Cch lm vic ca VoIP VoIP lm vic nh th no? Khi ni vo ng nghe hay microphone, ging ni s to ra tn hiu in t, l nhng tn hiu analog.

. Tn hiu analog c chuyn sang tn hiu s dng thut tan c bit chuyn i. Nhng thit b khc nhau c cch chuyn i khc nhau nh VoIP phone hay softphone, nu dng in thoi analog thng thng th cn mt Telephony Adapter (TA). Sau ging ni c s ha s c ng vo gi tin v gi trn mng IP. Trong sut tin trnh mt giao thc nh SIP hay H323 s c dng iu khin (control) cuc gi nh l thit lp, quay s, ngt kt ni v RTP th c dng cho tnh nng m bo tin cy v duy tr cht lng dch v trong qu trinh truyn. S ha tn hiu Analog Biu din tn hiu tng t(analog) thnh dng s (digital) l cng vic kh khn. V bn thn dng m thanh nh ging ni con ngi dng analog do cn mt s lng ln cc gi tr digital biu din bin (amplitude), tn s(frequency) v pha (phase), chuyn i nhng gi tr thnh dng s nh phn(zero v one) l rt kh khn. Cn thit cn c c ch dng thc hin s chuyn i ny v kt qu ca s pht trin ny l s ra i ca nhng thit b c gi l codec (coder-decoder) hay l thit b m v gii m. Tn hiu n thoi analog (ging ni con ngi) c t vo u vo ca thit b codec v c chuyn i thnh chui s nh phn u ra. Sau qu trnh ny thc hin tr li bng cch chuyn chui s thnh dng analog u cui, vi cng qui trnh codec. C 4 bc lin quan n qu trnh s ha(digitizing) mt tn hiu tng t(analog): Ly mu (Sampling) Lng t ha (Quantization) M ha (Encoding) Nn ging ni (Voice Compression) Multiplexing: Ghp knh l qui trnh chuyn mt s tn hiu dng thi qua mt phng tin truyn dn. PAM(pulse-amplitude modulation)- iu ch bin xung TDM(Time Division Multiplexing)-Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian:Phn phi khong thi gian xc nh vo mi knh, mi knh chim ng truyn cao tc trong sut mt khang thi gian theo nh k. FDM(Frequency Division Multiplexing)-Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s: Mi knh c phn phi theo mt bng tn xc nh, thng thng c b rng 4Khz cho dch v thoi. PCM(Pulse code modulation)- iu ch theo m: l phng php thng dng nht chuyn i cc tn hiu analog sang dng digital ( v ngc li) c th vn chuyn qua mt h thng truyn dn s hay cc qu trnh x l s. S bin i ny bao gm 3 tin trnh chnh: ly mu, lng t ho, m ho. Tin trnh ny hot ng nh sau: Giai on u tin cu PCM l ly mu cc tn hiu nhp (tn hiu i vo thit b s ho), n to ra mt tun t cc mu analog di dng chui PAM. Cc mu PAM c di bin ni tip nhau, sau phn chia di bin ny thnh mt s gii hn cc khong. Tt c cc mu vi cc bin no nu mu no ri vo mt khong c bit no th c gn cng mc gi tr

cu khong . Cng vic ny c gi l lng t ho. Cui cng trong b m ho, ln ca cc mu c lng t ho c biu din bi cc m nh phn Ly mu (Sampling)

Tn hiu m thanh trn mng in thoi c ph nng lng t n 10Khz. Tuy nhin, hu ht nng lng u tp trung phn thp hn trong di ny. Do tit kim bng thng trong cc h thng truyn c ghp knh theo FDM v c TDM. Cc knh in thoi thng gii hn bng tn trong khong t 300 n 3400Hz. Tuy nhin trong thc t s c mt t nng lng nhiu c chuyn qua di dng cc tn s cao hn tn s hiu dng 3400Hz. Do ph tn s c th c m rng n 4Khz, theo l thuyt Nyquist: khi mt tn hiu th c ly mu ng thi mi khong nh k v c tc t nht bng hai ln ph tn s cao nht, sau nhng mu ny s mang thng tin cho php vic ti to li chnh xc tn hiu thit b nhn. Vi ph tn s cao nht cho thoi l 4000Hz hay 8000 mu c ly trong mt giy, khong cch gia mi mu l 125 micro giy. Lng t ho (Quantization)

Tin trnh k tip ca s ha tn hiu tun t l biu din gi tr chnh xc cho mi mu c ly. Mi mu c th c gn cho mt gi tr s, tng ng vi bin (theo chiu cao) ca mu. Sau khi thc hin gii hn u tin i vi bin tng ng vi di mu, n lt mi mu s c so snh vi mt tp hp cc mc lng t v gn vo mt mc xp x vi n. Qui nh

rng tt c cc mu trong cng khong gia hai mc lng t c xem c cng gi tr. Sau gi tr gn c dng trong h thng truyn. S phc hi hnh dng tn hiu ban u i hi thc hin theo hng ngc li.

M ha (Encoding) Mi mc lng t c ch nh mt gi tr s 8 bit, kt hp 8 bit c 256 mc hay gi tr. Qui c bit u tin dng nh du gi tr m hoc dng cho mu. By bt cn li biu din cho ln; bit u tin ch na trn hay na di ca dy, bit th hai ch phn t trn hay di, bit th 3 ch phn tm trn hay di v c th tip tc. Ba bc tin trnh ny s lp li 8000 ln mi giy cho dch v knh in thoi. Dng bc th t l ty chn nn hay tit kim bng thng. Vi ty chn ny th mt knh c th mang nhiu cuc gi dng thi. Nn ging ni(Voice Compression) Mc d k thut m ha PCM 64 Kps hin hnh l phng php c chun ha, nhng c vi phng php m ha khc c s dng trong nhng ng dng c bit. Cc phng php ny thc hin m ha ting ni vi tc nh hn tc ca PCM, nh tn dng c kh nng ca h thng truyn dn s. Chc hn, cc m ha tc thp ny s b hn ch v cht lng, t bit l nhiu v mo tn s. Mt s v d h thng m ha ting ni tc thp: CVSD( Continuously variable slope delta modulaton) K thut ny l mt dn xut ca iu ch delta, trong mt bit n dng m ha mi mu PAM hoc ln hn hoc nh hn mu trc . V khng hn ch bi 8 bit, m ha c th hat ng tc khc nhau vo khang 20 Kps. ADPCM( Adaptive differential PCM): K thut ny l mt dn xut ca PCM chun, s khc bit gia cc mu lin tip nhau c m ha, thay v tt c cc mu iu c m ha, c truyn trn ng dy. CCITT c ngh mt chun ADPCM 32 Kps, 24 Kps, 16Kbs cho m ha ting ni. Chun PCM th cng c bit nh chun ITU G.711

Tc G.711: 64 Kps=(2*4 kHz)*8 bit/mu Tc G.726: 32 Kps=(2*4 kHz)*4 bit/mu Tc G.726: 24 Kps=(2*4 kHz)*3 bit/mu Tc G.726: 16 Kps=(2*4 kHz)*2 bit/mu Packetizing voice

Mi mt khi ging ni c s ho v c nn li, n phi c chia thnh nhng phn nh, t vo gi IP, VoIP th khng hiu qua cho nhng gi tin nh, trong khi nhng gi tin ln th to ra nhiu tr, do nh hng ca vi loi header m kch thc cu d liu thoi(voice data ) cng s nh hng. V d header cu IP, UDP, RTP l 40 byte, nu gi tin voice cng ch khong 40 byte th hon ton khng hiu qu, kch thc gi tin ln nht c th trong mi trng Ethernet l 1500 byte, dng 40 byte cho header cn li 1460 byte c th s dng cho phn d liu thoi, tng ng vi 1460 mu(samples) khng c nn hay thi gian t phn d liu vo gi tin. Nu gi b mt nhiu hay n ch khng ng th t s lm cho cuc thoi b ngt qung. Thng thng, cn khong 10us n 30 us (trung bnh l 20us) t d liu thoi vo bn trong gi tin, v d phn d liu thoi(voice data) v kch thc 160 byte khng nn cn khong 20us t phn d liu thoi vo bn trong gi tin. S lng d liu thoi bn trong gi tin cn cn bng gia s hiu qu trong s dng bng thng v cht lng ca cuc thoi.