HA L I

1
Ti liu hc tp v tham kho
[1] Nhit ng ha hc. o Vn Lng
[2] Ha l 1. HCN TP. H Ch Minh
[3] Ha l tp 1, 2. Trn Vn Nhn
[4] Ha l v Ha keo. Nguyn Hu Ph
[5] Gio trnh Ha l. Nguyn nh Hu
[6] B su tp Ha l. Ren. DiDier.
[7] C s l thuyt ha hc. Nguyn Hnh.
2
Ni dung mn hc
(30 tit)
Chng 1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng
hc
Chng 2. Nguyn l th 2 ca nhit ng hc
Chng 3. Cn bng ha hc
Chng 4. C s l thuyt cn bng pha
Chng 5. Cn bng pha ca h mt cu t
Chng 6. Cn bng pha dung dch lng-hi
Chng 7. Cn bng pha dung dch lng-rn
3
Chng 1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit
ng hc (NH)
Mc tiu:
Tri thc:
Trnh by v gii thch c cc khi nim c
bn ca NH
Trnh by v gii thch c nguyn l 1 ca
NH
Trnh by v minh ha nh lut Hess
nh ngha nhit dung
Trnh by v gii thch nh lut Kirchoff
4
K nng:
Vn dng NL1 cho mt s QT
Tnh hiu ng nhit theo nh lut Hess
Vn dng, tnh ton theo L Kirchoff

Chng 1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit
ng hc (NH)
5
Chng 1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit
ng hc (NH)
Ni dung
1.1. i tng ca nhit ng hc
1.2. Khi nim c bn
1.3. Nguyn l I ca nhit ng
1.4. nh lut Hess
1.5. nh lut Kirchhoff
6
1.1. i tng ca NH
Nhit ng lc hc (NLH): NL1, NL2

Nhit ng ha hc (NHH):

- Nhit ha hc (Hiu ng nhit ca p..h.h, qu trnh
ha l nh ha tan, hp ph, chuyn pha)

- Cn bng ha hc (Kh nng, chiu hng v gii hn
ca p.)

- Cn bng pha (iu kin cn bng pha, qui lut ca
cc qu trnh chuyn pha)



7
1.2. Nhng khi nim c bn
H nhit ng (Khi nim, phn loi h: H ng,
m, c lp, on nhit, ng th, d th)
H nhit ng Mi trng ngoi
V tr
H kh H
2
v O
2

Mi trng
8
H m
H kn
H c lp
9
- Phn loi:
















Trng thi v qu trnh. Hm TT v hm QT
- Trng thi ca mt h, thng s trng thi, qu trnh
nhit ng, qu trnh ng, m, cn bng, thun nghch..
- Phn bit hm trng thi v hm qu trnh.
- Bin thin v cng nh ca hm trng thi x s ghi l dx
(dT, dp, dV, dS, dG, dH). Bin thin hu hn ca n:


- Bin thin v cng nh ca hm qu trnh k hiu x
(Q, A). Bin thin hu hn ca n:

1
2
1
2
x x dx x = = A
}
} }
o = o =
2
1
2
1
Q Q ; A A
10
Ni nng - Nhit v Cng. Quy c v du ca
Nhit v Cng

- nh ngha ni nng
- i cng v nhit v cng
- Cch nh du ca nhit v cng


H
Q>0
A>0
11
Trng hp 1:

1.3. Nguyn l th 1 ca nhit ng hc
TT
u
TT 1
TT 2 TT 3
TT 4
Q =A
12
Trng hp 2:
TT 1
TT 2


Q = U + A
1 2
U U U = A
Q = dU +A
13
Pht trin biu thc tng qut ca nguyn l 1
p dng NL1:
- nh ngha nhit dung, C ng p, C ng tch, s ph
thuc ca nhit dung vo T, thit lp h thc mayer
C
P
-C
V
=R
- Tnh A, Q, U trong mt s QT (ng P, V, T, on
nhit)
14
1.4. nh lut Hess
Chng minh nh lut Hess: P. aA+bB=cC+dD
T, thu nhit (Q>0); ta nhit (Q<0)
Nguyn l 1: Q=U+A, Q l hm qu trnh, ph thuc
vo ng i ca P..
Tuy nhin:
P=Const: Q
P
=U+PV+VP=U+(PV)=(U+PV)=H
V=Const: Q
V
=U+PV=U
V

U, H l cc hm trng thi (TT), bin thin ca chng ch
ph thuc TT u v TT cui.
15
Ni dung nh lut Hess
iu kin p dng nh lut Hess
ng dng nh lut Hess
- Tnh hiu ng nhit da vo cc phng trnh
nhit ha
- Tnh hiu ng nhit da vo sinh nhit (nhit to
thnh)
- Sinh nhit nguyn t v nng lng lin kt
- Tnh h..n da vo thiu nhit (nhit t chy)


16
1.5. nh lut Kirchoff
Thit lp biu thc:
Mt vi VD p dng


= A A =
|
.
|

\
|
A
) ( ) ( ; C c C C C
dT
H d
P P P P
P
17
Chng 2. Nguyn l th hai ca nhit
ng hc
Mc tiu:
Tri thc:
M t cc qu trnh t din bin, khng t din
bin, thun nghch v khng thun nghch.
Pht biu nguyn l 2. Trnh by v gii thch
biu thc nh lng ca nguyn l 2.
Trnh by v minh ha Entropi trong mt s qu
trnh. Tin plank v Entropi tuyt i
Thit lp biu thc cc th nhit ng
S ph thuc T, P n th nhit ng
nh ngha i lng mol ring phn v th ha.

18

K nng:
Tnh ton Entropi cho mt s QT
Chng minh cc biu thc nhit ng, cc
phng trnh c bn ca NHH





19
Chng 2. Nguyn l th hai ca nhit
ng hc (NH)
Ni dung:
2.1. Khi nim c bn
2.2. Nguyn l 2 ca nhit ng hc
2.3. Chiu hng v gii hn trong h c lp. Kho st
v tnh ton Entropi. ngha ca Entropi
2.4. Phng trnh c bn ca nhit ng ha hc- Hm
c trng
20
2.5. S ph thuc ca T n th nhit ng
2.6. S ph thuc ca P n th nhit ng
2.7. i lng mol ring phn v th ha.
21
2.1. Khi nim c bn
Qu trnh t din bin (t xy ra): qu trnh xy ra
m khng cn tiu tn mt cng bn ngoi.

* V d:
- Truyn nhit t vt nng sang vt lnh.
- Th mt vt ri t trn cao xung thp.
- Kh chuyn t bnh c p sut cao hn sang bnh c
p sut thp.

22
Nhng QT ngc li: Nhit truyn t vt lnh
sang vt nng; kh ni p sut thp chuyn ti ni p
sut caol khng t din bin (khng t xy ra).

Mun nhng QT ny xy ra, phi thc hin 1 cng.

* V d:
- Cng in trong t lnh
- Cng nng 1 vt ln cao
- Cng in bm nc ln cao..
23
Phn ng ha hc trong bnh kn ?
24
2.2. Nguyn l 2 ca nhit ng hc
2.2.1. Cc khi nim cn nh:
- QT cn bng
- QT thun nghch v khng thun nghch
- QT thun nghch l 1 QT cn bng
- QT thun nghch (cng gin n do h thc hin l
ln nht, A
gn,max

25
2.2.2. Cc cch pht biu NL2:

nh Clausius: Nhit khng th truyn t vt lnh
sang vt nng.

nh Thomson: Khng ch to c mt my
lm vic theo chu trnh ly nhit t 1 ngun v bin
hon ton thnh cng
26
2.2.3. Biu thc nh lng ca nguyn l 2
ng c nhit khng thun nghch v ng c
nhit hot ng theo chu trnh Carnot thun nghch.

- ng c nhit theo chu trnh khng thun nghch:




Ngun nng T
1

Ngun lnh T
2

NG C
Q
1

Q
2

* Hiu sut (h s tc
dng hu ch ca ng
c nhit)
1
2 1
1
Q
Q Q
Q
A +
= = q
27
- ng c nhit theo chu trnh Carnot thun nghch:




* Hiu sut (h s tc
dng hu ch ca ng
c nhit) (chng minh )
1
2 1
1
T
T T
Q
A
= = q
28
Nhn xt:

- Hiu sut ng c nhit theo chu trnh Carnot thun
nghch khng ph thuc bn cht vt sinh cng, ch ph
thuc T ngun nng v ngun lnh.

- Hiu sut ng c nhit theo chu trnh Carnot l ln
nht.

Suy ra ta lun c:


= chu trnh thun nghch; < chu trnh khng TN
1
2 1
1
2 1
T
T T
Q
Q Q
s
+
29
Thit lp biu thc nguyn l 2:









= chu trnh TN, < chu trnh khng TN
}

s s
s +
s +

s
+
0 0
0 :
0 :
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2 1
1
2 1
T
Q
hay
T
Q
T
Q
T
Q
ra Suy
T
Q
T
Q
ra Suy
T
T T
Q
Q Q
o o
o o
30
- TH1) Vi chu trnh thun nghch:



V Q l hm qu trnh, ph thuc ng i. Tuy
nhin bin thin Q/T trong 1 chu trnh khp kn = 0. Vy
Q/T l vi phn ca 1 hm trng thi.



S: Entropi, l 1 hm trng thi
S khng ph thuc ng i, ch ph thuc trng thi
u, trng thi cui.







}
= 0
T
Q o
dS
T
Q
=
o
31
- TH2) Vi chu trnh khng thun nghch:





Tng hp cho c hai qu trnh (thun nghch v bt
thun nghch), ta c:











KTN
T
Q
dS ra Suy
T
Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
)
(
o
o
0
}
> A
|
|
.
|

\
|
>
2
1
T
Q
S ra Suy
T
Q
dS
o o
32
2.3. Chiu hng v gii hn trong h c
lp. Kho st v tnh ton Entropi.
ngha ca Entropi
2.3.1. Chiu hng v gii hn trong h c lp
Biu thc tng qut ca nguyn l 2



Nu h c lp, Q=0, dS0
- dS>0, Qa trnh khng thun nghch, hay t xy ra
- dS=0, hay d
2
S<0, h t trng thi cn bng
- dS<0, h khng t xy ra.

|
|
.
|

\
|
>
T
Q
dS
o
33
2.3.2. Bin thin Entropi trong qu trnh thun
nghch
Qa trnh chuyn pha (nng chy, bay hi, thng
hoa)


Qa trnh un nng


} } }
= = = A
2
1
2
1
2
1
T
T
P
T
T
T
T
P
P
T
dT C
T
dH
T
Q
S
o
} } }
= = = A
2
1
2
1
2
1
T
T
V
T
T
T
T
V
V
T
dT C
T
dU
T
Q
S
o
34
T
H
T
Q
T
Q
S
cp cp
cp
A
= = = A
}
2
1
o
Tin Plank v Entropi tuyt i






- Entropi ca nhng tinh th cu trc hon chnh l
tng 0K bng 0.
}
}
= = A
= = A
T
V
T V
T
P
T P
T
dT C
S S S
T
dT C
S S S
0
0
0
0
} }
= =
T
V
T
T
P
T
T
dT C
S hay
T
dT C
S
0 0
35
Bin thin Entropi cho phn ng ha hc



Qa trnh gin n kh l tng










36

= A
+ = A
+ = +
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
dD cC bB aA

C
B A D C
nS nS S
bS aS dS cS S
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
ln ln ;
; ;
V
V
R
T
T
C S Const C
V
RdV
T
dT C
S
V
dV
R
T
dT C
T
PdV
T
dU
dS
PdV dU TdS TdS Q PdV dU Q
V V
V
V
+ = A =
+ = A
+ = + =
+ = = + =
} }
o o
Qa trnh trn ln hai kh l tng (T, P=Const)
S=S (Kh 1)+ S (Kh 2)
Bin thin Entropi trong qu trnh khng thun
nghch
(Xt v d trong Ha l 1-HCN)
2.3.3) ngha vt l ca entropi
- S(rn) < S(lng) < S(kh)
- Entropy c trng cho tnh hn lon, mt trt t ca h
- ngha thng k hay xc sut ca entropi
(Ha l 1-HCN)









37
2.4. Phng trnh c bn ca nhit ng
ha hc- Hm c trng
2.4.1. Cc phng trnh nhit ng c bn
- Thit lp biu thc cc th nhit ng U(S,V), H(S,P),
G(T,P), F(T,V) t biu thc thng nht 2 nguyn l:

dU TdS PdV - oA
dH TdS + VdP - oA
dG -SdT + VdP - oA
dF -SdT - PdV - oA
* Du = Qa trnh thun nghch, < khng thun nghch
* Qa trnh thun nghch, nu c A, th A =A
max





38
39
2.4.2. nh gi chiu hng ca qu trnh
da trn cc th nhit ng

- Tiu chun xt chiu hng ca qu trnh trong h
ng nhit, ng p (T,P=Const), khng thc hin A.

dG -SdT + VdP - oA

Nu dG=0, G = 0 phn ng t cn bng
Nu dG<0, G < 0 phn ng xy ra theo chiu thun
Nu dG>0, G > 0 phn ng xy ra theo chiu nghch

2.4.3. nh ngha cc hm c trng
- Hm c trng l mt hm trng thi ma qua n v
o hm ring cc cp ca n c th xc nh mi thng
s v m ca h.

- Cc th nhit ng U, H, G, F, S l cc hm c trng.


40
V d:

41
P
P
T
P
T
P
T
P
P
P
T
P
dT
G d
T C
dP
dG
P G F
T
dP
dG
P T G TS U F
dP
dG
P T G PV H U
T G TS G H
C F H U Tnh
dP
dG
V
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
2
2
;
dT
dG
dT
dG
dT
dG
dT
dG
: , , ,
;
dT
dG
- S : ra Suy VdP; -SdT dG
2.5. S ph thuc ca T n th nhit
ng
- Phng trnh Gibbs-Helmholtz.
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
A
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
1 2 1
1 T
2
T
2
T
1
T
1
H
T
G
T
G
2
T
H
dT
T
G
d
42
2.6. S ph thuc ca P n th nhit
ng
- Biu thc:



(Ha l 1-HCN)
VdP G G
VdP G G
P
P
P
P
A + A = A
+ =
}
}
1
0
1
0
43
44
2.7. i lng mol ring phn v th ha
- i lng mol ring phn:


- Th ha:



(Ha l 1-HCN)



j
n P T
i
dn
dX
X
, ,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
j
n P T
i
i
dn
dG
, ,
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
i i i
i i i
P RT G G
P RT
ln
ln
0
0
+ =
+ =
Chng 3. Cn bng ha hc
Mc tiu:
Tri thc:
Trnh by v phn bit c cc biu thc hng
s cn bng trong h ng th, trong h d th
Trnh by v gii thch cc yu t nh hng ti
hng s cn bng
Nu cc phng php xc nh hng s cn bng


45
Mc tiu (tt)
K nng:
Thit lp v tnh ton cc hng s cn bng
Thit lp Vant Hoff
Bi tp p dng lin quan n tnh ton, bin i.



Chng 3. Cn bng ha hc
46
Ni dung:
3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
3.2. Cn bng ha hc ca p. ng th
3.3. Cn bng ha hc trong h d th
3.4. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc
3.5. Cc phng php xc nh hng s cn bng
Chng 3. Cn bng ha hc
47
3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
(Ha l 1-HCN)
48
3.2. Cn bng ha hc ca p. ng th
3.2.1. Quan h gia th ng p v hng s
cn bng. Phng trnh ng nhit Vant Hoff.

Thit lp phng trnh
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
P
P
P
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
P P
P P
K
T f K ra Suy T f G
K RT
P P
P P
RT G G CB Khi
Hof f t Van PT
P P
P P
RT G G
.
.
). ( ) (
ln
.
.
ln 0 ,
) ' (
.
.
ln
0
0
0
=
= = A
= = A = A
+ A = A
49
Phng trnh ng nhit Vant Hoff thi im
bt k:
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
[ = A = A
[ = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
+ = A
+ A = A
P P P P
P P
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
P
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
P
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
K RT G hay K K RT G
K
P P
P P
K
P P
P P
RT G
P P
P P
RT K RT G
P P
P P
RT G G
ln ln ln ln
.
.
ln
.
.
ln
.
.
ln ln
.
.
ln
'
'
0
50
Kho st phn ng ti mt thi im bt k:



* Nu K
P

hoc
P
>K
P
, Suy ra G>0, Phn ng i theo
chiu nghch

* Nu
P
<K
P
, Suy ra G<0, Phn ng i theo chiu
thun

* Nu
P
=K
P
, Suy ra G=0, Phn ng t trng thi
cn bng
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
[ = A = A
P P P P
K RT G hay K K RT G ln ln ln ln
'
51
3.2.2. Cc dng hng s cn bng





n
i
n
n
x
n
C P
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
n
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
x
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
C
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
P
n
P
K P K RT K K
n n
n n
K
x x
x x
K
C C
C C
K
P P
P P
K
A A A

= = =
= = = =
) ( ) ( ) (
.
.
;
.
.
;
.
.
;
.
.
52
3.2.3. M rng cho trng hp dung dch l
tng:
- Ta dng cc loi hng s cn bng: K
C
; K
n
; K
x
:





n
C
n
i x n
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
n
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
x
b
B
a
A
d
D
c
C
C
V K n K K
n n
n n
K
x x
x x
K
C C
C C
K
A A
= =
= = =

) ( ) (
.
.
;
.
.
;
.
.
53
3.3. Cn bng ha hc trong h d th
3.3.1. Biu din hng s cn bng





- i vi cht rn v lng, x
i
=1. Vy ta c:






2 2
2
3 2
2
.
;
.
.
;
.
.
) 3 ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) (
2
3 2
3
3 2
1
2 2
2
2 3 2
H Br
HBr
FeO CO
CO Fe
O Fe CO
CO Fe
P x
P
K
x P
P x
K
x P
P x
K
k HBr k H l Br
k CO r Fe k CO r FeO
k CO r Fe k CO r O Fe
= = =
= +
+ = +
+ = +
2
2 2
2
3 2
3
3
1
; ;
.
H
HBr
CO
CO
CO
CO
P
P
K
P
P
K
P
P
K = = =
54
55
3.3.2. Mt vi phn ng d th thng gp
S phn ly cacbonat

CaCO
3
(r) = CaO(r) +CO
2
(k)
- K
P
=P(CO
2
)=Const
- P
CO2
gi l p sut phn ly
- K
P
=f(T) nn P(CO
2
)=f(T)

S phn ly ca mui ngm nc

CuSO
4
.5H
2
O (r) = CuSO
4
. 3H
2
O (r) + 2H
2
O (k)
CuSO
4
.3H
2
O (r) = CuSO
4
. H
2
O (r) + 2H
2
O (k)
CuSO
4
.H
2
O (r) = CuSO
4
(r) + H
2
O (k)

3.4. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng
ha hc
3.4.1. nh hng ca T-Phng trnh ng p
Vant Hoff

- Phng trnh Gibbs-Helmholtz:

- Phng trnh ng nhit Vant Hoff: G= G
0
+ RTlnK
P

Khi cn bng: G
0
= -RTlnK
P

- Thay vo phng trnh Gibbs-Helmholtz, ta c:

2
T
H
dT
T
G
d
A
=
|
.
|

\
|
A
2 2
0
ln
;
RT
H
dT
K d
ra Suy
T
H
dT
T
G
d
P
A
=
A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
56
57
- Nu H
0
khng thay i nhiu so vi H,
Ta c:



- Phn ng thu nhit, H>0, T tng, K tng, phn ng
theo chiu thun l chiu thu nhit.
Khi T gim, K gim, cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu
nghch.

- Phn ng ta nhit, H<0, T tng, K gim, p. theo
chiu nghch l chiu thu nhit.
Khi T gim, K tng, p. theo chiu thun (ta nhit).

2
0
2
ln
RT
H
RT
H
dT
K d
P
A
=
A
=
58
3.4.2. nh hng ca p sut tng cng

K
P
= K
x
.P
n
= Const

- n>0, P tng, P
n
tng, K
x
gim, cn bng chuyn dch
theo chiu nghch.

- n<0, P tng, P
n
gim, K
x
tng, cn bng chuyn dch
theo chiu thun.

- n=0, K
P
= K
x
, P khng nh hng g n cn bng
ha hc.
3.4.3. nh hng ca thnh phn hn hp u
- Hiu sut phn ng cc i khi thnh phn hn hp
u t l vi h s ca phng trnh phn ng.

3.4.4. nh hng ca kh tr
Phn ng trong dung dch

Thm cht tr lm cho V(h) tng:
- Nu n>0, V
-n
gim, K
n
tng, CB dch chuyn theo
chiu thun lm tng s mol ca h.
- Nu n<0, V
-n
tng, K
n
gim, CB dch chuyn theo
chiu nghch lm tng s mol ca h.


Const V K K Hay V K K
n
n C
n
C n
= = =
A A
) ( ; ) (
59
Phn ng trong h kh





- Thm cht tr, m V=Const, khng c nh hng g
n cn bng ha hc
- Thm cht tr m V tng, nu n>0, K
n
tng, cn bng
dch chuyn theo chiu thun lm tng s mol ca h.
- Thm cht tr m V tng, nu n<0, K
n
gim, cn
bng dch theo chiu nghch lm tng s mol ca h.

Const
V
RT
K K ra Suy
V
RT
n
P
Const
n
P
K K
n
n P
i
n
i
n P
= = =
= =
A
A

) .( ; ) (
) .(
60
PP xc nh
HSCB
PP trc tip
(o P, C
TTCB)
PP gin tip
(t cc p.
bit
HSCB)
PP nhit
ng (tnh
theoG= -
RTlnK
P
)
PP in ho
(G=-A=-
nFE=-
RTlnK
P
)
3.5. Cc phng php xc nh hng s
cn bng
61
Chng 4. C s l thuyt cn bng pha
Mc tiu:
Tri thc:
Trnh by v gii thch c cc khi nim c bn.
Nu ln c iu kin cn bng pha.
Trnh by v gii thch quy tc pha Gibbs.
nh ngha gin pha, ngha gin pha
Trnh by cc cch biu din cc thng s nhit
ng, v cc quy tc pha.
62

K nng:
Thit lp biu thc bc t do,
Biu din, xc nh thnh phn cc cu t trong
h 2 cu t, h 3 cu t.
S dng cc quy tc pha xc nh thnh phn
cc cu t.





63
Ni dung:
4.1. Cc khi nim v cn bng pha
4.2. iu kin cn bng pha-Quy tc pha
4.3. Gin pha
Chng 4. C s l thuyt cn bng pha
64
4.1. Cc khi nim v cn bng pha

- Cc khi nim v pha, cu t, bc t do
- Cc k hiu nh s pha (f); s cu t (k); bc t do (c)...
- V d minh ha
- Lu s khc nhau ca cc k hiu trong cc gio
trnh khc nhau.
(Ha l 1-HCN)

65
4.2. iu kin cn bng pha-Quy tc pha

4.2.1. iu kin cn bng pha
- Cc pha mun tn ti cn bng vi nhau th phi c
nhng iu kin:

* T ca cc pha l nh nhau (Cn bng nhit)


* P ca cc pha phi nh nhau (Cn bng c)





66
f
T T T T = = = = ....
| o
f
P P P P = = = = ....
| o
* Th ha ca mi cu t trong cc pha phi nh
nhau (Cn bng ha hc)

67
f
k k k k
f
f
f




| o
| o
| o
| o
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
....
. .......... .......... .......... ..........
....
....
....
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
4.2.2. Quy tc pha
Thit lp quy tc pha

- Cc thng s trng thi ca h: T, P, C ca cc cu
t trong h

- Bc t do, c = tng s thng s trng thi - tng s
phng trnh lin h

68
- C s d liu:

* Mi pha c k cu t, ch cn bit nng ca k-1
cu t l . Vy f pha, ta c f(k-1) thng s nng

* Thm T, P, vy tng s thng s trng thi l f(k-1)+2

* Ha th mi hng cn bit l f-1, c k hng, vy s
phng trnh lin h l: k(f-1)

Vy s bc t do c l:
c = f(k-1) + 2 (f-1)k
c = k f + 2
69
- Gin pha l th biu din cc iu kin cn bng
pha gia cc pha ring bit.
- Hai loi gin pha hay gp: T-P v T-thnh phn
- Tm quan trng ca gin pha trong cng nghip

V d nh sn sut thp (Gin pha Fe-C), cho bit
mi ta (T, thnh phn) xc nh c hp phn ca
hp kim Fe-C nh th no. T tnh ton cc thit b
trong dy chuyn cng ngh.


70
4.3. Gin pha
71
4.3.1. Phng php biu din gin pha
i vi cc thng s T, V, P
- Trn trc s.
- Dng nghch o hay logarit (1/T; lgT)



P
T
72
Biu din thnh phn ca h hai cu t
- Theo phn mol (x) hay % khi lng (y)







- im biu din cng gn cu t no th nng ca
cu t cng ln
* M B, x
B
= 1 hoc y
B
= 100%
* x
A
+ x
B
= 1; y
A
+y
B
=100%
* V tr M, ta c x
B
= 0,7 hoc 70%
x
A
= 0,3 hoc 30%





A
B
M
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 x
B

0 20 40 60 80 100% y
B

73
Biu din thnh phn h ba cu t
* Phng php Bozebom:
- Quy c cnh ca tam gic u bng 100%
- T im M biu din thnh phn hn hp k Ma, Mb,
Mc song song vi AB, BC, CA.
- di Ma, Mb, Mc ln lt biu din thnh phn cu
t A, B, C trong hn hp. Ma + Mb +Mc=100%











74
* Phng php Gibbs:
- Quy c ng cao ca tam gic u bng 100%.
- T M k cc ng vung gc Ma, Mb, Mc ln lt
xung cc cnh BC,AC,AB.
- di Ma, Mb, Mc ln lt biu din thnh phn cu
t A, B, C trong hn hp.
- Ma + Mb +Mc=h=100%











75
4.3.2. Cc quy tc gin pha
Qui tc lin tc
- Cc ng hoc cc mt trn gin pha s lin tc
nu trong h khng xy ra s chuyn cht, s thay i
s pha hoc dng pha.









76
Qui tc ng thng lin hp
- Trong iu kin ng T v ng P nu h phn chia
thnh hai h con (hay c to thnh t hai h con) th
im biu din ca ba h ny phi nm trn cng mt
ng thng, ng ny gi l ng thng lin hp.

H H = H H
1
+ H
2


77
Quy tc n by
- Xt h nh hnh trn


;;












78
Qui tc khi tm
- L s m rng quy tc n by, pht biu nh sau: H
gm n h con th im biu din ca n nm khi tm
vt l ca a gic c nh l cc im biu din ca n h.

- H H gm ba h con H
1
, H
2
, H
3
, vy H nm khi tm
vt l ca tam gic H
1
, H
2
, H
3

- Xc nh K, H K = H H
1
+ H H
2

Suy ra, H H = H K + H H
3



Chng 5. Cn bng pha ca h 1 cu
t
Mc tiu:
Tri thc:
Trnh by v gii thch c phng trnh
Clapeyron-Clausius trong cc trng hp.
Trnh by v gii thch nh hng ca p sut
tng cng n p sut hi bo ha.
Nu biu thc s ph thuc ca T vo nhit
chuyn pha
Gii thch gin pha cho 1 s trng hp
79
Mc tiu (tt):
K nng:
Thit lp phng trnh clapeyron-clausius
Thit lp biu thc nh hng ca P tng cng
n P hi bo ha.






Chng 5. Cn bng pha ca h 1 cu
t
80
Ni dung:
5.1. Cc c im c bn ca qu trnh chuyn pha
trong h mt cu t
5.2. Phng trnh Clapeyron-Clausius
5.3. Anh hng ca p sut tng cng n p sut hi
bo ha
5.4. Anh hng ca T n nhit chuyn pha (, H)
5.5. Biu trng thi ca h mt cu t

Chng 5. Cn bng pha ca h 1 cu
t
81
5.1. Cc c im c bn ca qu trnh
chuyn pha trong h mt cu t
- H 1 cu t ch gm mt cht nguyn cht
- Thng thng, cht nguyn cht ch c 1 pha kh, 1
pha lng (tr He nhit rt thp, c 2 pha lng He I
v He II), cn trng thi rn c th c nhiu pha ng
vi cc dng tinh th khc nhau.

VD: nc nguyn cht c th tn ti 7 dng th hnh.
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
tn ti hai pha - Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
hoc -Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

82
5.2. Phng trnh Clapeyron-Clausius
5.2.1. Thit lp phng trnh Clapeyron-
Clausius



- T: nhit chuyn pha
- AV: s bin thin th tch ca pha to thnh v pha
ban u.
- H hay : nhit chuyn pha.


.
V T V T
H
dT
dP
A
=
A
A
=

83
5.2.2. nh hng ca P n T chuyn pha

Xt qu trnh nng chy:

- H>0 (nhn nhit), du dP/dT ph thuc vo du V
nc


- Thng thng V
nc
>0, dP/dT>0, P tng th T
nc
tng.

- V
nc
<0 (gp H
2
O), Suy ra dP/dT<0, P tng th T
nc

gim
84
5.2.3. nh hng ca T n P bo ha

- Xt qu trnh ha hi v thng hoa:
2 2 2 2
2 2
ln
;
.
. .
: ), 1 (
;
RT RT
H
dT
P d
ra Suy
RT RT
H
dT P
dP
RT
P
RT
P H
dT
dP
c ta nn mol theo tnh
P
RT
V V
TV TV
H
dT
dP
ra Suy V hay V V V
V T V T
H
dT
dP
h h
r l h

=
A
= =
A
=
=
A
= =
=
A
= >>
A
=
A
A
=
85
- Tnh ton gn ng cc thng s nhit ng nh p
sut hi, nhit si hay nhit ha hi
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 1 1
2
1 1
R P
P
ln
T T

86
5.3. nh hng ca p sut tng cng
n p sut hi bao ha
p sut hi bo ha ca A l P; p sut hi ca cc
khi cn li l P (kh khc ko tan v ko p. ha hc)
A(lng) A(hi)
Ap sut tng cng s l:
- P
t
s tc ng ln pha lng
- Qa trnh bay hi, T=Const, suy ra:

' P P P
t
+ =
87




- Ta c th tnh c s thay i P
h
bo ha khi thay i
P tng cng.

88
( )
T R
P P V
P
P
ra Suy
P
RT
V dP V dP
t t l
h
h h h t
.
ln
dP
R.T
V
P
dP
:
; V
vdP VdP -SdT dG
1 , 2 ,
1
2
t
l
l

=
=
= =
= + =
5.4. nh hng ca T n nhit chuyn
pha (, H)
- Cn bng lng-hi, hay rn-hi: d/dT=C
P

- Cn bng rn lng: d/dT= C
P
+/T

89
5.5. Biu trng thi ca h mt cu t

- Biu trng thi ca nc
- Biu trng thi ca lu hunh
- Biu trng thi ca cacbon
(Ha l 1-HCN)
90
Chng 6. Cn bng pha dung dch
lng-hi
Mc tiu:
Tri thc:
Nu c nh ngha v phn loi dung dch, nng
ca dung dch
Nu c cn bng pha ca qu trnh ha tan kh
vo lng. Cc yu t nh hng
Trnh by, gii thch, minh ha qu trnh ha tan
lng trong lng v cn bng lng-hi (L Raoult,
cc loi gin , sai lch ca dung dch thc, h
ng ph, s chng ct dung dch, h 2 cht lng
khng ha tan, chng ct theo hi nc, h 2
cht lng ha tan gii hn..


91

K nng:
Thit lp cc biu thc
c gin pha




92
Ni dung:
6.1. i cng v dung dch
6.2. Cn bng pha ca qu trnh ha tan kh
trong dung dch lng
6.3. S ha tan ca lng trong lng v cn bng
lng - hi

Chng 6. Cn bng pha dung dch
lng-hi
93
6.1. i cng v dung dch
6.1.1. nh ngha dung dch
6.1.2. Cch biu din thnh phn dung dch



6.1.3. Phn loi dung dch
Dung dch l tng (f
A-B
=f
A-A
=f
B-B
)
Dung dch thc
Dung dch v cng long

M
z ;
10
% ;
10
%
n
n
x ;
'
.1000;
m
n
C ;
V
n
C ; 100 %
i
i
i
dm
m M
= = =
= = = = =

d
C C
M
d
C C
V
n
C
m
m
C
N M
N
dd
ct
94
6.2. Cn bng pha ca qu trnh ha tan
kh trong dung dch lng
Qa trnh ha tan: Kh thm nhp qua b mt lng, kt
hp vi dung mi v i su vo trong dung dch (hp th)
6.2.1. S nh hng ca P ln qu trnh ha
tan kh vo lng
Kh (P
i
) lng (x
i
)
- nh lut Henry: k
H
=x
i
/P
i
; k
H
=f(T)
- Kh phn ly thnh n phn (trong luyn kim): K=x
n
i
/P
i





95
6.2.2. nh hng ca nhit ln qu trnh
ha tan kh vo lng. Phng trnh Sreder

Kh (P
i
) lng (x
i
) + H
ht

K
P
=x
i
/P
i


T phng trnh ng p Vant Hoff: dlnK
P
/dT=H/RT
2

Ta c: dlnK
P
/dT=H
ht
/RT
2
(Phng trnh Sreder)

- Ha tan (ta nhit): dlnK
P
/dT<0, T tng, K gim,
ha tan gim.

- Ha tan (thu nhit): dlnK
P
/dT>0, T tng, K tng..





96
V d: Trong luyn kim, kh ha tan cn nng lng (thu
nhit) ct lin kt, v khuch tn trong mi trng c
nht cao. T gim, ha tan gim, dn n hin
tng bt kh thot ra, to l rng trong sn phm.





97
Pht trin phng trnh Sreder:

dlnK
P
/dT=H
ht
/RT
2

K
P
=x
i
/P
i
; nu pha kh ch c i, P
i
=x
i
.P=1.P=Const
K
P
=x
i
; Ta c: dlnx
i
/dT=H
ht
/RT
2
;



T
0
v x
i
=1 l nhit ngng t (nhit si) v thnh
phn tng ng khi cu t i l nguyn cht.






|
|
.
|

\
|

A
=
A
=
} }
=
0
2
1
1 1
ln
. ln
0
T T R
H
x
T
dT
R
H
x d
ht
i
T
T
ht
x
x
i
i
i
98
6.3. S ha tan ca lng trong lng v
cn bng lng - hi
- ha tan ca lng trong lng ph thuc bn cht
ca dung mi, cht tan, T v P (khng ng k). Cht
tan s tan tt vo dung mi c bn cht ging n. Phn
cc tan trong phn cc, khng phn cc tan trong
khng phn cc
99
6.3.1. H dung dch l tng tan ln v hn
Hai c tnh:
- Ap sut ca pha hi trn dung dch.
- Thnh phn ca pha hi v pha lng khi 2 pha trng
thi cn bng
Xt h 2 cu t A, B: c=k-f+2=2-2+2=2 (ch 2 thng s
trong cc thng s: T, P, thnh phn hi, thnh phn
lng l c lp).
100
6.3.1.1) nh lut Raoult - p sut hi
i (dung dch) i (kh)
- Dung dch c n cht: P
i
=P
i
0
.x
i

x
i
: phn mol i trong dung dch
P
i
0
: p sut hi bo ha ca i nguyn cht
P
i
: p sut hi bo ha ca cht i trn dung dch c n
cht.
- P tng cng ca tt c hi trn dung dch

=
=
n i
i
P P
1
101
6.3.1.2. Gin p sut thnh phn
H 2 cht A v B:
- Ap sut tng cng ca pha hi trn dung dch:
B A B A
B B B A
B B A A B A
x P P P
x P x P
x P x P P P P
). (
. ) 1 .(
. .
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
+ =
+ =
+ = + =
P P
P
0
B

P
0
A

P
A

P
B

P
T

x
i

102
6.3.1.3. Thnh phn pha hi - nh lut
Konovalop I




; l h s tch hay h s chng ct
h h
B B B
h h
A A A
x n P
= =
x n P
l l
B B
l l
A A
x x

x x

h 0
B B
h 0
A A
x P
= =
x P
o
0
B
0
A
P
=
P
103
6.3.1.4. Gin thnh phn hi thnh phn
lng
( )
l
h
B
B
l
B
.x
x =
1+ -1 x
VD: H n-pentan v
n-hecxan
= P
pen
0
/P
hec
0
=3

x
pen
l
=0,2

x
pen
h
=0,43




104
6.3.1.5. Nhit si v gin nhit si-
thnh phn
- Dung dch si khi p sut tng cng bng p sut bn
ngoi

Nhit si thnh phn
pha hi (ng sng)
105
Nhit si thnh phn
pha lng (ng si)
6.3.1.6. M t qu trnh trn gin
- Gin pha nghin cu nh tnh, nh lng qu
trnh chuyn pha.
- Qa trnh ng nhit (T=Const).
- Qa trnh a nhit (T thay i, thnh phn chung ca
h khng thay i)

Nhit : T
1
T
2
T
3
im h: l
1
Q
2
h
3
im lng: l
1
l
2
l
3
im hi: h
1
h
2
h
3
106
6.3.2. H dung dch thc tan ln v hn
6.3.2.1. p sut hi
- Dung dch thc:

i i i
x P P .
0
=
i i i
x P P .
0
(
* Dung dch sai lch m

CHCl
3
(C
2
H
5
)
2
O
107


* Dung dch
sai lch dng

i i i
x P P .
0
)
Nguyn nhn sai lch m, sai lch dng?
108
6.3.2.2. Thnh phn pha hi - nh lut
Konovalop II

H c im cc tr trn gin (P-x), ti im cc tr
th pha lng v pha hi cn bng c cng thnh phn:

- Ta c: x
B
h
= x
B
l
; x
A
h
= x
A
l
(im ng ph)

- Dung dch c thnh phn ng vi im ng ph s si
nhit khng i.




109




Hn hp ng ph ca H
2
O-C
3
H
7
OH
H
2
O C
3
H
7
OH
110
6.3.3. S chng ct dung dch
- Qu trnh tch hn hp lng thnh nhng cu t ring
bit bng s ha hi v ngng t lin tip
- C s ca php chng ct l thnh phn pha hi phi
khc thnh phn pha lng. Nu x
h
cng khc x
l
th vic
chng ct cng d dng.
111
6.3.3.1. Chng ct h l tng v khng to
dung dch ng ph
112
- Nguyn l ca qu trnh chng ct
6.3.3.2. Chng ct h l tng c to dung
dch ng ph
113
6.3.3.3. Qa trnh chng ct trong cng
nghip


















http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGNRJkwNbwA&feature=related

114
6.3.4. H hai cht lng hon ton khng tan
ln
- Hai cht lng m lc lin kt gia cc phn t cng
loi ln hn nhiu so vi lc tng tc khc loi th
khng ha tan vo nhau. phn cc ca chng hon
ton khc nhau.
V d:
H H
2
O C
6
H
6
, CHCl
3
CH
3
OH
- V khng ha tan ln nn chng to thnh mt hn hp
ch khng phi 1 dung dch.

115
6.3.4.1. Tnh cht ca h
- Ap sut tng cng ca h hai cht lng A v B l:


- Thnh phn pha hi cng ch ph thuc vo nhit
m khng ph thuc vo thnh phn ca hn
hp lng. Ta c:
( ) T f P P P P P
0
B
0
A B A
= + = + =
( ) T f
P
P
P
P
x
x
0
A
0
B
A
B
h
A
h
B
= = =
116
- Nhit si ca hn hp cng khng ph thuc vo
thnh phn, n nh hn nhit si ca mi cu t v
ch ph thuc vo p sut bn ngoi.
(1) m t s ph thuc ca p sut hi cu t A vo T
(2) m t s ph thuc ca p sut hi cu t B vo T

Nhit
si ca hn
hp (T
hh
0
)
117
6.3.4.2. Chng theo hi nc
- Chng theo hi nc l dng hi nc li ko mt
cu t khng tan trong nc ra khi hn hp ca n
- Tnh lng nc ti thiu (kg) cn thit chng ct
c 1 kg cht A ?



Nu qu trnh chng ct tinh du ?
A A
O H
O H
A
O H
A
O H O H
A
O H
A
O H
M P
P
g ra Suy
P
P
x
x g
n
n
x
x
18
;
18 / 1
18 /
0
0
0
0
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
=
= = =
118
6.3.5. H hai cht lng tan ln c gii hn
- L h c tnh cht trung gian gia h hon ton khng
tan ln v tan ln hon ton.
VD: h phenol - nc, nc butanol
Lp nc bo ha butanol
Lp butanol bo ha nc
119
- Gin pha
- ng cong ha tan gia nc v butanol.
- Pha ngoi ng cong, h ch gm 1 pha.
- Bn trong ng cong, h gm hai pha lng nm cn
bng vi nhau (hai dung dch lin hp d th).
- Ti im cc i K, hai dung dch lin hp c thnh
phn bng nhau.
120
6.3.6. H ba cht lng tan ln c gii hn
(Ha l 1 - HCN)
121
6.3.7. Qu trnh chit tch (trch ly) v nh
lut phn b
- Qa trnh tch 1 cht khi hn hp lng bng 1 dung
mi thch hp cho php ha tan tt hn cht cn ly ra.
- Cht tan G trong dung mi A. Dng dung mi B
chit. Ly 1 lng dung mi B cho vo hn hp, sau
lc, G s phn b sang dung mi B. Dung mi B khng
tan trong A v G tan tt trong B.
122
nh lut phn b Nernst:



Qu trnh chit
- Dung dch, th tch V
0
cha a mol cht tan. Mi ln
ta dng th tch V
C
chit.
- Gi xn l s mol cht tan cn li sau ln chit th n.
Vy sau ln chit th 1:


K
C
C
B Y
A Y
=
) (
) (
C
C
dd Y
dm Y
V K V
V
a x
V
x
V
x a
K
C
C
.
0
0
1
0
1
1
/
/
+
=

= =
123
a x n
x
n

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
;
K.V V
V
a
n
C 0
0
n
- Sau ln chit th 2:






- Sau ln chit th n:





2
0
0
0
0
1 2
0
2
2 1
. .
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=

=
C C
C
V K V
V
a
V K V
V
x x
V
x
V
x x
K
124
Chng 7. Cn bng pha dung dch
lng-rn
Mc tiu:
Tri thc:
Trnh by v gii thch cc hin tng (
gim p sut hi, tng T si, h T ng
c)
Trnh by v gii thch cc qu trnh kt
tinh ca dung dch hai cu t

125
M t s kt tinh ca dung dch ba cu t





K nng:
c gin pha
Tnh ton cc thng s T, P da vo s
gim p sut, tng T si v h bng
im.




126

Chng 7. Cn bng pha dung dch
lng-rn
Ni dung
7.1. Tnh cht dung dch long ca cc cht ha tan
khng bay hi
7.2. Cc yu t nh hng n ha tan ca cc cht
rn
7.3. S kt tinh ca dung dch hai cu t
7.4) S kt tinh ca dung dch ba cu t


127
7.1.1. gim p sut hi ca dung dch






dung mi cht tan khng bay hi









Lng
Hi
V (bay hi)
V (ngng t)
7.1. Tnh cht ca dung dch loang ca
cht tan kh bay hi
128
nh lut Raoult:


- Vi x l phn mol ca cc cht tan khng bay hi, P
0
1

l p sut hi bo ha ca dung mi nguyn.
x
x
= =

=
0
1
P
P
0
1
P
P
0
1
P
0
1
P
0
1
P
1
P .
) 1 .(
1
. x x = =
0
1
P
0
1
P
1
P
129
7.1.2. tng im si v h im kt tinh

- Cht lng si nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha
ca n bng p sut ngoi.

- Cht lng nguyn cht, P ngoi khng i, nhit si
khng i sut thi gian si cho n khi chuyn ht thnh
hi. i vi dung dch, nhit bt u si v nhit
si kt thc l khc nhau v thay i lin tc.

- Vi dung dch long cha cht tan khng bay hi, P hi
bo ho lun thp hn P hi bo ho ca dung mi lng
nguyn cht cng nhit v p sut ngoi.


130
tng im si v h im kt tinh ca cc
dung dch c cht tan khng bay hi t l thun vi
nng molan ca dung dch

Biu thc ton c vit:

T = K . C
m
- Vi:
T = IT
0
TI
C
m
l nng molan ca dung dch.
K l hng s nghim ng K

hoc hng s nghim

si K
s
ca dung mi nguyn cht.
131
Mi quan h gia hng s K vi cc tnh cht ha
l ca dung mi.



- Vi:
R: hng s kh l tng
T
0
: nhit si hay nhit kt tinh ca dung mi
nguyn cht.

1
: nhit ngng t hay nhit nng chy ca dung mi
nguyn cht.
M
1
: phn t khi ca dung mi.


Xt v d trong gio trnh !
1
1
2
0
1000.
.M R.T
K =
132
7.1.3. p sut thm thu

p sut thm thu ca dung dch l p sut ph
phi tc ng ln mt mng bn thm nm phn cch
gia dung dch v dung mi nguyn cht dung dch
c th nm cn bng thu tnh vi dung mi qua mng
bn thm.


- Vi:
: l p sut thm thu (atm)
C: l nng , mol/l.
R: hng s kh l tng.
T: nhit tuyt i K

CRT =
133
7.2. Cc yu t nh hng n ha
tan ca cc cht rn trong pha lng
- Bn cht ca cc cht tan v bn cht ca dung mi

- Nhit nh hng rt ln n ha tan

- Ap sut gn nh khng c nh hng n
ha tan
c = k f + 1

(Ha l 1-HCN)
134
7.3. S kt tinh ca dung dch hai
cu t

- Khi lm lnh dung dch hai cu t th xy ra qu trnh
kt tinh, song tu theo thnh phn ca dung dch m cu
t ny hoc cu t kia s sinh ra trc v c tn ti mt
thnh phn m c hai cu t kt tinh ng thi (im
eutecti).

- C nhng trng hp phc tp hn, mt thnh phn
thch hp khi kt tinh khng phi l cu t nguyn cht
m l mt hp cht ha hc (thng l mui kp, mui
ngm nc)
135
7.3.1. H hai cu t kt tinh khng to dung
dch rn, khng to hp cht ha hc
- Xt nhng h khi kt tinh s cho cc pha rn nguyn
cht v cc cht ny khng to hp cht ha hc nh
cc h: NaCl-H
2
O; KCl-LiCl
- Gin pha T - x ca h hai cu t A B nh sau:
e
136
a
r
A B E
e
R
A
- R
B

R
A
- L
A
R
B
- L
B

L
A-B

b
r
x
B

7.3.1.1. Gin nhit -thnh phn

137
7.3.1.2. Kho st qu trnh a nhit
- Qu trnh trong c s thay i nhit (cn thnh
phn chung ca h th khng i) c gi l qu
trnh a nhit.
- Ta kho st h Q c m t trn gin nh sau:
138
im biu din h v im biu din cc pha s
dch chuyn trn gin theo nhng ng sau:
Nhit : T
1
T
2
T
e
im h: l
1
Q
2
H
im pha lng: l
1
l
2
e
im pha rn: r
1
r
2
R
B


Tnh ton lng tng i cc pha trong h.



139
7.3.1.3. Hn hp eutecti
- P khng i, hn hp eutecti s kt tinh nhit
khng i theo ng thnh phn ca n.
- Hn hp eutecti c tnh cht nh mt hp cht ha
hc, thc s n khng phi l mt hp cht ha hc m
ch l mt hn hp gm nhng tinh th rt nh, mn ca
hai pha rn A v rn B kt tinh xen k vo nhau

V d: c thic hn nng chy T thp, trn thic vi
ch, thu c hp kim c nhit nng chy thp hn
200C
140
7.3.1.4. Php phn tch nhit
(Ha l 1 HCN)
141
7.3.2. H hai cu t kt tinh to thnh hp
cht ha hc bn
- Nu trong khong nng no , dung dch hai cu
t A v B kt tinh to hp cht ha hc D, D ch bn
T di nhit nng chy.

- Gin T-x c th coi l s ghp hai gin A-D v
D-B
(Ha l I HCN)
142
7.3.3. H hai cu t khng to thnh dung
dch rn, khi kt tinh to thnh hp cht ha
hc khng bn
143
- ng ae l ng kt tinh ca cht rn A.
- ng ep l ng kt tinh ca cht rn D.
- ng pb l ng kt tinh ca cht rn B.
- im e l im eutecti v im p l im peritecti
hay im chuyn tip.

- Qa trnh a nhit (Ha L I-HCN)
144
7.3.4. H hai cu t to thnh dung dch
rn tan ln v hn
145
7.4. S kt tinh ca dung dch ba cu t
(Nhit ng ha hc o Vn Lng)
146
Cm n s theo di
ca qu thy c !
147