Dịch vụ VOIP

Dch v VOIP
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Ch ng 1
tng Quan V Voip
Dch v in thoi IP l dch v ng dng cao cp cho php truyn ti cc cuc m thoi s dng h tng mng IP. Nguyn tc VoIP gm vic s ho tn hiu ging ni, nn tn hiu s ho, chia tn hiu thnh cc gi v truyn nhng gi s liu ny trn nn IP. n ni nhn, cc gi s liu c ghp li, gii m ra tn hiu analog phc hi m thanh. Trong dch v in thoi IP c th c s tham gia ca 3 loi i tng cung cp dch v nh sau: - Nh cung cp Internet ISP - Nh cung cp dch v in thoi Internet ITSP - Nh cung cp dch v trong mng chuyn mch knh c th s dng c dch v in thoi IP, ngi s dng cn thng qua mng Internet v cc chng trnh ng dng cho in thoi IP. Trong khi cc nh cung cp dch v Internet cung cp s truy cp Internet cho khch hng ca h th cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi ITSP cung cp dch v in thoi IP cho khch hng bng cch s dng cc chng trnh ng dng dng cho in thoi IP. C th ni rng dch v truy cp Internet cung cp bi cc ISP cha cung cp dch v in thoi IP. Ngi s dng cn phi truy nhp vo nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP khi s dng in thoi IP. H khng th gi hoc nhn cc cuc m thoi thng qua dch v in thoi IP nu ch c truy nhp vo mng Internet. phc v cho vic truyn thng gia nhng ngi s dng trn cc my tnh u cui ca mng Internet, cc cng ty phn mm cung cp cc trng trnh ng dng dng cho in thoi IP thc hin vai tr ca ITSP. i vi ngi s dng trn mng chuyn mch knh, h s truy nhp vo ISP hoc ITSP thng qua cc im truy nhp trong mng chuyn mch knh. VoIP da trn s kt hp ca mng chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi l mng IP. Mi loi mng c nhng c im khc bit nhau. Trong mng chuyn mch knh mt knh truyn dn dnh ring c thit lp gia hai thit b u cui thng qua mt hay nhiu nt chuyn mch trung gian. Dng thng tin truyn trn knh ny l dng bit truyn lin tc theo thi gian. Bng thng ca knh dnh ring c m bo v c nh trong qu trnh lin lc (64Kbps i vi mng in thoi PSTN), v tr thng tin l rt nh ch c thi gian truyn thng tin trn knh. Khc vi mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch gi (Packet Switching Network) s dng h thng lu tr ri truyn ti cc nt mng. Thng
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com tin c chia thnh cc gi, mi gi c thm cc thng tin iu khin cn thit cho qu trnh truyn nh l a ch ni gi, a ch ni nhn... Cc gi thng tin n nt mng c x l v lu tr trong mt thi gian nht nh ri mi c truyn n nt tip theo sao cho vic s dng knh c hiu qu cao nht. Trong mng chuyn mch gi khng c knh dnh ring no c thit lp, bng thng ca knh logic gia hai thit b u cui thng khng c nh, v tr thng tin ln hn mng chuyn mch knh rt nhiu. p dng VoIP c th khai thc tnh hiu qu ca cc mng truyn s liu, khai thc tnh linh hot trong pht trin cc ng dng mi ca giao thc IP. Nhng VoIP cng phc tp v i hi gii quyt nhiu vn .
1.1 Cu hnh ca mng in thoi IP

Theo cc ngin cu ca ETSI, cu hnh chun ca mng in thoi IP c th bao gm cc phn t sau: - Thit b u cui kt ni vi mng IP - Mng truy nhp IP - Mng xng sng IP - Gateway - Gatekeeper - Mng chuyn mch knh - Thit b u cui kt ni vi mng chuyn mch knh Trong cc kt ni khc nhau cu hnh mng c th thm hoc bt mt s phn t trn. Cu hnh chung ca mng in thoi IP gm cc phn t Gatekeeper, Gateway, cc thit b u cui thoi v my tnh. Mi thit b u cui giao tip vi mt Gatekeeper v giao tip ny ging vi giao tip gia thit b u cui v Gateway. Mi Gatekeeper s chu trch nhim qun l mt vng, nhng cng c th nhiu Gatekeeper chia nhau qun l mt vng trong trng hp mt vng c nhiu Gatekeeper. Trong vng qun l ca cc Gatekeeper, cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c chuyn tip qua mt hoc nhiu Gatekeeper. Do cc Gatekeeper phi c kh nng trao i cc thng tin vi nhau khi cuc gi lin quan n nhiu Gatekeeper. Cu hnh ca mng in thoi IP c m t trong hnh 1.1.
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Gatekeeper
DNS Server
IP Network
PC Gateway
M ng chuyn m ch knh
Gateway PC Telephone
M ng chuyn m ch knh
Telephone
Hnh 1.1
Cu hnh ca mng in thoi IP
Chc nng ca cc phn t trong mng nh sau:
1/Thit b u cui:
Thit b u cui l mt nt cui trong cu hnh ca mng in thoi IP. N c th c kt ni vi mng IP s dng mt trong cc giao din truy nhp. Mt thit b u cui c th cho php mt thu bao trong mng IP thc hin cuc gi ti mt thu bao khc trong mng chuyn mch knh. Cc cuc gi s c Gatekeeper m thit b u cui hoc thu bao ng k gim st. Mt thit b u cui c th gm cc khi chc nng sau: - Chc nng u cui: Thu v nhn cc bn tin; - Chc nng bo mt knh truyn ti: m bo tnh bo mt ca knh truyn ti thng tin kt ni vi thit b u cui. - Chc nng bo mt knh bo hiu: m bo tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu kt ni vi thit b u cui. - Chc nng xc nhn: thit lp c im nhn dng khch hng, thit b hoc phn t mng, thu nhp cc thng tin dng xc nh bn tin bo hiu hay bn tin cha thng tin c truyn hoc nhn cha. - Chc nng qun l: giao tip vi h thng qun l mng.
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com - Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh hoc ghi li cc thng tin v s kin ( truy nhp, cnh bo ) v ti nguyn. - Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin c s dng ra thit b ngoi vi.
2/Mng truy nhp IP

Mng truy nhp IP cho php thit b u cui, Gateway, Gatekeeper truy nhp vo mng IP thng qua c s h tng sn c. Sau y l mt vi loi giao din truy nhp IP c s dng trong cu hnh chun ca mng in thoi IP: - Truy nhp PSTN - Truy nhp ISDN - Truy nhp LAN - Truy nhp GSM - Truy nhp DECT y khng phi l tt c cc giao din truy nhp IP, mt vi loi khc ang c nghin cu s dng cho mng in thoi IP. c im ca cc giao din ny c th gy nh hng n cht lng v tnh bo mt ca cuc gi in thoi IP.
3/Gatekeeper
Gatekeeper l phn t ca mng chu trch nhim qun l vic ng k, chp nhn v trng thi ca cc thit b u cui v Gateway. Gatekeeper c th tham gia vo vic qun l vng, x l cuc gi v bo hiu cuc gi. N xc nh ng dn truyn bo hiu cuc gi v ni dung i vi mi cuc gi. Gatekeeper c th bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: - Chc nng chuyn i a ch E.164 ( S E.164 l s in thoi tun th theo cu trc v k hoch nh s c m t trong khuyn ngh E.164 ca Lin minh vin thng quc t ITU) : chuyn i a ch E.164 sang a ch IP v ngc li truyn cc bn tin, nhn v truyn a ch IP truyn cc bn tin, bao gm c m la chn nh cung cp. - Chc nng dch a ch knh thng tin: nhn v truyn a ch IP ca cc knh truyn ti thng tin, bao gm c m la chn nh cung cp. - Chc nng dch a ch knh: nhn v truyn a ch IP phc v cho bo hiu, bao gm c m la chn nh cung cp. - Chc nng giao tip gia cc Gatekeeper: thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc Gatekeeper.
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com v. - Chc nng xc nhn: thit lp cc c im nhn dng ca khch hng, thit b u cui hoc cc phn t mng. - Chc nng bo mt knh thng tin: m bo tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu kt ni Gatekeeper vi thit b u cui. - Chc nng tnh cc: thu thp thng tin tnh cc. - Chc nng iu chnh tc v gi cc: xc nh tc v gi cc. - Chc nng qun l: giao tip vi h thng qun l mng. - Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh hoc ghi li cc thng tin v s kin (truy nhp, cnh bo) v ti nguyn. - Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin c s dng ra thit b ngoi vi. Chc nng ng k: cung cp cc thng tin cn ng k khi yu cu dch
4/Gateway
Gateway l mt phn t khng nht thit phi c trong mt giao tip H.323. N ng vai tr lm phn t cu ni v ch tham gia vo mt cuc gi khi c s chuyn tip t mng H.323 ( v d nh mng LAN hay mng Internet) sang mng phi H.323 ( v d mng chuyn mch knh hay PSTN). Mt Gateway c th kt ni vt l vi mt hay nhiu mng IP hay vi mt hay nhiu mng chuyn mch knh. Mt Gateway c th bao gm: Gateway bo hiu, Gateway truyn ti knh thoi, Gateway iu khin truyn ti knh thoi. Mt hay nhiu chc nng ny c th thc hin trong mt Gatekeeper hay mt Gateway khc. - Gateway bo hiu SGW: cung cp knh bo hiu gia mng IP v mng chuyn mch knh. Gateway bo hiu l phn t trung gian chuyn i gia bo hiu trong mng IP ( v d H.323) v bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh (v d R2, CCS7). Gateway bo hiu c cc chc nng sau: + Chc nng kt cui cc giao thc iu khin cuc gi. + Chc nng kt cui bo hiu t mng chuyn mch knh: phi hp hot ng vi cc chc nng bo hiu ca Gateway iu khin truyn ti knh thoi. + Chc nng bo hiu: chuyn i bo hiu gia mng IP vi bo hiu mng chuyn mch knh khi phi hp hot ng vi Gateway iu khin truyn ti knh thoi. + Chc nng giao din mng chuyn mch gi: kt cui mng chuyn mch gi.
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com + Chc nng bo mt knh bo hiu: m bo tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu kt ni vi thit b u cui. + Chc nng qun l: giao tip vi h thng qun l mng. + Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh hoc ghi li cc thng tin v s kin (truy nhp, cnh bo) v ti nguyn. + Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin c s dng ra thit b ngoi vi. - Gateway truyn ti knh thoi MGM: cung cp phng tin thc hin chc nng chuyn i m ho. N s chuyn i gia cc m ho trong mng IP vi cc m ho truyn trong mng chuyn mch knh. Gateway truyn ti knh thoi bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: + Chc nng chuyn i a ch knh thng tin: cung cp a ch IP cho cc knh thng tin truyn v nhn. + Chc nng chuyn i lung: chuyn i gia cc lung thng tin gia mng IP v mng chuyn mch knh bao gm vic chuyn m ho v trit ting vng. + Chc nng dch m ho: nh tuyn cc lung thng tin gia mng IP v mng chuyn mch knh. + Chc nng giao din vi mng chuyn mch knh: kt cui v iu khin cc knh mang thng tin t mng chuyn mch knh. + Chc nng chuyn i knh thng tin gia mng IP v mng chuyn mch knh: chuyn i gia knh mang thng tin thoi, Fax, d liu ca mng chuyn mch knh v cc gi d liu trong mch IP. N cng thc hin cc chc nng x l tn hiu thch hp nh: nn tn hiu thoi, trit ting vng, m ho, chuyn i tn hiu Fax v iu tit tc modem tng t. Thm vo , n cn thc hin vic chuyn i gia tn hiu m a tn DTMF trong mng chuyn mch knh v cc tn hiu thch hp trong mng IP khi cc b m ho tn hiu thoi khng m ho tn hiu m a tn DTMF. Chc nng chuyn i knh thng tin gia mng IP v mng chuyn mch knh cng c th thu nhp thng tin v lu lng gi v cht lng knh i vi mi cuc gi s dng trong vic bo co chi tit v iu khin cuc gi. + Chc nng qun l: giao tip vi h thng qun l mng. + Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh hoc ghi li cc thng tin v s kin (truy nhp, cnh bo) v ti nguyn. + Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin c s dng ra thit b ngoi vi.
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com - Gateway iu khin truyn ti knh thoi MGWC: ng vai tr phn t kt ni gia Gateway bo hiu v Gatekeeper. N cung cp chc nng x l cuc gi cho Gateway, iu khin Gateway truyn ti kn thoi, nhn thng tin bo hiu ca mng chuyn mch knh t Gateway bo hiu v thng tin bo hiu ca mng IP t Gatekeeper. Gateway iu khin truyn ti knh thoi bao gm cc chc nng sau: + Chc nng truyn v nhn cc bn tin. + Chc nng xc nhn: thit lp cc c im nhn dng ca ngi s dng, thit b hoc cc phn t mng. + Chc nng iu khin cuc gi: lu gi cc trng thi cuc gi ca Gateway. Chc nng ny bao gm tt c cc iu khin kt ni logic ca Gateway. + Chc nng bo hiu: chuyn i gia bo hiu mng IP v bo hiu mng chuyn mch knh trong qu trnh phi hp hot ng vi Gateway bo hiu. + Chc nng qun l: giao tip vi h thng qun l mng. Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh hoc ghi li cc thng tin v s kin (truy nhp, cnh bo) v ti nguyn. + Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin c s dng ra thit b ngoi vi.
1.2 Cu trc kt ni
Hnh 1.2 m t cc thnh phn c bn ca mng phc v cho dch v thoi qua Internet.
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H.323 Gatekeeper
M ng chuyn m ch knh
DNS Server
Router
Hub
IP Network
PPP Access Server
H.323 Terminal VoIP-H.323 Gateway H.323 Terminal
Telephone PBX
M ng chuyn m ch knh
Telephone
Hnh 1.2
Cc phn t c bn ca mng in thoi IP
V c bn c th chia cu trc kt ni trong cc ng dng dch v thoi Internet thnh ba loi: - Kt ni PC-PC - Kt ni PC-My thoi - Kt ni My thoi-My thoi
1.2.1 Kt ni PC-PC
Khi thc hin kt ni PC vi PC v mt hnh thc c th chia lm hai loi: Kt ni thng qua mng LAN hoc mt mng IP. Kt ni gia mt PC trong mng IP ny vi mt PC trong mng IP khc thng qua mng PSTN .
1.2.2 Kt ni PC-My thoi

i vi cc kt ni PC v my thoi, do c s chuyn tip t mng Internet sang mng SCN nn bao gi cng c s tham gia ca Gateway. Sau y l mt s tnh hung kt ni mt PC v mt my thoi: - Mt mng LAN/Mt nh qun tr vng
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com y l kt ni gia mt u cui IP v mt my in thoi. Trong mng LAN c cu trc n gin nht gm mt Gateway, mt Gatekeeper v cc u cui IP to thnh mt phn mng LAN . Trong trng hp ny cc u cui IP v Gateway mun hot ng u ng k vi Gatekeeper v mi bo hiu thc hin cuc gi u do Gatekeeper iu khin. - Hai mng LAN/Mt Gatekeeper/Mt nh qun tr vng. Trong trng hp ny cc phn t H.323 nm trong hai mng LAN nhng cuc gi ch do mt Gatekeeper gi vai tr lm nh qun tr vng iu khin . Cu hnh ny thch hp cho vic xy dng mng ca mt cng ty. - Hai mng LAN/Hai Gatekeeper/Mt nh qun tr vng. Trong trng hp ny cc phn t H.323 nm trong hai mng LAN. V c im th n gn ging vi trng hp trn, nhng nh c Gatekeeper th hai nn mi mng LAN c mt Gatekeeper iu khin. Nh phng thc iu khin s mm do hn cho php nh qun tr vng iu khin lu lng trong cc mng LAN v lu lng chuyn giao gia chng. Ton b bo hiu cuc gi do Gatekeeper ni trc tip vi u cui IP ng vai tr lm nh qun tr vng iu khin. - Hai mng LAN/Hai nh qun tr vng/C kt ni trc tip vi nhau. Trng hp ny thc hin kt ni c lin quan n hai mng LAN do hai nh qun tr mng khc nhau qun l . Trao i bn tin bo hiu cuc gi gia chng thng qua knh bo hiu ni trc tip gia hai hai Gatekeeper. - Hai mng LAN/Hai nh qun tr vng/Kt ni thng qua Gatekeeper trung gian Trong trng hp kt ni c lin quan n hai mng LAN m cc Gatekeeper ca chng khng c knh bo hiu ni trc tip vi nhau th thc hin cuc gi chng phi thng qua mt hay nhiu Gatekeeper khc ng vai tr lm cu ni.
1.2.3 Kt ni My thoi-My thoi

Trong kt ni gia hai my in thoi c thc hin thng qua mng IP thay v c kt ni trong mng PSTN.
1.3 c im ca in thoi IP
in thoi IP ra i nhm khai thc tnh hiu qu ca cc mng truyn s liu, khai thc tnh linh hot trong pht trin cc ng dng mi ca giao thc IP v n c p dng trn mt mng ton cu l mng Internet. Cc tin b ca cng ngh mang n cho in thoi IP nhng u im sau: Trang 10
Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com + Gim chi ph cuc gi: u im ni bt nht ca in thoi IP so vi dch v in thoi hin ti l kh nng cung cp nhng cuc gi ng di gi r vi cht lng chp nhn c. Nu dch v in thoi IP c trin khai, chi ph cho mt cuc gi ng di s ch tng ng vi chi ph truy nhp internet. Nguyn nhn dn n chi ph thp nh vy l do tn hiu thoi c truyn ti trong mng IP c kh nng s dng knh hiu qu cao. ng thi, k thut nn thoi tin tin gim tc bt t 64 Kbps xung thp ti 8 Kbps (theo tiu chun nn thoi G.729A ca ITU-T) kt hp vi tc x l nhanh ca cc b vi x l ngy nay cho php vic truyn ting ni theo thi gian thc l c th thc hin c vi lng ti nguyn bng thng thp hn nhiu so vi k thut c. So snh mt cuc gi trong mng PSTN vi mt cuc gi qua mng IP, ta thy: Chi ph phi tr cho cuc gi trong mng PSTN l chi ph phi b ra duy tr cho mt knh 64kbps sut t u cui ny ti u cui kia thng qua mt h thng cc tng i. Chi ph ny i vi cc cuc gi ng di (lin tnh, quc t) l kh ln. Trong trng hp cuc gi qua mng IP, ngi s dng t mng PSTN ch phi duy tr knh 64kbps n Gateway ca nh cung cp dch v ti a phng. Nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP s m nhn nhim v nn, ng gi tn hiu thoi v gi chng i qua mng IP mt cch c hiu qu nht ti c Gateway ni ti mt mng in thoi khc c ngi lin lc u kia. Vic kt ni nh vy lm gim ng k chi ph cuc gi do phn ln knh truyn 64Kbps c thay th bng vic truyn thng tin qua mng d liu hiu qu cao. + Tch hp mng thoi, mng s liu v mng bo hiu: Trong in thoi IP, tn hiu thoi, s liu v ngay c bo hiu u c th cng i trn cng mt mng IP. iu ny s tit kim c chi ph u t xy dng nhng mng ring r. + Kh nng m rng (Scalability): Nu nh cc h tng i thng l nhng h thng kn, rt kh thm vo nhng tnh nng th cc thit b trong mng internet thng c kh nng thm vo nhng tnh nng mi. Chnh tnh mm do mang li cho dch v in thoi IP kh nng m rng d dng hn so vi in thoi truyn thng. + Khng cn thng tin iu khin thit lp knh truyn vt l: Gi thng tin trong mng IP truyn n ch m khng cn mt s thit lp knh no. Gi ch cn mang a ch ca ni nhn cui cng l thng tin c th n c
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com ch. Do vy, vic iu khin cuc gi trong mng IP ch cn tp trung vo chc nng cuc gi m khng phi tp trung vo chc nng thit lp knh. + Qun l bng thng: Trong in thoi chuyn mch knh, ti nguyn bng thng cung cp cho mt cuc lin lc l c nh (mt knh 64Kbps) nhng trong in thoi IP vic phn chia ti nguyn cho cc cuc thoi linh hot hn nhiu. Khi mt cuc lin lc din ra, nu lu lng ca mng thp, bng thng dnh cho lin lc s cho cht lng thoi tt nht c th; nhng khi lu lng ca mng cao, mng s hn ch bng thng ca tng cuc gi mc duy tr cht lng thoi chp nhn c nhm phc v cng lc c nhiu ngi nht. im ny cng l mt yu t lm tng hiu qu s dng ca in thoi IP. Vic qun l bng thng mt cch tit kim nh vy cho php ngi ta ngh ti nhng dch v cao cp hn nh truyn hnh hi ngh, iu m vi cng ngh chuyn mch c ngi ta khng thc hin v chi ph qu cao. + Nhiu tnh nng dch v: Tnh linh hot ca mng IP cho php to ra nhiu tnh nng mi trong dch v thoi. V d cho bit thng tin v ngi gi ti hay mt thu bao in thoi IP c th c nhiu s lin lc m ch cn mt thit b u cui duy nht (V d nh mt thit b IP Phone c th c mt s in thoi dnh cho cng vic, mt cho cc cuc gi ring t). + Kh nng multimedia: Trong mt cuc gi ngi s dng c th va ni chuyn va s dng cc dch v khc nh truyn file, chia s d liu, hay xem hnh nh ca ngi ni chuyn bn kia. in thoi IP cng c nhng hn ch: + K thut phc tp: Truyn tn hiu theo thi gian thc trn mng chuyn mch gi l rt kh thc hin do mt gi trong mng l khng th trnh c v tr khng c nh ca cc gi thng tin khi truyn trn mng. c c mt dch v thoi chp nhn c, cn thit phi c mt k thut nn tn hiu t c nhng yu cu kht khe: t s nn ln ( gim c tc bit xung), c kh nng suy on v to li thng tin ca cc gi b tht lc... Tc x l ca cc b Codec (Coder and Decoder) phi nhanh khng lm cuc m thoi b gin on. ng thi c s h tng ca mng cng cn c nng cp ln cc cng ngh mi nh Frame Relay, ATM,... c tc cao hn v/hoc phi c mt c ch thc hin chc nng QoS (Quality of Service). Tt c cc iu ny lm cho k thut thc hin in thoi IP tr nn phc tp v khng th thc hin c trong nhng nm trc y.
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com + Vn bo mt (security): Mng Internet l mt mng c tnh rng khp v hn hp (hetorogenous network). Trong c rt nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau cng cc dch v khc nhau cng s dng chung mt c s h tng. Do vy khng c g m bo rng thng tin lin quan n c nhn cng nh s lin lc truy nhp s dng dch v ca ngi dng c gi b mt. Nh vy, in thoi IP chng t n l mt loi hnh dch v mi rt c tim nng. Trong tng lai, in thoi IP s cung cp cc dch v hin c ca in thoi trong mng PSTN v cc dch v mi ca ring n nhm em li li ch cho ng o ngi dng. Tuy nhin, in thoi IP vi t cch l mt dch v s khng tr nn hp dn hn PSTN ch v n chy trn mng IP. Khch hng ch chp nhn loi dch v ny nu nh n a ra c mt chi ph thp v/hoc nhng tnh nng vt tri hn so vi dch v in thoi hin ti.
1.4 Cc ng dng ca VoIP

1.4.1 Dch v thoi qua Internet
in thoi Internet khng cn ch l cng ngh cho gii s dng my tnh m cho c ngi s dng in thoi quay vo gateway. Dch v ny c mt s nh khai thc ln cung cp v cht lng thoi khng thua km cht lng ca mng thoi thng thng, c bit l trn cc tuyn quc t. Mc d vn cn mt s vn v s tng thch ca cc gateway, cc vn ny s sm c gii quyt khi tiu chun H.323 ca ITU c s dng rng ri. Sut t khi cc my tnh bt u kt ni vi nhau, vn cc mng tch hp lun l mi quan tm ca mi ngi. Mng my tnh pht trin bn cnh mng in thoi. Cc mng my tnh v mng in thoi song song tn ti ngay trong cng mt c cu, gia cc c cu khc nhau, v trong mng rng WAN. Cng ngh thoi IP khng ngay lp tc e do n mng in thoi ton cu m n s dn thay th thoi chuyn mch knh truyn thng. Sau y l mt vi ng dng tiu biu ca dch v thoi Internet.
1.4.2 Thoi thng minh

H thng in thoi ngy cng tr nn hu hiu: r, ph bin, d s dng, c ng. Tuy nhin n ch c 12 phm iu khin. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta c gng to ra thoi thng minh, u tin l cc thoi bn, sau l n cc server. Nhng mi c gng u tht bi do tn ti cc h thng c sn.
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Chng 1 Tng quan v VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Internet s thay i iu ny. K t khi Internet ph khp ton cu, n c s dng tng thm tnh thng minh cho mng in thoi ton cu. Gia mng my tnh v mng in thoi tn ti mt mi lin h. Internet cung cp cch gim st v iu khin cc cuc thoi mt cch tin li hn. Chng ta c th thy c kh nng kim sot v iu khin cc cuc thoi thng qua mng Internet.
1.4.3 Dch v tnh c c cho b gi

Thoi qua Internet gip nh khai thc c kh nng cung cp dch v tnh cc cho b gi n cc khch hng nc ngoi cng ging nh khch hng trong nc. thc hin c iu ny, khch hng ch cn PC vi h iu hnh Windows9x, a ch kt ni Internet ( tc 28,8Kbps hoc nhanh hn), v chng trnh phn mm chuyn i chng hn nh Quicknet's Technologies Internet PhoneJACK. Thay v gi qua mng in thoi truyn thng, khch hng c th gi cho bn qua Internet bng vic s dng chng trnh phn mm chng hn nh Internet Phone ca Vocaltec hoc Netmeeting ca Microsoft. Vi cc chng trnh phn mm ny, khch hng c th gi n cng ty ca bn cng ging nh vic h gi qua mng PSTN. Bng vic s dng chng trnh chng hn Internet PhoneJACK, bn cng c th x l cc cuc gi cng ging nh cc x l cc cuc gi khc. Bn c th nh tuyn cc cuc gi ny ti cc nh vn hnh, ti cc dch v t ng tr li, ti cc ACD. Trong thc t, h thng in thoi qua Internet v h thng in thoi truyn thng l hon ton nh nhau.
1.4.4 Dch v Callback Web

"WorldWide Web" lm cuc cch mng trong cch giao dch vi khch hng ca cc doanh nghip. Vi tt c cc tim nng ca web, in thoi vn l mt phng tin kinh doanh quan trng trong nhiu nc. in thoi web hay " bm s" (click to dial) cho php cc nh doanh nghip c th a thm cc phm bm ln trang web kt ni ti h thng in thoi ca h. Dch v bm s l cch d nht v an ton nht a thm cc knh trc tip t trang web ca bn vo h thng in thoi.
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1.4.5 Dch v fax qua IP

Nu bn gi nhiu fax t PC, c bit l gi ra nc ngoi th vic s dng dch v Internet faxing s gip bn tit kim c tin v c knh thoi. Dch v ny s chuyn trc tip t PC ca bn qua kt ni Internet. Khi s dng dch v thoi v fax qua Internet, c hai vn c bn: Nhng ngi s dng dch v thoi qua Internet cn c chng trnh phn mm chng hn Quicknet's Internet PhoneJACK. Cu hnh ny cung cp cho ngi s dng kh nng s dng thoi qua Internet thay cho s dng in thoi bn truyn thng. Kt ni mt gateway thoi qua Internet vi h thng in thoi hin hnh. Cu hnh ny cung cp dch v thoi qua Internet ging nh vic m rng h thng in thoi hin hnh.
1.4.6 Dch v Call center

Gateway call center vi cng ngh thoi qua Internet cho php cc nh kim duyt trang Web vi cc PC trang b multimedia kt ni c vi b phn phi cc cuc goi t ng (ACD). Mt u im ca thoi IP l kh nng kt hp c thoi v d liu trn cng mt knh.
1.5 Nhn xt
Trong chng ny ta mi ch trnh by v m hnh in thoi IP m cha i su vo cc vn cn gii quyt trong cng ngh ny nh bo hiu, x l tn hiu thoi v vn m bo cht lng dch v. Trong cc chng sau ta s ln lt gii quyt vn ny.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com
Ch ng 2
Chun H.323
u nm 1996 mt nhm cc cng ty ln (Microsoft, Intel...) t chc hi ngh Voice over IP nhm thng nht tiu chun cho cc sn phm ca cc nh cung cp. n thng 5/1996, ITU-T ph chun c t H.323. Chun H.323 cung cp nn tng k thut cho truyn thoi, hnh nh v s liu mt cch ng thi qua cc mng IP, bao gm c Internet. Tun theo chun H.323, cc sn phm v cc ng dng a phng tin t nhiu hng khc nhau c th hot ng cng vi nhau, cho php ngi dng c th thng tin qua li m khng phi quan tm ti vn tng thch. H.323 cng ng thi gii quyt cc ng dng ct li ca in thoi IP thng qua vic nh ngha tiu chun v tr cho cc tn hiu m thanh, nh ngha mc u tin trong vic chuyn ti cc tn hiu yu cu thi gian thc trong truyn thng Internet. (H.324 nh ngha vic truyn ti cc tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh v d liu qua mng in thoi truyn thng, trong khi H.320 nh ngha tiu chun cho truyn ti cc tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh v d liu qua mng t hp a dch v ISDN). n nay H.323 pht trin thng qua hai phin bn. Phin bn th nht (Version 1) c thng qua vo nm 1996 v phin bn th hai (Version 2) c thng qua vo thng mt nm 1998. ng dng ca chun ny rt rng bao gm c cc thit b hot ng c lp (stand-alone) cng nh nhng ng dng truyn thng nhng trong mi trng my tnh c nhn, c th p dng cho m thoi im-im cng nh cho truyng thng hi ngh. H.323 cn bao gm c chc nng iu khin cuc gi, qun l thng tin a phng tin v qun l bng thng ng thi cn cung cp giao din gia mng LAN v cc mng khc.
2.1 Chng giao thc H.323

Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v chun H.323 a ra cu trc giao thc cho cc ng dng H.323 bao gm cc khuyn ngh trong hnh 2.1. H.245: khuyn ngh v bo hiu iu khin truyn thng multimedia. H.225.0: ng gi v ng b cc dng thng tin a phng tin (thoi, truyn hnh, s liu). Khuyn ngh ny bao gm giao thc RTP/RTCP v cc th tc iu khin cuc gi Q.931 (DSS 1). Cc chun nn tn hiu thoi: G.711 (PCM 64 kbps), G.722, G.723, G.728, G.729.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Cc chun nn tn hiu video: H.261, H.263 T.120: Cc chun cho cc ng dng chia s s liu.
Knh S liu (Knh iu khin cuc gi)
Cc knh iu khin (Knh iu khin truyn thng)
Knh Audio Audio codec G.711 G.722 G.723 G.728 G.729
Knh Video Video codec H.261 H.263
(Knh iu khin A/V)
Data application
H.225.0 (Q.931)
RTCP
H.245
RAS
T.120
RTP
TCP IP
UDP
LAN (Ethernet, Token Ring,...) Hnh 2.1 Chng giao thc H.323.
2.2 Cc thnh phn trong h thng H.323

Cu trc ca mt h thng H.323 v vic thng tin gia h thng H.323 vi cc mng khc c ch ra trn Hnh 2.2.
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H.323 Terminal Mng chuyn mch gi
H.323 MCU
H.323 Gatekeeper
H.323 Gateway
H.323 Terminal
H.323 Terminal
GSTN
N-ISDN
B-ISDN
(1) : Mt gateway c th cung cp mt hay nhiu kt ni ti GSTN, N-ISDN v B-ISDN
Hnh 2.2 : Cu trc h thng H.323
Cc dng thng tin trong h thng H.323 c chia thnh cc loi sau: - Audio (thoi): l tn hiu thoi c s ho v m ho. gim tc trung bnh ca tn hi thoi, c ch pht hin tch cc thoi c th c s dng. Tn hiu thoi c i km vi tn hiu iu khin thoi. - Video (hnh nh): l tn hiu hnh nh ng cng c s ho v m ho. Tn hiu video cng i km vi tn hiu iu khin video. - S liu: bao gm tn hiu fax, ti liu vn bn, nh tnh, file, ... - Tn hiu iu khin truyn thng (Communication control signals): l cc thng tin iu khin trao i gia cc thnh phn chc nng trong h thng thc hin iu khin truyn thng gia chng nh: trao i kh nng, ng m cc knh logic, cc thng ip iu khin lung, v cc chc nng khc. - Tn hiu iu khin cuc gi (Call control signals): c s dng cho cc chc nng iu khin cuc gi nh l thit lp cuc gi, kt thc cuc gi, ...
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com - Tn hiu knh RAS: c s dng thc hin cc chc nng: ng k tham gia vo mt vng H.323, kt np/tho g mt im cui (endpoint) khi vng. thay i bng thng v cc chc nng khc lin quan n chc nng qun l hot ng ca cc im cui trong mt vng H.323. V mt logic, h thng H.323 bao gm cc thnh phn: - Thit b u cui H.323 (H.323 Terminal): L mt trm cui trong mng LAN, m nhn vic cung cp truyn thng hai chiu theo thi gian thc . - H.323 Gateway: Cung cp kh nng truyn thng gia h thng H.323 v cc h thng chuyn mch knh khc (PSTN/ISDN) - Gatekeeper: L mt thnh phn khng bt buc. N thc hin cc chc nng qun l hot ng ca h thng. Khi c mt gatekeeper trong h thng, mi thnh phn trong h thng phi thc hin th tc ng k vi gatekeeper. Tt c cc im cui H.323 (terminal, gateway, MCU) ng k vi gatekeeper to thnh mt vng H.323 (H.323 zone) do gatekeeper qun l (Hnh 2.3). n v iu khin lin kt a im (MCU - Multipoint Control Unit): Thc hin chc nng to kt ni a im h tr cc ng dng truyn thng nhiu bn. Thnh phn ny cng l tu chn.
H.323 Zone
Terminal
Gatekeeper
Gateway
Terminal
Terminal
Terminal
Terminal
Router
Router
Router
Hnh 2.3
Vng H.323 (H.323 Zone)
2.2.1 Thit b u cui H.323

Hnh 2.3 miu t cc thnh phn chc nng ca mt thit b u cui H.323.
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Cc chc nng
Camera/ display
(Receive Path Delay)
Video Codec Tr chiu thu
Audio Codec Micro/ Speaker G.711, G.722, G.723, G.728, G.729(G.711: Bt buc) ng dng s liu
Lp ng gi d liu Multimedia, chun H.225.0
Giao din vi mng LAN
Chc nng iu khin h thng (System Control)
H.245 Control
Giao din iu khin h thng cho ngi s dng
Call Control H .225.0
RAS Control H.225.0
Hnh 2.3
Thit b u cui H.323 (H.323 Terminal)
Cc phn giao tip vi ngi s dng. Cc b codec (Audio v video). Phn trao i d liu t xa (telematic). Lp (layer) ng gi (chun H.225.0 cho vic ng gi multimedia). Phn chc nng iu khin h thng V giao din giao tip vi mng LAN.
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(LAN Interface)
(H.225.0 Layer)
Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Tt c cc thit b u cui H.323 u phi c mt n v iu khin h thng, lp ng gi H.225.0, giao din mng v b codec thoi. B codec cho tn hiu video v cc ng dng d liu ca ngi s dng l tu chn (c th c hoc khng). - Giao din vi mng LAN (LAN Interface): Giao din vi mng LAN phi cung cp cc dch v sau cho lp trn (lp ng gi d liu multimedia H.225.0): Dch v thng tin tin cy u cui n u cui (v d nh TCP hay SPX). Dch v ny phc v cho knh iu khin H.245 v knh d liu. Dch v truyn thng tin khng tin cy u cui n u cui (v d nh UDP hay IPX). Dch v ny phc v cho cc knh Audio, cc knh Video, v knh iu khin RAS. Cc dch v ny c th l song cng hay bn song cng, thng tin unicast hay multicast tu thuc vo ng dng, kh nng ca thit b u cui v cu hnh ca mng LAN. - B codec video (Video codec): B video codec l thnh phn tu chn, cung cp cho thit b u cui kh nng truyn video. - B codec thoi (audio codec): Tt c cc thit b u cui H.323 u phi c thnh phn ny. N m nhn chc nng m ho v gii m tn hiu thoi. Chc nng m/gii m dng thoi PCM 64kbps lut A v lut (theo khuyn ngh G.711) l bt buc. Ngoi ra b codec c th c thm chc nng m/gii m thoi theo cc thut ton khc gm: CS-ACELP (khuyn ngh G.729 v G.729A), ADPCM (khuyn ngh G.723), LDCEPT (G.728), m ho bng rng (G.722). Vi cc b codec thoi c nhiu kh nng m ho, thut ton c s dng cho m/gii m thoi s c m phn gia cc terminal tham gia cuc m thoi (qu trnh ny c gi l trao i kh nng). Trong trng hp ny terminal phi c kh nng hot ng khng i xng (v d nh m ho tn hiu pht s dng theo khuyn ngh G.711 (PCM64), gii m tn hiu thu c theo G.728 (LDCEPT)). Thit b u cui Terminal c th gi i nhiu knh thoi cng mt lc tu thuc vo ng dng. Cc gi thoi phi c gi ln tng giao vn (transport layer) mt cc nh k theo nhng khong thi gian c xc nh bi chc nng codec no ang c
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com s dng (khong thi gian ca khung tn hiu thoi). S phn phi gi thoi ln lp trn (lp giao vn) khng c mun hn 5ms sau khi kt thc khong thi gian ca khung thoi trc . Thit b u cui H.323 c th thu mt vi knh thoi (m thoi hi ngh). Trong trng hp ny, terminal cn thc hin chc nng trn cc knh thoi li thnh mt knh hn hp a n ngi s dng (Audio Mixing). S lng cc knh thoi b hn ch cn c vo ti nguyn sn c ca mng. - Tr chiu thu: Chc nng tr chiu thu bao gm vic thm vo dng thng tin thi gian thc mt tr m bo duy tr s ng b v b jitter ca cc gi n. tr thm vo phi tnh n thi gian tr do x l tn hiu khi thu. Dng tn hiu chiu pht khng c lm tr. - Knh s liu (Data Channel): Knh d liu trong thit b u cui H.323 l khng bt buc. Knh d liu c th l n hng hay hai hng tu thuc vo tng ng dng. Nn tng ca ng truyn s liu trong thit b u cui H.323 l chun T.120. Trong lun n phn ny cng khng c m t chi tit. - Chc nng iu khin truyn thng multimedia (chun H.245): Chc nng iu khin truyn thng s dng knh iu khin truyn thng H.245 truyn ti cc thng ip iu khin hot ng truyn thng u cui ti u cui bao gm: + Trao i kh nng (Capabilities Exchange). + ng m cc knh logic cho tn hiu media (tn hiu thi gian thc) - Chc nng bo hiu RAS (Registration - Admission - Status): Chc nng bo hiu RAS s dng cc thng ip H.225.0 thc hin cc th tc iu khin gia termnal v gatekeeper, bao gm: + Khm ph gatekeeper. + ng k (registration) tham gia vo vng H.323. + nh v im cui. + iu khin kt np, tho g (Admission/Desengage). + Thay i bng thng s dng(bandwidth changes). + Thng bo trng thi (status). - Chc nng bo hiu cuc gi: Chc nng bo hiu cuc gi s dng bo hiu cuc gi H.225.0 (Q.931) thit lp kt ni gia cc im cui H.323. - Lp ng gi thng tin (H.225.0 layer):
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Cc knh logic mang thng tin thoi, video, s liu hay thng tin iu khin c thit lp theo cc th tc iu khin m t trong khuyn ngh H.245. Cc knh logic hu ht l n hng v c lp trn mi hng truyn. Mt vi knh lgic nh knh s liu c th l hai hng v lin quan n th tc m knh hai hng ca H.245. Mt s lng bt k cc knh logic c th c s dng truyn ngoi tr knh iu khin H.245 (ch c mt knh cho mi cuc gi). Ngoi ra cc im cui H.323 cn s dng thm hai knh cho bo hiu cuc gi v cc chc nng lin quan n gatekeeper (RAS). a. S knh logic (Logical Channel Number - LCN): Mi mt knh logic c ch ra bi mt s knh logic (LCN) trong khong t 0 cho n 65535 nhm mc ch ph hp vi knh logic tng ng trong kt ni tng giao vn. S knh logic c bn pht chn mt cch tu tin ngoi tr knh logic 0 c dnh ring cho knh iu khin h.245. b. Gii hn tc bit ca knh logic: Bng thng ca mt knh logic phi c gii hn bi mt gi tr cn trn suy ra t kh nng pht ti thiu v kh nng thu ca thit b u cui. Da trn gii hn ny, mt thit b u cui phi m knh logic vi tc gii hn knh thp hn hoc bng cn trn v bn pht c th pht bt c dng thng tin no c tc khng qu tc gii hn ca knh. Tc gii hn knh ch ra tc ca dng d liu mang thng tin ni dung ca knh m khng bao gm cc phn mo u giao thc. Khi thit b u cui khng c thng tin no gi i trong mt knh th thit b u cui khng cn phi gi i cc thng tin lp vo duy tr tc ca knh.
2.2.2 H.323 gateway

Gateway mang cc tnh nng phc v cho hot ng tng tc ca cc thit b trong h thng vi cc thit b trong mng chuyn mch knh nh PSTN, ISDN,... Thit b cng H.323 c b tr nm gia cc thnh phn trong h thng H.323 vi cc thit b nm trong cc h thng khc (cc mng chuyn mch knh SCN). N phi cung cp tnh nng chuyn i khun dng d liu truyn v chuyn i th tc mt cch thch hp gia mng LAN cc loi mng m gateway kt ni ti, c th: - Thc hin chuyn i khun dng d liu thoi, video, s liu nu cn. - Thc hin chc nng thit lp cuc gi, hu cuc gi i vi c hai pha mng LAN v mng chuyn mch knh (SCN - Switched Circuit Network).
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Nhn chung, thit b cng c nhim v phn nh c tnh ca mt im cui H.323 trong mng LAN ti mt thit b cui trong mng chuyn mch knh v ngc li nhm to ra tnh trong sut i vi ngi s dng. Cc gateway c th lin kt vi nhau thng qua mng chuyn mch knh cung cp kh nng truyn thng gia cc thit b u cui H.323 khng nm trong cng mt mng LAN. Cc thit b cui H.323 trong cng mt mng LAN c th thng tin trc tip vi nhau m khng phi thng qua Gateway. Do vy khi h thng khng c yu cu thng tin vi cc terminal trong cc mng chuyn mch knh th c th b qua vai tr ca Gateway. Mt thit b cui trong mt mng LAN con c th lin lc vi mt terminal H.323 trong mt mng LAN con khc thng qua con ng gi vng ra ngoi ri vng tr li thng qua hai Gateway trnh nhng on lin kt tc thp hoc b qua vai tr ca router. Cu trc ca Gateway bao gm : Khi chc nng ca thit b H.323, khi chc nng ny c th l chc nng u cui ( giao tip vi mt terminal trong h thng H.323) hoc chc nng MCU ( giao tip vi nhiu terminal). - Khi chc nng ca thit b chuyn mch knh, mang chc nng giao tip vi mt hay nhiu thit b u cui trong mng chuyn mch knh. - Khi chc nng chuyn i, bao gm chuyn i khun dng d liu v chuyn i th tc. Gateway lin kt vi my in thoi thng thng phi to v nhn bit c tn hiu DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) tng ng vi cc phm nhp t bn phm in thoi.
2.2.3 Gatekeeper
Gatekeeper cung cp cc dch v iu khin cuc gi cho cc im cui trong h thng H.323. Gatekeeper l tch bit vi cc thit b khc trong h thng v mt logic, tuy nhin trong thc t th n c th c tch hp vi cc thit b khc nh gateway, MCU... Khi c mt trong h thng, gatekeeper phi cung cp cc chc nng sau: - Dch a ch: Dch t a ch alias hoc mt s in thoi o ca mt im cui sang a ch IP tng ng.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com - iu khin kt np (Admission Control): iu khin vic cho php hot ng ca cc im cui. - iu khin bng thng (Bandwidth Control): iu khin cp hoc t chi cp mt phn bng thng cho cc cuc gi ca cc thit b trong h thng. - Qun l vng (Zone Management): Thc hin cc chc nng trn vi cc im cui H.323 ng k vi gatekeeper (mt vng H.323). Ngoi ra, GateKeeper c th cung cp cc chc nng tu chn sau: - Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi (Call Control Signalling): Gatekeeper c th nhn v x l bo hiu cuc gi iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b u cui hoc nh hng cc thit b u cui ni trc tip vi nhau qua knh bo hiu cuc gi (Call Signalling Channel). Trong trng hp th hai, Gatekeeper trnh c vic phi x l cc thng ip iu khin. - iu khin cho php cuc gi (Call Authorization): Gatekeeper c th t chi thc hin cuc gi t mt thit b u cui ny ti mt thit b u cui khc. L do ca vic ny c th l s gii hn truy nhp n mt thit b u cui hay gateway hoc l gii hn truy nhp trong mt khong thi gian. - Qun l bng thng (Bandwidth Management): Chc nng ny cho php gatekeeper iu khin lng bng thng cp cho mt cuc gi ca mt im cui trong h thng. Vic iu khin ny c th thc hin ngay trong khi cuc gi ang tin hnh. Chc nng ny bao gm c chc nng iu khin vic cung cp bng thng cho cc cuc gi. - Qun l cuc gi (Call Management): Gatekeeper c th duy tr mt danh sch ca cc cuc gi ang c tin hnh, nh bit c thit b no ang bn hoc cung cp thng tin cho chc nng qun l bng thng. - Tnh cc (Billing): Mi cuc gi trong h thng c mt gatekeeper u phi thng qua s qun l ca gatekeeper, do vy s rt thun tin nu nh gatekeeper m nhn chc nng tnh cc dch v.
2.2.4 n v iu khin lin kt a im MCU

2.2.4.1 c im
- MCU h tr vic thc hin cc cuc m thoi hi ngh gia nhiu thit b u cui. Trong chun H.323, MCU bt buc phi c mt b iu khin a im MC (Multipoint Controller) v c hoc khng mt vi MP (Multipoint Processor).
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com - MC v MP l cc phn ca MCU nhng chng c th khng tn ti trong mt thit b c lp m c phn tn trong cc thit b khc. V d nh: mt gateway c th c th mang trong n mt MC v mt vi MP thc hin kt ni ti nhiu thit b u cui; mt thit b u cui c th mang mt b MC c th thc hin cng mt lc nhiu cuc gi. - MC iu khin vic lin kt gia nhiu im cui trong h thng bao gm: - X l vic m phn gia cc thit b u cui quyt nh mt kh nng x l dng d liu media chung gia cc thit b u cui. - Quyt nh dng d liu no s l dng d liu multicast. - MC khng x l trc tip mt dng d liu media no. Vic x l cc dng d liu s do cc MP m nhim. MP s thc hin vic trn, chuyn mch, x l cho tng dng d liu thi gian thc trong cuc hi ngh.
2.2.4.2 Hi ngh nhiu bn

Vic truyn thng tin trong mng IP tn ti di ba hnh thc: Unicast, multicast v broadcast. - Unicast: vi unicast, thit b u cui phi thc hin vic truyn gi d liu ti tng ch kt ni vi n. - Multicast: Truyn thng multicast gi mt gi d liu ti mt nhm cc ch trong mng m khng phi truyn lp li gi d liu . - Broadcast: truyn thng broadcast gn ging truyn thng multicast nhng gi d liu c truyn ti mi im cui trong mng. Unicast v broadcast s dng mng khng hiu qu do cc gi phi truyn lp li hoc phi truyn i khp mng. Truyn d liu multicast s dng bng thng ca mng hiu qu hn do cc trm trong nhm truyn ch c mt dng d liu duy nht. Trong h thng H.323 cuc hi ngh nhiu bn c th c ba loi cu hnh hi ngh sau: - Cu hnh tp trung (Centralized Multipoint Conference). - Cu hnh phn tn (Decentralized Multipoint Conference). - Cu hnh lai (Hybrid Multipoint Conferrence).
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2.3 B giao thc RTP/RTCP

Tn hiu thoi sau khi nn xung tc thp c ng gi li truyn i trong mng chuyn mch gi. C nhiu cch thc ng gi tn hiu thoi truyn trong mng IP. Mt trong nhng cch thc c p dng nhiu nht l b giao thc RTP/RTCP nh tnh linh hot v kh nng gim st trng thi dng thng tin mt cch hiu qu ca n.
2.3.1 Vai tr ca RTP/RTCP

Giao thc RTP (Realtime Transport Protocol) cung cp cc chc nng giao vn ph hp cho cc ng dng truyn d liu mang c tnh thi gian thc nh l thoi v truyn hnh tng tc. Nhng dch v ca RTP bao gm trng ch th loi ti trng (payload identification), nh s th t cc gi, in tem thi gian (phc v cho c ch ng b khi pht li tn hiu bn thu)... Thng thng cc ng dng chy giao thc RTP bn trn giao thc UDP s dng cc dch v ghp knh (multiplexing) v kim tra tng (checksum) ca dch v ny; c hai giao thc RTP v UDP to nn mt phn chc nng ca giao thc tng giao vn. Tuy nhin RTP cng c th c s dng vi nhng giao thc khc ca tng mng v tng giao vn bn di min l cc giao thc ny cung cp c cc dch v m RTP i hi. Giao thc RTP h tr vic truyn d liu ti nhiu ch s dng phn b d liu multicast nu nh kh nng nay c tng mng hot ng bn di n cung cp. Mt iu cn lu l bn thn RTP khng cung cp mt c ch no m bo vic phn pht kp thi d liu ti cc trm m n da trn cc dch v ca tng thp hn thc hin iu ny. RTP cng khng m bo vic truyn cc gi theo ng th t. Tuy nhin s th t trong RTP header cho php bn thu xy dng li th t ng ca cc gi bn pht. i cng vi RTP l giao thc RTCP (Realtime Transport Control Protocol) c cc dch v gim st cht lng dch v v thu thp cc thng tin v nhng ngi tham gia vo phin truyn RTP ang tin hnh. Giao thc RTP c c tnh cho cha hon thin. N ch cung cp cc dch v ph thng nht cho hu ht cc ng dng truyn thng hi ngh a phng tin. Mi mt ng dng c th u c th thm vo RTP cc dch v mi cho ph hp vi cc yu cu ca n. Cc kh nng m rng thm vo cho RTP c m t trong mt profile i km. Ngoi ra, profile cn ch ra cc m tng ng s dng trong trng PT (Payload type) ca phn tiu RTP ng vi cc loi ti trng (payload) mang trong gi. Trang 27
Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Mt vi ng dng c th nghim cng nh thng mi c trin khai. Nhng ng dng ny bao gm cc ng dng truyn thoi, video v chun on tnh trng mng (nh l gim st lu lng). Tuy nhin, mng Internet ngy nay vn cha th h tr c y yu cu ca cc dch v thi gian thc. Cc dch v s dng RTP i hi bng thng cao (nh l truyn audio) c th l gim nghim trng cht lng ca cc dch v khc trong mng, Nh vy nhng ngi trin khai phi ch n gii hn bng thng s dng ca ng dng trong mng.
2.3.2 Cc ng dng s dng RTP

2.3.2.1 Hi ngh m thoi n gin
Cc ng dng hi ngh m thoi n gin ch bao gm vic truyn thoi trong h thng. Tn hiu thoi ca nhng bn tham gia c chia thnh nhng on nh, mi phn c thm vo phn tiu ca giao thc RTP. Tiu RTP mang thng tin ch ra cch m ho tn hiu thoi (nh l PCM, ADPCM, hay LPC...). Cn c vo thng tin ny, cc bn thu s thc hin gii m cho ng. Mng Internet cng nh cc mng gi khc u c kh nng xy ra mt gi v sai lch v th t cc gi. gii quyt vn ny, phn tiu RTP mang thng tin nh thi v s th t cc gi, cho php bn thu khi phc nh thi vi ngun pht. S khi phc nh thi c tin hnh c lp vi tng ngun pht trong hi ngh. S th t gi c th c s dng c tnh s gi b mt trong khi truyn. Cc gi thoi RTP c truyn i theo cc dch v ca giao thc UDP c th n ch nhanh nht c th. gim st s ngi tham gia vo hi ngh v cht lng thoi h nhn c ti mi thi im, mi mt trm trong hi ngh gi i mt cch nh k mt gi thng tin RR (Reception report) ca giao thc RTCP ch ra cht lng thu ca tng trm. Da vo thng tin ny m cc thnh phn trong hi ngh c th tho thun vi nhau v phng php m ho thch hp v vic iu chnh bng thng.
2.3.2.2 Hi ngh in thoi truyn hnh

Nu c hai dng tn hiu thoi v truyn hnh u c s dng trong hi ngh th ng vi mi dng s c mt phin RTP (RTP session) c lp. Mi mt phin RTP s ng vi mt cng (port number) cho thu pht cc gi RTP v mt cng thu pht cc gi RTCP. Cc phin RTP s c ng b vi nhau cho hnh nh v m thanh ngi dng nhn c n khp.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com L do b tr cc dng thng tin thoi v truyn hnh thnh nhng phin RTP tch bit l cho cc thit b u cui ch c kh nng thoi cng c th tham gia vo cuc hi ngh truyn hnh m khng cn c bt k thit b h tr no.
2.3.2.3 Translator v Mixer

Cc ng dng miu t phn trn u c im chung l bn thu v bn pht u s dng chung mt phng php m ho thoi. Trong trng hp mt ngi dng c ng kt ni tc thp tham gia vo mt hi ngh gm cc thnh vin c ng kt ni tc cao th tt c nhng ngi tham gia u buc phi s dng kt ni tc thp cho ph hp vi thnh vin mi tham gia. iu ny r rng l khng hiu qu. khc phc, mt translator hoc mt mixer c t gia hai vng tc ng truyn cao v thp chuyn i cch m ho thch hp gia hai vng. im khc bit gia translator v mixer l mixer trn cc dng tn hiu a n n thnh mt dng d liu duy nht trong khi translator khng thc hin vic trn d liu.
2.3.3 Khun dng gi RTP

Tiu giao thc RTP bao gm mt phn tiu c nh thng c mi gi RTP v mt phn tiu m rng phc v cho cc mc ch nht nh.
2.3.3.1 Phn tiu c nh

Tiu c nh c miu t trong hnh 2.4.
2 3
4 CC
8 M
9 PT
16 sequence number timestamp
31
V=2 P X
synchronization source identifier (SSRC) contributing source list (CSRC) ...... Hnh 2.4 Tiu c nh gi RTP.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 12 octets (byte) u tin ca phn tiu c trong mi gi RTP cn cc octets cn li thng c mixer thm vo trong gi khi gi c mixer chuyn tip n ch. - Version(V): 2 bit. Trng ny ch ra version ca RTP. Gi tr ca trng ny l 2. - Padding (P): 1 bit. Nu bit padding c lp, gi d liu s c mt vi octets thm vo cui gi d liu. Octets cui cng ca phn thm vo ny s ch kch thc ca phn thm vo ny (tnh theo byte). Nhng octets ny khng phi l thng tin. Chng c thm vo p ng cc yu cu sau: Phc v cho mt vi thut ton m ho thng tin cn kch thc ca gi c nh. Dng cch ly cc gi RTP trong trng hp nhiu gi thng tin c mang trong cng mt n v d liu ca giao thc tng di. - Extension (X): 1 bit. Nu nh bit X c lp, theo sau phn tiu c nh s l mt tiu m rng. - Marker (M): 1 bit. Tu tng trng hp c th m bt ny mang nhng ngha khc nhau ngha ca n c ch ra trong mt profile i km. - Payload Type (PT): 7 bits. Trng ny ch ra loi ti trng mang trong gi. Cc m s dng trong trng ny ng vi cc loi ti trng c quy nh trong mt profile i km. - Sequence Number: 16 bits. Mang s th t ca gi RTP. S th t ny c tng ln mt sau mi gi RTP c gi i. Trng ny c th c s dng bn thu pht hin c s mt gi v khi phc li trnh t ng ca cc gi. Gi tr khi u ca trng ny l ngu nhin. - Timestamp (tem thi gian): 32 bits. Tem thi gian phn nh thi im ly mu ca octets u tin trong gi RTP. Thi im ny phi c ly t mt ng h tng u n v tuyn tnh theo thi gian cho php vic ng b v tnh ton jitter. Bc tng ca ng h ny phi nh t c chnh xc ng b mong mun khi pht li v chnh xc ca vic tnh ton jitter. Tn s ng h ny l khng c nh, tu thuc vo loi khun dng ca ti trng. Gi tr khi u ca tem thi gian cng c chn mt cch ngu nhin. Mt vi gi RTP c th mang cng mt gi tr tem thi gian
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com nu nh chng c pht i cng mt lc v mt logic (v d nh cc gi ca cng mt khung hnh video). Trong trng hp cc gi d liu c pht ra sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau (tn hiu m ho thoi tc c nh, fixed-rate audio) th tem thi gian c tng mt cch u n. Trong trng hp khc gi tr tem thi gian s tng khng u. - S nhn dng ngun ng b SSRC (Synchronization Source Identifier): 32 bits. SSCR ch ra ngun ng b ca gi RTP, s ny c chn mt cch ngu nhin. Trong mt phin RTP c th c nhiu hn mt ngun ng b. Mi mt ngun pht ra mt dng cc gi RTP. Bn thu nhm cc gi ca cng mt ngun ng b li vi nhau pht li tn hiu thi gian thc. Ngun ng b c th l ngun pht cc gi RTP pht ra t mt micro, camera hay mt RTP mixer. - Cc s nhn dng ngun ng gp (CSRC list - Contributing Source list): c t 0 n 15 mc mi mc 32 bt. Cc s nhn dng ngun ng gp trong phn tiu ch ra nhng ngun ng gp thng tin v phn ti trng ca gi. Cc s nhn dng ny c Mixer chn vo tiu ca gi v n ch mang nhiu ngha trong trng hp dng cc gi thng tin l dng tng hp to thnh t vic trn nhiu dng thng tin ti mixer. Trng ny gip cho bn thu nhn bit c gi thng tin ny mang thng tin ca nhng ngi no trong mt cuc hi ngh. S lng cc s nhn dng ngun ng gp c gi trong trng CC ca phn tiu . S lng ti a ca cc s nhn dng ny l 15. Nu c nhiu hn 15 ngun ng gp thng tin vo trong gi th ch c 15 s nhn dng c lit k vo danh sch. Mixer chn cc s nhn dng ny vo gi nh s nhn dng SSRC ca cc ngun ng gp.
2.2.3.2 Phn tiu m rng

C ch m rng ca RTP cho php nhng ng dng ring l ca giao thc RTP thc hin c vi nhng chc nng mi i hi nhng thng tin thm vo phn tiu ca gi. C ch ny c thit k mt vi ng dng c th b qua phn tiu m rng ny (m vn khng nh hng ti s hot ng) trong khi mt s ng dng khc li c th s dng c phn . Cu trc ca phn tiu m rng nh hnh 2.5:
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2 3 4
8 9 defined by profile
16 length header extension ...
31
Hnh 2.5
Tiu m rng ca gi RTP.
Nu nh bit X trong phn tiu c nh c t bng 1 th theo sau phn tiu c nh l phn tiu m rng c chiu di thay i. - 16 bit u tin trong phn tiu c s dng vi mc ch ring cho tng ng dng c nh ngha bi profile. Thng n c s dng phn bit cc loi tiu m rng. - Length: 16 bits. Mang gi chiu di ca phn tiu m rng tnh theo n v l 32 bits. Gi tr ny khng bao gm 32 bit u tin ca phn tiu m rng.
2.3.4 Giao thc iu khin RTCP

Giao thc RTCP da trn vic truyn u n cc gi iu khin ti tt c cc ngi tham gia vo phin truyn. N s dng c ch phn phi gi d liu trong mng ging nh giao thc RTP, tc l cng s dng cc dch v ca giao thc UDP qua mt cng UDP c lp vi vic truyn cc gi RTP.
2.3.4.1 Cc loi gi iu khin RTCP

Giao thc RTCP bao gm cc loi gi sau: - SR (Sender Report): Mang thng tin thng k v vic truyn v nhn thng tin t nhng ngi tham gia ang trong trng thi tch cc gi. - RR (Receiver Report): Mang thng tin thng k v vic nhn thng tin t nhng ngi tham gia khng trng thi tch cc gi. - SDES (Source Description items): mang thng tin miu t ngun pht gi RTP.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com BYE: ch th s kt thc tham gia vo phin truyn. APP: Mang cc chc nng c th ca ng dng.
Gi tr ca trng PT (Packet Type) ng vi mi loi gi c lit k trong bng sau: Loi gi PT (Decimal) SR 200 RR 201 SDES 202 BYE 203 APP 204
Mi gi thng tin RTCP bt u bng mt phn tiu c nh ging nh gi RTP thng tin. Theo sau l cc cu trc c chiu di c th thay i theo loi gi nhng lun bng s nguyn ln 32 bits. Trong phn tiu c nh c mt trng ch th di. iu ny gip cho cc gi thng tin RTCP c th gp li vi nhau thnh mt hp gi (compound packet) d truyn xung lp di m khng phi chn thm vo cc bit cch ly. S lng cc gi trong hp gi khng quy nh c th m tu thuc vo chiu di n v d liu lp di. Mi gi RTCP u phi c truyn trong hp gi d cho trong hp gi ch c mt gi duy nht. Khun dng ca hp gi c xut nh sau: Tip u m ho (Encription Prefix): (32 bit) 32 bit u tin c dnh nu v ch nu hp gi RTCP cn c m ho. Gi tr mang trong phn ny cn ch trnh trng vi 32 bit u tin trong gi RTP. Gi u tin trong hp gi lun lun l gi RR hoc SR. Trong trng hp khng thu, khng nhn thng tin hay trong hp gi c mt gi BYE th mt gi RR rng dn u trong hp gi. Trong trng hp s lng cc ngun c thng k vt qu 31 (khng va trong mt gi SR hoc RR) th nhng gi RR thm vo s theo sau gi thng k u tin. Vic bao gm gi thng k (RR hoc SR) trong mi hp gi nhm thng tin thng xuyn v cht lng thu ca nhng ngi tham gia. Vic gi hp gi i c tin hnh mt cch u n v thng xuyn theo kh nng cho php ca bng thng. Trong mi hp gi cng bao gm gi SDES nhm thng bo v ngun pht tn hiu. Cc gi BYE v APP c th c th t bt k trong hp gi tr gi BYE phi nm cui cng.
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2.3.4.2 Khong thi gian gia hai ln pht hp gi RTCP

Cc hp gi ca RTCP c pht i mt mt cch u n sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau thng xuyn thng bo v trng thi cc im cui tham gia. Vn l tc pht cc hp gi ny phi m bo khng chim ht lu lng thng tin dnh cho cc thng tin khc. Trong mt phin truyn, lu lng tng cng cc i ca tt c cc loi thng tin truyn trn mng c gi l bng thng ca phin (session bandwidth). Lu lng ny c chia cho cc bn tham gia vo cuc hi ngh. Lu lng ny c mng dnh sn v khng cho php vt qu khng nh hng n cc dch v khc ca mng. Trong mi phn bng thng ca phin c chia cho cc bn tham gia phn lu lng dnh cho cc gi RTCP ch c php chim mt phn nh v bit l 5% khng nh hng n chc nng chnh ca giao thc l truyn cc dng d liu media.
2.3.4.3 Khun dng gi SR

Khun dng gi SR (Sender Report) c miu t trong hnh 2.6.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 0 2 3 RC 8 PT = 200 SSRC ca ngun gi gi SR NTP timestamp (32 bits gi) NTP timestamp (32 bits tr) RTP timestamp S lng gi pht i ca ngun gi gi SR S lng octets pht i ca ngun gi gi SR SSRC_1 (SSRC ca ngun ng b th nht) fraction lost cumulative number of packets lost 16 length 31
V=2 P
extended highest sequence number received interarrival jitter last SR (LSR) delay since last SR (DLSR) SSRC_2 (SSRC ca ngun ng b th hai) ... profile-specific extension
Hnh 2.6
Khun dng gi SR
Gi SR bao gm 3 phn bt buc:
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 1/Phn tiu di 8 octets ngha ca cc trng nh sau: - Version (V) v Padding (P): Mang ngha ging nh trong tiu ca gi RTP. - Reception Report Count (RC): 5 bits. S lng ca cc khi bo co tin cha trong gi. Nu trng ny mang gi tr 0 th y l gi SR rng. - Packet Type (PT): 8 bits: Ch th loi gi. Vi gi SR gi tr ny bng 200 (thp phn). - Length: 16 bits. Chiu di ca gi RTCP tr i 1 (tnh theo n v 32 bits). Chiu di ny bao gm phn tiu v phn padding thm vo cui gi. - SSRC: 32 bits Ch th ngun ng b cho ni pht ra gi SR ny. 2/Phn thng tin bn gi Phn thng tin bn gi di 20 octets v c trong mi gi SR. Cc trng c ngha nh sau: - NTP timestamp (tem thi gian NTP): 64 bits. Ch ra thi gian tuyt i khi gi bo co c gi i. Tem thi gian ny c khun dng thi gian theo giao thc NTP (Network Time Protocol): Thi gian tnh theo giy vi mc l 0h UTC ngy 1-1-1900; phn nguyn ca gi tr thi gian l 32 bit u tin; 32 bits cn li biu din phn thp phn. - RTP timestamp (tem thi gian RTP): 32 bits. Gi tr ca trng ny tng ng vi gi tr ca trng NTP timestamp trn nhng c tnh theo n v ca nhn thi gian RTP trong gi d liu RTP v vi cng mt lch ngu nhin ca nhn thi gian RTP trong gi d liu RTP. - S lng gi pht i ca ngun gi gi SR (Senders packet count): 32 bits. S lng tng cng ca cc gi d liu RTP c truyn t ngun gi gi SR k t khi bt u vic truyn thng tin cho ti thi im gi SR c to ra. Trng ny c xo v khng trong trng hp ngun gi i s nhn dng SSRC ca n. Trng ny c th c s dng c tnh tc d liu ti trng trung bnh. - S lng octets c ngun gi gi SR gi i (Sender octets count): 32 bit.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com S lng tng cng ca cc octets phn payload c truyn i trong cc gi RTP bi ngun gi gi SR k t khi bt u vic truyn cho n thi im gi SR ny c to ra. 3/Cc khi bo co thu (Reception Report blocks) Phn ny bao gm cc khi thng tin bo co v vic thu cc gi t cc trm trong phin truyn. S lng cc bo co c th l 0 trong trng hp gi bo co rng. Mi khi bo co thng k v vic nhn cc gi RTP ca mt ngun ng b, bao gm: - S nhn dng ngun (SSRC_n): 32 bits. - T l mt gi (fraction lost): 8 bits. T l mt gi thng tin tnh t lc gi gi SR hoc RR trc . T l mt gi c tnh bng cch em chia gi tr ca trng cho 256. - S lng gi mt tng cng (cumulative number of packets lost): 24 bits. Tng s gi mt k t lc bt u nhn. S gi mt bao gm c nhng gi n ch qu mun.
LSR S
R DLS A - LSR tr kh hi = A - LSR - DLSR

Hnh 2.7 Xc nh tr kh hi.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com - S th t cao nht nhn c: 32 bits. 16 bit tr mang s th t cao nht nhn c ng vi gi tr khi u l ngu nhin. 16 bits gi mang s th t cao nht tng ng vi gi tr khi u bng 0. - Jitter khi n ch: 32 bits. Mang gi tr c tnh jitter ca cc gi khi n ch. c tnh theo n v ca trng timestamp v c biu din di dng s nguyn khng du. Jitter c tnh l gi tr lm trn ca chnh lch khong cch v thi gian gia hai gi bn thu v bn pht. - Tem thi gian ca gi SR trc (LSR): 32 bits. Mang gi tr tem thi gian thu gn ca gi SR trc . Nu trc khng c gi SR no th trng ny bng 0. - tr tnh t gi SR trc (DLSR): 32 bits. tr (tnh theo n v 1/65536 giy) gia thi im nhn gi SR trc t ngun SSRC_n v thi im gi gi RR cha thng tin bo co cht lng nhn tn hiu ca ngun n. Hai trng LSR v DLSR ca khi bo co th r c s dng xc nh tr kh hi gia hai ngun r v ngun n l ngun gi gi SR. Hnh sau minh ho vic xc nh tr kh hi gia hai ngun n v r. Thi im A ngun n nhn c gi RR t ngun r c ghi li v tr i gi tr ca trng LSR ca khi bo co r ra c tr tng cng. Gi tr thu c li c tr i trng DLSR ca khi r tm ra tr kh hi ca gi thng tin gia n v r.
2.3.4.4 Khun dng gi RR

Gi RR (Receiver Reprort) c khun dng ging nh gi SR ngoi tr trng PT mang gi tr bng 201 v khng mang phn thng tin v ngun gi. Khun dng gi RR c miu t trong hnh 2.8.
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2 3 RC
8 PT = 201
16 length
31
V=2 P
SSRC ca ngun gi gi RR SSRC_1 (SSRC ca ngun ng b th nht) fraction lost cumulative number of packets lost
extended highest sequence number received interarrival jitter last SR (LSR) delay since last SR (DLSR) SSRC_2 (SSRC ca ngun ng b th hai)
...
profile-specific extension
Hnh 2.8
Khun dng gi RR
2.3.4.5 Khun dng gi SDES

Gi SDES (System Description). Gi SDES c khun dng nh trong hnh 2.9 bao gm mt phn tiu v cc on thng tin m t ngun. 1/Phn tiu - Cc trng V (version), P (padding), length, PT (packet type) mang ngha ging nh ca gi SR, PT bng 202.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com - SC (Source count): 5 bits. S lng ca cc on thng tin m t ngun. 0 2 3 SC 8 PT = 202 SSRC/CSRC_1 SDES cc mc m t ngun ... 16 length 31
V=2 P
SSRC/CSRC_2 ... Hnh 2.9 Khun dng gi SDES
2/Phn miu t ngun Mi on thng tin miu t ngun bao gm mt cp s nhn dng ngun SSRC/CSRC theo sau l cc mc miu t (SDES Items). Cc mc miu t c cu trc chung nh hnh 2.10. 0 Item Hnh 2.10 8 length Mc miu t 16 Thng tin m t ngun 31
- Item (8 bits). Ch th loi mc m t. Gi tr ca trng ny tng ng vi cc loi mc miu t sau: CNAME (Canonical Name) (item = 1): Phn thng tin m t mang s nhn dng tng giao vn c nh i vi mt ngun RTP. NAME (item = 2): phn thng tin m t mang tn m t ngun. EMAIL (item = 3): Thng tin m t l a ch Email ca ngun. PHONE (item = 4): Thng tin m t l s in thoi ca ngun. LOC (item = 5): Thng tin m t l a ch ca ngun.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com TOOL (item = 6): Thng tin m t l tn ca ng dng to ra dng thng tin media. NOTE (item = 7): Cc ch thch v ngun. PRIV (item = 8): Dnh cho cc thng tin khc.
2.3.4.6 Khun dng gi BYE

Gi BYE c s dng thng bo mt hay mt vi ngun s ri khi phin truyn. Trng thng tin v l do ri khi phin l tu chn (c th c hoc khng). 0 2 3 SC 8 PT = 203 SSRC/CSRC ... 16 length 31
V=2 P
Length
reson for leaving (opt)
Hnh 2.11
Khun dng gi BYE
2.3.4.7 Khun dng gi APP

Khun dng gi APP c miu t trong hnh 2.12. Gi ny c s dng dnh cho cc chc nng c th ca tng ng dng. 0 2 3 SC 8 PT = 204 Name (ASCII) D liu ca ng dng Hnh 2.12 Khun dng gi APP 16 length 31
V=2 P
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2.4 Bo hiu v x l cuc gi

2.4.1 Chuyn i a ch
2.4.1.1 a ch mng
Mi mt thit b H.323 c gn t nht mt a ch mng nhn dng. Mt vi thit b H.323 c th cng chia s mt a ch mng, cc mng khc nhau th khun dng a ch mng cng khc nhau. Trong cng mt cuc gi, im cui c th s dng cc a ch mng khc nhau trn cc knh khc nhau.
2.4.1.2 nh danh im truy nhp dch v giao vn TSAP

i vi mi a ch mng, mi thit b H.323 c th c vi im truy nhp dch v lp giao vn TSAP (Transport layer Service Access Point). Cc TSAP ny cho php dn mt vi knh c cng chung a ch mng vi nhau. Cc im cui c mt TSAP mc nh l TSAP knh bo hiu cuc gi. TSAP knh iu khin RAS l TSAP mc nh ca Gatekeeper. Cc im cui v thit b H.323 s dng nh danh TSAP ng i vi knh iu khin H.245, knh Audio, Video v Data. Gatekeeper s nh danh TSAP ng i vi cc knh bo hiu cuc gi. Trong qu trnh ng k im cui, cc knh RAS v bo hiu c th c nh tuyn li ti TSAP ng.
2.4.1.3 a ch th
Mt im cui c th c lin kt ti mt hoc nhiu a ch th (alias address). Mt a ch th c th i din cho im cui hoc phin hi ngh m im cui ch tr. Cc a ch th cung cp mt phng php nh a ch khc cho im cui. Trong mt vng, cc a ch th l duy nht. Gatekeeper, MC v MP khng c a ch nh danh. Khi h thng khng c Gatekeeper, th im cui pha ch gi s nh a ch im cui b gi bng cch s dng a ch lp giao vn" knh bo hiu cuc gi ca im cui b gi. Khi c Gatekeeper trong h thng, im cui ch gi c th nh a ch im cui b gi thng qua "a ch lp giao vn knh bo hiu cuc gi ca n hoc a ch th. Mt im cui c th c nhiu hn mt a ch th c truyn ti cng "a ch lp giao vn.
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2.4.2 Cc knh iu khin

2.4.2.1 Knh RAS
Knh RAS dng truyn ti cc bn tin s dng trong qu trnh ng k im cui v tm kim Gatekeeper m lin kt mt a ch nh danh ca im cui vi a ch lp giao vn knh bo hiu cuc gi ca n. Knh RAS l knh khng tin cy, v th trong khuyn ngh H.225 khuyn ngh thi gian gii hn nh trc v s ln gi yu cu cho mt vi loi bn tin. Khi mt im cui hoc Gatekeeper khng tr li yu cu trong khong thi gian nh trc, th c th s dng bn tin RIP (Request In Progress) ch ra rng n ang x l yu cu. Khi nhn c bn tin RIP, im cui hoc Gatekeeper s xo thi gian gii hn nh trc v b m s ln gi li. 1/ Tm kim Gatekeeper im cui s tm kim Gatekeeper m n ng k, vic tm kim ny c th c thc hin bng th cng hoc t ng. Vic tm kim th cng da vo cc phng php khng thuc phm vi ca khuyn ngh ny xc nh Gatekeeper lin kt vi im cui. im cui c ci t theo "a ch lp giao vn ca Gatekeeper lin kt vi im cui . Phng php tm kim Gatekeeper t ng cho php lin kt im cui Gatekeeper thay i theo thi gian, im cui c th khng bit Gatekeeper no l ca n hoc c th cn nhn dng Gatekeeper khc nu li xy ra. Vic tm kim t ng ch n chi ph qun tr thp hn trong cu hnh cc im cui ring l, hn na n cn cho php thay th Gatekeeper m khng phi ci t li cc im cui lin kt vi n. 2/ ng k im cui ng k im cui l qu trnh im cui lin kt vo vng dch v v thng bo cho Gatekeeper a ch nh danh cng nh a ch lp giao vn ca n. Sau khi tm (t ng) c Gatekeeper, tt c cc im cui s ng k vi Gatekeeper ny. Vic ng k ny phi c thc hin trc khi mt vi cuc gi no bt u, v c th xy ra theo chu k khi cn thit. Mt Gateway hoc MCU c th ng k theo mt hoc nhiu a ch lp giao vn. Vic ng k theo nhiu a ch lp giao vn s lm cho vic nh tuyn cc cuc gi ti cc cng nh trc n gin hn. im cui s gi yu cu ng k RRQ(Registration Request) ti Gatekeeper, RRQ ny c gi ti a ch truyn knh RAS ca Gatekeeper.
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im
Gatekeeper
RRQ RCF URQ UCF/URJ URQ

Gatekeeper khi ng Yu cu khng ng k (URQ) im cui khi ng Yu cu khng ng k (URQ)
UCF Hnh 2.13 Qu trnh ng k Gatekeeper
Sau khi tm c Gatekeeper, im cui s c c a ch mng ca Gatekeeper ny v s dng b nhn dng TSAP knh RAS in hnh. Nu chp nhn s ng k ca im cui, Gatekeeper s tr li li bng xc nhn ng k RCF (Registration Confirmation), ngc li n s tr li bng tn hiu t chi RRJ (Registration Reject). Hnh 2.13 minh ha qu trnh im cui ch ng k Gatekeeper n l. Mt im cui c th hy b vic ng k Gatekeeper ca n bng vic gi bn tin Yu cu khng ng k URQ (Unregister Request) ti Gatekeeper ca n. Sau khi nhn c URQ, Gatekeeper s gi tr li bn tin UCF (Unregister Confirmation). Lc ny im cui c php thay i a ch nh danh lin kt vi a ch lp giao vn ca n. Trng hp im cui cha ng k vi Gatekeeper trc , n s gi bn tin URJ ti im cui. Gatekeeper cng c th hy b vic ng k ca im cui bng vic gi bn tin Yu cu khng ng k URQ (Unregister Request) ti im cui, im cui s tr li bn tin UCF (Unregister Confirmation). Khi cn thc hin mt vi cuc gi no , im cui phi ng k li vi Gatekeeper trc hoc Gatekeeper mi.
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3/ nh v im cui im cui hoc Gatekeeper c a ch nh danh ca mt im cui v mun lin lc vi n, th c th dng bn tin Yu cu nh v LRQ. Bn tin LRQ ny s c gi ti b nhn dng TSAP knh RAS ca Gatekeeper nh trc, hoc c th gi bn tin GRQ qung b ti a ch qung b in hnh ca Gatekeeper. Gatekeeper tng ng s gi tr li bn tin LCF cha thng tin cn thit ca im cui hoc Gatekeeper ca im cui. Thng tin ny bao gm a ch knh bo hiu cuc gi v knh RAS. 4/ M thng bo truy nhp M thng bo truy nhp l mt xu c kim tra bn tin ci t v cc bn tin RAS. C hai li ch khi dng m truy nhp. Th nht, chng cung cp kh nng bo mt a ch lp giao vn v a ch nh danh ca im cui i vi ch gi. Khi tm im cui, ngi dng ch cn gi m thng bo truy nhp cho pha ch gi. Gatekeeper bit im cui tng ng vi m truy nhp thng bo thng qua qu trnh ng k, v th thng qua Gatekeeper, nhng cuc gi s dng m thng bo truy nhp c th nh tuyn ti im cui b gi. Li ch th hai ca vic s dng m thng bo truy nhp l khng nh chc chn cc cuc gi c nh tuyn chnh xc thng qua cc thit b H.323. M truy nhp do Gatekeeper tr li s c dng cc bn tin ci t gi bi im cui. M thng bo truy nhp ny c th c Gateway s dng khng nh rng im cui c php s dng ti nguyn ca Gateway.
2.4.2.2 Knh bo hiu

C 3 knh bo hiu tn ti c lp vi nhau lin quan n bo hiu v x l cuc gi l: knh iu khin H.245, knh bo hiu cuc gi v knh bo hiu RAS. Trong mng khng c gatekeeper, cc bn tin bo hiu cuc gi c truyn trc tip gia hai u cui ch gi v b gi bng cch truyn bo hiu a ch trc tip. Trong cu hnh mng ny, thu bao ch gi phi bit a ch bo hiu ca thu bao b gi trong mng. Nu trong mng c gatekeeper, trao i bo hiu gia thu bao ch gi v gatekeeper c thit lp bng cch s dng knh RAS ca gatekeeper truyn a ch. Sau khi thit lp c vic trao i bn tin bo hiu, th gatekeeper mi
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com xc nh truyn cc bn tin trc tip gia hai u cui hay nh tuyn chng qua gatekeeper. Cc bn tin bo hiu cuc gi c th c truyn theo 1 trong 2 phng thc v vic la chn gia cc phng thc ny do Gatekeeper quyt nh: Th nht l cc bn tin bo hiu ca cuc gi c truyn t thu bao n ti thu bao kia thng qua Gatekeeper gia hai thit b u cui (hnh 2.14).
Gatekeeper
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ARQ ACF/ARJ Set-up Set-up ARQ ACF/ARJ Connect Connect
u cui 1
u cui 2
Knh bo hiu cuc gi Knh bo hiu RAS
Hnh 2. 14 Bn tin bo hiu ca cuc gi c nh tuyn qua Gatekeeper Th hai l cc bn tin bo hiu ca cuc gi c truyn trc tip gia hai thit b u cui (hnh 2.15).
Gatekeeper
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 ARQ ACF/ARJ Set-up ARQ ACF/ARJ Connect
2 3
u cui1
u cui 2
Knh bo hiu cuc gi Knh bo hiu RAS
Hnh 2. 15 Bn tin bo hiu c truyn trc tip gia cc thit b u cui
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C hai phng thc ny u s dng cc kt ni ging nhau vi cng mc ch, dng bn tin c s dng cng ging nhau, cc bn tin thit lp bo hiu c trao i trn knh RAS ca Gatekeeper, sau ti trao i bn tin bo hiu cuc gi trn knh bo hiu cuc gi. Sau mi ti thit lp knh iu khin H.245. Trong phng thc Gatekeeper nh tuyn cc bn tin th n c th ng knh bo hiu cuc gi khi vic thit lp cuc gi hon thnh hoc vn duy tr knh ny h tr cc dch v b xung. Ch c Gatekeeper mi c th ng knh bo hiu cuc gi, nhng khi Gateway tham gia vo cuc gi th cc knh ny khng c php ng.
2.4.2.3 Knh iu khin

1/ nh tuyn knh iu khin Khi cc bn tin bo hiu cuc gi c Gatekeeper nh tuyn th sau knh iu khin H.245 s c nh tuyn theo 2 cch th hin trn hnh 2.16 v 2.17.
Gatekeeper 1 ARQ 2 ACF/ARJ 3 Set-up 4 Set-up 5 ARQ 6 ACF/ARJ 7 Connect 8 Connect 9 H.245 Channel
u cui 1
u cui 2
Knh iu khin H.245 Knh bo hiu cuc gi Knh bo hiu RAS
Hnh 2. 16 Knh iu khin H.245 kt ni trc tip hai thit b u cui
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Gatekeeper 1 ARQ 2 ACF/ARJ 3 Set-up 4 Set-up 5 ARQ 6 ACF/ARJ 7 Connect 8 Connect 9 H.245 Channel 10 H.245 Channel
10
u cui 1
u cui 2
Knh iu khin H.245 Knh bo hiu cuc gi Knh bo hiu RAS
Hnh 2. 17 Gatekeeper nh tuyn knh iu khin H.245 Knh iu khin H.245 c thit lp mt cch trc tip gia cc thit b u cui, (hnh 2.16). Khi ch cho php kt ni trc tip 2 thit b u cui. Knh iu khin H.245 c thit lp t thit b u cui ny ti thit b u cui kia thng qua Gatekeeper (hnh 2.17). Khi cho php Gatekeeper nh tuyn li knh iu khin H.245 ti mt MC khi thc hin dch v hi ngh. 2/ Gi tr tham chiu cuc gi CRV Tt cc cc bn tin RAS v bo hiu cuc gi u cha gi tr tham chiu CRV (Call Reference Value). Cc gi tr CRV cho knh bo hiu v knh RAS l c lp nhau. i vi knh bo hiu, CRV c s dng kt ni cc bn tin bo hiu vi nhau, CRV c s dng trong tt c cc bn tin bo hiu gia cc thit b H.323 lin quan ti cng cuc gi. knh RAS, CRV dng lin kt cc bn tin knh RAS, gi tr CRV ny c s dng trong tt c cc bn tin RAS gia cc thit b H.323 lin quan ti cng cuc gi. 3/ nh danh cuc gi nh danh cuc gi (Call ID) l gi tr khc 0, c to bi thit b cui ch gi v chuyn sang dng cc bn tin H.245. CAll ID dng lin kt cc bn tin bo hiu v RAS lin quan ti cng cuc gi vi nhau. Tt c cc bn tin tham gia qu trnh iu khin mt cuc gi th c chung mt Call ID.
2.4.3 Cc th tc bo hiu
Ngi ta chia mt cuc gi lm 5 giai on gm: - Giai on 1: thit lp cuc gi. Trang 48
Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Giai on 2: thit lp knh iu khin . Giai on 3: thit lp knh thoi o. Giai on 4: dch v. Giai on 5: kt thc cuc gi.
2.4.3.1 B c 1 - Thit lp cuc gi

Vic thit lp cuc gi s dng cc bn tin c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh H.225.0. C th xy ra 6 trng hp, l : - Cuc gi c bn - C hai thit b u cui u khng ng k. - C hai thu bao u ng k ti mt Gatekeeper. - Ch c thu bao ch gi c ng k vi Gatekeeper. - Ch c thu bao b gi c ng k vi Gatekeeper. - Hai thu bao ng k vi hai Gatekeeper khc nhau. - Thit lp cuc gi qua Gateway. Trong hu ht giao thc/bo hiu phc v cc ng dng thi gian thc, yu cu v ngng thi gian x l cho php (Tout - Time Out) ca tng tn hiu v ca c qu trnh bo hiu l bt buc. phng thc bo hiu trc tip, qu trnh bo hiu din ra nhanh hn dn n xc xut thi gian x l bo hiu vt qu Tout t, lm cho t l li cuc gi gim, hn na vic bo hiu trc tip gip cho qu trnh ng b mng chnh xc. Tuy nhin, phng thc ny, yu cu cc u cui tham gia vo cuc gi phi c s tnh tng thch v bo hiu. phng thc bo hiu gin tip thng qua Gatekeeper, qu trnh bo hiu din ra chm hn dn n xc xut thi gian x l bo hiu vt qu Tout ln hn, v v th t l li cuc gi cng nhiu hn. V phi thng qua (cc) Gatekeeper nn cu trc mng s phc tp, vn t chc v ng b mng cn phi quan tm hn. phng thc ny, v bo hiu thng qua Gatekeeper trung gian, v th vn tng thch bo hiu ch lin quan n u cui v Gatekeeper, lm tng kh nng la chn u cui cho ngi dng. Di y l chi tit cc th tc thit lp cuc gi, mt s trng hp s dng bo hiu trc tip gia cc u cui, cc trng hp cn li s dng bo hiu gin tip qua Gatekeeper. 1/ Cuc gi c bn - C hai thit b u cui u khng ng k
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u cui 1 u cui 2
S e t-u p ( 1 ) C a ll p ro c e e d in g (2 ) A le rtin g (3 ) C o n n e c t (4 )
K n h b o h i u c u c g i
Hnh 2. 18: Cuc gi c bn khng c Gatekeeper Khi c hai thit b u cui u khng ng k vi Gatekeeper, th chng s trao i trc tip cc bn tin vi nhau nh hnh 2.18. Khi ch gi s gi bn tin thit lp cuc gi ti lp TSAP trn knh bo hiu bit trc a ch ca thu bao b gi. 2/ C hai thu bao u ng k ti mt Gatekeeper Tnh hung ny c 2 trng hp xy ra l bo hiu trc tip (c trnh by di y) v bo hiu gin tip thng qua Gatekeeper. C hai thu bao u cui u ng k ti mt Gatekeeper v Gatekeeper chn phng thc truyn bo hiu trc tip gia 2 thu bao (hnh 2.19). u tin, thu bao ch gi trao i vi Gatekeeper thng qua cp bn tin ARQ (1)/ACF (2) thit lp bo hiu. Trong bn tin ACF do Gatekeeper tr li cho thu bao ch gi c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca thu bao b gi. Sau thu bao ch gi s cn c vo a ch ny gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti thu bao b gi. Nu thu bao b gi chp nhn yu cu, n s trao i cp bn tin ARQ (5)/ ACF (6) vi Gatekeeper. Nu thu bao b gi nhn c ARJ (6) th n s gi bn tin Release Complete ti thu bao ch gi.
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u cui 1 ARQ (1) ACF/ARJ (2) Set-up (3) Call proceeding (4) ARQ (5) ACF/ARJ (6) Alerting (7) Connect (8) Gatekeeper 1 u cui 2
Knh bo hiu RAS Knh bo hiu cuc gi
Hnh 2. 19 : Hai thu bao u ng k vi mt Gatekeeper - bo hiu trc tip 3/ Ch c thu bao ch gi c ng k vi Gatekeeper Khi cc bn tin bo hiu cuc gi do Gatekeeper nh tuyn, th th tc thit lp cuc gi c th hin trn hnh 2.20. Trong trng hp ny cc th t bn tin ca th tc ging ht trng hp trn, ch khc duy nht mt im l tt c cc bn tin bo hiu gi t thu bao ny ti thu bao kia u thng qua phn t trung gian l Gatekeeper 1.
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u cui 1 ARQ (1) ACF (2) Set-up (3) Setup (4) Call Proceeding (5) Call Proceeding (5) Alerting (6) Connect (8) Alerting (6) Connect (7) Gatekeeper 1 u cui 2
Hnh 2. 20 Ch c thu bao ch gi ng k - Gatekeeper nh tuyn bo hiu 4/ Ch c thu bao b gi c ng k vi Gatekeeper Trng hp bo hiu do Gatekeeper nh tuyn, th tc bo hiu c th hin trn hnh 2.21. u tin, thu bao ch gi s gi bn tin Set-up (1) trn knh bo hiu bit trc a ch ti thu bao b gi. Nu thu bao b gi chp nhn cuc gi n s trao i bn tin ARQ (3)/ARJ (4) vi Gatekeeper. Trong bn tin ARJ m Gatekeeper tr li cho thu bao b gi cha m yu cu nh tuyn cuc gi qua Gatekeeper (routeCallToGatekeeper). Khi , thu bao b gi s gi bn tin Facility (5) c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper ti thu bao ch gi. Sau , thu bao ch gi gi bn tin Release Complete (6) ti thu bao ch gi v cn c vo a ch knh bo hiu thu bao ch gi s gi bn tin Set-up (7) ti Gatekeeper, Gatekeeper gi bn tin Set-up (8) ti thu bao b gi. Sau , thu bao b gi s trao i bn tin ARQ (9)/ACF (10) vi Gatekeeper, thu bao b gi gi bn tin Connect (12) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ti Gatekeeper. Gatekeeper s gi bn tin Connect (13) c cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca thu bao b gi.
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im cui 1 Setup (1) Gatekeeper 2 im cui 2
Call Proceeding (2) ARQ (3) ACF/ARJ (4) Facility (5) Release Complete (6) Setup (7) Setup (8) Call Proceeding (2) Call Proceeding (2) ARQ (9) ACF/ARJ (10) Alerting (11) Connect (13) Alerting (11) Connect (12)
T1524080-96
Cc bn tin RAS Cc bn tin bo hiu
Hnh 2. 21 Ch c thu bao b gi ng k - Gatekeeper nh tuyn bo hiu 5/ Hai thu bao ng k vi hai Gatekeeper khc nhau Tnh hung ny c 4 trng hp xy ra: (1) C hai Gatekeeper u chn cch nh tuyn bo hiu trc tip gia hai thu bao, (2) Gatekeeper 1 pha ch gi truyn bo hiu theo phng thc trc tip cn Gatekeeper 2 pha b gi nh tuyn bo hiu cuc gi qua n, (3) Gatekeeper 1 pha ch gi nh tuyn bo hiu qua n cn Gatekeeper 2 pha b gi chn phng thc truyn bo hiu trc tip, v (4) hai TB ng k vi 2 Gatekeeper v c hai Gatekeeper ny u chn phng thc nh tuyn bo hiu cuc gi qua chng. Di y l chi tit v trng hp (4). Hai TB ng k vi 2 Gatekeeper v c hai Gatekeeper ny u chn phng thc nh tuyn bo hiu cuc gi qua chng. Th tc bo hiu ca trng hp ny c th hin trn hnh 2.22. u tin TB ch gi trao i ARQ (1)/ACF (2) vi Gatekeeper 1, trong bn tin ACF c cha a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper 1. Cn c vo a ch ny
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com TB ch gi gi bn tin Set-up (3) ti Gatekeeper 1. Gatekeeper 1 s gi bn tin Setup(4) ti a knh bo hiu ca TB b gi, nu chp nhn TB b gi s trao i ARQ (6)/ARJ(7) vi Gatekeeper 2, Trong bn tin ARJ(7) m Gatekeeper 2 tr li cho TB b gi cha a ch knh bo hiu ca n v m ch th bo hiu nh tuyn cuc gi qua
u cui 1 ARQ (1) ACF (2) Set-up (3) Call Proceeding (5) Call Proceeding (5) ARQ (6) ARJ (7) Facility (8) Release Complete (9) Set-up (10) Call Proceeding (5) Set-up (11) Call Proceeding (5) ARQ (12) ACF/ARJ (13) Alerting (14) Alerting (14) Connect (16) Connect (17) Alerting (14) Connect (15) Set-up (4) Gatekeeper 1 Gatekeeper 2 u cui 2
Hnh 2. 22 Hai thu bao u ng k - nh tuyn qua hai Gatekeeper Gatekeeper 2 (routeCallToGatekeeper). TB b gi tr li Gatekeeper 1 bn tin Facility (8) cha a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper 2. Tip Gatekeeper 1 gi bn tin Release Complete ti TB b gi v gi bn tin Setup (10) ti a ch knh bo hiu ca Gatekeeper 2 v Gatekeeper 2 gi Setup (11) ti TB b gi. TB b gi trao i ARQ (12)/ACF (13) vi Gatekeeper 2 v tr li Gatekeeper 2 bng
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com bn tin Connect (15) cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca n s dng bo hiu H.245. Gatekeeper 2 gi Connect (16) ti Gatekeeper 1, bn tin ny cha a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca TB b gi hoc a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca Gatekeeper 2 tu thuc vo Gatekeeper 2 c chn nh tuyn knh iu khin H.245 hay khng. Sau Gatekeeper 1 gi Connect(17) ti TB ch gi, bn tin ny cha a ch knh iu khin m Gatekeeper 1 nhn c t Gatekeeper 2 hoc l a ch knh iu khin H.245 ca Gatekeeper 1 nu n chn nh tuyn knh iu khin H.245. 6/ Thit lp cuc gi qua Gateway Nh trnh by trong mc 2.2.2, mt cuc gi ch lin quan n Gateway khi cuc gi c s chuyn tip t mng PSTN sang mng LAN hoc ngc li. V vy v c bn c th phn bit cuc gi qua Gateway thnh 2 loi: cuc gi t mt thu bao in thoi vo mng LAN v cuc gi t mt thu bao trong mng LAN ra mt thu bao trong mng thoi.
2.4.3.2 B c 2 - Thit lp knh iu khin

Khi kt thc giai on 1 tc l c ch gi ln b gi hon thnh vic trao i cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi, th cc u cui s thit lp knh iu khin H.245. Bn tin u tin c trao i gia cc u cui l terminalCapabilitySet cc bn thng bo cho nhau kh nng lm vic ca mnh. Mi mt thit b u cui u c c tnh ring ni ln kh nng ch m ho, truyn, nhn v gii m cc tn hiu a dch v. Knh iu khin ny c th do thu bao b gi thit lp sau khi n nhn c bn tin Set-up hoc do thu bao ch gi thit lp khi n nhn c bn tin Alerting hoc Call Proceeding. Trong trng hp khng nhn c bn tin Connect hoc mt u cui gi Release Complete, th knh iu khin H.245 s c gii phng.
2.4.3.3 B c 3 - Thit lp knh truyn thng

Sau khi trao i kh nng (tc nhn ti a, phng thc m ho..) v xc nh quan h master-slave trong giao tip giai on 2, th tc iu khin knh H.245 s thc hin vic m knh logic truyn s liu. Cc knh ny l knh H.225. Sau khi m knh logic truyn tn hiu l m thanh v hnh nh th mi u cui truyn tn hiu s truyn i mt bn tin h2250MaximumSkewIndication xc nh thng s truyn.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com 1/ Thay i ch hot ng Trong giai on ny cc thit b u cui c th thc hin th tc thay i cu trc knh, thay i kh nng v ch truyn cng nh nhn (Ch truyn v nhn l thng bo v ghi nhn ca cc u cui xc nh kh nng lm vic gia chng). 2/ Trao i cc lung tn hiu video Vic s dng ch th videoIndicateReadyToActive c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh H.245 l khng bt buc, nhng khi s dng th th tc ca n nh sau. u tin thu bao ch gi s khng c php truyn video cho n khi thu bao b gi ch th sn sng truyn video. Thu bao ch gi s truyn bn tin videoIndicateReadyToActive sau khi kt thc qu trnh trao i kh nng, nhng n s khng truyn tn hiu video cho n khi nhn c bn tin videoIndicateReadyToActive hoc nhn c lung tn hiu video n t pha thu bao b gi. 3/ Phn phi cc a ch lung d liu Trong ch mt a ch, mt u cui s m mt knh logic ti MCU hoc mt u cui khc. a ch ca cc knh cha trong bn tin openLogicalChannel v openLogicalChannelAck. Trong ch a ch nhm, a ch nhm s c xc nh bi MC v c truyn ti cc u cui trong bn tin communicationModeCommand. Mt u cui s bo cho MC vic m mt knh logic vi a ch nhm thng qua bn tin openLogicalChannel v MC s truyn bn tin ti tt c cc u cui trong nhm.
2.4.3.4 B c 4 - Dch v cuc gi

C mt s dch v cuc gi c thc hin trn mng H.323 nh : thay i rng bng tn, gim st trng thi hot ng, hi ngh c bit, cc dch v b xung. y xin c trnh by hai loi dch v l thay i rng bng tn v gim st trng thi hot ng. 1/ Thay i rng bng tn
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com rng bng tn ca mt cuc gi c Gatekeeper thit lp trong khong thi gian thit lp trao i. Mt u cui phi chc chn rng tng tt c lung truyn, nhn m thanh v hnh nh u phi nm trong rng bng tn thit lp. Ti mi thi im trong khi hi thoi, u cui hoc Gatekeeper u c th yu cu tng hoc gim rng bng tn. Mt u cui c th thay i tc truyn trn mt knh logic m khng yu cu Gatekeeper thay i rng bng tn nu nh tng tc truyn v nhn khng vt qu rng bng tn hin ti. Trong trng hp ngc li th u cui phi yu cu Gatekeeper m n ng k thay i rng bng tn.
Gatekeeper 1 BRQ (1) BCF/BRJ (2) CloseLogicalChannel (3) OpenLogicalChannel (4) BRQ (5) BCF/BRJ (6) OpenLogicalChAck (7) u cui 1 u cui 2 Gatekeeper 2
Ch : Gatekeeper 1 v Gatekeeper 2 c th l mt Gatekeeper
Hnh 2. 21 Yu cu thay i rng bng tn - Thay i thng s truyn Th tc thay i rng bng tn - thay i thng s truyn c th hin trn hnh 2.21. Khi u cui 1 mun tng tc truyn trn knh logic trc ht n phi xc nh xem c th vt qu rng bng tn ca cuc gi hin ti khng. Nu c th th n s gi bn tin BRQ (1) ti Gatekeeper 1. Khi nhn c bn tin BCF (2) c ngha l c rng bng tn cho yu cu, u cui 1 s gi bn tin closeLogicalChannel (3) ng knh logic. Sau n s m li knh logic bng cch gi bn tin openLogicalChannel (4) c cha gi tr tc mi ti u cui 2. Trc ht n phi xc nh xem gi tr c vt qu rng bng tn ca knh hay khng; nu chp nhn gi tr ny th n s trao i bn tin yu cu thay i rng bng tn BRQ (5)/BCF (6) vi Gatekeeper 2. Nu rng bng tn cho yu cu thay i th u cui 2 s tr li u cui 1 bng bn tin Trang 57
Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com openLogicChannelAck (7); trong trng hp ngc li n s t chi bng bn tin openLogicChannelReject. Th tc thay i rng bng tn - Thay i thng s nhn c th hin trn hnh 2.22. Khi u cui 1 mun tng tc nhn trn knh logic ca mnh, trc ht n phi xc nh xem c th vt qu rng bng tn ca cuc gi hin ti khng. Nu c th th n s gi BRQ (1) ti Gatekeeper 1. Khi nhn c BCF (2) th n s gi bn tin flowControlCommand (3) c cha gii hn tc mi ca knh ti thit b u cui 2. Trc ht u cui 2 phi xc nh xem bng tn mi c vt qu kh nng ca knh khng; nu chp nhn c th n s gi bn tin yu cu thay i rng bng tn BRQ (4) ti Gatekeeper 2. Khi nhn c BCF (5) th u cui 2 s gi bn tin closeLogiclChannel (6) ng knh logic sau m li knh logic bng bn tin openLogicalChannel (7) c cha tc bit mi ti u cui 1. u cui 1 s xc nh tc mi v tr li u cui 2 bng bn tin openLogicalChannelAck (6).
Gatekeeper 1 BRQ (1) BCF/BRJ (2) FlowControlCommand (3) BRQ (4) BCF/BRJ (5) CloseLogicalChannel (6) OpenLogicalChannel (7) OpenLogicalChAck (8) u cui 1 u cui 2 Gatekeeper 2
Ch : Gatekeeper 1 v Gatekeeper 2 c th l mt Gatekeeper
Hnh 2. 22 Yu cu thay i rng bng tn - thay i thng s nhn 2/ Gim st trng thi gim st trng thi hot ng ca u cui, Gatekeeper lin tc trao i cp bn tin IRQ/IRR vi cc u cui do n kim sot. Khong thi gian u n gia cc ln trao i cc bn tin c th ln hn 10 giy v gi tr ca n do nh sn xut quyt nh.
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Chng2 Chun H.323 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Gatekeeper c th yu cu mt thit b u cui gi cho n bn tin IRR mt cch u n nh gi tr ca trng irrFrequency trong bn tin ACF gi cho thit b u cui xc nh tc truyn bn tin IRR. Khi xc nh c gi tr ca trng irrFrequency, thit b u cui s gi bn tin IRR vi tc trong sut khong thi gian ca cuc gi. Trong khi , Gatekeeper c th vn gi IRQ ti thit b u cui v yu cu tr li theo c ch nh trnh by trn. Trong khong thi gian din ra cuc gi, mt u cui hoc Gatekeeper c th u n hi trng thi t u cui bn kia bng cch s dng bn tin Status Enquiry. u cui nhn c bn tin Status Enquiry s tr li bng bn tin ch th trng thi hin thi. Th tc hi p ny c th c Gatekeeper s dng kim tra mt cch u n xem cuc gi c cn ang hot ng khng. C mt lu l cc bn tin ny l bn tin H.225.0 c truyn trn knh bo hiu cuc gi khng nh hng n cc bn tin IRR c truyn trn knh RAS.
2.4.3.5 B c 5 - Kt thc cuc gi

Mt thit b u cui c th kt thc cuc gi theo cc bc ca th tc sau: Dng truyn lung tn hiu video khi kt thc truyn mt nh, sau gii phng tt c cc knh logic phc v truyn video. Dng truyn d liu v ng tt c cc knh logic dng truyn d liu. Dng truyn audio sau ng tt c cc knh logic dng truyn audio. Truyn bn tin H.245 endSessionCommand trn knh iu khin H.245 bo cho thu bao u kia bit n mun kt thuc cuc gi. Sau n dng truyn cc bn tin H.245 v ng knh iu khin H.245. N s ch nhn bn tin endSessionCommand t thu bao u kia v s ng knh iu khin H.245 Nu knh bo hiu cuc gi ang m, th n s truyn i bn tin Release Complete sau ng knh bo hiu. N cng c th kt thc cuc gi theo cc th tc sau y. Mt u cui nhn bn tin endSessionCommand m trc n khng truyn i bn tin ny, th n s ln lt thc hin cc bc t 1 n 6 trn ch b qua bc 5. Ch : Kt thc mt cuc gi khng c ngha l kt thc mt hi ngh (cuc gi c nhiu u cui tham gia). Mt hi ngh s chc chn kt thc khi s dng bn tin H.245 dropConference. Khi cc u cui s ch MC kt thc cuc gi theo th tc trn.
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Gatekeeper 1 u cui 1 EndSessionCommand (1) EndSessionCommand (1) u cui 2 Gatekeeper 2
Release Complete (2) DRQ (3) DCF (4) DCF (4) DRQ (3)
Knh bo hiu RAS Knh bo hiu cuc gi Knh iu khin H.245 Ch : Gatekeeper 1 v Gatekeeper 2 c th l mt Gatekeeper
Hnh 2. 23 Thit b u cui kt thc cuc gi c s tham gia ca Gatekeeper Trong mt cuc gi khng c s tham gia ca Gatekeeper th ch cn thc hin cc bc t 1 n 6. Trong cuc gi c s tham gia ca Gatekeeper th cn c hot ng gii phng bng tn. Th tc ny c th hin trn hnh 2.23. V vy sau khi thc hin cc bc t 1 n 6, mi u cui s truyn i bn tin DRQ (3) ti Gatekeeper. Sau , Gatekeeper s tr li bng bn tin DCF (4). Sau khi gi DRQ, u cui s khng gi bn tin IRR ti Gatekeeper na v khi cuc gi kt thc. Trn y l th tc kt thc cuc gi c s tham gia ca Gatekeeper do u cui thc hin. Th tc kt thc cuc gi do Gatekeeper thc hin c th hin trn hnh 2.24. u tin, Gatekeeper gi bn tin DRQ ti u cui. Khi nhn c bn tin ny, u cui s ln lt thc hin cc bc t 1 n 6, sau tr li Gatekeeper bng bn tin DCF. Thu bao u kia khi nhn c bn tin endSessionCommand s thc hin th tc gii phng cuc gi ging trng hp u cui ch ng kt thc cuc gi (hnh 2.23). Nu cuc gi l mt hi ngh th Gatekeeper s gi DRQ ti tt c cc u cui tham gia hi ngh.
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Gatekeeper 1 DRQ (3) EndSessionCommand (1) EndSessionCommand (1) u cui 1 u cui 2 Gatekeeper 2
Release Complete (2) DCF (4) DRQ (3) DCF (4)

T1524210-96
Knh bo hiu RAS Knh bo hiu cuc gi Knh iu khin H.245 Ch : Gatekeeper 1 v Gatekeeper 2 c th l mt Gatekeeper
Hnh 2. 24 Kt thc cuc gi bt u t Gatekeeper
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ChVersion ng 3 Cc bin php m bo cht lng dch v Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered - http://www.simpopdf.com
Ch ng 3
Cc bin php m bo cht
l ng dch v
Cht lng dch v QoS l tp hp cc ch tiu c trng cho yu cu ca tng loi lu lng c th trn mng bao gm: tr, jitter, t l mt gi... Cc ch tiu ny lin quan n lng bng thng dnh cho mng. C nhiu bin php nhm m bo QoS c thc hin. ti thiu thi gian tr ca cc gi thoi so vi cc gi ca cc dch v khc, cc gi thoi c truyn bi giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Giao thc ny khng cung cp c ch truyn li do vy gi thoi s c x l nhanh hn. loi b ting vng ngi ta s dng b trit ting vng cc gateway. V cn c cc bin php sau: - Nn tn hiu thoi. - Cc c ch m bo cht lng dch v ti cc nt mng: Cc thut ton xp hng (queuing), c ch nh hnh lu lng (traffic shapping), cc c ch ti u ho ng truyn, cc thut ton d on v trnh tc nghn,... - Phng thc bo hiu QoS. Chnh sch QoS c vch ra mong mun thc hin nhim v qun l cht lng dch v theo mt k hoch c th v thng qua h thng bo hiu QoS ra lnh cho cc c ch chp hnh ti cc nt mng thc hin nhim v .
3.1 Nn tn hiu thoi

Trong mng in thoi thng thng tn hiu thoi c m ho PCM theo lut A hoc Muy vi tc 64Kbps. Vi cch m ho ny cho php khi phc mt cch tng i trung thc cc m thanh trong gii tn ting ni. Tuy nhin trong mt s ng dng c bit yu cu truyn m thanh vi tc thp hn v d nh truyn tn hiu thoi trn mng Internet. T xut hin mt s k thut m ho v nn tn hiu ting ni xung tc thp c th nh G.723.1, G.729, G729A, v GSM. G.729 c ITU-T ph chun vo nm 1995. Mc d c ITU ph chun ho, din n VoIP nm 1997 tho thun xut G.723.1 thay th cho G.729. T hp cng nghip trong dn u l Intel v Microsoft chp nhn hi sinh mt cht cht lng m thanh t c hiu qu bng thng ln hn. Tht vy, G.723.1 yu cu 5,3/6,3 kbps trong khi G.729 yu cu 8 kbps. Vic
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ChVersion ng 3 Cc bin php m bo cht lng dch v Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered - http://www.simpopdf.com cng nhn tiu chun nn v gii nn l mt bc tin quan trng trong vic ci thin tin cy v cht lng m thanh. V c bn cc b m ho ting ni c ba loi: m ho dng sng (wave form), m ho ngun (source) v m ho lai (hybrid) (ngha l kt hp c hai loi m ho dng trn). Nguyn l b m ho dng sng l m ho dng sng ca ting ni. Ti pha pht, b m ha s nhn cc tn hiu ting ni tng t lin tc v m thnh tn hiu s trc khi truyn i. Ti pha thu s lm nhim v ngc li khi phc tn hiu ting ni. Khi khng c li truyn dn th dng sng ca ting ni khi phc s rt ging vi dng sng ca ting ni gc. C s ca b m ho dng sng l: Nu ngi nghe nhn c mt bn sao dng sng ca ting ni gc th cht lng m thanh s rt tuyt vi. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, qu trnh m ho li sinh ra tp m lng t (m thc cht l mt dng mo dng sng), song tp m lng t thng nh khng nh hng n cht lng ting ni thu c. u im ca b m ho loi ny l: phc tp, gi thnh thit k, tr v cng sut tiu th thp. Ngi ta c th p dng chng m ho cc tn hiu khc nh: tn hiu bo hiu, s liu di m thanh v c bit vi nhng thit b iu kin nht nh th chng cn c kh nng m ho c c tn hiu m nhc. B m ho dng sng n gin nht l iu xung m (PCM), iu ch Delta (DM)... Tuy nhin, nhc im ca b m ho dng sng l khng to c ting ni cht lng cao ti tc bit di 16kbit/s, m iu ny c khc phc b m ho ngun. Nguyn l ca m ho ngun l m ho kiu pht m (vocoder), v d nh b m ho d bo tuyn tnh (LPC). Cc b m ho ny c th thc hin c ti tc bt c 2kbps. Hn ch ch yu ca b m ho kiu pht m LPC l gi thit rng: tn hiu ting ni bao gm c m hu thanh v m v thanh. Do vi m hu thanh th ngun kch thch b my pht m s l mt dy cc xung, cn vi cc m v thanh th n s l mt ngun nhiu ngu nhin. Trong thc t c rt nhiu cch kch thch c quan pht m. V n gin ho, ngi ta gi thit rng ch c mt im kch thch trong ton b giai on ln ging ca ting ni, d cho l m hu thanh. C rt nhiu phng php m hnh ho s kch thch: Phng php kch thch a xung (MPE), phng php kch thch xung u (RPE), phng php d on tuyn tnh kch thch m (CELP). Phn ny s tp trung ch yu gii thiu phng php d on tuyn tnh kch thch m CELP. Hin nay phng php ny tr thnh cng ngh ch yu cho m ho ting ni tc thp.
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3.1.1 Nguyn l chung ca b m ho CELP

Phng php CELP c nhc im l c mt th tc i hi tnh ton nhiu nn kh c th thc hin trong thi gian thc. Vy c mt phng php lm n gin ho th tc sot bng m sao cho khng nh hng ti cht lng ting ni. l phng php s dng cc bng m i s ACELP (Algebraic CELP) trong cc bng m c to ra nh cc m sa li nh phn c bit. V nng cao hiu qu r sot bng m, ngi ta s dng cc bng m i s c cu lin kt CSACELP (Conjugate-Structure ACELP). Khuyn ngh G729 a ra nguyn l ca b m ha ting ni s dng phng php CS-ACELP m ho ting ni tc 8kbps.
3.1.2 Nguyn l m ho CS-ACELP

Tn hiu PCM 64kbps u vo c a qua b m ho thut ton CS-ACELP, c ly mu ti tn s 8kHz, sau qua b chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM u 16 bit a ti u vo b m ho. Tn hiu u ra b gii m s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM theo ng tn hiu u vo. Cc c tnh u vo/u ra khc, ging nh ca tn hiu PCM 64kbps (theo khuyn ngh ITU G.711), s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM u 16 bit ti u vo b m ho. B m ho CS-ACELP da trn c s ca b m d bo tuyn tnh kch thch m CELP. B m ho CS-ACELP thc hin trn cc khung ting ni chu k 10ms tng ng 80 mu ti tc ly mu l 8000 mu/s. C mi mt khung 10ms, tn hiu ting ni li c phn tch ly cc tham s ca b m CELP ( l cc tham s ca b lc d bo thch ng, ch s cc bng m c nh v bng m thch ng cng vi cc tng ch ca bng m). Cc tham s ny s c m ho v truyn i. Ti pha thu, cc tham s ny s c s dng khi phc cc tham s tn hiu kch thch v cc tham s ca b lc tng hp. Tn hiu ting ni s c khi phc bng cch lc cc tham s tn hiu kch thch ny thng qua b lc tng hp ngn hn. B lc tng hp ngn hn da trn c s b lc d bo tuyn tnh LP bc 10. B lc tng hp di hn, hay b lc tng hp cao dng cho vic lm trn m thch ng. Sau khi khi phc, nh b lc sau ting ni s c lm tng trung thc.
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3.1.3 Chun nn G.729A

G729A l thut ton m ho ting ni tiu chun cho thoi v s liu ng thi s ho (DSVD). G.729A l s trao i lung bit vi G.729, c ngha l tn hiu c m ho bng thut ton G.729A c th c gii m thng qua thut ton G.729 v ngc li. Ging nh G.729, n s dng thut ton d bo tuyn tnh m kch thch i s c cu trc lin kt (CS-ACELP) vi cc khung 10ms. Tuy nhin mt vi thut ton thay i s c gii thiu m kt qu ca cc thut ton ny lm gim 50% phc tp. Nguyn l chung ca b m ho v gii m ca thut ton G.729A ging vi G.729. Cc th tc lng t ho v phn tch LP ca cc khuych i bng m c nh v thch ng ging nh G.729. Cc thay i thut ton chnh so vi G.729 s tng kt nh sau: B lc trng s th cm s dng cc tham s b lc LP lng t v c biu din l W(z) = A(z)/A(z/) vi gi tr c nh = 0,75. Phn tch ln ging mch vng h c n gin ho bng cch s dng phng php decimation (c ngha l trch 10 ly 1) trong khi tnh s tng quan ca ting ni trng s. Cc tnh ton phn ng xung ca b lc tng hp trng s W(z)/A(z) ca tn hiu ban u v vic thit lp trng thi ban u ca b lc c n gin ho bng cch thay th W(z) bng 1/A(z/). Vic tm bng m thch ng c n gin ho. Thay v tm tp trung mch vng t ong, gii php tm s hnh cy su trc c s dng. Ti b gii m, ho ba ca b lc sau s c n gin bng cch s dng ch cc tr nguyn. C hai b m ho G.729 v G.729A c th nghim trn vi mch T1 TMS320C50 DSP. Trong khi th nghim USH, thut ton m ha song cng G.729A yu cu 12,4 MIPS, trong khi G.729 yu cu 22,3 MIPS. S dng G.729A gim c khong 50% phc tp so vi s dng G.729 vi vic gim mt t cht lng trong trng hp 3 b i ( m ha/gii m) v trong trng hp c tp m nn.
3.1.4 Chun nn G.729B

G.729B a ra mt nguyn l nn im lng tc bit thp c thit k v ti u ho lm vic trung c vi c G.729 v g.729A phc tp thp. t c vic nn im lng tc bit thp cht lng tt, mt m un b d hot ng thoi khung c bn l yu t cn thit d cc khung thoi khng tch cc, gi l cc Trang 65
ChVersion ng 3 Cc bin php m bo cht lng dch v Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered - http://www.simpopdf.com khung tp m nn hoc khung im lng. i vi cc khung thoi khng tch cc d c ny, mt m un truyn gin on o s thay i theo thi gian ca c tnh tn hiu thoi khng tch cc v quyt nh xem c mt khung m t thng tin im lng mi khng c th c gi i duy tr cht lng ti to ca tp m nn ti u cui thu. Nu c mt khung nh th c yu cu, cc tham s nng lng v ph m t cc c tnh cm nhn c ca tp m nn c m ho v truyn i mt cch hiu qu dng khung 15 b/khung. Ti u cui thu, mun to ra m ph hp s to tp m nn u ra s dng tham s cp nht pht hoc cc tham s c trc . Tp m nn tng hp t c bng cch lc d bo tuyn tnh tn hiu kch thch gi trng c to ra trong ni b ca mc iu khin. Phng php m ho tp m nn tit kim tc bit cho ting ni m ho ti tc bit trung bnh thp 4kbps trong cuc m thoi ting ni bnh thng duy tr cht lng ti to. i vi cc ng dng DSVD (Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data: thoi v s liu ng thi s ho) v nhy tc bit khc, G729B l iu kin ti cn thit gim tc bit hn na bng cch s dng cng ngh nn im lng. Khi khng c ting ni, tc bit c th gim, gii phng dung lng knh cho cc ng dng xy ra ng thi, v d nh cc ng truyn ting khc trong in thoi t bo a truy nhp phn knh theo m/ theo thi gian (TDMA/CDMA) hoc truyn s liu ng thi. Mt phn ng k trong cc cuc m thoi thng thng l im lng, trung bnh ln ti 60% ca mt cuc m thoi hai chiu. Trong sut qu trnh im lng, thit b u vo ting v d nh tai nghe, s thu thng tin t mi trng n. Mc v c tnh n c th thay i ng k, t mt phng im lng ti ng ph n o hoc t mt chic xe t chuyn bnh nhanh. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc ngun tp m thng mang t thng tin hn thng tin ting. V vy trong cc chu k khng tch cc t s nn s cao hn. Nhiu ng dng in hnh, v d h thng ton cu i vi in thoi di ng GSM, s dng vic d tm chu k im lng v chn tp m ph hp to c hiu qu m ho cao hn. Xut pht t quan nim v d tm im lng v chn tp m ph hp dn ti cc cng ngh m ho ting mu kp. Cc mu khc nhau bi tn hiu u vo, c biu th l: thoi tch cc i vi ting ni v l thoi khng tch cc i vi im lng hoc tp m nn, c xc nh bi s phn loi tn hiu. S phn loi ny c th c thc hin bn trong hoc bn ngoi b m ho ting ni. B m ho ting ton tc c th c tc dng trong qu trnh ting thoi tch cc, nhng c mt nguyn l m ho khc c dng i vi tn hiu thoi khng tch cc, s dng bit t hn v to ra t s nn trung bnh cao hn. S phn loi ny c gi chung
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ChVersion ng 3 Cc bin php m bo cht lng dch v Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered - http://www.simpopdf.com l b d hot ng thoi (VAD: Voice Activity Detector) v u ra ca b ny gi l mc hot ng thoi. Mc hot ng thoi l 1 khi c mt hot ng thoi v l 0 khi khng c hot ng thoi. Thut ton VAD v b m ho ting ni khng tch cc, ging vi cc b m ho G.729 v G.729A, c thc hin trn cc khung ca ting ni c s ho. ph hp, kch thc cc khung ging nhau c dng cho mi s v khng c tr thm vo no c to ra bi thut ton VAD hoc b m ho thoi khng tch cc. u vo b m ho ting ni l tn hiu ting ni n c s ho. Vi mi khung ting ni u vo, VAD a ra mc hot ng thoi, mc ny c dng nh mt chuyn mch gia cc b m ho thoi tch cc v thoi khng tch cc. Khi b m ho thoi tch cc c tc dng, lung bit thoi tch cc s gi ti b gii m tch cc cho mi khung. Tuy nhin, trong cc chu k khng tch cc, b m ho thoi khng tch cc c th c chn gi cc thng tin mi nht gi l b m t vic chn im lng (SID: Silence Insertion Descriptor) ti b gii m khng tch cc hoc khng gi g c. K thut ny c tn l truyn gin on (DTX: Discontinuous Transmission). Vi mi khung, u ra ca mi b gii m c dng lm tn hiu khi phc.
3.1.5 Chun nn G.723.1

Khuyn ngh G.723.1 a ra mt b m ho tiu chun dng nn tn hiu ting ni hoc cc tn hiu audio khc ca cc dch v a phng tin ti tc rt thp, ging vi phn tiu chun ca h H.323. V tc bit: B m ho ny c hai tc bit: 5,3 kbps v 6,3 kbps. B m ho c tc cao hn s c cht lng tt v, cng thm tnh linh hot, cung cp cho cc nh thit k h thng. B m ha v gii m bt buc phi c c hai tc bit ny. Chng c th chuyn mch c gia hai tc bit ti bt k ng bin gii no ca khung. Khi tn hiu l phi thoi th c th la chn mt tc bit bin thin truyn khng lin tc v iu khin nhng khong trng. Tn hiu u vo c th c ca b m ho ny ti u ho tn hiu ting ni vi cht lng cao ti cc tc bit ni trn vi mt hn ch v phc tp. B m ho ny dng m ho ting ni v cc tn hiu audio khc vi cc khung dng k thut m ho phn tch bng tng hp d bo tuyn tnh. Tn hiu kch thch, i vi b m ho tc bit cao hn, l lng t ho ng cc i a xung (MP-MLQ: Multipulse Maximum Likelihood Quantilization) v i vi b m ho c tc bit thp hn, l d on tuyn tnh kch thch m i s (ACELP). Kch thch khung l 30ms, cng thm 7,5ms look-ahead, to ra tr x l thut ton tng
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ChVersion ng 3 Cc bin php m bo cht lng dch v Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered - http://www.simpopdf.com cng l 37,5ms. Ton b tr thm vo b m ho l tng ca: Tr x l, tr truyn dn trn cc ng truyn thng tin v tr m ca cc giao thc ghp knh. 1/Nguyn l b m ho G.723.1 Tn hiu PCM 64kbps u vo (theo lut A hoc ) qua b m ho ny c ly mu ti tn s 8kHz, sau qua b chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM u 16 bit a ti u vo b m ho. Tn hiu u ra b gii m s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM theo ng tn hiu u vo. Cc c tnh u vo/ u ra khc, ging nh ca tn hiu PCM 64kbps (theo khuyn ngh ITU G.711), s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu PCM u 16 bit ti u vo b m ho, hoc tn hiu PCM u 16 bit s c chuyn i thnh tn hiu ra PCM theo ng quy lut ca tn hiu u vo b gii m. B m ho da trn nguyn l b m ho phn tch bng tng hp d bo tuyn tnh v c gng cc tiu ha sai s c tnh trng s th cm. B m ho thc hin theo tng khung 240 mu. iu ny tng ng vi chu k khung l 30ms v tn s ly mu l 8kHz. Ti mi khi, u tin tn hiu c a qua b lc thng cao loi b thnh phn tn hiu mt chiu DC v sau c chia thnh 4 khung con. Vi mi khung con s dng tn hiu u vo cha x l tnh ton b lc m ho d bo tuyn tnh bc 10 (LPC). B lc LPC ca khung con cui cng s c lng t ho bng phng php lng t ho vect phn chia d bo (PSVQ: Predictive Split Vector Quantizer). Cc h s LPC cha c lng t s c dng khi phc b lc trng s th cm ngn hn. Vi mi hai phn khung (120) mu, s s dng tn hiu ting ni trng s tnh ton chu k ln ging ting ni mch vng kn, LOL. Chu k ln ging ting ni c tnh trong khong t 18 n 142 mu. Sau tn hiu ting ni s c x l theo tng phn khung c bn 60 mu. S dng nh gi chu k ln ging ting ni trc khi phc b lc dng n sng hi. Phn ng xung c to bi vic u ni b lc tng hp LPC, b lc c tnh trng s th cm formant v b lc dng tp m sng hi. Ngi ta s dng phn ng xung ny cho cc php tnh ton tip sau. B d on chu k ln ging mch vng kn c tnh ton bng cch s dng nh gi chu k ln ging, LOL, v phn ng xung. Ngi ta x dng b d on ln ging bc 5. Chu k ln ging s c tnh l gn ng gi tr vi sai nh ca nh gi ln ging mch vng h. Thnh phn thm vo b d on ln ging sau s c loi b khi vect ban u. C hai gi tr chu k ln ging v gi tr vi sai ca n s c truyn v pha b gii m.
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ChVersion ng 3 Cc bin php m bo cht lng dch v Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered - http://www.simpopdf.com Cui cng, cc thnh phn khng c d on ca tn hiu kch thch s c ly gn ng. i vi b m ho c tc bt cao, ngi ta s dng gi tr kch thch lng t ho gn ng cc i a xung (MP-MLQ), v i vi b m ho c tc bit thp, ngi ta s dng gi tr kch thch m i s (ACELP). 2/Nguyn l b gii m G.723.1 B gii m c thc hin trn nguyn l c bn tng khung. u tin cc ch s ca b lc LPC s c gii m, sau b gii m s khi phc b lc tng hp LPC. i vi mi phn khung, c hai gi tr kch thch bn m c nh v gi tr kch thch bng m thch ng s c gii m v a ti u vo b lc tng hp LPC. B lc sau thch ng bao gm formant v b lc sau ln ging pha sau-pha trc (forward-backward). Tn hiu kch thch s c a ti u vo b lc sau ln ging, u ra b lc sau ln ging c a ti u vo b lc tng hp, v u ra b lc tng hp s c a ti u vo b lc sau formant (formant posfilter).
3.1.6 Chun nn GSM 06.10

u vo b nn GSM 06.10 bao gm cc khung 160 mu cc tn hiu PCM tuyn tnh ly mu ti tn s 8kHz. Chu k mi khung l 20 ms, khong mt chu k thanh mn i vi nhng ngi c ging ni cc thp, v khong mi chu k thanh mn i vi nhng ngi c ging ni cc cao. y l khong thi gian rt ngn v trong khong ny sng ting ni thay i khng nhiu lm. tr truyn dn thng tin c tnh bng tng thi gian x l v kch thc khung ca thut ton. B m ho thc hin nn mt khung tn hiu u vo 160 mu (20ms) vo mt khung 260 bit. Nh vy mt giy n s thc hin nn c 13.103 bit (tng ng vi 1625 byte). Do vy nn mt megabyte tn hiu ch cn mt thi gian cha y 10 pht. Trung tm ca qu trnh x l tn hiu l b lc. u ra b lc ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi tr u vo n ca n. Khi c mt dy cc gi tr a qua b lc th dy tn hiu ny s c dng kch thch b lc. Dng ca b nn GSM 06.10 dng nn tn hiu ting ni bao gm hai b lc v mt gi tr kch thch ban u. B lc ngn hn d bo tuyn tnh, c t ti tng u tin ca qu trnh nn v ti tng cui cng trong sut qu trnh gin, c gi s tun theo quy lut m thanh ca mi v c quan pht thanh. N c kch thch bi u ra ca b lc d bo di hn (LTP: long-term predictor).
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3.2 Cc c ch iu khin cht l ng dch v bn trong mt phn t mng

3.2.1 Cc thut ton xp hng
Mt cch cc phn t mng x l cc dng lu lng n l s dng cc thut ton xp hng sp xp cc loi lu lng. Cc thut ton xp hng hay dng l: - Xp hng vo trc ra trc (FIFO Queuing). - Xp hng theo mc u tin (PQ - Priority Queuing). - Xp hng tu bin (CQ - Custom Queuing). - Xp hng theo cng bng trng s (WFQ - Weighted Fair Queuing). 1/FIFO Queuing Trong dng n gin nht, thut ton vo trc ra trc lin quan n vic lu tr gi thng tin khi mng b tc nghn v ri chuyn tip cc gi i theo th t m chng n khi mng khng cn b tc na. FIFO trong mt vi trng hp l thut ton mc nh v tnh n gin v khng cn phi c s thit t cu hnh nhng n c mt vi thiu sot. Thiu st quan trng nht l FIFO khng a ra s quyt nh no v tnh u tin ca cc gi cng nh l khng c s bo v mng no chng li nhng ng dng (ngun pht gi) c li. Mt ngun pht gi li pht qu ra mt lu lng ln t ngt c th l tng tr ca cc lu lng ca cc ng dng thi gian thc vn nhy cm v thi gian. FIFO l thut ton cn thit cho vic iu khin lu lng mng trong giai on ban u nhng vi nhng mng thng minh hin nay i hi phi c nhng thut ton phc tp hn, p ng c nhng yu cu kht khe hn. 2/PQ - Priority Queuing Thut ton PQ m bo rng nhng lu lng quan trng s c c s x l nhanh hn. Thut ton c thit k a ra tnh u tin nghim ngt i vi nhng dng lu lng quan trng. PQ c th thc hin u tin cn c vo giao thc, giao din truyn ti, kch thc gi, a ch ngun hoc i ch ch ...Trong thut ton, cc gi c t vo 1 trong cc hng i c mc u tin khc nhau da trn cc mc u tin c gn (V d nh bn mc u tin l High, Medium, Normal, v Low) v cc gi trong hng i c mc u tincao s c x l truyn i trc. PQ c cu hnh da vo cc s liu thng k v tnh
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ChVersion ng 3 Cc bin php m bo cht lng dch v Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered - http://www.simpopdf.com hnh hot ng ca mng v khng t ng thch nghi khi iu kin ca mng thay i. 3/Custom Queuing CQ c to ra cho php cc ng dng khc nhau cng chia s mng vi cc yu cu ti thiu v bng thng v tr. Trong nhng mi trng ny, bng thng phi c chia mt cch t l cho nhng ng dng v ngi s dng. CQ x l lu lng bng cch gn cho mi loi gi thng tin trong mng mt s lng c th khng gian hng i v phc v cc hng i theo thut ton round-robin (round-robin fashion). Cng ging nh PQ, CQ khng t thch ng c khi iu kin ca mng thay i. 4/ WFQ - Weighted Fair Queuing Trong trng hp mun c mt mng cung cp c thi gian p ng khng i trong nhng iu kin lu lng trn mng thay i th gii php l thut ton WFQ. Thut ton WFQ tng t nh CQ nhng cc gi tr s dng bng thng gn cho cc loi gi khng c gn mt cc c nh bi ngi s dng m c h thng t ng iu chnh thng qua h thng bo hiu QoS. WFQ c thit k gim thiu vic thit t cu hnh hng i v t ng thch ng vi s thay i iu kin lu lng ca mng. Thut ton ny ph hp vi hu ht cc ng dng chy trn nhng ng truyn khng qu 2Mbps.
3.2.2 nh hnh l u l ng
nh hnh lu lng cung cp mt c ch iu khin lu lng ti mt giao din c th. N gim lu lng thng tin i ra khi giao din trnh lm mng b tc nghn bng cc buc tc thng tin i ra mt tc bt c th i vi trng hp lu lng tng t ngt. Nguyn tc nh hnh lu lng l phn loi gi thng tin cho truyn qua hoc loi b.
3.2.3 Cc c ch tng hiu qu ng truyn

3.2.3.1 Phn mnh v truyn an xen LFI
Cc gi thng tin ca cc dch v khc nhau c kch thc khc nhau. V d nh gi thng tin ca dong lu lng tng tc (telnet) hay ca thoi c kch thc nh trong khi gi thng tin ca dch v truyn file FTP (File Transfer Protocol) li c kch thc ln. Cc gi kch thc ln c tr cao s lm tng tr ca cc dng thng tin cn tr thp. C ch LFI cung cp mt c ch gim tr ca v jitter ca cc ng truyn tc thp bng cch chia nh cc gi tin ln
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ChVersion ng 3 Cc bin php m bo cht lng dch v Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered - http://www.simpopdf.com ca cc lu lng c tr cao v xen vo nhng gi tin nh ca cc lu lng cn tr thp.
3.2.3.2 Nn tiu cc gi thoi

Cc gi thoi s dng giao thc RTP ng gi tn hiu audio truyn i trong mng gi. Nn tiu gi thoi gip tng hiu qu ca cc lu lng thoi trong mng IP.
3.3 Bo hiu phc v iu khin cht l ng dch v

Bo hiu iu khin QoS l mt phn ca truyn thng trong mng. N cung cp mt cch mt trm cui hay mt phn t mng c th a ra nhng yu cu i vi v phn t khc. Bo hiu QoS l rt cn thit cho vic s dng cc c ch x l lu lng nh nu trn. Hai phng php hay dng cho bo hiu QoS l: - Chc nng mc u tin IP (IP Precendence) ca giao thc IP. - S dng giao thc bo hiu QoS RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) Hin nay, ITU ang pht trin th tc bo hiu RSVP cho php tng cng kh nng ca Internet trong vic iu khin cc ng dng thi gian thc. Giao thc d tr ti nguyn ny s c ci trong cc b chuyn mch IP, cc b nh tuyn v kt hp vi kh nng ca ATM trong cung cp QoS thit lp v m bo yu cu QoS cho cc ng dng thi gian thc.
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Chng4 Trin khai VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com
Ch ng 4
Trin khai VoIP trn th
gii v Vit Nam

4.1 Trin khai VoIP trn th gii
Cc cng ty in thoi truyn thng trn th gii thu c mt khon li nhun bnh qun trong mt nm t cc dch v thoi vo khong 200 t USD, v hin nay h ang nhm vo mt kho bu v ch l giao thc Internet trn c s h thng in thoi. in thoi IP ang pht trin mnh m trong gii khch hng kinh doanh. Theo con s iu tra gn y ca Cahners In-Stat Group th trn mt na trong s 128 cng ty mua cng ngh sn sng chuyn hng vo cc mng IP. Cc cng ty s dng cc mng IP ang tng nhanh, chim mt s t l l 54% so vi s dng cc mng Frame Relay (37%) v ATM (28%) Tuy nhin mc trin khai in thoi IP cc nc trn th gii l rt khc nhau, t vic cho php khng iu kin n vic cm hon ton dch v ny. Ti cc nc pht trin nh M, Uc, Canada, Singapore, dch v in thoi IP loi PCPC v PC-in thoi u c cho php khng iu kin. Trong khi , cc nc ang pht trin khng cho php trin khai dch v ny mt cch rng ri. C hai nguyn nhn ch yu lm cn tr qu trnh trin khai dch v ny: - Mc t do ho thp hay khng cho php cnh tranh vi nh khai thc chnh. - Do c s h tng yu km khng m bo c cht lng. Nhm tng bc trin khai VoIP, hu ht cc nc pht trin u tp trung vo vic xy dng cc mng ng trc p ng c cc yu cu i vi vic truyn thng a phng tin. Khi thng tin trn mng s khng cn phn bit l tn hiu thoi, d liu hay hnh nh na. Cc mng IP ng trc ny cng l mt thnh phn cu thnh nn c s h tng thng tin quc gia. in thoi IP l mt xu th khng th trnh khi, ang pht trin v dn dn thay th in thoi thng thng. Theo nh gi ca cng ty IDC, trong nm 1999 th trng in thoi IP t khong 2,7 t pht vi mc tng trng bnh qun hng nm l 92 %. n nm 2004, lu lng ca in thoi IP s t khong 135 t pht vi doanh thu trn 19 USD.
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Chng4 Trin khai VoIP Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com
4.2 Trin khai VoIP Vit Nam

Vi u th gi cc r, cht lng cuc gi chp nhn c, in thoi qua Internet thu ht c nhiu khch hng. Nhiu kh nng n thng 6/2001, Tng cc Bu in cp php cho kinh doanh dch v ny. Trung bnh mi ngy , in thoi VoIP thu ht 15.207 cuc gi; lu lng l 53.187 pht v thi gian trung bnh mi cuc l 3,5 pht, h thng mng li hot ng tt v lin tc. Trong 3 thng u th nghim ch c mt ln xy ra s c suy gim cht lng lung trung k ng H Ni-Thnh ph H Ch Minh trong bui sng 3/1/2001. V vic ny, Tng cc Bu in c kin ng gp cho Vietel s dng mt lung 2M cp quang cung cp dch v trong thi gian ch khc phc s c. Cng theo bo co t Vietel, t l mt gi l 0%; t l tr sau quay s t 9-15s, kh dng t 99%; t l hon thnh cuc gi t trn 65%, cc cuc gi khng hon thnh bao gm c cc cuc gi khng c ngi nhc my, my b gi bn... Hin nay, sn lng dch v ng di VoIP tng dn v dao ng mc 1,9 n 2 triu pht/thng, chim hn 38% trong tng sn lng in thoi ng di H Ni-Thnh ph H Ch Minh, tng ng khong 1,4% sn lng in thoi ng di lin tnh. Doanh thu t dch v ny a li khong 3,5 t ng/thng, chim khong 26% doanh thu in thoi ng di H Ni-Thnh ph H Ch Minh, tng ng gn 2 % tng doanh thu in thoi ng di lin tnh. S thu bao hng thng s dng dch v in thoi IP ca Vietel ti H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh dao ng t 65.000 n 67.000. Song song vi Vietel, cng ty SPT cng xy dng n cung cp dch v ng di trong nc, quc t trn c s cng ngh VoIP, cng ty NETNAM cng c n xin php cung cp dch v in thoi IP Phone to Phone. V gn y nht, Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam cng xin php m dch v VoIP trong nc v quc t. Nh vy, trong tng lai khng xa s c nhiu doanh nghip cng tham gia cung cp dch v cho ngi s dng v thc y cnh tranh dch v ny trn th trng. Cng vi Vietel s c cng ty VDC cng kinh doanh dch v ny v l mt i tc cnh tranh. T nay cho n khong thi gian , Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam v Vietel ang khn trng thng nht v vic kt ni, gi cc, phn chia cc trong lnh vc kinh doanh VoIP. Tuy vy v lu di Vit Nam cn xy dng mng ng trc IP c kh nng p ng tt c cc loi hnh dch v ting ni, hnh nh v a phng tin.
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Dịch vụ VOIP

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Dịch vụ VOIP

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Dch v VOIP

tng Quan V Voip

1.1 Cu hnh ca mng in thoi IP

Cu hnh ca mng in thoi IP

Chc nng ca cc phn t trong mng nh sau:

2/Mng truy nhp IP

H.323 Terminal VoIP-H.323 Gateway H.323 Terminal

Cc phn t c bn ca mng in thoi IP

1.2.2 Kt ni PC-My thoi

1.2.3 Kt ni My thoi-My thoi

1.4 Cc ng dng ca VoIP

1.4.2 Thoi thng minh

1.4.3 Dch v tnh c c cho b gi

1.4.4 Dch v Callback Web

1.4.5 Dch v fax qua IP

1.4.6 Dch v Call center

2.1 Chng giao thc H.323

Knh S liu (Knh iu khin cuc gi)

Cc knh iu khin (Knh iu khin truyn thng)

Knh Audio Audio codec G.711 G.722 G.723 G.728 G.729

Knh Video Video codec H.261 H.263

(Knh iu khin A/V)

2.2 Cc thnh phn trong h thng H.323

H.323 Terminal Mng chuyn mch gi

(1) : Mt gateway c th cung cp mt hay nhiu kt ni ti GSTN, N-ISDN v B-ISDN

Hnh 2.2 : Cu trc h thng H.323

Vng H.323 (H.323 Zone)

2.2.1 Thit b u cui H.323

(Receive Path Delay)

Video Codec Tr chiu thu

Lp ng gi d liu Multimedia, chun H.225.0

Giao din vi mng LAN

Chc nng iu khin h thng (System Control)

Giao din iu khin h thng cho ngi s dng

Call Control H .225.0

RAS Control H.225.0

Thit b u cui H.323 (H.323 Terminal)

2.2.2 H.323 gateway

2.2.4 n v iu khin lin kt a im MCU

2.2.4.2 Hi ngh nhiu bn

2.3 B giao thc RTP/RTCP

2.3.1 Vai tr ca RTP/RTCP

2.3.2 Cc ng dng s dng RTP

2.3.2.2 Hi ngh in thoi truyn hnh

2.3.2.3 Translator v Mixer

2.3.3 Khun dng gi RTP

2.3.3.1 Phn tiu c nh

16 sequence number timestamp

2.2.3.2 Phn tiu m rng

16 length header extension ...

Tiu m rng ca gi RTP.

2.3.4 Giao thc iu khin RTCP

2.3.4.1 Cc loi gi iu khin RTCP

2.3.4.2 Khong thi gian gia hai ln pht hp gi RTCP

2.3.4.3 Khun dng gi SR

Gi SR bao gm 3 phn bt buc:

R DLS A - LSR tr kh hi = A - LSR - DLSR

2.3.4.4 Khun dng gi RR

2.3.4.5 Khun dng gi SDES

SSRC/CSRC_2 ... Hnh 2.9 Khun dng gi SDES

2.3.4.6 Khun dng gi BYE

reson for leaving (opt)

Khun dng gi BYE

2.3.4.7 Khun dng gi APP