OD;OmPESifh &if;ESD;aom pmoifzuf
rdwfaqGjzpfcJhonf/
rtdyfrpuf ouf&Snfusef;rm
rEÅav;üpmay y&d,wÅdoif,ljyD;aemuf ykxdk;wdkufü jyefvnfoDwif;oHk;í yd#u usrf; pm rsm;
ydkUcsae\? udk;0g&onfUwdkifatmifykxdk;wdkufwGif pmayydkUcsvsuf wpfbufu
0dyóemtm;xkwfawmfrlonf/ q,f0g &aomtcg txufaz:jyyg oJyHkapwD awm&
odkU0ifawmfrl\/ q&mawmfonf 78-ESpfwdkifwdkif awm& aqmufwnfí tjrJwrf; qGrf;cH
awmfrlonf/ q&mawmf\ txl;jcm;qHk;rSm edoZf"kwifu&moufyef aqmifawmfrl jcif; jzpf \/
twlaewynfUMuD;rsm;yif ]]q&mawmfwpfcgrQ vJavQmif;onfudkrjrifzl;}} [k qdkMu\/ tjcm;
"kwifrsm;udkvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGmaqmifawmfrlonf/ "kwifwq,fUoHk;rsdK;wGif edoZf"kwif[lonf
0D&d,udk tpGrf;ukefpdkufxkwfjcif;jzpf\/ usefwq,fUESpfrsdK;um;ausmif;?ouFef;?qGrf;udpö
wdkUeSifYomqdkifonf/0D&d,udktpGrf;ukefxkwfíarm[? xde? rd'¨udk
jywfjywfowfowfESifxkwfjcif;jzpfonf/xdkifvsuftdyfaysmfoGm;vQifvnf; edoZf"kwif
rysufay/wpfawmifxuf rjrihfaom trDSESifhvnf;xdkif aumif;\/ edoZf tnHHh pm;ac: onf/
vrf;avQmufjcif;? xdkifjcif; oHk;rsdK;udk vJvS,f íomae&\/ tdyfraysmfaomf
vnf;rnfonfhtcgrQravsmif;&/ £&d,mykwfav;rsdK;wGif xdkifjcif;onfom w&m;bm0em
tvkyfücGif tusqkH; jzpf\ / toifhavsmfqHk; jzpf\/ cE¨mudk,fudknSif;qJjcif;r[kwf/ udavomudk
nSOf;qJjcif; om jzpf onf/ tusifh&vQif bmrQrcuf/ oifvQifwwf\/ usifhvQifjrwf\/ pifppf
tdyfpufjcif;um; xde? rd'¨? arm[udk vuf,yfac: onfESifhwl\/ xde? rd'onf eD0&P wpfyg;
jzpfí edAÁmefa&Tjynf\ wHwdkif;BuD;wpfxyfyifwnf;/ arm[ vnf; xdkh twlyif /
]ao,sokcH? yóokcH? rd'¨okcH} [ka[mawmfrlonfhtwdkif; tdyfpufidkufrsOf; &jcif;onf
ykxkZOfwdkUtm; ,pfrl;awGa0í t&om[kxifapaomrm&\rSdKif;wdkufjcif;wpfrsdK;omwnf;?
tdyf&rStm;&Sdonf?usef;rmonf[kyif xyfuGefYí ckcHumuG,fMuao;\/
wpfzeftdyf&müausmqefUtdyfjcif;onf umr*kPftm&Hk ig;jzmwGif azmXAÁtm&Hk yifjzpfí odrfarGUaom
azmXAÁcHpm;jcif;(ZdrfcHjcif; ) yifjzpfaMumif; (ouúyOSokwf) üzGifUqdkxm;onf/ xdkUaMumifU
tdyfjcif;onftvGeftiftm;jynfUwdk;tusdK;&Sdaomtvkyf[k xif&aomfvnf; avmuDwdkU twGufum;
aumif;usdK;wpfpHkw&mrjyK/ tbufbufü tjypfcsnf;jzpfonf/ ]tdyfpufrSusef;rmrnf} [k
qdkygvQifvnf; ,kwÅdrwef/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm rtdyfpufbJvQuf (0g) raysmfaomfvnf;ausmcif;íyif
ravsmif;ygbJvQuf toufwpf&mwrf;wGif wpf&mU ESpfq,f? wpf&mUajcmufq,f touf&SnfpGm
usef;rmyuwd y&dedAÁmef pH0ifawmfrl oGm; Muaom &Sifr[muóy? &SifAmukv paom&[EÅm
t&SifjrwfMuD;rsm;u axmufjyawmf rlcJhMu\/(ouúyOSokwf t|uxm/)
&Sifom&dykwÅ&m? &Sifarm*¾vmef wdkUonf tESpfoHk;q,fvHk;vHk; ausmcif; awmf rrlMu/
edoZf"kwifapmifawmfrlMu\/ xdkUtwl &Sifr[muóy &[ef;jzpfonfrSpí toufwpf&mUESpfq,f
wdkifatmif? tEk&k'¨g ESpfig;q,f? b'´d, ESpfoHk;q,f? aomP wpfq,fh&SpfESpf? &|ygv
wpfq,fUESpfESpf? tmeE´m wpfq,fUig;ESpf? Amukv touf&Spfq,frS wpf&mUajcmufq,ftxd?
emVu y&dedAÁmefpHonfhwdkif ausmcif; awmfrrlcJhMu/ xdkrax&f rsm;usef;rmpGmjzifU
ydkíyiftouf&SnfawmfrlcJhMuyg\/ edoZf"kwiftusifhonf a,m*DwdkUtwGuf
taumif;qHk;rdwfaqGjzpf\/ rm&ESifh ppfwdkuf&mü taumif;qHk;aom
vufESufMuD;yifwnf;/onf;cHíedAÁmef&awmfrlMuayukefjyD/
urÇmUed,mrukd csKd;azmufNcif;
rm&ygo”
rm&ygo ac: rm&\nTwfukd vGwfatmif&kef;uef&mü oDv[laom taNccHrlv 0denf;Oya'oukd
“rm&ygo
twdtus em,lawmfrlNrJyif/
wpf&Ha&mumv vlqkd;av;ig;a,muf awm&ausmif;wGif;okdU r0HUr&J0ifa&mufvmBu\/ a0g,Of
(xrf;pif) wpfckukdvnf; ,laqmifvmBuonf/ tvGef tBuHBuD;olrsm;NzpfBu\/ q&mawmfum;
naecsrf; vlol&Sif;csdef NzpfoNzifU opfwpfyif&if;ü at;aq;pGm ur®|mef; xkdifaeckduf Nzpfonf/
xkdtcg 'umwpfOD;u q&mawmftm; ,kHBunfavmufatmif wpfpkHwpfck taBumif;Ny avQmufxm;í
a0g,OfNzifU yifUBuonf/ “at;......at;.....?rif;wkdU vkd&myifUwmaygU” [k rdefUum a0gay: okdU
wufawmfrl\/ vlqkd;rsm;rSm tBuHykdifNyD [k0rf;aNrmufpGm xrf;í yifUBuonf/
taBumif;rSm q&mawmftm; yckuúLwpfNrKdUe,fvkH;rS olaX;ol<u,frsm; toufwrQ ukd;uG,f
qnf;uyfBu&m Nyefay;qGJvQif a&TaiGvkdoavmuf&rnf [k udef;aowGufí Nyefay;qGJBuNcif;
Nzpfonf/ av;a,mufom; rarmEkdif? ryef;Ekdif/ acR;w'D;'D;usatmif xrf;Bu&\/
wpfem&Dausmfausmf Bumaomtcg rdrdwkdU BuKdwifpDpOfxm;aom vkHNcKHonfUpcef;okdU a&mufNyD[k
,lqí a0gukd aNrNyifü csBuonf/ a0gukdcsNySD; ywfywfvnf awmifaNrmufav;yg;
pdwfcsavmufaom taNctae &Sdr&Sd tuJcwf&if; BunfUvkdufBu\/ wpfem&Dausmfausmf
acR;'D;'D;usatmif xrf;cJUaomfvnf; q&mawmf\ awm&ausmif;0if;uav;rS tNyifra&muf/
ausmif;twGif;rSmyif csmcsmvnfaeBuaBumif;ukd owd&BuavawmU\/ xkdtcg vlqkd;rsm;
oufNyif;csí acR;okwf&if; 0efcsuefawmUum xGufaNy;BuavawmUonf/
“{0H tpdEÅd,m Ak'¨g? Ak'¨"r®m tpdEÅd,m” (ty'gef ygVdawmf) a[mawmfrlonfUtwkdif; NrwfpGmbk&m;
xkd;xGif;odNrifawmfrlaom obm0w&m;wkdUonf pdwful;NzifU xdawGUí rrSD/ BuHpnfí
r&paumif;aom oabm&dSukef\/
xkdUaBumifUvnf; obm0Oya'ukd ,kH,kHBunfBunf vkdufemusifUokH;Buaom yk*¾KdvfBuD;rsm;\
Nzpf&yfwkdUonf rdrdwkdU\ rsufpd? em;ponfrS &aom todukdom trSef[k pGJvrf;aeaom
vlomrmefwkdUtwGuf '@m&Drsm; NzpfBu&\/
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,kHBunfusifUBuHolwkdU &&SdaomtusKd;Nzpf&yfonfvnf; pdwful;í r&aumif;aom
tpdaEÅ,syifwnf;/
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usifUBuHEldifoavmuf wkefUNyefNrJ Nzpfonf/
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tdyf&m0ifwkdif;pnf;csí tdyfavU&Sdolrsm;onf[k qkd\/ (ta&SU t&yfrSpí vuf,m&pf
t&yf&SpfrsufESm &Sd&m wpf&yfvQif 3-ypönf;us &Gwfí pnf;cs&onf/ 3 _ 8 = 24 ) /
wpfaeUaomn tdrfwpftdrfü olckd;0ifí ckd;&m txkyfBuD;i,fxkyfykd;í tdrfrStxGuf xGufayguf&Smí
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“qif;&JBuD;ukdNrifu qif;&Jav;ukd BudwfrSdwfcH? okcBuD;NrifaerS okcav;awGukd NywfNywfpGefU”/
(ppfukdif; r[m*E¨m&kHq&mawmf/)
temcHrS tompH&\/ 'kku©rS okcokdYaygif;ul;&mü acsmarmaNyNypf&efwHwm;wpfck&SdrS Nzpfonf/
wHwm; um; “rSm;onfNzpfap rSefonfNzpfap? qkd;onfNzpfap aumif;onfNzpfap/ igYxkdufeJYigYuH?
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“t"d0goecEÅD” yifwnf;/
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wefckd;NyEkdifayao;\/
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r[kwfvQifum; rqkH;Ekdifaomb0 'ku©rS 'ku©okdYomvSnfYvnf&ayawmYrnf/
&kd;&kd;avm qef;qef;avm
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ar;\/
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rax&fBuD;onf awmifapmifhewfBuD; uG,faysmufoGm;vQif cPrQpOf;pm;awmfrlNyD; &kwfw&uf
tBuHwpfck&oNzifh rD;zkdvkduf\/ taBumif;xl;&SdvQif today;pwrf; uwdt& wpfbufawmifrS
rax&fi,ftm; tcsufay;vkdufNcif;Nzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif rax&fi,fum; wpfbufawmifrS
rD;a&mifukd owdrûyrdvkdufay/ ra&S;raESmif;rSmyif awmifxdyfopfwpfyifatmufü &ku©rl
"kwifaqmif&if; w&m;&IrSwfae&m wpfpkHwpfa,mufu rdrdtm; vlrNrif&bJ
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w&m;tm;xkwfBu&ef wkdufwGef;Ncif; Nzpfonf/
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rax&fi,fonfvnf; wpfyg;xnf;acgif;ndwfvsuf rax&fBuD;tm; tcsufay;&ef xí
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( “uk
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b0rwlolwkdY\ aemufqkH;vrf;cGJ
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(1208-
(1208-1285)
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]]q&mawmfMud; psmef&aeNyD}} [k vnf;aumif; rnfolrnf0g awGYNrif&onf[k tcdkiftrm
aNymqdkMu\/
xdkowif;aMumifh &if;ESD;aom 'umrsm;omrubJ t&yfav;rsufESmrS vma&muf
zl;aNrmfMuNcif;Nzpfonf/
tb,folu zefwD;aom aumvm[vayenf;/
xdktcg ay;vmaom taNctaet& 0dyóemw&m;udkom a[maNymvTwf&\/ bdo
ZmwfawmfMuD;udkvnf; rMumcP a[mNy&onf/
bdoZmwf[lonf Am&mPoDola|;om; r[muOöeonf nDawmfaNcmufa,muf? ESrawmf
wpfa,mufESifhtwl awmxGufí &aohNyKMuaom ZmwfNzpfonf/ rdwfaqGwpfa,mufESifh trIvkyf
ZeD;armifESHpkHvnf; ygonf/ MumpG,fopfoD;0vHrsm;udk tvSnfhus &SmazGí a0pkcJGNyD; pm;aomuf
aexdkifMu&m tusifhoDv pl;prf;vdkí odMum;rif;u aemifawmf &aohMuD;\ a0pkudk oHk;&ufwdwd
0Sufxm;onf/
wpfpHkwpfa,mufu cdk;,lpm;onfxifí toD;oD; usdefpmqdkMu\/
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vnf;aumif;?
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]]Nynfa&;Nynf&mudk pDrH&aom yka&m[dwf &mxl;MuD; &ygap}} [k vnf;aumif;?
]]Nynfoltrsm; tMunfñdkcH&í vmbfaygrsm;aom NrdKY½GmteD; a,m*D &aohMuD; Nzpf&ygap&JY}} [k
vnf;aumif; toD;oD; udsefqdkMuonf/
avmuDpnf;pdr?f tmPm? &mxl;? vmbfvmbwdkYonf 'ku©a&mufapaom t&mrsm;Nzpfí ]aoNcif;qdk;
ao&ygap} xuf aMumufzG,f aumif;onf[k ,lqí ,if;odkY udsefqdkMuNcif; Nzpfonf/
Mumtdkif ocFrf;teD;&dS ½ku©pdkMuD;url-
]]MumpG,f cdk;rdygu MuG,f0csrf;omaom a'o&dS MuD;us,faom ausmif;wkduf tdkMuD;udk
OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfí e0ur® tvkyfrsm;aom q&mawmfMuD;Nzpf&ygap}} [k udsefqdkavonf/
q&mawmfonf þbdoZmwfawmfudk a[maNymavh&Sdonfudk axmufí y&dowfESifh ae&Ncif;?
y&d,wfeSifh ae&Ncif;udk ysif;&dNiD;aiGYawmfrlaMumif; azmfNyaeNcif;yif Nzpfonf/ pmcsaumif;MuD;
pma&;aumif;MuD;tNzpfudk tNypfNrifawmfrl\/ tMudrfMudrf a&SmifvJGí awmxJodkY MuGaomfvnf;
&awmfrrlcJh/ r&onfhtNyif ,cktcsdefrSpí ta[maumif;MuD; tNzpfodkYa&mufrSef;rod
a&mufae&ayNyD/ aumvm[vaMumifhom r[kwf? w&m;emvdkí vmolrsm;yif pnfum;pNyKae\/
y#dywf tvkyfü tEkwfvu©PmNy ][mebm*,} vrf;cJGrsm;um; ra½Smifomatmif MuHKawmfrlavNyD/
a,m*DwdkYtm; xkdNzpf&yf? xdkoabmw&m;rsm;onf uGif;qufuav;rsm;Nzifh tuGufqifvmwwfí
odEdkifcuf\/ odapumrlvnf; ausmfEdkifcufvSonf/
tb,faMumifh qdkaomf xdkNzpf&yfrsm;onf omoemESifh owå0gtrsm;pktm; taNcpdkuf
&nfnTef;xm;onfhtNyif rdrdpGrf;&nf? ADZm0goemESifh udkufí udk,fMudKufvkyfief;rsKd;
NzpfaeaomaMumifhwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh yvdaA"rSef;? [mebm*d,rSef; odvsufom;ESifh
ZGwfwdk;rdMu&\/
"wef cif;"
wefckd;&SifwkdY\ tultnD (okdYr[kwf) aESmifh,SufNcif
uif;0efrif;MuD; rsuf&nfusaomw&m;
usrf;NyKZJG? e,fvSnfhw&m;a[mNcif;
oHCmrsm; a&mufvmMuvQif-
]]at;......q&mawmf w&m;a[mMuG&mu Nyefa&mufvmvdkY ypönf;rsm;a0zdkY ac:w,f rxifMueJY/
wdkYrsm; i,fpOf rEÅav; aewkef;u "r®uxdursm; atmufNynf atmuf&Gmu w&m;a[mNyefvQif
qefu b,favmuf/ ig;ydig;aNcmufu b,fa½GY/ ouFef;? xD;? zdeyf? aumfaZmu b,frQeJY
pm&if;csNyD; wpfvudk;oDwif; pm;MuaomufMu? tcsdefawG ESaNrmp&m aumif;vkdufwmuG,f/
at;....ckvJ OD;yOöif;wdkYudk eufNzef pmcszdkY ac:wm}} [k rdefYawmfrl\/
xdk*gxm\ t"dyÜm,fum;-
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t&m0w¬KwdkYudk csKdNzifhaumfwifí aemufodkY ypfvTwfcsvsuf rdrdaemufrS vdkufygvmaom
om;orD;rsm;udk xdrSef aoaysmufapouJhodkY ÓPAv MuD;rm;vSaom v,fwDvnf; xkdYtwl
wynfhrsm;udk owfav\}} [lownf;/
opömNzifh rdk;½Gmay;Ncif;
xdktcg v,fwDq&mawmfu-
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xifwwfMuw,f/ udk,fhtrSm; odwJhaeY[m wdk;wuf MuD;yGm;zdkY pwJhaeYyJ/ ck 'DawmifwGif;rSm a[mwJh
w&m;awGuawmh vlrsm;pktwGuf NcHKNyD; a[m&wm/ ck Adkvfukef;q&mtwGuf qdk&if
oD;Ncm;a[m&ao;wmaygh}} [k qdkum oHk;nqufí y&d,wådtodÓPf? y#dywådtodÓPfwdkY\
twdrfteufudk cJGNcm;pdwfNzmí Adkvfukef; q&mawmf odomatmif a[mawmfrlonf/
bk&m;&Siftm;aus;Zl;qyfjcif;
pmayMunfh½I usrf;ûyjcif;
yk*ÁdKvfausmf
usmf usihfxHk; tqHk;trrsm;
q&mawmfonf pmcsaomtcgüom ]]rnfonfh q&mawmfh 0g'u rnfodkY}} [kajymqdk
ydkYcsonfomru taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm qHk;rw&m; a[majymaom tcgwGifvnf; ]rnfonfh
q&mawmfu rnfodkY usifhoHk;í rnfodkU qHk;raMumif; vuFm oHaygufa&;í qHk;ravh&Sdonf/
ukd,fwdkifvnf; ,if;odkY usifhBuHawmfrl\/
1/ &wemoHk;qdkif? iHkMumcdkif? qHkûydif 0E´em/
2/ ESpfqD &o? jrwf"r®? rSwfMu pOftvm/
3/ y&dedAÁe? jrwfAk'¨? rdefYx anmiffapmif;rSm/
4/ edAÁmefvdku? ocFg&? aeY n rarh&m/
5/ ykMwmrnf&Sd? &Sifom&d? tEdÅ rdefYcJY&Sm/
6/ edAÁmef vdkvm;? o'¨gyGm;? rjcm;aeoifh&m/
7/ q&mawmfa&iHk? usifhtxHk? rSmyHk oifhvkyg/
8/ edAÁmef vdku? vdkorQ? usifhMu aumif;&m&m/
9/ 0Homt&d? om;rked? xm;&SdolYtrSm? (t&d,0Hoq&m)
10/ edAÁmef vdku ? udk,f{u? aex oifhavsmf&m/
11/ anmifuefq&mawmf? OD;yk"fac : xkwfazmfrdefYcJY&m/
12/ vlewf jA[®m? uJY&JUrSm? qdwfpm raMumuf&m/
13/ bk&m;uJYodkY? aMumufoluG,fh? a&mufr,fh edAÁKwm/
14/ ig;cHku0d? jrwfaAm"d? a[m&SdonftrSm/
15/ pdwfqdk; pdwfnpf? udk,fhaMumifhjzpf? y,fvSpf olwum/
16/ pdwfnpfy,frsdK;? pdwfrqdk;? a&muf½dl; edAÁLwm/
17/ refusnf;awmac : q&mawmf? xkwfazmfrSwfp&m/
18/ edAÁmefudk&nf? ukwfESifhuD? aMumufonfr&Sd&m/
19/ usifhausmfxG#facgif? EIwfawmfaqmif? odatmifrdefYcJY&m/
20/ edAÁmefvdkvQif;? olYtwif;? ajymjcif;y,fcsdK;yg/
21/ a&T&ifhrm&Sif? q&myif? rSmwGifodp&m/
22/ a[mwdkif; ajymwdkif;? csifhpmEdIif;? a&;wdkif;r,Hk&m/
23/ edAÁmefvdku? 0d&m*? rdefYrS,Hkoifhyg/
24/ jrif;0efq&mawmf? rdefY>rufazmf? jrifajrmfrSwfp&m/
25/ edAÁmefvdkvpf? rkef;tcspf? qHk;ypfy,fcsyg/
26/ 0denf;ausmfvS? Aef;armfu? azmfjyrdefYcJY&m/
27/ edAÁmefudkrif? udk,ftouf? iJYuGufrûy&m/
28/ avSoif;rif;ausmif;? aewådaumif;? odaMumif;tpOfrSm/
29/ edAÁmefvdku? onf;cHMu? wGif;yt&m&m/
30/ oHk;yHkrukd#f? w&m;ûrduf? om;EIdufþenf;om/
31/ tcsKyfpum;? qHk;w&m;? oHk;xm;NrJNrHpGm/
32/ t"dyÜm,feuf? todcuf? xnfhpGuf ÚmPf0dZÆm/
33/ usifhoHk;Adkvfvl? jynfedAÁL? vG,fula&mufrnfom/
qifwl,dk;rSm; tusif
tusifhrsm;udk jywfjywfrdefYjcif;
q&mawmfonf tvªtwef;rsm;ü w&m;a[m&aomtcg Zmwfedygwf 0w¬Krsm;udk a[mMum;awmfrrl?
qkay;? a&pufcsutp vu©Pma&; oHk;yg;? 0dyóemw&m;udkom a[mawmfrlavh&Sd\/ &if;ESD;aom?
pOf;pm;a0zefwwfaom yk*ÁdKvfrsm;udkrl tusdK;ysufrnfht&mü wif;wif;&if;&if; rsufESmriJYbJ
a[mMum;avh&Sdonf/
udk,fa&mifudk,f0g
wpfaeUaomtcg q&mawmfu twGif;ae wynfU OD;o'¨r® (csrf;at;q&mawmf) tm; *lwGif;ü
xm;onfU toHk;jyKvdkaom pmtkyfrsm; ,lay;&ef trdefY&Sdonf/ *lwGif;ü arSmifaeí rjrif&aMumif;
avQmufaomtcg q&mawmf*lwGif;odkU<uvm&m vdkPf*lwpfckvHk; vif;xdefoGm;onf/ q&mawmfu
xdktaMumif;udk rnfolUtm;rQ rajym&[k wm;jrpfawmfrlojzifU ysHvGefawmfrlrS OD;o'¨r®u OD;t*¾"r®
(atmifajrompnfq&mawmf) tm; trdefU&Sdonf/
tcgwpfyg; r[m*E¨m&Hk odrftwGif; oHC OykofjyKMu&mü q&mawmfvnf; tjcm;rax&fMuD;rsm;ESifU
wpfwef;wnf;oDwif;oHk;awmfrl&m q&mawmf\ udk,f0wfouFef; vGwfaeaom
ycHk;vuf&Hk;om;rsm;rS ta&mifrsm; xGufaeonfudk aemufwef;ü aeaom OD;t*¾"r®u
zl;jrif&aMumif;trdefU&Sdzl;onf/
wpfcgaomf ykvdyfjrdKUü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf ausmif;teD;ü uk#Dwpfck aqmufvkyfxm;&m xdkuk#Dudk
tjcm;ae&modkU a&TUajymif;&ef OD;o'¨r®tm; cdkif;\/ rnfodkUrQ tusdK;taMumif; razmfjyojzifU
OD;o'¨r®rSm r&TYcsifa&TYcsifESifU a&T&onf/ rMumrDyif a&TUckdif;onfU t"dyÜg,fudk em;vnfawmUonf/
taMumif;rSm xdkuk#D txufü &Sdaom o&ufyifrS udkif;rMuD;rSm rarQmfvifUbJ
usdK;usvmavawmUonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;xHü vma&mufenf;,lí w&m;bm0em yGm;&onfrSm xifvG,fjrifvG,f&Sdonf[k
a,m*Drsm;u ,HkMunfMuayonf/ q&mawmfU acsmifü w&m;tm;xkwfzl;aom
a,m*DtbGm;MuD;wpfa,muf (&Spfrdkif rpdk;&drfq&mawmf\ 'umrMuD;jzpfol) u ajymjyzl;onfrSm
xdkacsmifü q&mawmf\ wynfUr wpfOD;&Sdonf/
q&mawmf\ a0,sm0pörsm;udk aqmif&Guf&if; vufaxmuf w&m;jy&aom rif;rsdK;rif;EG,f
om0dumrMuD;jzpfonf/ xdkta':MuD;rSm a&mufvmaom a,m*Dopfrsm;tm; ]orD;&,f} ponfjzifU
om,macsiHpGm ajymqdkí vdktyfaom tultnDrsm;udk ay;onf/ w&m; &IyGm;yHkudkvnf;
nTefjyay;avU&Sdonf/ xdktbGmMuD;xH a&mufoGm;aomtcg xHk;pHtwdkif;ajymqdk tm;ay;í ,k,pGm
ausmudkyGwfoyfvdkuf&m arSmfoGif;ouJUodkU wpfudk,fvHk; zdef;&Sdef;oGm;jyD; pdwftm;awG xufoef
&Tifvef;oGm;aMumif; ajymjyzl;\/
,if;odkU wpfzufu oHCmxdef;odrf;rIpaom omoemY wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&if;
y#dywÅdvkyfief;udk &moufyef aZmufcsí tcsdefjynfU tm;xkwfawmfrlaom r[m*E¨m&Hk q&mawmf
bk&m;MuD;onf oufawmf 61? odu©mawmf 42-0gt& 1281- ckESpf 0gacgifvqkwf &Spf&ufaeY
r[mokcacsmifüyif ysHvGefawmf rlcJUonf/
xdktcg ysHvGefawmfrlaom nrSmyif ppfudkif;wpfawmifvHk; [dkawmifonfawmif ul;oef;aeaom
tvif;a&mifMuD;rsm; w0if;0if; wxdefxdef jrifae&aMumif; awmiftaemufbufü
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom ok"r®m*dkPf;csKyf aCmodw0ef q&mawmfu csrf;at; q&mawmftm;
trdefU&SdcJUzl;avonf/
v,fwDq&mawmfESifYaqG;aEG;yHk
aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmfMuD; ppfudkif;awmif&dk;ü oDwif;oHk;cdkuf r[m*E¨m&Hk q&mawmf
<ua&mufí q&mawmfESifU atmufygtwdkif; avQmufxm; aqG;aEG;awmfrlaMumif; oufawmf 70-
ausmf&Sd odrfawmifqnfMuD; q&mawmfa&; ]t&d,m0dZÆmr*¾ tvif;jyusrf;} (1955) pmrsufESm 369-
ü rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfrSm tvGefrSwfom;zG,f aumif;aypGmU/
rSefuefaom tm&Hkerdwf
q&mawmf\ wynfYr oDv&Sifa,m*DMuD; wpfOD;ESif.pyfí rEÅav;jrdK. tbd"r®uxdu q&mMuD;
OD;odef;atmif rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk zwf&ojzif. q&mawmftm; Munfndktm;usaom pdwfwuf&
jyefonf/
xdkpOfu [omFwjrdK.rS vma&muf tm;xkwfaom oDDv&Sifq&mMuD; wpfOD;onf r*¾acsmifüaeí
ol\om;&[ef;rSm"l0Hacsmifüaeonf/ wae.oü oDv&Sifq&mMuD;onf
ol\om;&[ef;xHa&mufvmjyD;vQif-
“armifyOöif;? armifyOöif;&J.nD armifbMurf;wpfa,muf reufu
"m;ckwfcH&w,f/nmbufrsuffESma&m? b,fbuf *sdKapmif;ESif.vufjyifrSma&m ‘'Pf&m&vdk.
ck[omFwaq;&Hk wufae&w,f” [k [omFwjrdK.&Sd ol.om;taMumif;avQmufxm;&m-
“'umrMuD; b,folajymowkH;“” [kom;ujyefar;onf/
“ wynfYawmfrudkrnfolrSvmrajymyg? ur®|mef;xdkif&if;pdwf tm&HkrSmawG. &w,f” [k avQmufvQif-
“tm-'umrMuD; pdwfpGJaevdk.tm&Hkay:vmwmjzpfygvdrf.r,f” [kqdkav onf/
“wynfUawmfr 'Db0 ra&mufcifuxJu &dSypönf;tm;vHk; armifyOöif;wdk. nDtpfudkESpfa,mufudk
tjywfcGJa0jyD;rSyJ? pGJvrf;zdk.r&Sdygbl;? bMurf;udkvnf;owd& raeygbl;? wynfYawmfr tm&Hk
[mrSefwwfygw,f? armifyOöif;[m acwÅ 'kv’bouFef; 0wfaeolrdk. 0wÅ&m;twdkif; aqmif&Gufzdk.
vmajymwmyJ” [kom avQmufxmjyD; jyefoGm;onf/
xdkodk. rdrdtm&Hkudk rdrd ,HkMunfxm;onfrSm omrn todjzifY ,Hk&efcufayonf/ oDv&Sif
q&mMuD;um; ol.todudkaumif;pGm ,HkMunfaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
r,fawmfMuD;jyefoGm;jyD;vQif om;OD;yOöif;rSm pOfpm;qHk;jzwf&ef cufae\/xdkaeYrSmyif aMu;eef;
a&mufvmojzif. [omFwodk.vdkufoGm;&onf/ aq;&Hka&mufí MunfYaomtcg 'Pf&mrsm;vnf;
r,fawmfMuD;ajymonfESifY wpfxyfwnf; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&av\/ aemifrMumrD armifbMurf;
usef;rmvmí ppfudkif;awmif&dk;odk. 'kv’b &[ef;cH&efa&mufvm&m ausmif;&dS OD;yOöif;rsm;u
r,fawmfoDv&Sif q&mMuD; odjrifyHkESifYpyfí ajymqdk aqG;aEG;Mu\/ xdktcg armifbMurf;
"m;ckwfcH&pOfu aovkarsmyg;a0'em cHpm;&aomtcg ‘r,fawmfMuD;qHk;rpum;udk rem,lrdí
jzpf&onf’ [k aemifw&um r,fawmfY aus;Zl;udk owd&jYyD; r,fawmfMuD;xH pdwfa&mufaeaMumif;
ajymjyavonf/
q&mMuD; OD;odef;atmifu pdwf"mwfcsif; qufpyfxdcdkufyHkudk ,lqvdkojzifY ol\ “ Ak'¨0g'
oHk;avmuESifU owÅ0gtpjzpfyHkusrf;” wGif 15-ESpfom;t&G,fu oludk,fwdkif odrSDcJUaom
yHkpHwpfckudk xkwfjyjcif;jzpfayonf/
tMum;tjrif txifrMuD;oifU
tqdkygoDv&SifMuD;\ tajctaeudk axmufívnf; ur®|mef;enf;jy q&mawmf\ *kPfudk qifhyGm;
MunfndkEdkifrnf[k ,lqyg\/ uREfkyfwdkU odapvdkonfrSm “wu,fvkyfvQif t[kwfjzpfonf”
[laom tcsufyif jzpf\/ xdkoDv&Sif q&mMuD;uJYodkY odjrifolwdkUum; ,cktcg tvGefrsm;aom
ta&twGufü &SdayvdrfUrnf/ odkU&mwGif xdktodrsdK;&dSvQifyif &[EÅm[lí
orkwfwwfMuonfrSmvnf; y#dywÅd omoem0ifü tEÅ&m,fMuD;wpfck jzpfaeayonf/
xdktodrsdK;onf tbdnmOfa&S.ajy; omrefavmuD todrQom jzpfEdkifí &[EÅmrqdkxm;bd?
aomwmyefrQjzpfyif jzpfEdkif&monf r[kwfacs/ t&d,mjzpfwdkif; odcsifrSodí? odwdkif;vnf;
t&d,mjzpffcsifrS jzpf&monf/
avmuDESifYavmukwÅ&mudk cGJjcm;a0zefEdkifaom y&d,wfy#dywf tajccH r&SdbJvsuf t,ltqGJ
ronf;tyf/ 0denf; odu©mudk &dkaoapmifYodí y&d,wf y#dywf pG,fpHk yk*¾dKvf ausmf
olawmfpifMuD;wdkYum; bmrQ tqef;wMu,f r[kwfaom xdkonfU txiftjrif todtMum;rsm;udk
a&;MuD;cGifus,fvkyfí xkwfazmf ajymqdkawmfrrlMu/ olwyg; odrnfudkyif pdk;awmfrlMuonfudk
oabmaygufoifY\/
udk,fwdkifa&; tvkyfcGifrSwfwrf;
q&mawmfMuD;tm; tem*grfMuD;[lí orkwfcJYMu\/ umrbHku rvGefao;[kvnf; odjrifolrsm;u
qdkMuonf/ rnfodkUqdkap q&mawmfum; ZG?J vHkv MuD;rm;vSay\/ ysHawmfrlcgeD; rrmrusef;&SdpOf
ydkíyif tm;xkwfawmfrl\/ “&[EÅm rjzpforQ þ*lrS rxGufawmUjyD” [kyif wpfqifYwufum
or®yÜ"mef vHkvjzifU t"d|mefawmfrlonf/
a&m*gtajctaerSm wpfaeUwpfjcm; qdk;&Gm;vmojziffY rMunfY&ufaom wynfUMuD;rsm;u *lrSxGufí
aq;0g;ukocH,l&ef twefwef avQmufxm; Mu\/ avQmufxm; Muaomfvnf; r&/ aemufqHk;
wynfUMuD;rsm;u v,fwDq&mawmftm; taMumif;pHk avQmufxm;í tultnDawmif;Mu&\/
v,fwDq&mawmf udk,fwdkif *lxJodkU<ua&mufí ajym&m-
“wynfUawmf t"d|mef&dSaevdkUyg” [kawmif;yefavQmufxm;\/ v,fwDq&mawmfvnf; usef;rma&;
tajctaersm;udk MunfUí txyfxyfpOf;pm;jyD;aemuf toifUygvmaom OD;yOöif;rsm;bufodkY
vSnfUí-
“uJ-armifyOöif;wdkY? tjyifxrf; yifUMu? t"d|mefwmu OD;OwÅ&? *ljyifxkwfwmu
v,fwDq&mawmfyJ” [kajymajymqdkqdk ausmif;odkUyifUaqmifapcJU\/ q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrl
onfUaemuf ae&m&Sif;Muaomtcg tjrJoHk;onfU acgif;tHk;atmufwGif q&mawmfudk,fwdkif
a&;om;cJUonfU “12-ESpfwm tvkyfcGifrSwfwrf;” udk tHYtm;oifYpGm awGUMu&\/ tdyfruf 16-
rsdK;ESifU tm&Hk edrdwfrsm;? tawG;txifrsm; yg0ifavonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm q&mawmf\
trSmpmüyif-
“&[ef;&Sifvl oDv&Siftaygif;wdkU? orx0dyóem wdk;yGm;apjcif;iSm wynfUrsm;u orx0dyóem
pmtkyfrSm xnfUí yHkEdSyf&rnf” [k a&;om; rSmxm;awmfrlcJY\/ odkU&mwGif q&mawmfa&;
rnfonfUpmtkyfwGifrQ þrSwfwrf;udk rawGU&/
,if;rSwfwrf;udk ppfudkif;awmif&dk;? a0Z,EÅmacsmif q&mawmft&Sif ra[mo"y@dw \
aus;Zl;aMumifY 1332-ckESpf? wydkUwGJv (10?2?71) xkwf "r®AsL[m pmapmif (9-10 ESifU10-5)
wdkUüzwf&I&onf/
þrSwfwrf;onf þacwftcgwGif rqef;Mu,fvSaomfvnf;-
“þodkU pmwwf usrf;wwf tusifU y#dywfESifU jynfUpHkaom
wu,fUtmZmenft&SifjrwfMuD;wdkUyifvQif tppftrSefr[kwfaom txiftjrif tawG;tac:
tm&Hkedrdwfrsm; &IyfaxG;ayGvDvSay\/ &[ef;udpö rjyD;ao;bJvsuf jyD;jyD[k txifrSm; tjrifrSm;
jzpf&acsao;\” [k oifcef;pm ,lMu&ayvdrfUrnf/
txl;ojzifU,l&rnfU oifcef;pmum; bk&m;qkyefjcif;yifwnf;/ rdrd\ trlt&m
tavmif;awmfMuD;rsm;\ tavUtvmESifU uGmcsifwdkif; jcm;uGmrSef;rod? rdrdudk,fudk
rdrdvSnfUpm;&ma&mufaewwfaom ‘qkMuD;yef’ qdkolrsm; ,aeUtjywf pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&ayvdrfUrnf/
rSwfwrf;wif xm;awmfrlcJYonfudkvnf; aus;Zl;wifxdkufMuaypGmU/
q&mawmf\ rSwfwrf;um; atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfygonf/
1/ orxur®|mef;udk 1257-ckESpf tm;xkwf&m 59-ckESpfodkYa&mufvQif um,yó'¨d pdwÅyó'¨d
jzpfí wpfvavmufyif udk,fpdwfESpfjzm udavomuif;uGmylyefrI tvGefjidrf;at;í aejcif;?
2/ ¤if;aemuf 61-ckESpfodkU a&mufvQif uqkefvqef; 7- &uf (ESpfqef; 1-&uf) ¤if;aeYupí
aomw'Gg&jzifU o'´g&HkawG tjrJMum;í ae&jcif;?
3/ ¤if;o'´g&Hkudk&jyD;aemuf tvGef eSpfESpfoufouf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm yDwdjzpfí aejcif;/
4/ ¤if;aemuf psmefr*fzdkvfw&m;udk r&ao;aomfvnf; &ouJYodkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGm pdwfxJrSm
xifíaejcif;/
5/ ¤if;aemufedAÁmefrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifUwuG t&Sifom&dykwÅ&m? t&Sifarm*¾v’mef tp&Sdaom
&[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkUonf cE¨myOöu j'AfaumifMuD;uJUodkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGm pdwfxJrSm xifíaejcif;?
6/ ¤if;aemuf &kyfemrfudk tzefzef qiffjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf 61-ckESpf yxr 0gqdkvqef; 7-&ufaeUn
&kyferfudk qifjcifqJ t0dZÆmrme ynwfuG,fí xderd'¨ O'¨pö ponfuif;vsuf wpfnvHk;
rdk;vif;onfUwdkifatmif ouf&SdoufrJYwdkYonf &kyfemrftpk &kyftpkcsnf; omwnf;[k
tvGefxifvmonf/ ¤if;&kyfemrfw&m;wdkUonf tedpö, 'ku©, tewÅ w&m;csnf;om[k
tjrJxifíaeonf/ rD;cdk;awmifcdk; wdrfcdk;wdkUuJodkU rsm;pGmjzpfvsuf ¤if;tcdk;xJuMunfvifaom
ta&mifjzpfí rsufESm&dyfudk xifjrifjcif;?
7/ ¤if;aemuf &kyfemrfw&m;wdkUudk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&dSaomf yxr0gqdkvqef; 14-&ufaeUn
wpfnvHk; rdk;vif;onfUwdkifatmif udavom ylyefjcif; jidrf;at;í xderd'¨ O'¨pö ponf uif;vsuf
um,yó'?¨d pdwÅyó'¨ tp&Sdaom w&m;wdkUonf jzpfay:ukefí rD;cdk; awmifcdk; wdrfcdk;wdkUuJodkU
vnf;aumif;? rD;awmufuJUodkU vnf;aumif; rsm;pGmaom ta&mifjzpfí ¤if;ta&mifwdkUonf tedpö,
'ku©, tewÅ oabmcsnf;[k tjrJxifíaejcif;?
8/ ¤if;aemuf 0dyóemOmPf 10-yg;udk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf or®oeOmPfrSpí
ocFg&kayu©mOmPfwdkifatmif xifjrifjcif;?
9/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf or®oeOmPf O',AÁ,OmPfrSm 61-ckESpfupí 62-ckESpf
jymodkvjynfUausmf 6-&uf Ak'¨[l;aeUwdkifatmif tvGefUtvGef xifjrifjcif;?
10/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf 62-ckESpf ewfawmfvjynfUausmf 8-&uf aeU av;em&Dupí wpfnvHk;
rdk;vif;onfUwdkifatmiff edAÁmefüom tm&HkjyKvsuf r*fav;yg;vHk; &jyD[k xifaejyD;vQif
rdk;vif;aomumvrS r*fav;yg;vHk;r&ao;rSef; odonf/
yt? xt? rt? *t-&t/ (yxr r*¾-&jyD[k qdkvdk\)
11/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf 62-ckESpf jymodkvjynfUausmf 6-&uf Ak'¨[l;aeUü b*FOmPf&ifUjcif;udk
tvGefU tvGef tjrJxifjrifjcif;?
12/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf jymodkvjynfUausmf 11-&ufaeUn b, OmPf?
tm'De0 OmPf? edAÁd'g OmPf? rkOdöwkurswm OmPf? y#docFg OmPf? ocFg&kayu©m OmPf wdkU
tvGefxifjrifjcif;?
13/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf ocFg&kayu©mOmPf\ tqHk;ü a&S;OD;pGm O-tm-edOmPf wdk.udk
'ku©opöm[k xifvmonf/ or®oeOmPfudk ork',opöm [kxifvmonf/
rkOdöwkurswmOmPfudk eda&m"opöm xifvmonf/ y#docFgOmPf? ocFg&kayu©mOmPfwdkUudk
r*¾opöm[kxifvmonf/
14/ ¤if;aemuf 0dyóemOmPf 10-yg;udk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf opömav;yg;onf
bm0em\ tpGrf;tm;jzifU tjrJxifjrifjcif;?
15/ ¤if;aemuf y#dpöorkygÜ'? y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;wdkUudk qifjcifjyefonf&dSaomf
¤if;w&m;wdkUonf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm xifjrifvmukef\/
16/ ¤if;aemuf {uwÅenf;? emewÅenf;? tAsmyg&enf;? {0H"r®wmenf; av;yg;wdkUudk
qifjcifjyefonf &Sdaomf ¤if;enf;av;yg;wdkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGmxifjrifvmukef\/
17/ ¤if;aemuf 0dok'¨d 7-yg;udk qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf oDv0dok'¨d rSpí y#dy'gOmP 0dok'¨d
wdkifatmifxifjrifjcif;/
18/ ¤if;aemuf oduRrf;zl;aom rmwk*gr wpfOD;udk ykwD;? em;a!mif;paom t0wfwefqmwdkUjzifU
wefqmqif,ifí pdwfjzifU teD;tem;ü xm;vsuf ¤if;rmwk*gronf t0wfwefqmwdkUaMumifU
tvGefwifUw,f\/ rnfodkUyifwifUw,faomfjim;vnf; tdkjcif;oabmw&m; ruif;acsao;[k
atmufarUqifjcifum rwÅjzifU qHjzL oGm;usdK; yg;&dk; em;&dk; eH&dk; tjydKif;jydKif; usvsuf
pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f rwifUw,faom toGifjzifU xifjrifjcif;? (em-ao-
ykyfyGrsm;vnf;xdkUrwlxifonf/) t&dk;pk ruif;ao;[k atmufarUum rwÅjzifU t&dk;pk xifjrifjcif;?
¤if;t&dk;pkaumifMuD;onff tedpö, 'ku©, tewÅ oabmw&m;[k xifjrifjcif;?
19/ ntcg rtdyfrD aumif;uifü Mu,ftaygif;udk MunfUí 0dyóemyGm;vQif tdyfaomtcg
raem'Gg&ü Mu,frsm;pGm xifjrifjcif;?
20/ aeUtcg ausmif;trdk;udkMunfUí 0dyóemyGm;vQif ntdyfaomtcg ausmif;trdk;wdk.onf
raem'Gg&ü xifjrifjcif;?
21/ 1263-ckESpf yxr0gqdkvjynfUausmf ig;&ufaeU eHeufu olwpfyg;twGufaMumifU
ESvkH;romr,mjcif;jzpf\/ xdkaeU aeUvnftdyfjyD;vQif tm&HkjyKaeusw&m;udk tm&HkjyKygaomfvnf;
ESvHk;rom,mjcif; "r®tEÅ&m,fMuD; jzpfay:vm\/ jzpfay:vmvQif xdkolrsm;udk&efolxifatmif
‘yd,awm Zm,wdaomaum’ tp&Sdaom *gxmudk tMudrfMudrf tzefzef qifjcifvQif xdkolrSpí
yd,yk*¾dKvf[loa&GU tZÑwÅtwGif;&efol? &efolrsdK;ig;yg;udk A[d'¨tjyif&efol[k tvGefxifvmjcif;?
xdkA[d'¨&efolwdkUaMumifU tZÑwÅü jzpfaom avmuD ukodkvfonf twGif;&efol?
tZÑwÅüjzpfaom tukodkvfonf tjyif&efol[k tvGefxifvmjcif;?
xdkxuf a&S;a&S;aomb0u ukodkvf tukodkvfwdkUonf &efolaumifMuD;awGuJU odkY
0dkif;0ef;vmí tukodkvf &efolawGu tyg,fav;bHk oHo&m aESmiftdrfxJü csrnf[k qdkouJuodkU
tvGef xifvmjcif;? ukodkvf &efolawGuvnf; vlUbHk? ewfbHk? jA[®mUbHk oHo&m aESmiftdrfxJü
csrnf[k qdkouJUodkU tvGefxifvmjcif;?
xdkodkU xifvQif bHkoHk;yg;ü udk;uG,fvJavsmif; ykef;atmif;rSDcdk&m r&Sdí tvGeftrif;
aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefUjcif; jyif;pGmjzpfaomaMumifY odrf;qnf;í r&edkif/ rsuf&nfawGvIdifvsuf ESpfem&D
oHk;em&D twGif; tvGeftrif; aMumufvSí &efoludkvdkufí a&wGufonf&Sdaomf tukodkvf zó
paom oAÁpdwÅom"m&P apwoduf 7-ck? tukodkvf 0dwuf paom yudPf; apwoduf 5-ck?
arm[ paom tukodkvf apwoduf 14-ck? tukodkvfpdwf 12-ck? ¤if; 39-ck wdkUonf tyg,f4-bHk
oHo&m aESmiftdrfxJü vm;aMumif;jzpfaom tukodkvf&efolawG[k tvGeftrif;txl;jrifjcif;?
ukodkvf zó paom oAÁpdwÅom"m&P apwoduf 7-ck? ukodkvf 0dwuf paom yudPf;
apwoduf 6-ck? o'´g paom aombP apwoduf 24-ck?umrukodkvf 8-ck? &lyukodkvf 5-ck?
t&lyukodkvf 4-ck? ¤if; 54-ck wdkUonf oHo&m0#fqif;&Jü usifvnf aMumif;jzpffaom
ukodkvf&efolawG[k tvGeftrif;txl;jrifjcif;?
xdkodkU xifjyD;vQif ynmapwodufudk atmufarYqifjcifonf&Sdaomf ¤if; ynmapwodufonf
oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmufaMumif; udk;uG,fvJavsmif; ykef;atmif;rSDcdk&m taqGcifyGef;aumif;[k
tvGeftusL; xifjrifjcif;?
¤if; ynmapwodufudk taqGcifyGef;aumif;[k tvGeftusL; txl;xifvQif udk,f pdwf ESpfjzm
csrff;ompGm oufom&m &avonf/
22/ 1266-ckESpf? wydkUwGJvqef;&Spf&uf? we*FaEGaeU najcmufem&Dausmfausmf tcsdefwGif
opömav;yg;uudkodonf/ ivsifESpfMudrf vIyf\/
'O? wþ? ,t? rt? *t? &t/ (‘'kwd,r*¾& [k qdkvdkonf/ xdkESpf ou'g*grf jzpf\/ /pma&;ol
rSwfcsuf/)
a&S;ajy;erdwf
v,fwDq&mawmf Mo0g'
*E¨m½Hkq&mawmf Mo0g'
arwå
arwåmudk,fawGY &efraXY
taESmifht,Sufonf ta0;rSvmvQif
mvQif jrifvG,f a&SmifvG,f\/ teD;rS vmvQif jrifcuf a&Smifcuf\/
rdrdoEÅmefxJuyif xGufay:vmcJhaomf ydkí tjrifcuf? ta&Smif cufwwfonf/
,if;wdkUudk ]eD0&P} [lívnf;aumif;? ]Oyuúdavo} [lívnf;aumif; ]rm&f 10-wyf}
[lívnf;aumif;? ]apmawmcdv? apawm0dedAE¨} [lívnf;aumif;? ]jA[®pm½ly'´0} (ponf)
[lívnf;aumif; trnftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh a[mMum; ajymqdkMu&\/
xdktcsufrsm;u bmudkqdkoenf;/
vifhpifukef; q&mawmfBuD;ESifh q&mawmfuav; OD;ar"m0DwdkUonf tcuftcJ trsdK;rsdK;udk
ausmfvTm;um rif;vdkawmifodkU pGefUpGefUpm;pm;BuD; xGufvmcJhMu&\/ odkU&mwGif vifhpifukef;
q&mawmf\ &ifESD;aom 'umtcsdKUu bkef;BuD;aysmuf &Sm&if; rwwfomonfhtqHk; yg&rD
ulnDaomtm;jzifh ausmif;rsm;udk aqmufvSLMuonfrStp vl0ifvlxGuf rsm;vmcJh\/ OD;ar"m0DrSm
pdwfysufp jyKvm\/ aemuf ]]0wfBuD; 0wfi,f jyKyg&ap? enf;cH w&m;usifhyg&ap}} paom
(rESif&ufonfh) tajymrsm;jzifh &[ef;awmfrsm; wpfpwpfp tm;udk;wBuD; a&mufvmMu&m oHCm
25-yg;yif &Sdvmavawmh\/
]cifaZm} [lonf bkef;BuD; OD;aZmwudk ac:jcif; jzpf\/ (a&S;u bkef;BuD;udk ]cifBuD;} [kac:Muonf/
OD;aZmum; aysmf&Gm? ydawmufukef;&Gm&Sd ausmif;udk vTJtyfcH&ol wynfhwpfyg; jzpf\/ xdktcg
&Gmausmif;udk pGefUí aysmf&Gmta&SU wpfrdkifcefUa0;aom EGm;pm;usufawmBuD; (,ck
anmifvGefUawm&)ü av;wdkifpif ausmif;uav;jzifh acgif;yg;pGm awm&aejcif; jzpfonf/
v,fa0;awmodkU r<urD 0ifíawGU&ef trdefU&Sdjcif; jzpf\/
a0'emvdkufyHkESifh twGif;tjyif½IyHk
ur®|mef;avQmufaom q&mawmfrsm;wGif txdkuftavsmuf Mum;zl;em;0&Sdol avhvmzl;olrsm;vnf;
yg0ifojzifh q&mawmfwpfyg;u- ]]a0'em vdkuf&w,fqdkwYJ t"dyÜm,frsm;ukdvJ trdefY&SdygOD;bk&m;}}
[k avQmuf&m q&mawmfu atmufygtwdkif; trdefY&Sd\/
]]a0'em&Sd&modkY pdwfudkapvTwfNyD;awmh xdka0'em&JY tNrJr&SdwJY tedpöoabm? tNrJr&Sdjcif;aMumifh
qif;&JwJY 'ku©oabm? qif;&Jjcif;aMumifh tpdk;r& tvdkodkYrvdkufwJY tewå oabmudk tm½HkûyNyD; ]
od-od-od} [lí txyfxyf qifjcifoHk;oyf&r,f? a0'emudk tm½HkûyNyD; 0dyóem½IvQif ½kyf-onm-
ocFg&-0dnmOfwdkYvJ ruif;wJYoabmeJY yg0ifNyD;om; jzpfw,f/
]]tZöswå (twGif; ) A[d'¨ (tjyif) ½IyHkuawmh tZöswåudk oHk;oyfwJYtcg tZöswå w&m;xifrS A[d¨udk
a&GYr,f? rxifbJ ra&GY&bl;/ A[d'¨udk oHk;oyfvQifvJ A[d'¨xif&Sm;rS tZöswåudka&GY&r,f/ rxifvQif
ra&GYESifh? tZöswå A[d'¨ ocFg&w&m;wdkYü NidwG,fjcif; (wPSmeduEÅd)udk rNidwG,f&atmif
z,f&Sm;ítm;xkwfvQif rMumcifbJ r*fÚmPf zdkvfÚmPf qdkufa&mufygvdrfhr,f/ (A[d'¨ jzpfysufudkyg
jrifrS udpöNyD;aMumif; 0dol'¨dr*fü qdk\/)
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf (Oy&dyPÖmo-r[moknwokwfü)-
]]taygif;toif;zJGYí ae&jcif;\tjypf? wpfOD;wnf; ae&jcif;\ tusdK;? taygif;toif;zJGYí
ae&aomfvnf; pmoifpmcsaejcif;rsdK;r[kwfrlí w&m;pum;jzihf ae&vQif awmfao;í wpfOD;wnf;
ae&aomfvnf; 'um'umr y&dowfwdkYvdkufyg vmwwfojzifh jA[®p&d, (w&m; )
tEÅ&m,fjzpfwwfyHk}} udka[mawmfrlzl;\/
tEÅ&m,frsm;aom tMum;tjrif
wpf
wpfpyfwnf;&aom wynfh 2-
2-usdyfausmf w&m;xl;&Ncif;
]],H tarS[d uwH yknH? oAÁorÜwåd om"uH tuREkfyfwdkY vkyfaewJY ukodkvf[m pMu0aw; rE¨mwf
csrf;omutp ewfjA[®m csrf;omtv,f? edAÁmefcsrf;omtqHk; tvdk&SdorQ? awmihfwwwforQ
csrf;om tm;vHk;udk &apEdkifygw,f? 'DukodkvftzdkYudk oifewf jA[®mtm;vHk; trQ,lMu?
0rf;ajrmufpGm om"kac:Muyg}}
aerdE¨&awmif odrforkwfcef;
aMumufp&m aerdE¨&
t½l;uajymaom taumif;
rSefuif;wpfvSnfh xif;wpfvSnfh
aemufwpfn/
ta&SUbuf awmifwef;BuD; wpfckvHk;udk NcHKí txl;qifjcifvsuf tyÜemarwåm yGm;ydkUawmfrl&m
,cifxuf wefcdk;BuD;aom ewfrif;BuD; tNcHt&Hrsm;pGmESifh vma&mufuefawmhjyef\/
aerdE¨&awmifyif rqHhacs/ ewfrif;BuD;u a&S;twdkif; uwdûyum....
]]þawmifapmifh ewfrsm;udkvnf; trdefUay;xm;NyD;ygNyD}} [k avQmuf\/
]]wynfhawmf[m oxHkûrdUBuD;udk yxrqHk; wnfaxmifcJhwJholyg}} [k avQmufí w&m;emNyD;
jyefoGm;onf/
aemufaeUwpfn/
tyÜrma'e orÜma'x
q&mawmfum; ydkí a&m*gqdk;&Gm;vSonf rxif&/ tom;ta&awmf Munfvifvsuf
a[mMum;qHk;rNrJ qHk;rvsufyif &Sdonf/ e,kefvjynfhausmf oHk;&ufaeUwGifum;
ydkítm;enf;vmyHk&\/ a':apmwif aqmufvªaom ausmif;BuD;atmufxyfü oDwif;oHk;ae&mrS
pmcsawmfrl&m ukvm;xdkifay:odkU ajymif;a&GUay;Mu&onf/ wdkufwGif;&Sd oHCmtm;vHk;tm;
yifhac:apí-
oxHkaZw0ef q&mawmf
( 1230-
1230- 1316 )
vljyefawmfynm&Sd OD;omaAsm
tcsdefwdkwdkESifh ZmwfpHkuç&&Smjcif;
&Sifem&' vlxGuf&avNyD/
&SifvlxGuf armifomaAsmonf uHpDrHonfhtwdkif; armifESrav;OD;om; ausmufcJukef;ü EGm;ESifh
twl½kef;um 0rf;ausmif;ae&&Sm\/
]]vljzpfvmrSawmh wpfaeU rif;rIxrf; jzpf&rnf}} [laom tBuHu 0ifvsuf&Sdjyef\/
odkUaomf acwftcgu xdktBuHudk tjrpfûywf csdK;zsuf ypfvdkufonf/ 1247-ckESpf? armifomaAsm
wpfq,fh ckepfESpfom; t&G,fwGif rdpäm'd|d ukvm;jzLrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHudk uRefûyvmMuukef\/
te,fe,fü ykefuef x<uMuonf/ pdwfvdkufrmefyg vkyfwwfaom ADZ? wuf<uaomt&G,f?
BuHorQ rSef;csufrudkuf taMumif;rsm; wdkufqdkif qHkpnf;vmojzifh armifomaAsmwpfa,muf
ausmufyeH&GmrS udk,fa&mif azsmufoGm; avawmhonf/
oem;p&maumif;aomig
tBudKufay;í tcsdefqJGjcif;
]]rjzpfao;}} [krdefYawmfrl&m.....
]]wynfhawmfwdkY*dkPf;rSm q&mt&SifvdkurS &[EÅmrjzpfbJ ykxkpOfb0ESifh ysHvGef&rnfrSm
roifhawmfyg? vltrsm; ESvHk;romzG,f &Sdygonfbk&m;}} [k avQmufojzifh....
]]uJ....'gjzifh igh&Sif? ighudk xlrç ay;cJh? tcef;jyifbuf cPxGufacsyg}} [krdefYawmfrlí w&m;udk
ESvHk;oGif; qifjcifawmfrl\/ wynfhjzpfol wHcg;ydwfí tjyifodkYa&mufumrS tcsdefüyif
vufzspfwD;í jyefac:vdkufonf/
owdy|meftarGcH udk,fawmf
wmfuav;
ta&;MuD;aompdwfwpfvHk;
bdu©KeDNyóemESifhpyfí ar;avQmufolrsm;tm;-
]]wdkYu tvGwfa&;wmr[kwfbl;/ ]teZmemrd bdu©a0 bdu©L[d bdu©Keda,m OyorÜga'wHk}
plVygVdawmfESifh t|uxmudk tm;udk;NyKNyD; a&;wm/ tJ'DtzGifhrSmvmwJh tEkynwfonf bk&m;&Sif
ynwfawmfrlaomtcgrSpí omoem ig;axmiftwGif; rysufpD;EdkifoNzifh ]{uawm oHCm} ac:wJh
&[ef;a,musmf;rsm; bdu©KeDrNzpfatmif yOöif;cHay;Ekdifw,fvdkY wkdUu a&;wm/ ta&;MuD;wmu
bk&m;&SifcGifhNyKawmfrlaom tEkynwf ysuf-rysufbJ/ tEkynwfysufvQif bdu©KeDrç
vkyfray;Edkifbl;/ tEkynwf rysufvdkY vkyfay;Ekdifw,f rSwf&r,f}} ponfNzifh ygVd t|uxmrsm;udk
½Gwfum ½Gwfum &Sif;NycJhzl;\/
csD;usL;rukefaom ÓPftpGrf;
wpfaxmufem;av arm&av
a>rESifhusD;rsm; tylaZmfcHí
( 1233 -1299 )
rkd;arSmifusaom nwpfnNzpf\/
wpfwkdufvkH; tdyfarmusaeBuNyD/ q&mawmfBuD;um; tawmif 60-&SdpBuøausmif;ü
vrf;avQmufawmfrlae\/ OD;wdavmu aeaom xaemif;yif teD;&Sduyfausmif;av;qDokdU
vSrf;íBunfhawmfrl&m pBuøaNcvSrf;rsm;yif &yfwefUoGm;\/ taBumif;rSm OD;wdavmu aeaom
ausmif;uav; wpfaqmifvkH; atmufvif;"mwfrD; xGef;xm;ouJhokdU vif;xdefaeonfukd
awGUNrif&aomaBumifh Nzpfonf/
ur®|mef;todjzifh usrf;ñSdjcif;
1/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif;?
2/ yDwd = tvGefyDwdjzpfjcif;?
3/ yó'¨d = udk,fpdwfESpfyg; tvGefat;Nidrf;aejcif;?
4/ t"darmu© = tvGefMunfvifí o'¨gjzpfjcif;?
5/ y*¾[ = tvGef0D&d, rQwjcif;?
6/ okc = tvGef&Tifvef; csrf;omjcif;?
7/ ÓP = tvGeftodÓPf xufjrufjcif;?
8/ Oy|me = tvGef owdxifjcif;?
9/ Oayu©m = Oayu©m tm;aumif;jcif;? ([efcsufnDjcif;)
10/ eduEÅd = (,if;odkU jzpf&onfrsm;udk) ESpfoufom,mjcif;/
ur®|mef;½l;? orm"darSmf
avmuü xHkaq;? arhaq;? wdkUaq;? cwfaq;? yD,aq;? pdwfñdIU? tdyfarGUcs? tmap;cwf paom
twwfynmrsm; &SdouJhodkU rm&fewfwGifvnf; wynfhrsdK;pHk? twwfrsdK;pHk &Sday\/
rdk;ñSif;awm& udk,fawmfMuD;
(1234-1326)
oli,fb0 ZmwdNy
tJhAsrS Nrpfi,f? yvdyf? tif;0? ppfudkif; ½GmaxmifrS wpfqifh rHk½GmbufodkY c&D;qufcJhonf/ rHk&Gm
ra&mufrD cifrGef½Gm r[maAm"d awm&ausmif;ü wpfaxmuf em;vdkuf\/ cifrGef oHk;*dkPf;csKyf
q&mawmfum; a½TusifomoemydkifMuD;uyif av;pm;&í oDvESifh "kwift&mwGif
tvGefxif&Sm;onf/ &mZ*k½kbJGY&wnf;/
v,fwDq&mawmfh Mo0g'
xdktcg v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u-
]]uJ-igh&Sifokre? 0dyóem"k&udk r&rae tm;xkwfrnfqdkvQif Oya' ajcmufcsufudk vdkufem&rnf}}
[k trdefY&Sd&m ]vdkufemygrnf} [k av;av;jrwfjrwfyif uwdûy avonf/ Oya'ajcmufcsufum;-
EGm;½dkif;ESifh a>rqdk;rsm;
v,fwDq&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlí
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u.....
]]at;-aumif;vdkufwmuG,f? tewåa'oem em&awmh tbbk&m; tewåvu©Pokwf a[myHkudk
jrifNyD; Munfñdkvdkufwm/ bk&m;<uvmovdkyJuG,fh? cspfom; vlYjynfrSm tbd"r®mw&m; a[mNyD;NyD/
ewfjynfrSm wpfvSnfh a[mcsdefusNyDvdkU ighem;xJrSm bk&m;&Sif acgif;&if;u <uNyD; rdefYawmfrloHvdk
Mum;ae&w,f}} [k trdefY&Sdavonf/ xdkESpf 0gqdkvjynfhaeY ESpfem&D rdepf 30-wGif
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; pkwd ur®Z½kyf csKyfawmfrlí wynfhBuD;rsm;tm; cGifhyefNyD; rdk;ñSif;wdkufodkU
jyefcJhonf/
w&m;a[mxGufjyD
1294-ckESpfwGif touf 60-jynfUjyD jzpfí xdkESpf wefcl;vwGif yxrqHk; arjrdKUodkU ig;&ufMum
w&m;a[mMuGonf/ 1295-ckESpfaygif;vqkwf 14-&ufaeUwGif rD;&xm;wGJjzLMuD;jzifU armfvjrdKifodkU
w&m;a[m<uonf/ w&m;a[m<urnf&SdpOf &xm;wufcgeD; v,fwDausmif;wdkufMuD;qDodkU
OD;csuefawmUjyD;rS wufawmfrlonf/
rm&fewf\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
arwÅmaygufa&muf &efppfaysmuf
urÇmppfBuD;twGif; AHk;rSefjcif;
ysHvGefawmfrl&m tHhzG,frsm;
wpfb0ESifh wpfoHo&m
odrfawmif tif;rBuD;awm&
awm& q&mawmf
( 1237 - 1283 )
odrfawmif*dkPf;\ ordkif;tp
nae ig;em&D a&cyf/ bk&m;yef; a& rD;vª/ 6-em&D 0wfwuf/ NyD;vQif pmtH/ 9-em&D xdk;NyD;
bk&m;a&SUrSm wnDwñGwfwnf; okomef"kwif aqmufwnfí okomefoGm;/ eHeuf av;em&D rxdk;rD
okomefu acgif;rsm;udk xrf;cJhMuí ig;em&D qefûywfaomuf/ pmwuf-qGrf;cH/ aeY wpfem&Dusdef;/
pmwuf pmtH yef;a&csrf;uyf/ wHjrufvSnf; tNrJ tm;xkwfMu&onf/
xdkYaemuf q&mBuD; OD;rSifcJ? trdefYawmf& OD;zdk;vSJY? ausmif;'um OD;zdk;um? a':pDykwdkY yifhí vdrfyif
a&v,fausmif; <uMu&\/ w&m;a[m? ESpfn? eHeufapmapm anmifyif&Gmu pmoif (qm*sif)
OD;yOÆif;BuD; ESifhtwl oHk;yg; odrfawmifodrfudk vmMunfh/ csHKrsm; ydwfae/ ql;av ayg\/
ta&;tajymtiftm; tuJjzwfenf;
pGef;vGef;q&mawmf OD;u0d
( 1239 - 1314 )
OD;u0d ax&my'gef
woaE¨aE¨ wayvsOf;vsOf; wnSOf;qdk;qdk; trsdK;rsdK; tzHkzHk oufwHkwufwHk qlMuHKedrfYjrifU w
jzifUwpfyg; qHkvnfEGm;odkU ajy;oGm;usifvnf cJY&aom b0oHo&m wpfcGifü trQifrjywf vlewf
wd&pämef aemufaMumif;jyefí jyefMunfUrqHk;atmif &SdaeawmU\/
tarSmifcGif;rnfY qDrD;wpfaxmif
OD;ausmf'ifESifY ra&T&nfwdkUonf xdkESpfwGif txdkuftavsmuf aomifomojzifY ,m wpf uGufudkyif
0,f,lumZeD;armifESH ,m&Sif; ckwfxGifaeMu&m-
]][. . .rGef;ausmf'if? rif; paej*dK[fxJrSm ygvm;uG? at; aMumufawmUvJ odyfraMumuf eJU aygU?
rif;tdrfrSm ajcESpfacsmif; xGufudef;vJ awGUae&w,f}} [k ajymvdkuf&m-
raow&m;um; rawGUao;acs/
]]todvkduf&ao;w,f}} [k qdkí. . .
]]b,fvdk todvkduf&rwHk;}} [k ar;vQif . . .
]]od...od...odaygUuGm}} [k vG,fvG,fyif OD;a&Tvkyfu ajym\/
]]todvdkufawmU bmjzpfrwHk;}} [k OD;ausmf'ifu ar;jyefí...
]]ukodkvf&wmaygYuGm}} [kom ajzavonf/ OD;ausmf'ifuvnf;...
]igvkyf&if rkcs &-&r,f} [k wpfxpfcs pGJjrJ,HkMunfoGm;jyD jzpfí...
]]ukodkvf&&if vkyfr,fAsm}} [k qdkum xdktodavmufrQjzifU tmemygeudk pwifcJY&&Sm\/
tm;uszG,fMuD;ygay/
‘]]wuf[m wuf[m}} [k tm;ay;&if; pdwfu trSDvkdufí MunfU&m wdrfay: odkUyif a&muf oGm;\/
a<u;&Sif;aejyD? Mum;r0ifapESifU
ewfqGrf;pm;í w&m;ppfcHjcif;
rdw¦Dvmblwmü jrif;jcH&xm; qdkufa&mufvm\/ rGef;vGJ 12-em&D xdk;&ef rdepf 30-rQom vdkawmU
onf/ bkef;awmfMuD; ESpfyg;ESifU 'um ESpfa,muf &xm;ay:rS qif;vmMu\/ 'umESpfa,mufrSm
rGef;vGJvk jyD jzpfí bkef;awmfMuD;ESpfyg;\ qGrf;udpötwGuf pdwfylaeMuonf/
uodkPf;&ItjyD; rm&fewf0if
jyqdkcJUonfUtwdkif; OD;u0d uodkPf;&Ií atmifjrifjyD;aemuf a&vnfq&mawmfMuD;u avmuDt
aMumif;rsm;udkcsnf; ar;ar;ae\/ t&d,mMuD;rsm;twGuf avmuDtm&HkjzifU ae&onfrSm 'ku©opöm
t0iftyg jzpfí vGefpGm jiD;aiGUMuukef\/
] y#dordÇ'gywÅ} [lonf &kyfemrf obm0udk o'´g teuf ponf cGJjcm; a0zefí trSefwus xdk;xGif;
odjrifoGm;onfU todOmPfxl; &ol[k qdkvdkay\/ t&d,mwdkif; y#da0"tjzpf a&mufonfudkyif
]y#dordÇ'gOmPf &onf}[k qdkonf/
a':a&T&nf rsuf&nfESifhyifh
ol[kwf&if [kwfvdrfhr,f
a[mawmfrlyHkum;....
q&mawmfonf 1301 ckESpfu wpfBudrf? 1311 ckESpf Ak'¨omoem e*¾[ tzGJYuyifhí wpfBudrf?
1313 ckESpf abmufaxmf pGef;vGef;*lXme odrforkwf&ef wpfBudrf? &efukefodkY <ua&muf
csD;jr§ihfonfudk awGY&\/
pGef;vGef;q&mawmftm;
usrf;*efESifh ppfar;MuyHk
ar;/...../ pu©KeJY ½lyg½Hk NydKifaomtcg pu©Ku ½lyg½HkxH oGm;ovm;? ½lyg½Hku pu©KxH vmavovm;/
ajz/...../ pu©KuvJ roGm;? ½lyg½HkuvJ rvmygbk&m;/
ar;/...../ 'gjzifh b,fhES,fjrifEdkifowHk;As/
ajz/...../ olYowådu a&S;½laomtcg jrifjcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifyg\bk&m;/
ar;/...../ 'gjzifh ½lyg½Hku vmwmayghAsm;/
ajz/...../ rvmygbk&m;/ (Oyrm) aeudkMunfhaom olonf ae\ owåd ta&miftvif;
rsufpdusdef;jcif;om &Sdyg\ bk&m;/ ae0ef;BuD;u rsufpdxJ 0ifvmonf r[kwfyg/ rsufpduvnf;
ae0ef;xJ 0ifoGm;onf r[kwfyg bk&m;/
aeprf;ygtHk;Asm?
tif;-'D[mu ]or®oeÓPf}
oHk;oyfvdkufawmh jzpfysufwmu ]O',AÁ,ÓPf}
ysufwmu ]b*FÓPf}
aMumufwmu ]b,ÓPf}
&GHUwmu ]tm'De0ÓPf}
at; [kwfayw,fAs? [kwfayw,f/
j*Kyfyifq&mawmfu OD;u0dtm;-
pmawGUESifUvufawGU ndSEdIif;ppfaq;MuyHk
1287-ckESpf awmfovif;vqef; 3 &ufaeU nae 6 em&D tcsdefwGif zufyiftdkif q&mawmf
bk&m;MuD; <uvmawmffrlaomtcg q&mawmf OD;ykn? OD;Zm*& paom &[ef; awmfrsm;vnf;
ygMu\/
]]rSefvSyg bk&m;}}
]]uJ OD;yknwdkU OD;Zm*&wdkU? OD;u0d ESifU pum;ajymMuyg bk&m;? wynfYawmfawmU arm ao;w,f/}}
ar;/ / wpfyg;udk wpfyg; rSD&wmudk tazmfqdkvQif ]]pdawÅe ed,kwÅH apwoduH}} qdkovdk r*fESifUtwll
,SOfazmf,SOfzuf jzpfwJU apwoduf 36-yg;udk r*f\
tazmfvdkU rac: xdkufaybl;vm; bk&m;/
ajz/ /tJ'D 36-yg;aom apwodufvJ r*f\ tazmfr[kwfao;bl;? r*fESifU ]o[um&D um&P} om
jzpfao;w,f? ]ork', opömudk y,f&mü r*ftm;&Sdatmif tm;udk;tm;xm; rSDcdkp&m r[kwf} aom
aMumifU tazmfr[kwfao;bl;/
3-em/ /ajymprf;yg/
jcH/ /ajymjyD;ygjyD bk&m;/
3-em/ / ajymprf;yg/
jcH/ /q&mawmfrsm;udk avQmufjyD;om;yg bk&m;/
uEéDa&Todrfawmf awm&q&mawmf
]]tr,fav; igUom;&,f....'Dpmtkyfuav; vufwpf0g;avmufudk udk;&ufawmif usufae&&if
igUom; b,frSm pmwwfawmUrwHk;}}
q&mawmf\ tavUtxrsm;
q&mawmfonf 0denf;udk tvGefav;pm;\/ av;pm;rSvnf; MudKufonf/ qGrf;uyfvQif tuGJttuf
taMumif;ygaom yef;uefjzifU uyfvQif yef;uefyg pGefUypfvdkufonf/ ]aeUzdkU npm csefxm;í
rpm;&} [laom oEéd"dodu©myk'ft& usifUoHk;jcif; jzpfonf/ odu©myk'f tao;tzGJuav; rStp
i,fpOfuyif txl;owdjyK a&SmifMuOfvdkufemavU &Sd\/
a,m*DtcsdKUum; ]] Mo&rwåuH oDvH=( orm"dynmwdkUudkaxmufaomf) oDvonf tnHUpm;}} [k
a[mawmfrlonfudk tzsm;qGwfívnf;aumif;? ]] w&m;rSwfae&if oDvr*¾ifoHk;yg; ( or®m0gpm-
ur®EÅ-tmZD0) tvdkvdk ygoGm;jyD;om;? oDv 'Davmuf ta&;rMuD;ygbl;}} [kvnf;aumif;
txifa&mufwwfukef\/ tvdkvdkygonfum; rSef\/ tjrJ&IrSwfzdkUum;rvG,f/
oDvonf vufajc (p&P) ozG,fjzpf\/ vufajcrygbJ bmudkrQvkyfí r&/ ydkí xif&Sm; onfrSm
pufbD;pD;olonf vufrjidrfvQif? twuftqif; ajceif;rI cg;jidrfrIr&SdvQif pD;oGm;í r&/ ajc?
vuf? cg; Edkifeif;oGm;vQif wpfcsufeif;vdkuf&HkjzifU olU t&SdefESifUol ajy;oGm;awmUonf/ ajceif;rI?
vufxdef;rI udpö txl;vkyfzG,frvdk/ tvdkvdk t&Sdefü ygoGm;avjyD/ þodkUom rSwf,l
usifUoHk;xdkufukef\/
1/a,m*Dyg&*lusrf; (1285)?
2/opöyg&*lusrf; (1293)?
3/0d0¥yg&*lESifU o&Pyg&*l?
4/"r®0d'l?
5/okZeyg&*l?
6/'óe yg&*l?
7/tm&a'¨g0g' pmwrf;?
8/'d|dy[m,u pmwrf;
9/uvsmPkyÜg'usrf;/
aoQmifMuD;aAGESifU rwifrus
q&mawmfonf rdw¬dvmc&dkif 0rf;wGif;jrdKUe,f (xD;vIdifwdkuf) a&TwGif;wl; qnfMuD;&Gmü 1244-ckESpf
0gqdkvjynfUausmf ig;&uf t*FgaeU zGm;jrifonf/ rdbrsm;rSm ukefonf OD;ausmU-a':aumif;/
2/ aomw.....em;tMunf
aomw "mwfç em;0dnmPf ab;&ef cyfodrf; uif;jidrf; csrf;omygap/
3/ Cme....ES
Cme macgif;tMunf"mwfçESmacgif; 0dnmPf.../
4/ ZD0Sm.....vQmtMunf"mwfç vQm0dnmPf..../
5/ um,....ud
um, k,fvHk;tMunf"mwfç udk,fvHk;0dnmPf.../
6/ raem'Gg&....raem
& tMunf"mwfç raem0dnmPf ab;&ef cyfodrf; uif;jidrf;csrf;omygap/
&[Eåmruav;
«0Dwduúrudavom uG,fikyfpOf t&d,m xifaom om"u0w¬Krsm;»
]]odEdkifrSmygyJbk&m;}} [k avQmufMu\/
awmwd&dpämef&dkif;rsm; ,Ofyg;vm
pdwfoGm;wdkif;udk,fyg vdk&modkU<u
awGUoifUu awGU&\
&\
q&mawmf tjrdKUjrdKU t&Gm&Gm qGrf;cH<ua&mufonfqdkaom taMumif;ESifUpyfí q&mawmf tm;
avQmufxm;MuonfrSm wpfqifUpum;wdkUonfom rsm;ukef\/ xdktxJwGif 1322-ckESpf?
waygif;vqef; ig;&ufaeUwGif qDqHk&Gm 'umrMuD;wpfOD;u udk,fwdkifyif qGrf;avmif;vª& aMumif;
avQmufxm;onfrSm ydkí cdkifvHkaeonf/
xyfqifUMunfndkzG,f udk,fawGUrsm;
oydwftdkif q&mawmf bk&m;MuD;ESifUpyfí pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif ryg&Sdao;aom tHUMo zG,f?
MunfndkzG,frsm;udk wynfUMuD;rsm;xHrS xyfrHMum;em&onfUtwdkif; azmfjyygOD;tUH/
awGU&jyefawmUvJ 0rf;enf;0rf
;0rf;om
]]rif;b,folvJ}}
]]wynfUawmf anmifav;yifu 0go0yg t&Sifbk&m;}}
oHk;Mudrf uefawmUcGifUay;jcif;
================================================== =======
a&m*gra&G; arwåmaq;
================================================== ===========
o'´gvGefí xGufajy;&
0wå&m; aESmifU,SufrIMuD
MuD;
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----
rsufawmifrcwfaom tvªU'g,um
------------------------------------------------------
xdkifae&if; tvkyfyrf sm;&
iSuf&[ef;ESifU <uuf&[ef;
vlyGJpm; ewfyGJpm;
1/iHiHkpm;-bl
m; rdeufoef ajrMueftwwfjzifU ajrcHa&cH pdkufysdK;rIudk ajyma[mí 0rf;ausmif;pm; aomuf
&aom &[ef;/
2/armUpm;
armUpm;-aeveu©
armUpm; wf j*dK[fuyfj*dK[fyl; twwfjzifU 0rf;ausmif; pm;aomufaom &[ef;/
3/wl
wl&lMunfUpm;-
pm; vl'um 'umrwdkU\ taptyg; cHum t&yfav;rsufESmvSnfUvnf oGm;vm?
aqmif&Gufay;jyD;rS xrif;pm;&aom &[ef;?
4/axmi
axmif
axmifUMunfUpm;-omoemES
pm; ifUzDvmaxmifU&yfjzpfaom t*F0dZÆm?vu©PmaA'if? "mwf&dkuf
"mwfqif? tif;tdkifcvJU?vufzGJU *gxmrEÅmef? bdk;awmf bGm;awmf 0dZÆm"dk&fvrf;pOf uefawmUyGJxdk;í
0rf;ausmif;aom &[ef;/
-----------------------------------------------------------
ta&;MuD;aom tajccHwefcdk;
q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;aeUjrifuGif;
omoemU tvif;a&mif
------------------------------------------------------------
vu©Pma&; oHk;yg;
MudKuf&mwpfckwnf;a&G; t[kwfvkyf
----------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
psmefysHjcif;
----------------------------------------------------------------------
oDoDuav;ESifU wpfoufvHk;vGJ
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