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skema
yang
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy2278\absw9213\absh10671 \sl-413 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f
i360 menghubungkan skema internal dengan skema eksternal. Skema ini merepresenta
sikan
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy2278\absw9213\absh10671 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f
i360 seluruh muatan informasi yang dikandung oleh suatu basis data tanp
a dibatasi oleh
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy2278\absw9213\absh10671 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f
i360 perangkat keras dan lunak yang ada. \par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840
{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw9097\absh984 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \fi360 \f20 \fs21
\cf0 Skema harus dapat menggambarkan suatu objek yang dimiliki oleh basis
data beserta
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw9097\absh984 \sl-413 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 hubu
ngan-hubungan objek yang dimilikinya. Skema yang termodelisasi sebagai s
truktur
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw9097\absh984 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 dari
basisdata disebut sebagai model basisdata atau model data. \par
}
{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \b \f20 \fs21
\cf0 4. Database Relasional
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-414 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
\fi360 {\b0 Database}{\b0
Relasional}{\b0
bekerja}{\b0
dengan}{\b0
m
enghubungkan}{\b0
data}{\b0
pada}{\b0
file-file}{\b0
yang }
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 berbeda}{\b0 dengan}{\b0 menggunakan}{\b0 sebuah}{\b0 kunci}{\b0 atau}
{\b0 elemen}{\b0 data}{\b0 yang}{\b0 umum. }
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-414 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
\fi360 Cara kerja database relasional:
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
\fi360 {\b0 Elemen-elemen}{\b0 data}{\b0 disimpan}{\b0 dalam}{\b0 tabel}{\b0
lain}{\b0 yang}{\b0 membentuk}{\b0 baris}{\b0 dan}{\b0 kolom. }
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-414 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 Dalam}{\b0 model}{\b0 database}{\b0 ini}{\b0 data}{\b0 diatur}{\b
0 secara}{\b0 logis,}{\b0 yakni}{\b0 berdasarkan}{\b0 isi.}{\b0 Masi
ng- }
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 masing}{\b0 record}{\b0 dalam}{\b0 tabel}{\b0 diidentifikasi}{\b0 oleh
}{\b0 sebuah}{\b0 field}{\b0 -}{\b0 kunci}{\b0 primer}{\b0 -}{\b0 yang}{\
b0 berisi }
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 sebuah}{\b0 nilai}{\b0 unik.}{\b0 Karena}{\b0 itulah}{\b0 data}{\b
0 dalam}{\b0 database}{\b0 relasional}{\b0 dapat}{\b0 muncul}{\b0 den
gan }
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-414 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 cara}{\b0 yang}{\b0 berbeda}{\b0 dari}{\b0 cara}{\b0 ia}{\b0 di
simpan}{\b0 secara}{\b0 fisik}{\b0 pada}{\b0 komputer.}{\b0 Pengguna}{
\b0 tidak }
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy3106\absw9012\absh3592 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 boleh}{\b0 mengetahui}{\b0 lokasi}{\b0 fisik}{\b0 sebuah}{\b0 record}{
\b0 untuk}{\b0 mendapatkan}{\b0 kembali}{\b0 datanya. }\par
}
{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy7660\absw8786\absh1729 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \fi360 \b \f2
0 \fs21 \cf0 Dalam cakupan yang minimum sistem tersebut memenuhi kriteria beriku
t:
\par}{\phpg\posx2162\pvpg\posy7660\absw8786\absh1729 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 1.}{\b0
Menyajikan}{\b0
data}{\b0
pada}{\b0
pengguna}{\b0
da
lam}{\b0
bentuk}{\b0
relasional}{\b0
(ditampilkan}{\b0
dalam }
fisik. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
a. Desain Basis Data Konseptual
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 Desain}{\b0 database}{\b0 konseptual}{\b0 melibatkan}{\b0 penemuan}{\b0
dan}{\b0 analisis}{\b0 terhadap}{\b0 kebutuhan}{\b0 data }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 organisasi.}{\b0 Perangkat}{\b0 utama}{\b0 yang}{\b0 digunakan}{\b0
dalam}{\b0 pembuatan}{\b0 sebuah}{\b0 model}{\b0 data}{\b0 adalah }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-414 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 diagram}{\b0 relasi}{\b0 entitas. }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 Tingkat}{\b0 asosiasi}{\b0 antara}{\b0 dua}{\b0 entitas}{\b0 ditampilk
an}{\b0 secara}{\b0 kardinalitas}{\b0 yakni}{\b0 jumlah}{\b0 record }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 dalam}{\b0 satu}{\b0 file}{\b0 yang}{\b0 dihubungkan}{\b0 dengan}{\b0
satu}{\b0 record}{\b0 tunggal}{\b0 di}{\b0 file}{\b0 lain }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
b. Desain Basis Data Logis
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 Desain}{\b0 basis}{\b0 data}{\b0 ini}{\b0 merupakan}{\b0 pengembangan}
{\b0 dari}{\b0 sudut}{\b0 pandang}{\b0 secara}{\b0 konseptual }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-414 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 pemakai}{\b0
ke}{\b0
dalam}{\b0
tabel-tabel.}{\b0
Tabel-tabel}{
\b0
ini}{\b0
pada}{\b0
akhirnya}{\b0
akan}{\b0
digunakan}{\b0
untuk }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-413 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 mendeskripsikan}{\b0 basis}{\b0 data}{\b0 secara}{\b0 fisik}{\b0
bagi}{\b0 para}{\b0 pemakai}{\b0 akhir}{\b0 untuk}{\b0 pengambilan }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy5176\absw9083\absh5828 \sl-414 \b \f20 \fs21 \cf0
{\b0 keputusan. }\par
}
{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy12214\absw7071\absh1729 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f20 \fs21 \cf0
Selanjutnya dapat diberikan tinjauan secara sistematis sebagai berikut:
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy12214\absw7071\absh1729 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 1.
Menciptakan tabel yang tidak dinormalisasikan pada formulir
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy12214\absw7071\absh1729 \sl-413 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 2.
Menentukan Relasi Antara Tabel-tabel
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy12214\absw7071\absh1729 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 3.
Membuat Identifikasi Data
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy12214\absw7071\absh1729 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 4.
Membuat Relasi Antar Tabel \par
}
\sect\sectd\pard\plain
\pgwsxn12240\pghsxn15840
{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw4928\absh2474 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 \f20 \fs21 \cf0
5. Penempatan kunci-kunci asing dalam tabel
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw4928\absh2474 \sl-413 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 6.
Membuat Normalisasi Tabel
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw4928\absh2474 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 Sua
tu tahapan dalam normalisasi umumnya
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw4928\absh2474 \sl-413 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 mel
iputi tiga langkah utama, yaitu:
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw4928\absh2474 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 a.
Penghilangan bentuk perulangan{\i (redundancy) }
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw4928\absh2474 \sl-414 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 b.
Mengubah ketergantungan parsial
\par}{\phpg\posx1802\pvpg\posy1450\absw4928\absh2474 \sl-413 \f20 \fs21 \cf0 c.
Mengubah ketergantungan transitif \par
}