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10.1 Introduction
Onedimensionalmodelscanbeveryaccurateandverycosteffectiveintheproperapplications.Forexample, ahollowtubemayrequiremanythousandsofelementstomatchitsgeometry,eventhoughyouexpectits stressestobeconstant.Atruss(bar)orframe(beam)elementcanaccountforthegeometryexactlyandgive exactstressresultsanddeflectionswithjustahandfulofequationstosolve.InSWSimulation,trussand frameelementsareavailableonlyforstatic(constantacceleration),naturalfrequency,buckling,ornonlinear studies.ItisrecommendedthatyoureviewtheSolidWorksweldmentstutorialbeforeusingtrussesorframes. Thetrusselementisaverycommonstructuralmember.Atrusselementisa"twoforcemember".Thatis,itis loadedbytwoequalandoppositecollinearforces.Thesetwoforcesactalongthelinethroughthetwo connectionpointsofthemember.Theconnectionpoints(nodes)areaconcurrentforcesystem.Thatis,the jointstransmitonlyforces.Momentsarenotpresentatthejointsofatruss.ThetrusselementsinSW Simulationareallspacetrusselements.TherearethreedisplacementDOFateachnode(seetherightsideof Figure31),anduptothreereactionforcesatarestrainedjoint.Aspacetrusshassixrigidbodymotions,allof whichmustberestrainedinananalysis.ThespacetrussandspaceframemodelsarecreatedinSWSimulation by3Dlinesketches.Foratrussthelinesmustexactlymeetatcommonpoints(joints).Thelinesofthespace framemodelscanmeetatcommonpointsand/orterminateasanintersectionoftwolines.Toavoid numericalillconditioning,itisbestifaspaceframedoesnothavetwojointsveryclose(say,thewidthofthe crosssection)toeachother.IfthatisnecessarySWSimulationtakesspecialactiontobuildthefiniteelement modelthere. Thelinethatrepresentsatrussorframememberhastobelocatedrelativetothecrosssectionofthe member.Whereitintersectsthecrosssectioniscalledthepiercepoint.Fortrussesitisimportantthatthe piercepointbeatthecentroidofthecrosssection.Thathappensautomaticallywhenyouuseabuiltinlibrary shape.Ifyouconstructacrosssectionmakesurethatthetrusspiercepointisatthecentroid.Ifthepierce pointisnotatthecentroid,asintherightofFigure101,thenanaxialloadwillcausebendingstressesto developandtobesuperimposedontheaxialstress.Thatisallowedinframeelementsbutnottrusselements.
Figure101Centroidal(truss)andeccentric(beam)crosssectionpiercepoints
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SpaceTrussandSpaceFrameAnalysis
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Clearly,theelasticbarisaspecialformofatrussmember.Toextendthestiffnessmatrixofabartoinclude trussesintwoorthreedimensionsbasicallyrequiressomeanalyticgeometry.Consideraspacetruss segmentinglobalspacegoingfrompoint1at(x1, y1, z1)topoint2at(x2, y2, z2).Thelengthoftheelement betweenthetwopointshascomponentsparalleltotheaxesofLx = x2 x1, Ly = y2 y1, Lz = z2 z1andthe totallengthisL2= (L2x + L2y + L2z).Thedirectioncosinesaredefinedastheratioofthecomponentlength incrementsdividedbythetotallengthoftheelement.Theyareusedtotransformabarstiffnessmatrixtothe spacetrussstiffnessmatrix.For2Dproblemsonlyoneangleisrequiredtodescribethememberdirection.A trusselementstiffnessrequiresonlythematerialelasticmodulus,E,thecrosssectionalarea,A,andthe memberlength,L.Aspaceframeelementalsorequiresthethreegeometricmomentsofinertiaofthecross section.Twoinertiasareneededforthetransversebending,andthethirdisneededfortorsionaleffects.The SWSimulationframeelementalsoutilizesthematerialsPoissonsratio.Themassdensity,,isneededfor gravity(acceleration)loads,ornaturalfrequencycomputations. Ifyoucombinethebarmember,whichcarriesonlyloadsparalleltoitsaxis,andabeamwhichcarriesonly loadstransversetoitsaxisyougetthesocalledbeamcolumnelement.Whendeflectionsarelarge,the iterativesolutionupdatestheaxialloadinabeamandtheycansignificantlyaffecttheresults.Addingthe abilitytocarrytorsionmomentsalongtheelementextendsthebehaviortoaspaceframe.Inotherwords,a spaceframeisacombinationofindividualbeamcolumnelementsthatresistsloadingsbyacombinationof bending,axialmemberforces,andtransverse(shear)forces,andaxialtorsion.Therefore,itisamoreefficient structurethanaspacetrusselement.
10.2 Staticallydeterminatespacetruss
ConsiderthesimplesymmetricspacetrussshowninFigure102.Ithastwohorizontalmembers,denotedby a,andaninclinedmember,b,intheverticalmidplane.Thetrusshasthreeimmovablerestraints(atthe dashedcircles)andaverticalpointload,P=1,000lbatthefreenode.Thedimensionsareshowninthefigure. Themembersaresquarehollowtubes,withthehorizontalpairbeing2x2x0.25inches,andtheother4x4x 0.25inches.AllthreemembersaremadeofASTMA36steel.
Figure102Thesimplestspacetruss
10.2.1 Constructthespacetruss
Theconstructionofthe3DlinemodelsisdoneinSolidWorksbymeansofa3DSketch:
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10.2.2 Createthestudy
IntheSWSimulationmenu: 1. RightclickonthestudynameStudyStaticBeammesh. 2. Inthenewstudy,rightclickonBeamsTreatallstructuralmembersasbeams.Thethreespacetruss membersappearasabeamslist. 3. Selectallthreebeams,EditdefinitionTruss.ClickOK. 4. RightclickonBeamsApplyMaterialLibrarySteelASTMA36,clickOK. 5. RightclickonJointsEditAllCalculate.SWSimulationcalculatesanddisplaysallfourjoints.(You canmanuallypickjointsaswell).
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6. ExternalLoadsForce.IntheForcepanelSelectJoints.PicktheonefreenodeandselecttheFront planetosetthedirection.ClickOK.
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10.2.3 Postprocessing
10.2.3.1 Displacements IntheSimulationMenu: 1. RightclickResultsListDisplacementsforoptions.(Or,useProbe.) 2. ListoptionsExtremes,1percent(therearemorethan4nodesnow). 3. ListsetDisplacement,andclickOK.Viewthelistresults.
4. ResultsDefineDisplacementPlotURES,selectFringedisplay.
5. RepeatwithVectordisplay.
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4. ResultsDefineDisplacementPlotRFRESselectVectordisplay.
10.2.3.3 Spacetrussmemberstresses
Figure103Trimetricandfrontviewsoftrussmembersaxialstress
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10.3 Staticallyindeterminatespaceframe
10.3.1 Supportsettlementloadcase
Consideranunequallegplanarframethatistobesubjecttoatransverseforce.ThecrosssectionisanISO80 x80x5mmsquaretube.Thetallverticallegis15ft,theshortone10ftandthetopmember12ftlong.A surveyshowsthatthesupportfortheshorterleghassettledandimposedaverticaldownwarddisplacement of0.45inchandaclockwiserotationof0.02radiansnormaltotheplaneoftheframe.Beforeconsideringthe transverseloadastudyneedstoberuntoestablishthedeflectionsandstressesintroducedbythenonrigid supportdisplacement. Drawanddimensionthethreelinesdefiningtheframe: 1. ViewToolbarsWeldmentsandclickStructuralMember. 2. IntheStructuralMemberpanel,SelectionsStandardsISO.
3. InSelectionsTypeSquaretube.Pulldowntothe80x80x5mmsize. 4. Selectallthreelinesegmentstheasthepathsegments. 5. UnderSettingsApplycornertreatmentandclickonendmiterandOK. IntheSWSimulationmenu: 1. RightclickonthestudynameStudyStaticBeammesh. 2. Inthenewstudy,rightclickonBeamsAddbeam.Selectoneoftheframelines.Itappearsinthe Beamspanellistofmembers. 3. RightclickonBeamsTreatallstructuralmembersasbeams.Allthreespaceframemembersappear nowinthebeamslist. 4. Selectallthreebeams,EditdefinitionBeam.ClickOK. 5. RightclickonBeamsApplyMaterialLibrarySteelASTMA36,clickOK. 6. RightclickonJointsEditAllCalculate.SWSimulationcalculatesanddisplaysallfourjoints(you canmanuallypickjointsaswell). 7. FixtureFixed.Pickthelowerleftsupportasanencastre(fixedsupport).Thispreventsallthreerigid bodytranslationsandthreerotations.ClickOK.Changetherestraintname(intheSWSimulation
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SpaceTrussandSpaceFrameAnalysis managermenu)toEncastre.
J.E.Akin
8. Specifythenonzerosupportsettlements.FixtureUseReferenceGeometry.
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10.3.2 Settlementloadcasepostprocessing
10.3.2.1 Displacements Therearenumeroustabulatedframeresultsgivenin[11].IntheSimulationmenuselectResultsDefine DisplacementPlotURES,selectFringe,andrepeatwithVectorselected.Inthiscasealltranslational displacementsareintheplaneoftheframe:
10.3.2.2 Stresses
SpaceTrussandSpaceFrameAnalysis 1. ResultsDefineStressPlot
J.E.Akin
2. IntheStressPlotpanel,pulldownWorstcase,setunitstopsi.ClickOK.Reviewthedefaultplot.
3. RightclickontheStressPlotnameProbe.Selecteachnodeontherightlegfromsupporttocorner. Pickgraphicon,clickOK.
4. IntheStressPlotpanel,pulldownAxial.ClickOK.
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10.3.3 Settlementwithtransversejointforceloadcase
Thetotalreactionforceabovewasabout200lb.Now,anormaljointforceof200lb.issuperimposedonthe previoustoseetheoutofplanedisplacementsofthisspaceframe: 1. ExternalLoadsForce.IntheForcepanelSelectJoints.PickthetopleftjointandselecttheFront planetosetthedirection.
2. 3. 4. 5.
SpaceTrussandSpaceFrameAnalysis
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10.3.3.1 Stresses
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10.4 Extensivestructuralmemberslibrary
Theaboveexamplesutilizedonlyacoupleofcommoncrosssectionsforthestructuralshapes.Thereisahuge numberofstructuralshapesthathavebeenstandardizedacrosstheworld,inmanynationalandprofessional standardsandunits.TheyaretoonumeroustoincludeinacodelikeSWSimulation.However,theyare readilyavailableforselectionandimportingintoSWSimulationfromtheSolidWorkssupportingwebsite. Therefore,theycanbeutilizedasbeams,ormembersofframeortrusssystems.Toexaminetheavailable resources: 1. SelecttheDesignLibraryicontoopentheDesignLibrarypanel.
2. IntheDesignLibrarypanelselecttheplussignbySolidWorksContent.
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4. InSolidWorksselecttheStructuralMembericontogettheStructuralMemberpanel,whichnow containsthelargedownloadedlistofselections.
5. IntheSelctionssectionofthatpanelpicktheansiinchStandard.ReviewthemanyTypesnow available.Chosetheshapesuchasawideflange(WSection)member.
6. PulldowntheSizelisttoseethemanystandarysizesavailableforthatshape.
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7. Selectthesizeyouwant,sayW8x67.Doublecheckitsnumerousproperties;ToolboxStructural Steel.Setthedataandreviewthecrosssectionalshapedrawingandthemanyproperties.
8. Proceedwithselectingthemodellinesegmentsandcontinueyouranalysisasillustratedabovefor trussesandframes.
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