The English Auxiliary

We can begin with the hypothesis that the phrase structure rules can generate not only the following sentence, they were made up to describe but also this whole range of English sentences as well S Np +Vp

Mulitiple sentences
Rules are in adequate
William write plays William wrote plays William will write plays William would write plays William has written plays William had written plays William will have written plays William would have written plays William is writing plays William was writing plays William will be writing plays William would be writing plays William has been writing plays William had been writing plays William would have been writing plays

An Auxiliary Structure
S Np N Vp V Np

William

N wrote Plays

Np + ( AUX ) + Vp { will , would } + ( Have ) + ( Been) { Has , Had } + ( Been) { Is, Was }

AUX

Example
S Np N AUX V Vp

Np N William has been writing plays

PS rules
S Vp Np + AUX + Vp V + (Np) be + { Adj, Np} Np (Det) + N AUX TNS + (M) + ( PERF) + ( PROG) -TNS { -prs, pst } M {can, may, will, shall, should, must.} PERF have- en PROG be-ing V { build, work, write,..} Adj { diligent, .} Det { a, the,} N { women, leader, car, William, play

Transformation on deep and surface level

The structures of sentences that we actully speak , to which the rules of phonology are applied are called surface structures. If no transformations apply then deep structure and surface structure are the same.

Note:

According to some transformational theories, certain obligatory transformations apply to all deep structures. Thus deep and surface structure are never identical.

Application of Transformational rules

Sentence Negation Contracted Negatives Imperatives Yes/No Questions Question-word Questions

Structure dependency
Much syntactic knowledge not revealed by phrase structure rules is accounted for by transformation, which alter phrase structure by moving, adding or deleting lements Structure dependent
The astronomer saw a new glaxy with his telescope With his telescope, the astronomer saw a new glaxy

English Prepositional Phrases

Look at the examples
The girls are studying French with enthusiasm. Kate had been kind at Harvard. Richard teaches Russian in the evening. The Norwegians have invaded Burma for some reason.

The girls are studying French how? The girls are studying French enthusiastically. Kate had been kind where? Kate had been kind there. Richard teaches Russian when? Richard teaches Russian then. The Norwegians have invaded Burma why? The Norwegians have invaded Burma deliberately.

Rule:
S Np +AUX + Vp + (Adverbial) { PP, ADV}
{how, enthusiastically}

Adverbial
ADV

Types of Adverbial phrases

ADVM= Adverbials of manner ADVP= Adverbials of place ADVT= Adverbials of time ADVR= Adverbials of reason

 The girls are studying French enthusiastically at the pool yesterday for some reason.