01 - Zero Seq Mutual Induction in DBL CKT Lines PDF

Zero Sequence Mutual Induction in Double Circuit Lines & Its Effect on Distance Protection Relay Performance
PEARLet #1
Author: Pradeep Kumar Gangadharan
E En ng giin ne ee er re ed dt to o IIn nn no ov va at te e Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

www.pearlabs.com
About PEARLet: PEARLets are technical notes on specific topics in the area of Power System Protection. These notes are designed to explain concepts that a power system protection application engineers will encounter in their day-to-day professional careers. Through these PEARLets, PEARL attempts to de-mystify many protection application phenomena, kindling interest in fresh electrical engineers to purse a career as Power System Protection Application Engineer. At the same time PEARLets are designed to be interesting to advanced protection application engineers as a good supplementary source of knowledge (we deliberately call it supplementary, as there is nothing to replace real practical knowledge gained on field). To achieve this, PEARLets will include simple physical explanations with analogies, supported by rigorous mathematical derivations and figures to support these explanations. Wherever possible, numerical examples will be included to explain the concept. The author of PEARLets assumes that the readers have a basic, undergraduate level knowledge in electrical engineering. Wherever the author feels it necessary, some fundamentals required to understand the topic of the document will be re-visited. Organization of a PEARLet All PEARLets will follow the following architecture, with some or all of the components listed below; Introducing the topic, concept or issue to state the problem at hand. Brief overview of the problem and its significance to the given application List of the protection terms that are used in the document and their meaning Refresh background knowledge required to understand the concept A detailed analysis discussing various situations, highlighting all important influencing factors. > All known and generally adopted solutions. > Reference to a list of published material including books, articles, papers etc.
> > > > >
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PEARLet #1
Zero Sequence Mutual Induction in Double Circuit Lines & Its Effect on Distance Protection Relay Performance Rev.: A 12th June, 2006 Author : Pradeep Kumar Gangadharan
Table of Contents
1.0 2.0 2.1. 2.2. 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.1. 5.2. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................4 ZERO SEQUENCE MUTUAL INDUCTION AND DISTANCE RELAYS.................................4 CAUSE OF ZERO SEQUENCE MUTUAL INDUCTION ...................................................................... 4 EFFECT ON DISTANCE RELAYS .................................................................................................... 5 DEFINITION OF TERMS: ............................................................................................................................5 REVIEW OF MUTUAL INDUCTION FUNDAMENTALS................................................................6 ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF MUTUAL INDUCTION ON IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT [2]........................................................................................................................................9
PARALLEL LINE IN SERVICE AND FAULT AT REMOTE BUS Y ..................................................... 11 PARALLEL LINE OUT OF SERVICE AND GROUNDED AT BOTH ENDS WITH FAULT AT REMOTE BUS Y .......................................................................................................................................... 15 5.3. PARALLEL LINE IN SERVICE, WITH CURRENT FLOW IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO PROTECTED LINE ........................................................................................................................ 18 5.4. PARALLEL LINE IS LOOPED-IN-LOOPED-OUT ........................................................................... 20 (i). Scenario 1: ....................................................................................................................... 23 (ii). Scenario 2: ....................................................................................................................... 25 (iii). Scenario 3: ....................................................................................................................... 25 6.0 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 7.0 8.0 9.0 VARIOUS SOLUTIONS AND THEIR LIMITATIONS ................................................................. 26 CARRIER AIDED SCHEMES BASED SOLUTION ........................................................................... 26 FIXED CORRECTION OF EARTH FAULT COMPENSATION FACTOR ............................................. 27 DYNAMIC COMPENSATION BY MEASURING PARALLEL LINE NEUTRAL CURRENT ..................... 28 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES ........................................................................................................................... 29 SUMMARIZING THE ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................................37 REFERENCES................................................................................................................................................... 39
2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories
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1.0 Introduction
Performance of distance relays on double circuit lines are affected by the fault current flow in the parallel line. The zero sequence current flowing in the parallel line will introduce an error in the phase to ground impedance measured by the relay on the protected line. The error could be either positive or negative depending on the relative direction of fault current flow in the parallel line with respect to the protected line. This results in the distance relay under-reaching or over-reaching for faults involving ground. In this document this issue is explained from the basics and various scenarios are discussed to help in understanding the problem better. This document will help the reader to understand the causes of the problem, learn how to analyze any given situation for effects of mutual induction and to decide what kind of corrective action (if required) needs to be taken.
2.0 Zero sequence mutual induction and Distance relays

In a double circuit line configuration, two lines are strung on the same tower and run parallel, in close proximity to each other for the entire or part of the distance between two substations. In such a system, during faults, fault currents will flow in both the lines. The amount and direction of fault currents in the two lines would depend on the location of fault, type of fault and status of the lines (in service, out of service, out of service and grounded, etc).
2.1. Cause of zero sequence mutual induction

The current flow in the parallel line will induce voltage in the protected line due to mutual induction. The amount of voltage induced would depend on the tower configuration, which determines the distance between the two lines on the tower. Symmetrical component analysis is a very useful tool to analyze unbalanced faults. Using symmetrical components any three phase unbalanced signal (voltage or current) can be represented as three sets of three phase signals, positive, negative and zero sequence. Positive and negative sequence quantities are balanced, meaning their three phases will have same magnitude and will be displaced by 120 deg. The zero sequence quantities of all three phases are equal in magnitude and in phase. Since positive and negative sequence currents are balanced, their net resultant flux that links with the other line (protected line) to induce voltage would be very less and is generally ignored. However since zero sequence currents of all the three phases are in phase, they will have substantial net resultant flux to link with the protected line and induce voltage in it. In simple terms, only zero sequence current flowing in the parallel line will induce voltage in the protected line (on the same tower). Thus the fault voltage measured by the relay on the protected line would include this induced voltage, which causes the impedance measured by the relay to be higher or lower (depending on the polarity of the induced voltage) than the actual value.
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Since only the voltage induced by the zero sequence currents are substantial and can cause significant mutual induction in a double circuit line, only the unbalanced faults involving ground (which is the only case when zero sequence currents will flow) will cause problems.
2.2. Effect on distance relays

Having seen the cause of induced voltage in the protected line, let us now understand what happens as a result. The magnitude and phase of the induced voltage in the protected line depends on the magnitude and direction of zero sequence current flow in the parallel line. This would in turn depend on factors like; > > > > > Type of fault Fault location System configuration System impedances Status of the parallel line
The voltage measured by the distance relay will now include, - the voltage drop in the line between the relay location and fault due to the current flow in the protected line - the zero sequence voltage induced by the parallel line. Depending on the polarity of the induced voltage, the measured voltage can be higher or lower than the voltage drop in the protected line. Since the measured impedance by the relay is the ratio of the measured voltage and fault current at the relay location, the zero sequence induced voltage can cause the relay to measure higher (when the induced voltage is of same polarity) or lower (when the induced voltage is of opposite polarity) impedance than actual. This will result in the relay under-reaching or over-reaching. Under-reaching can cause a particular zone element of the distance relay to not operate for a fault well within its boundary, whereas over-reaching can cause the zone element of the relay to operate for a fault outside its boundary.
3.0 Definition of terms:

Before getting started with the discussion we will define few terms, which will be used throughout the document. Distance relay: The distance relay whose measurement accuracy is being analyzed, when the line it is protecting is subjected to mutual induction due to the presence of a parallel line. Two, three phase transmission lines running on the same tower. Unless specifically mentioned, both lines run parallel on the same tower for the entire length between the two stations (which are connected by them).
Double circuit line:
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Protected line: Parallel line: Loop-in-loop-out:
Transmission line which the distance relay measurement is being analyzed is protecting.
whose
A Transmission which runs parallel to the protected line and is strung on the same tower. A line running between two sub-stations, which is broken on the way to connect to a third sub-station.
4.0 Review of mutual induction fundamentals

We will start with the review of electromagnetism. When current flows in a conductor it produces a magnetic field around it. The magnetic field is in a plane orthogonal to the plane carrying the current. The magnetic field forms closed flux lines. The direction of the magnetic flux can be explained using the famous Maxwells right hand screw rule, illustrated in figure 4.1. If the thumb of the right hand is aligned in the direction of the current flow in a conductor, the direction of magnetic flux produced by it is given by the direction of the curling fingers. When the current flowing in the conductor is an alternating current, the magnetic field and the resultant flux lines produced are also alternating.
Fig. 4.1: Direction of current flow and resultant magnetic field We can use the knowledge of the above basic phenomenon to understand the direction of induced voltage in a conductor placed in a magnetic field. Figure 4.2 shows a conductor carrying an alternating current I1, flowing from P1 to P2 as marked. This current produces an alternating magnetic field around it and the relative direction of the alternating magnetic flux lines (1) is shown in figure 4.2. When a secondary conductor is placed in this alternating magnetic field of the primary conductor, the alternating flux lines will cut the secondary conductor inducing voltage in it. This is defined by Faradays law. The polarity of the induced emf can be understood by applying the Lenzs law.
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Fig. 4.2: Current flowing in a conductor and the magnetic flux produced around
Faradays law The induced emf in a coil of N loops produced by a change in flux in a certain time interval is given by:
e = N
d dt
Lenzs law The induced emf generates a current that sets up a magnetic field which acts to oppose the change in magnetic flux.
Effect opposes the cause

Let us use Faradays and Lenzs laws to understand the relative direction of the induced emf in the secondary conductor. Figure 4.3 shows a secondary conductor placed in the magnetic field of the primary conductor. When the alternating flux 1,
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cuts the secondary conductor, an emf is induced in the secondary conductor, which will cause a current (I2) to flow in it.
Fig. 4.3: Voltage induced in a secondary conductor placed in the magnetic field of a primary conductor
Fig. 4.4: Relative directions of current flows and flux lines in primary and secondary conductors Lateral view
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The direction of the magnetic field produced by the current I2 (which is the effect) should be such as to oppose the magnetic field of the primary conductor (which is the cause). The direction of flux 2 will be in opposition to 1, as illustrated more clearly in figure 4.4, which is the lateral view of the setup shown in figure 4.3. Applying Maxwells right hand rule we can get the direction of current I2, which would be from S2 to S1, as marked in figure 4.3. For a current I2 to flow to the external circuit in the direction marked, the polarity of the voltage E2 should be as shown in the figure 4.3. Now this is a place when some confusion can creep in. Remember that always current flows from higher potential to lower potential through the external connected load. Whereas in the source, current always flow from lower to higher potential. In the discussion above the primary conductor is the load for the voltage E1 and thus the current flows from the higher potential P1 to lower potential P2. On the other hand the secondary conductor is the source E2 (the voltage is produced in it due to induction), thus the current in the secondary conductor (which is the source) flows from lower potential S2 to the higher potential S1. From this discussion it is clear that voltage would be induced in a secondary conductor placed in the magnetic field of a primary conductor and, the magnitude of induced voltage would depend on the rate of change of flux that links with the secondary conductor and the number of turns in the secondary conductor. the polarity of the voltage induced in the secondary conductor would depend on the direction of the current flow in the primary conductor.
We will use this understanding in the following sections to analyze the effect of mutual induction on the performance of distance protection.
5.0 Analysis of the effect of mutual induction on impedance measurement [2]

Let us start with the simple single ended system shown in figure 5.1. The system shows a local source (Ex) and two parallel lines (Line 1XY & Line 2XY). The distance (R) relay is protecting Line 1XY.
Fig. 5.1: A simple single system with double circuit transmission line
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Figure 5.2 shows the equivalent positive, negative and zero sequence circuits of the system shown in figure 5.1.
Fig. 5.2: Sequence equivalent circuit of the system shown in figure1 where, Expn ZSX1 Z1XY1 Z2XY1 ZS2 Z1XY2 Z2XY2 ZS0 Z1XY0 Z2XY0 ZM0 IR1, IR2, IR0 VR1, VR2, VR0 IP0 V1M0 V2M0 Phase to neutral system source voltage System positive sequence source impedance Positive sequence impedance of Line 1XY Positive sequence impedance of Line 2XY System negative sequence source impedance Negative sequence impedance of Line 1XY Negative sequence impedance of Line 2XY System zero sequence source impedance Zero sequence impedance of Line 1XY Zero sequence impedance of Line 2XY Zero sequence mutual inductance between the two lines (Line 1XY & Line 2XY) Positive, negative and zero sequence currents at the relay location Positive, negative and zero sequence voltages at the relay location Zero sequence current flowing in the parallel line. Zero sequence voltage induced in parallel Line 2XY due to zero sequence current flowing in the protected line Line 1XY. The value of this induced voltage is given by, V1M0 = IR0xZM0. Zero sequence voltage induced in the protected Line 1XY due to zero sequence current flowing in the parallel Line 2XY. The value of this induced voltage is given by, V2M0 = IP0xZM0 10 Of 39
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The way in which the three sequence circuits are connected depends on the type of fault and its location[1]. As we discuss various situations, appropriate connections of these three sequence circuits would be made. Similar sequence equivalent circuits can be drawn for any given system. Once the sequence network connection is made, it is very simple to calculate the fault currents and voltages at different locations using simple circuit analysis techniques. Trust me, sequence network is one of the easiest methods for steady state study of unbalanced faults and requires very basic knowledge. For people who are new to this, if you do it a couple of times, I am sure you will feel at home with this. I am telling this from experience!! On close observation of the three sequence networks, it can be seen that the mutual induction is ignored in positive and negative sequence networks. As stated earlier this is due to fact that the mutual positive and negative sequence impedances of a double circuit line is very less compared to its self positive and negative sequence impedances. The actual value depends on the tower configuration, but generally the positive and negative sequence mutual impedances are as low as 1/12th of the self positive and negative sequence impedances. On the contrary the zero sequence mutual impedance can be as high as 2/3rd of the self zero sequence impedance, which is a considerably high value and can affect the impedance measured by the relay on the protected line in many cases. As part of this analysis, we will study the effect of mutual induction on the performance of the distance relay on the protected line, with the parallel line under the following conditions: 1. Parallel line in service and current flowing in the same direction as in the protected line. 2. Parallel line out of service and grounded at both ends by earth switches. 3. Parallel line in service and current flowing in the opposite direction. 4. Parallel line is looped-in-looped-out on the way. Since the mutual induction is a problem for ground faults only, we will consider only a single phase to ground fault (A phase to Ground) in our analysis.
5.1. Parallel line in service and fault at remote bus Y

Let us consider an A phase to Ground fault on bus Y of the system shown in figure 5.1 and calculate the impedance measured by the relay. The parallel line Line 2XY is in service at that moment. The sequence circuit connection for this condition is shown in figure 5.3. Since the fault is at the bus Y, the fault impedance measured by the relay R should be equal to Z1XY1 (the positive sequence impedance of the line between the relay and fault location).
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Fig. 5.3: Sequence circuit connection for A-G fault at bus Y Parallel line in service. The impedance measured by the AN element of relay R (since its an A to Ground fault) can be calculated using the expression,
Z AN _ meas =
where, ZAN VRAN IRA IRN K
I RA
V RAN + I RN K
- (1)
A phase to neutral fault impedance. A phase to neutral fault voltage at the relay location. A phase fault current measured at the relay location. Neutral fault current measured at the relay location. Earth fault compensation setting given by.
K=
Z1XY0 Z1XY1
Z 1 XY 0 Z 1 XY 1 3 Z 1 XY 1
- (2)
Zero sequence line impedance. Positive sequence line impedance. 12 Of 39
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The A phase and Neutral currents at the relay location can be expressed as;
I RA = I R1 + I R 2 + I R 0 I RN = 3 I R 0
- (3)
From the figure 5.3, we can write the expression for the A phase to neutral voltage at the relay location as,
V RAN = VR1 + VR 2 + VR 0 = I R1 Z1 XY 1 + I R 2 Z1 XY 2 + I R 0 Z1 XY 0 + V2 M 0 = I R1 Z1 XY 1 + I R 2 Z1 XY 2 + I R 0 Z1 XY 0 + I P 0 Z M 0
In a transmission line the positive and negative sequence impedances are equal, i.e., Z1XY1= Z1XY2. Applying this knowledge and also adding and subtracting the term (IR0 x Z1XY1), we can re-write the expression for the fault voltage as,
V RAN = I R1 Z1 XY 1 + I R 2 Z1 XY 1 + I R 0 Z1 XY 0 + I P 0 Z M 0 + I R 0 Z1 XY 1 I R 0 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 1 ( I R1 + I R 2 + I R 0 ) + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I P 0 Z M 0
- (4) Substituting the values of VRAN, IRA, IRN and K from equations 2 to 4 in equation 1, we get,
Z AN _ meas = =
I RA
V RAN + I RN K
Z1 XY 1 ( I R1 + I R 2 + I R 0 ) + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I P 0 Z M 0 Z1 XY 1 Z I RA + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1 Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN I RA ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I P0 Z M 0 3 Z Z1 XY 1 + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1
( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN + I P0 Z M 0 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 1 + I P0 Z M 0 I RA + I RN K
- (5)
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The actual fault impedance is,
Z AN _ act = Z1 XY 1
- (6)
Comparing equations 5 and 6 we can see that the error in the measured impedance due to mutual induction is;
Error =
I P0 Z M 0 I RA + I RN K
In this case the relay will under-reach by a factor of,
I P0 Z M 0 Z I P0 M 0 I + I RN K Z1 XY 1 100 = %Underreach = RA 100 I RA + I RN K Z1 XY 1

- (7)
=
Where, KM IPN
I PN K M 100 I RA + I RN K
ZM0 3 Z1 XY 1 = 3 I P0
- Mutual compensation factor, - Parallel line neutral current,
KM =
I PN
On analyzing equation 7 we can see that the degree of under-reaching due to mutual induction depends on, The mutual compensation factor KM The ratio of the neutral current in the parallel line (IPN) to the compensated current flowing in the protected line (IRA+IRN * K)
It is worthwhile to mention here that the neutral current flowing in the parallel line to feed a fault at the remote bus will be very close to the neutral current flowing in the protected line only if the two lines are of the same type and also originate and end on the same bus at both substations. There can be instances when the parallel line originates or/and ends at a bus different from that of the protected line and the bus coupler between the buses is open. In such cases the fault current flow in the parallel line is independent of the current flow in the protected line and only depends on the strength of the source feeding the parallel line.
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5.2. Parallel line out of service and grounded at both ends with fault at remote bus Y
In the system shown in figure 5.1, when the parallel line is taken out of service and grounded at both ends, the sequence circuits and their connection would be as shown in figure 5.4 for an A phase to Ground fault at the remote bus Y.
Fig. 5.4: Sequence circuit connection for A-G fault at bus Y Parallel line out of service and grounded. Comparing figures 5.3 and 5.4, the following differences can be noticed: 1. The parallel lines positive and negative sequence impedances are left open and thus will not have any influence on the fault current. 2. The zero sequence impedance of the parallel line is connected to ground potential at both ends. 3. Only zero sequence current flows in the parallel line. 4. The zero sequence induced voltage in the parallel line (V1M0) which is due to the zero sequence current flow in the protected line (IR0), is the cause for the zero sequence current flow in the parallel line (IP0). This is unlike case 1, where the
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zero sequence current in the parallel line was due to the fault zero sequence current. Thus the zero sequence current in the parallel line flows in the opposite direction when compared to the zero sequence current flow in the protected line (observe the current flow direction marked in figure 5.4). 5. The polarity of the zero sequence voltage induced in the protected line (due to the zero sequence current flow in the parallel line) is opposite to its own zero sequence voltage (observe the induced voltage polarity marking in figure 5.4). Following a similar procedure as in case 1, the A phase to Ground fault voltage at the relay location can be derived and expressed as,
V RAN = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) V2 M 0
The zero sequence induced voltage in the protected line (V2M0) is given by,
- (8)
V2 M 0 = I P 0 Z M 0
The zero sequence current flow in the parallel line (IP0) is given by,
- (9)
I P0 =
V1M 0 Z 2 XY 0
- (10)
The zero sequence induced voltage in the parallel line (V1M0) is given by,
V1M 0 = I R 0 Z M 0
- (11)
Using equations 9 to 11 in equation 8, the equation for the fault voltage becomes,
V RAN = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) V2 M 0 = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) I P 0 Z M 0 = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 V Z1 XY 1 ) 1M 0 Z M 0 Z 2 XY 0 ZM0 Z 2 XY 0
2
- (12)
= Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) I R 0
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The measured AN impedance now becomes,
Z AN _ meas =
I RA
V RAN + I RN K ZM0 Z 2 XY 0
2
Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) I R 0 = I RA + I RN Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 3 Z1 XY 1
2 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) ZM0 + I Z1 XY 1 I I RN RA R0 Z 3 Z1 XY 1 2 XY 0 = Z1 XY 1 Z I RA + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1
- (13)
Z I R0 M 0 Z 2 XY 0 = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN K
In this case the measured impedance is less than the actual impedance (Z1XY1). This will cause the distance relay to over-reach. The percentage over-reach is given by
I R0 %Overreach = I RA
Z M 02 Z ZM0 Z 2 XY 0 I R0 M 0 Z 2 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 + I RN K 100 100 = I RA + I RN K Z1 XY 1

- (14)
I RN = =
ZM 0 KM 3 Z 2 XY 0 100 I RA + I RN K
ZM0 K M 100 (assumiing I RA = I RN ) 3 Z 2 XY 0 1 + K
We can understand the factors that influence the degree of over-reaching by analyzing equation 14. The main factors are, > Ratio of the mutual compensation factor KM to the line earth fault compensation factor plus 1 (K+1) > The ratio of the zero sequence mutual impedance to three times the parallel line zero sequence impedance. A point worth noting here is that there is no requirement to measure the parallel line neutral current (as was required in case 1) to estimate the degree of over-reach. Just by knowing the values of zero sequence mutual impedance and zero sequence impedance of parallel line we can estimate the error and thus compensate for it. We will utilize this fact later when we discuss various solutions.
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5.3. Parallel line in service, with current flow in the opposite direction to protected line
In some situations we can have a condition where current flow in the parallel line is in the opposite direction to that of the protected line. This can happen when the parallel line is terminated on a bus different from the one on which protected line is terminated and the bus coupler between the two buses is open. If there are in-feeds at the remote bus, then during faults on one of the buses of the remote substation, current flow directions in the protected and parallel lines can be opposite. Figure 5.5 shows such a system and figure 5.6 shows the sequence network connection for an A phase to Ground fault at remote bus Y1.
Fig. 5.5: Two ended system with the remote bus-coupler open. Since we have not considered any fault resistance in this case, the expression for fault voltage at the relay location will be the same as given in equation 8, which is again listed below,
V RAN = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) V2 M 0
Since the zero sequence current in the parallel line now depends on the strength of the remote source connected to bus Y2 (the value of Z2S0), the zero sequence induced voltage on the protected line is fairly independent of its own zero sequence current. This is unlike in case 2, where the zero sequence induced voltage was a function of its own zero sequence current (see equation 14). Thus the fault voltage at the relay location for this case can be written as,
V RAN = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) I P 0 Z M 0
- (15)
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Fig. 5.6: Sequence circuit connection for A-G fault at the remote bus of a two ended system Parallel line in of service with fault current flow in opposite direction. The measured AN impedance in this case can be written as,
Z AN _ meas =
I RA
V RAN + I RN K
Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) I P 0 Z M 0 Z1 XY 1 Z I RA + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1
( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + Z1 XY 1 I I RA RN I P0 Z M 0 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 1 I P0 Z M 0 I RA + I RN K
- (16)
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Again as in case 2, the measured impedance in this case also is less than the actual value, causing the relay to over-reach. The percentage over-reach for this case is given by,
I P0 Z M 0 Z I P0 M 0 I + I RN K Z1 XY 1 %Overreach = RA 100 = 100 Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN K = I PN K M 100 I RA + I RN K
- (17)
On analyzing equation 17 we can see that the degree of over-reaching due to mutual induction depends on, The mutual compensation factor KM The ratio of the neutral current in the parallel line (IPN) to the compensated current flowing in the protected line (IRA+IRN * K)
Also note that the parallel line neutral current depends primarily on the strength of the source feeding it.
5.4. Parallel line is looped-in-looped-out

Once in a while a situation may occur where a line is broken in between two substations and taken to a third substation to form what is called a Loop-in-loopout (LILO) system. The degree of influence the parallel line can have on the protected line relay measurement would depend on the distance for which both lines run parallel. The system being discussed here is shown in figure 5.7 below.
Fig. 5.7: Double circuit line with LILO and source on all three ends.
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In the system shown in figure 5.7, the protected Line XY goes from bus X to bus Y (over a distance of d km) The parallel line which is running on the same tower is broken at point T (at a distance of d1 km from bus X) and taken to another bus Z (over a distance of m1 km). A line from bus Z goes to bus Y to complete the Loop-in-loop-out (over a distance of m2+d2 km). This is a very common arrangement in a LILO system. It has to be noted that the Line XZ runs parallel to the protected line from bus X to point T. Whereas from point T to bus Y, the Line ZY becomes the parallel line. Both these segments will induce zero sequence voltages in the protected line during ground faults. Usually in such applications the distance d1+d2=d and m1=m2, but this is not always true and entirely depends on the line construction. The magnitude and polarity of the zero sequence voltage induced in the protected line would depend on the magnitude and direction of current flowing in each of the two parallel line segments. As you would have guessed by now, there are many possibilities for this depending on the relative strengths of the three sources and fault location. To proceed with our analysis, we will consider a fault at bus Y (as in the earlier cases). This gives us three possible scenarios of fault current flow in the parallel line. They are shown in figure 5.8.
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Fig. 5.8: Different fault current flow possibilities in a LILO parallel line.
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(i). Scenario 1: In this situation, the fault current flow in the parallel line is also in the same direction as that of the protected line. This will happen when the local source is much stronger than the two remote sources and/or the source Z is electrically much closer to the remote bus Y. The equivalent circuit and their connection for this situation for an A phase to Ground fault is shown in figure 5.9.
Fig. 5.9: Sequence circuit connection for A-G fault at the remote bus of a two ended system Parallel line LILO with fault current flow in same direction.
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The expression for the fault voltage at the relay location for this scenario can be written as,
V RAN = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I PXT 0 a1Z M 0 + I PTY 0 a 2 Z M 0

where, a1 Per-unit length for which the line segment XT is in parallel with the protected line.
a1 =
a2
Per-unit length for which the line segment TY is in parallel with the protected line.
d1 , d
{d1<d}
a2 =
If the LILO is made at the two adjacent towers, then we can write a2 as,
d2 , d
{d2<d}
a2 =
Thus,
(d d1) d1 = 1 d d
d1 d1 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 d d
- (18)
V RAN = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I PXT 0
The expression for the measured impedance can be written as,
Z AN _ meas =
I RA
V RAN + I RN K d1 d1 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 d d Z Z1 XY 1 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1
Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I PXT 0 I RA + I RN
( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) d1 d1 Z1 XY 1 + I PXT 0 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 I RA + I RN 3 Z1 XY 1 d d = Z Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 1 + I PXT 0 d1 d1 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 d d I RA + I RN K

- (19) As in case 1, in this case also the measured impedance is higher than the actual impedance, causing the relay to under-reach. The percentage under-reach is given,
24 Of 39
PEARLet #1
I PXT 0 %Overreach = I PXT 0 = I PXTN
d1 d1 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 d d I RA + I RN K 100 Z1 XY 1 d1 Z M 0 d1 Z + I PTY 0 1 M 0 d Z1 XY 1 d Z1 XY 1 100 I RA + I RN K d1 d1 + I PTYN 1 d d K M 100 I RA + I RN K

- (20)
On analyzing equation 20 we can see that in this case the degree of under-reaching due to mutual induction depends on, The mutual compensation factor KM The product of the parallel line neutral current at the local end and the fraction of the total distance for which the lines run parallel from the local end. The product of the parallel line neutral current at the remote end and the fraction of the total distance for which the lines run parallel at the remote end. The ratio of the sum of the above products to the compensated current flowing in the protected line (IRA+IRN * K).
(ii). Scenario 2: In this situation, the fault current flow in the parallel line is in the opposite direction to that of the protected line. This will happen when the bus coupler between the bus at which the remote source is connected and the faulted bus at station Y is open. In this case the impedance measured by the distance relay will be similar to that shown in equation 19 except for the sign of the zero sequence induced voltage. Hence resulting in reduced impedance measurement and causing the relay to overreach. This is shown in equation 21.
Z AN _ meas = Z 1 XY 1
I PXT 0
d1 d1 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 d d I RA + I RN K
- (21)
The over-reach factor will be identical to that given in equation 20. (iii). Scenario 3: In this scenario, the fault current flows in the two sections of the parallel lines are different. In the local part of the parallel line (segment XT), the fault current flows in the opposite direction to the fault current flow in the protected line. In the remote section of the parallel line (segment TY), the fault current flows in the same direction
25 Of 39
PEARLet #1
as the current flow in the protected line. This will happen when the source Z is much stronger than the local source and/or is electrically closer to the local source. The measured impedance in this case would be
Z AN _ meas = Z1 XY 1
I PXT 0
d1 d1 Z M 0 I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 d d I RA + I RN K
This brings up a very peculiar condition to our discussion. Three situations can arise: (a)
I PXT 0
d1 d1 > I PTY 0 1 ; The measured impedance will be less than the d d

d1 d1 < I PTY 0 1 ; The measured impedance will be more than the d d d1 d1 = I PTY 0 1 ; The measured impedance will be same as the d d
actual impedance, causing the distance relay to over-reach. (b) I PXT 0
actual impedance, causing the distance relay to under-reach. (c) I PXT 0
actual impedance and there will be no effect on the relay due to mutual induction.
6.0 Various solutions and their limitations

The problem of zero sequence mutual induction affecting the distance protection relays has been known for a very long time. As can be expected there are different solutions available with each having its own limitations. In this section we will see few of the most widely used solutions. I am sure that there would more solutions out there in the field.
6.1. Carrier aided schemes based solution

One solution is to allow the carrier aided distance protection schemes to take care of the under-reaching / over-reaching problem introduced due to zero sequence mutual induction. This solution is based on the assumption that for a fault in the protected line, the current flow in the parallel line will be in one direction for the entire length. In such a case if one end relay on the protected line under-reaches, then the other end relay will over-reach. Thus a Permissive Over Reach (POR) transfer trip scheme would provide instantaneous protection for the entire length of the protected line. This will work well for faults in the protected line section with the parallel line running for the entire length of the protected line (cases 5.1, 5.2 & 5.3). However, for faults on the remote bus or after it, with current in the parallel line flowing in the opposite direction (as in cases 5.2 & 5.3), the relay on the protected line can overreach. The over-reaching can be more severe when the parallel line is out of service
26 Of 39
PEARLet #1
and grounded (case 5.2). When the parallel line is LILO, then situations explained in case 54, scenarios 2 and 3a can also cause over-reaching for faults beyond the protected line. This can only be addressed by reducing the zone 1 setting of the protection relay accounting for the worst case scenario. This may not be advisable in many situations as then a large section of the protected line will depend on the carrier aided scheme for instantaneous fault clearance. However to address the issue when the parallel line is grounded, the only option is to reduce the setting. Multiple setting groups can be used with a dedicated group for this situation, which is switched using the parallel line earth switch.
6.2. Fixed correction of earth fault compensation factor

This is a rather crude, but sometimes effective solution. In this solution the earth fault compensation of the distance relay is set accounting for the zero sequence mutual compensation also. That is the earth fault compensation of the distance relay is set as,
K Eff = K + K M =
where,
Z 0 Z1 Z M 0 + 3 Z1 3 Z1
Z1 Positive sequence impedance of the protected line Z0 Zero sequence impedance of the protected line ZM0 Zero sequence mutual inductance between the two lines With this compensation the impedance measured by the relay for a fault at the remote bus becomes (referring to figure 5.3),
Z AN _ meas = =
I RA
V RAN + I RN (K + K M )
Z1 XY 1 ( I R1 + I R 2 + I R 0 ) + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I P 0 Z M 0 Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ZM0 I RA + I RN + 3 Z 3 Z1 XY 1 1 XY 1 Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN I RA + I RN Z ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I PN M 0 3 3 Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ZM0 + I RN 3 Z1 XY 1 3 Z1 XY 1
ZM 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) Z1 XY 1 + I PN I RA + I RN 3 Z1 XY 1 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ZM0 I RA + I RN + I RN 3 Z1 XY 1 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 1 {only if I PN = I RN }
27 Of 39
PEARLet #1
As you would have realized by now, this will only work if the neutral current in the parallel line is equal to the neutral current in the protected line and also in the same direction. This will be true only when the fault is on or beyond the remote bus with the remote bus coupler closed. The biggest problem with this solution is that since this is a static compensation (done once via setting), when the parallel line current is different, the correction can be erroneous. The worst case is when the neutral current in the parallel line is in the opposite direction to neutral current in the protected line. For this reason, though used in some application in earlier days, this is not an advisable remedy.
6.3. Dynamic compensation by measuring parallel line neutral current

In this solution, dynamic compensation is provided for the zero sequence mutual induction. This is done by measuring the neutral current flowing in the parallel line and using this to offset the error in measurement. The relay is set with both the self earth fault compensation (K) and mutual zero sequence compensation (KM). The relay measured impedance for a remote bus fault is then given by,
Z AN _ meas = =
I RA + I RN
VRAN K + I PN K M
Z1 XY 1 ( I R1 + I R 2 + I R 0 ) + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I P 0 Z M 0 Z1 XY 1 Z ZM0 + I PN I RA + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1 3 Z1 XY 1 Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN I RA + I RN Z ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I PN M 0 3 3 Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ZM0 + I PN 3 Z1 XY 1 3 Z1 XY 1
ZM0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + + Z1 XY 1 I I I RA RN PN Z Z 3 3 1 XY 1 1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 1 Z ZM0 + I PN I RA + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 1
This is the correct fault impedance. This type of compensation works effectively for all faults in the protected line and faults beyond the remote bus. However this kind of compensation can result in the relay mal-operating for close-up faults on the parallel line. This is particularly true when the local source is very strong, in which case the zero sequence current in the parallel line can be very high as compared to the zero sequence fault current in the protected line. In such cases the relay can wrongly decide the fault (which is on the parallel line, which is actually
28 Of 39
PEARLet #1
in the reverse direction for the relay) as a forward fault and trip in zone 1 instead of reverse zone. The numerical example in the next section illustrates this problem. One way to overcome this problem is to apply a cut-off limit on the zero sequence mutual compensation. Some relays implement this by providing zero sequence mutual compensation only when the parallel line neutral current to protected line neutral current ratio is within a limit. A typical value of 1.5 is recommended as this limit. Sometimes this limit is provided as a setting in the relay [3]. Thus if, IPN/IRN < limit, Zero sequence mutual compensation applied. IPN/IRN > limit, Zero sequence mutual compensation is not applied.
7.0 Numerical examples

In this section few numerical examples are discussed to reinforce the analysis in the earlier sections. Example 1: In the system shown in figure 7.1, a fault occurs at 80% of the line 1XY. Parallel line in service and present for the whole length. We will calculate the impedance measured by the relay RX1 and RY1 with and without zero sequence mutual compensation.
Fig. 7.1: Two ended double circuit line with fault at 80% of the protected line The system parameters are as given below, Source : System voltage = 230 kV ZSX1 = ZSY1 = 40 85 ZSX0 = ZSY0 = 120 80 Line: Line length = 100 km ZL1 = 0.4 80 ZL0 = 1.2 75
Positive sequence source impedances Zero sequence source impedances
Positive sequence line impedance Zero sequence line impedance 29 Of 39
PEARLet #1
ZMO = 0.8 75
Zero sequence mutual impedance of line
For a solid A phase to Ground fault at 80% of the protected line from Bus X, the voltages and currents at the two relay locations can be calculated. The simplest way is to draw the sequence network and calculate the sequence currents and voltages and then the phase values. The values obtained for this fault are given below. At relay RX1 location: VRXA = 53. 782 -3.45 kV VRXB = 140.65 -129.12 kV VRXC = 142.03 128.67 kV 80.82A At relay RY1 location: VRYA = 23.079 -3.76 kV VRYB = 151 -134.71 kV VRYC = 154.87 133.31 kV 80.82A ; ; IRXA = 877.55 -80.82A ; IRXB = IRXC = 0 A IRXN = IRXA + IRXB + IRXC = 877.55 -
; ; ;
IRYA = 1864.3 -80.82A IRYB = IRYC = 0 A IRYN = IRYA + IRYB + IRYC = 1864.3 -
The A phase to neutral loop impedance measured by relay RX1 will be,
Z RX _ AN =
Where,
I RXA
VRXA + I RXN K
K=
Z 0 Z1 = 0.6686 7.49 3 Z1
Z RX _ AN =
53782 3.45 877.55 80.82 + 877.55 80.82 0.6686 7.49
= 36.805279.8204
Since the actual fault is at 80%, the measured impedance should have been ZRX_AN act = 0.4 80 x 100 x 0.8 = 32 80 Thus the relay RX1 will under-reach and see the fault well outside zone 1. Similarly we can calculate the impedance seen by the remote relay RY1. The value obtained is,
Z RY _ AN =
23079 3.76 1864.3 80.82 + 1864.3 80.82 0.6686 7.49 = 7.4345780.06
30 Of 39
PEARLet #1
The actual impedance that should have been measured by RY1 is, ZRY_AN act = 0.4 80 x 100 x 0.2 = 8 80 And here we see that the relay RY1 over-reaches and will surely operate in zone 1. The characteristics of both end relays, the measured and actual impedances are shown in figure 7.2.
X End Relay 50 Y End Relay 50Impedance Measured Actual Impedance jX 40 jX
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
-10 -10 0 10 20
-10 -10 0 10 20
Fig. 7.2: Actual and measured fault impedances due to zero sequence mutual induction If a permissive over-reach transfer trip scheme was used (where zone 2 start element is used to send carrier), both end relays would trip instantaneously. If the relays RX1 and RY1 were provided with mutual compensation, then it would have been fed with the parallel line neutral current also. The parallel line mutual current at both ends are calculated from the fault calculation as, Parallel line neutral current at end X is, IPXN = 329.22 -79.64 A Parallel line neutral current at end Y is, IPXN = 329.22 100.36 A Now the impedance measured by the relay RX1, which is provided with zero sequence mutual compensation would be,
31 Of 39
PEARLet #1
Z RX _ AN =
Where,
I RXA + I RXN
V RXA K + I PXN K M
KM =
ZM0 = 0.6667 5 3 Z1
53782 3.45 877.55 80.82 + 877.55 80.82 0.6686 7.49 + 0.6667 5 329.22 79.62
Z RX _ AN =
= 3280
Similarly the impedance measured by the compensated relay RY1 is,
Z RY _ AN =
23079 3.76 1864.3 80.82 + 1864.3 80.82 0.6686 7.490.6667 5 329.22100.36
= 880
Figure 7.3 below shows the correct impedance measured by the compensated relays.
X End Relay 50 50 Measured Impedance Actual Impedance 40 jX 30 30 jX Y End Relay
40
20
20
10
10
-10 -10 0 10 20
-10 -10 0 10 20
Fig. 7.3: Actual and measured fault impedances by zero sequence mutual compensated relays
32 Of 39
PEARLet #1
These measured impedances are exactly equal to the actual fault impedances. Thus it is clear that relays provided with dynamic zero sequence mutual compensation (by measuring the parallel line current) will measure the correct fault impedance. Example 2: In this example I will illustrate how a zero sequence mutual compensated relay can potentially mal-operate for close-up faults on the parallel line. I will use the same system given in figure 7.1 and consider a A phase to ground fault at 5% of the parallel line from Bus X. The fault voltage and currents measured by relay RX1 is given as, VRXA = 10.898 -4.91 kV IRXA = 546.71 99.89A IRXN = 546.71 99.89A The neutral current on the parallel line (which is given to the relay RX1 for mutual compensation) is calculated as, IPXN =2337 -81.34 A The impedance seen by the A phase to neutral element of relay RX1 (with zero sequence mutual compensation) can be calculated as, Leading fault current angle indicates fault is in the reverse direction
Z RX _ AN = =
I RXA + I RXN
V RXA K + I PXN K M
10898 4.91 546.7199.81 + 546.7199.81 0.6686 7.49 + 0.6667 5 2337 81.34
= 16.7485.95
From the value of impedance measured we can see that relay RX1 will operate in zone 1. Figure 7.4 shows the actual and measured impedance seen by the relay RX1 for this case. This illustrates the point we discussed in section 6.3 of mal-operation with unmonitored zero sequence mutual compensation. As we discussed in that section if we control the compensation based on the ratio of the parallel to own zero sequence current then in this case zero sequence compensation would not have been done (since IPXN/RRXN = 2337/546.71 = 4.27 > 1.5). Without zero sequence mutual compensation, the relay RX1 would have seen the fault as a reverse fault as is shown in the calculation below.
33 Of 39
PEARLet #1
Z RX _ AN = =
I RXA + I RXN
V RXA K + I PXN K M
10898 4.91 546.7199.81 + 546.7199.81 0.6686 7.49 = 11.971 - 101.80

X End Relay jX
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Measured Impedance Actual Impedance
R 15 20 25
Fig. 7.4: Relay seeing a reverse fault on the parallel line as a forward fault Example 3: This example is used to illustrate the effect of zero sequence mutual induction and its compensation when the parallel line runs only for a part of the total line length. We will use the system shown in figure 7.5 to illustrate this case. The values of system parameters are same as that given in example 1. The only difference is that the parallel line runs only to a distance d1 on the same tower. The impedance between bus Y and Z will decide the amount of fault current flowing in the parallel line. We will consider a single phase to ground fault at bus Y with d=100km, d1= 50km. Also we will consider that the sum of impedances ZXZ+ZZY = 5*ZXY.
34 Of 39
PEARLet #1
Fig. 7.5: Two ended double circuit line with parallel line only for a fraction of the protected line length The fault current and voltage at relay R location can be calculated as, VRXA = 60.102 -2.80 kV IRXA = 867.636 -79.73A IRXN = 867.636 -79.73A The neutral current flowing in the parallel line is, IPXN = 173.527 -79.73 A The impedance seen by the A phase to neutral element of relay RX1 (without zero sequence mutual compensation) can be calculated as,
Z RX _ AN = =
I RXA
V RXA + I RXN K
60102 2.8 867.636 79.73 + 867.636 79.73 0.6686 7.49
= 41.6079.92
The fault is at bus Y, which means the actual impedance should have been 40. Thus the relay will under-reach in this case. Providing zero sequence mutual compensation would help in this case, however the mutual compensation factor KM has to be set considering the fact that the parallel line only runs on the same tower for a part of the protected line. Thus in this case the KM setting should be,
35 Of 39
PEARLet #1
KM =
d1 Z M 0 = 0.3334 5 d 3 Z1
The measured and actual impedance in the impedance plane and the relays zone 1 characteristics is shown in figure 7.6.
X End Relay 60 jX 50 Measured Impedance Actual Impedance
40
30
20
10 R 0 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Fig. 7.6: Relay under reaching due to mutual induction from parallel line which runs on the same tower for 50% of the line. Now if we calculate the impedance measured by the relay provided with zero sequence mutual compensation with the above KM we get,
Z RX _ AN = =
I RXA + I RXN
V RXA K + I PXN K M
60102 2.8 867.636 79.73 + 867.636 79.73 0.6686 7.49 + 0.3334 5 173.527 79.33
= 4080
Figure 7.7 shows the measured and actual impedance when the relay is provided with the zero sequence mutual compensation with the corrected KM.
36 Of 39
PEARLet #1
Zero Sequence Mutual Induction in Double Circuit Lines & Its Effect on Distance Protection Relay Performance
X End Relay 60 jX 50 Measured Impedance Actual Impedance
Rev.: A 12th June, 2006 Author : Pradeep Kumar Gangadharan
40
30
20
10 R 0 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Fig. 7.7: Correctly compensated relay measuring correct impedance. This example illustrates the point that even if the parallel line runs only for a part of the total line on the same tower, still it can induce voltage to cause error in the measurement of the protected line relay. The amount of error would depend on the magnitude of neutral current and the distance for which the lines run parallel. Also when the compensation is provided, KM should be set to a fraction corresponding to the distance for which the lines form a double circuit.
8.0 Summarizing the analysis

The analysis and discussions in this PEARLet elucidates the effect of zero sequence mutual induction on the performance of distance relays on a double circuit line. Different system conditions are discussed and their effects are analyzed. The following can be summarized from this discussion. a) b) c) d) Zero sequence mutual induction cause the distance relays to under-reach or over-reach. Under-reaching or over-reaching would depend on the direction of zero sequence current flow in the parallel line. The amount of error would depend on the zero sequence mutual impedance, the amount of neutral current in the parallel line and the distance for which the lines run parallel on the same tower Different solutions are available with their own limitations as tabulated below
37 Of 39
PEARLet #1
Solution Do the correction for the mutual induction by changing the earth fault compensation.
Caution This assumes that the zero sequence currents in the protected and parallel lines are equal. This will only be true when the two lines are identical and run parallel for the entire length and with the faults at the remote bus or beyond. Can cause severe problems when the neutral current in the parallel line is in the opposite direction. Not a recommended solution and very rarely used. Can overreach for faults on the remote bus. The worst case is when the parallel line is out of service and grounded at both ends Can be taken care by reducing the zone 1 setting by an error factor (refer equation 14 in section 5.2). Multiple setting groups of numerical relays can be used to set this in a different group and enable it using the parallel line earth switch Works well for almost all applications even when the parallel line runs only for a part of the protected line. But has a potential to mal-operate for close-up faults on the parallel line. Overcome by controlling the mutual compensation based on the ratio of parallel line neutral current to the protected line neutral current. Typically when the ratio is greater than 1.5, compensation is disabled.
Allowing the POR transfer trip scheme to take care
Dynamic compensation by measuring the parallel line current
The most widely used solution for this globally, is to not provide zero sequence mutual compensation for distance protection and to allow the POR scheme to provide instantaneous protection to the entire line length. To take care of the over-reaching problem when the parallel line is grounded, the zone 1 setting is reduced in a different setting group and switched by the parallel line earth switch auxiliary contact. However for fault location where accuracy of measured impedance is important for the entire line length (unlike the distance protection where the concern of accuracy is at the boundary of the zones), it is recommended to provide a dynamic zero
38 Of 39
PEARLet #1
sequence mutual compensation by providing the parallel line neutral current also as input to the device.
9.0 References
[1] [2] Paul M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power Systems, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, 1995. ALSTOM, Network Protection & Automation Guide, 2002. AREVA, MiCOM P443 Application Guide
[3]
39 Of 39

01 - Zero Seq Mutual Induction in DBL CKT Lines PDF

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01 - Zero Seq Mutual Induction in DBL CKT Lines PDF

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Zero Sequence Mutual Induction in Double Circuit Lines & Its Effect on Distance Protection Relay Performance

Author: Pradeep Kumar Gangadharan

E En ng giin ne ee er re ed dt to o IIn nn no ov va at te e Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

2.0 Zero sequence mutual induction and Distance relays

2.1. Cause of zero sequence mutual induction

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

2.2. Effect on distance relays

3.0 Definition of terms:

Double circuit line:

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Protected line: Parallel line: Loop-in-loop-out:

4.0 Review of mutual induction fundamentals

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Effect opposes the cause

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

5.0 Analysis of the effect of mutual induction on impedance measurement [2]

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

5.1. Parallel line in service and fault at remote bus Y

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Zero sequence line impedance. Positive sequence line impedance. 12 Of 39

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

The actual fault impedance is,

In this case the relay will under-reach by a factor of,

I P0 Z M 0 Z I P0 M 0 I + I RN K Z1 XY 1 100 = %Underreach = RA 100 I RA + I RN K Z1 XY 1

- Mutual compensation factor, - Parallel line neutral current,

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

The measured AN impedance now becomes,

Z M 02 Z ZM0 Z 2 XY 0 I R0 M 0 Z 2 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 + I RN K 100 100 = I RA + I RN K Z1 XY 1

ZM0 K M 100 (assumiing I RA = I RN ) 3 Z 2 XY 0 1 + K

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

I P0 Z M 0 Z I P0 M 0 I + I RN K Z1 XY 1 %Overreach = RA 100 = 100 Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN K = I PN K M 100 I RA + I RN K

5.4. Parallel line is looped-in-looped-out

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

V RAN = Z1 XY 1 I RA + I R 0 ( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) + I PXT 0 a1Z M 0 + I PTY 0 a 2 Z M 0

The expression for the measured impedance can be written as,

( Z1 XY 0 Z1 XY 1 ) d1 d1 Z1 XY 1 + I PXT 0 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 I RA + I RN 3 Z1 XY 1 d d = Z Z1 XY 1 I RA + I RN 1 XY 0 3 Z1 XY 1 = Z1 XY 1 + I PXT 0 d1 d1 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 d d I RA + I RN K

I PXT 0 %Overreach = I PXT 0 = I PXTN

d1 d1 Z M 0 + I PTY 0 1 Z M 0 d d I RA + I RN K 100 Z1 XY 1 d1 Z M 0 d1 Z + I PTY 0 1 M 0 d Z1 XY 1 d Z1 XY 1 100 I RA + I RN K d1 d1 + I PTYN 1 d d K M 100 I RA + I RN K

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

d1 d1 > I PTY 0 1 ; The measured impedance will be less than the d d

actual impedance, causing the distance relay to over-reach. (b) I PXT 0

actual impedance, causing the distance relay to under-reach. (c) I PXT 0

6.0 Various solutions and their limitations

6.1. Carrier aided schemes based solution

6.2. Fixed correction of earth fault compensation factor

6.3. Dynamic compensation by measuring parallel line neutral current

7.0 Numerical examples

Positive sequence source impedances Zero sequence source impedances

Positive sequence line impedance Zero sequence line impedance 29 Of 39

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

Zero sequence mutual impedance of line

53782 3.45 877.55 80.82 + 877.55 80.82 0.6686 7.49

23079 3.76 1864.3 80.82 + 1864.3 80.82 0.6686 7.49 = 7.4345780.06

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

23079 3.76 1864.3 80.82 + 1864.3 80.82 0.6686 7.490.6667 5 329.22100.36

2006 Protection Engineering And Research Laboratories

10898 4.91 546.7199.81 + 546.7199.81 0.6686 7.49 + 0.6667 5 2337 81.34