INRODUCTION The Computer Systems I/O is controlling and

managing I/O activities.

The I/O system consists of I/O devices. Devices controllers. Driver software.

Wide variety of peripherals

All slower than CPU and RAM

Need I/O mudules

Three categories of external devices

1) Human readable Screen Printer Keyboard 2) Machine readable Magnetic disk Tape system 3) Communication Modem

Keyboard and Monitor

Computer or user interaction The user provides input via the keyboard and the monitor displays the output. Each character in this code is represented by a unique 7-bit binary code. Printers and control are the two types of character.

Device Communication

I/O MODULE FUNCTION

Error Detection

Control & Timing CPU Communication

Data Buffering

I/O MODULE
DIAGRAM

Memory

mapped I/O

Isolated I/O

INPUT OUTPUT TECHNIQUES Programmed Interrupt driven Direct Memory Access(DMA)

Programmed I/O

INTERRUPT DRIVEN (I/O-basic

CPU issues read command

operation)

I/O modules gets data from peripheral whilst CPU does other work I/O module interrupts CPU

CPU requests data

I/O module transfers data

test

write

I/O COMMANDS

control

read

Design Issues 4 techniques in common use: Multiple interrupt lines Software poll Daisy chain Bus arbitration

DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS

DMA Function
DMA involves an additional module on the system bus. The DMA module is capable of imitating the processor and taking over control of the system from the processor. It needs to do this to transfer data to and from memory over the system bus.

External Interface
o Used to connect devices to the I/O module. o A common characteristic of interface is whether it is serial or parallel. o Parallel Interface Multiple lines connect the peripheral and the I/O module. So multiple bits are transferred at once. Used in high speed peripherals such as hard disk, printer, scanner. o Serial Interface There is only one line to transmit data and bits are transferred one at a time. Used in slower devices such as mouse and keyboard.