HEAT EXCHANGERS

Flow Patterns
Parallel Flow
Counter Current Flow
Shell and Tube with baffles
Cross Flow
Temperature Profiles
T = Approach Temperature
Heat Exchanger
Temperature Profiles
Temperature Profiles
Flow Structure
( )
( )
( )
( )
in cold in hot
in cold out cold
in cold out cold
out hot in hot
T T
T T
S
T T
T T
R
R R S
R R S
R
RS
S
R
F

=
(
(

+ + +
+ +

+
=
1 1 2
1 1 2
ln 1
1
1
ln 1
2
2
2
Q=U A F T
lm-counter

Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient
Series of Resistances
Basis
Inside
Outside
( ) ( ) | | ( )
1
, ,
1 ) ln( 2 1 ) 1 (

(

+ + + + =
o f o i o o w i i o
i
o
i f o
R h D D D k h D D
A
A
R U
Inside
Tubes
R
f
=fouling factors, inside and outside
Heat Transfer inside a tube
Turbulent 000 , 10 Re
700 , 16 Pr 7 . 0
e smooth tub , 60 /
Pr Re 027 . 0
14 . 0
3 / 1 8 . 0
>
< = <
>
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
f
p
w
b
f
k
C
D L
k
hD
Nu

Heat Transfer outside of Tube

000 , 100 Re 40
300 Pr 67 . 0
2 . 5 25 . 0
Pr ) Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 (
25 . 0
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0
< <
< = <
< <
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
f
p
w
b
w
b
f
k
C
k
hD
Nu

Thermal Conductivity
Condensation Heat Transfer
Drop Wise Condensation
Special Case
Very High Heat Transfer
5 to 10 x Film Condensation
4 / 1
3
) ( 4
) (
(
(

A
= =
x T T
k H g
k
x h
Nu
w v l
l vap v l l
l
x
x

Film Condensation Laminar
Laminar to Turbulent Condensate
Flow
Boiling Heat Transfer
Coefficient
Various correlations depending upon boiling mechanism
Highest Heat
Transfer Coef.
But hard to
control HX
operating here
Effective Flow Conditions with Boiling in
Thermo siphon
Kettle (Re)Boiler Design
Controlling P in Simulator
Shell side
Nozzle diameter
Inlet and Outlet
Number of Baffles
Tubes
Number, diameter, pitch, No. passes
Tube side
Nozzle diameter
Inlet and Outlet
Tubes
Number, diameter, pitch, No. passes
Shell Heads, Shell Type
Heat Exchanger Problems
Temperatures Cross Each
Other
Non-functioning Exchanger
To solve increase approach
T
Condensation/Evaporation
Heat transfer with multiple
heat transfer coefficients in a
single apparatus
Various regimes of boiling
Various regimes of condensation