Geology of Mineral Deposit Dipl. Ing. Ir. Andri S. Subandrio Laboratory of Economic Geology Dept.

of Geology ITB, 2006

Mesothermal Deposits

200 - 300 C (moderate pressure; moderate depth)

Character of Veins - Fairly uniform tabular veins; many with very

smooth walls. Replacement is common, particularly of carbonates, with lesser open space filling. Commonly show excellent zoning both within a district and within an individual vein. Vein systems can be quite extensive and large. Diagnostic Ore Minerals skutterrudite chloanthite (Co,Ni) As3 (Ni ,Co) As3 smaltite (Co,Ni)As3

1.Other Common Metallic Minerals - nearly all sulfides and many sulfosalts and arsenides arsenopyrite bournonite chalcocite covellite enargite gold pyrite tetrahedrite FeAsS PbAuSbS3 Cu2S CuS Cu3AsS4 Au FeS2 Cu12Sb4S4 bismuthinite bornite chalcopyrite cobaltite galena molybdenite niccolite tennantite Bi2S3 Cu5FeS4 CuFeS2 CoAsS PbS MoS2 NiAs Cu12As4S4

Geology of Mineral Deposit Dipl. Ing. Ir. Andri S. Subandrio Laboratory of Economic Geology Dept. of Geology ITB, 2006

PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSITS

Based on Notes From The Prospecting School on the Web By W.J. McMillan for the B.C. & Yukon Chamber of Mines

Introduction Distribution and age Classification What to look for in the field Structure Alteration Mineralisati on Theory Conclusion

Geology of Mineral Deposit Dipl. Ing. Ir. Andri S. Subandrio Laboratory of Economic Geology Dept. of Geology ITB, 2006

INTRODUCTION Major products:

copper and molybdenum or copper and gold.

The term porphyry copper : engineering geological considerations; It refers to large, relatively low grade, epigenetic, intrusionrelated deposits that can be mined using mass mining techniques. Geologically, the deposits occur close to or in granitic (Granodiorite Diorite) intrusive rocks that are Porphyritic in texture.

Geology of Mineral Deposit Dipl. Ing. Ir. Andri S. Subandrio Laboratory of Economic Geology Dept. of Geology ITB, 2006

(a)

The rock must contain a total of at least 10% of the minerals below. Renormalize to 100%

Q
Quartzolite
90 90

Classification of Igneous Rocks

Alkali Fs.
20 5

Quartz-rich Granitoid
6060

Granite

Grano- diorite

Quartz Syenite Alkali Fs. Syenite

Quartz Syenite
10

Quartz Monzonite
35

20

Qtz. Diorite/

Quartz Monzodiorite
65

Qtz. Gabbro
5

A
10

Syenite

Monzonite (Foid)-bearing Monzonite

Monzodiorite (Foid)-bearing Monzodiorite

(Foid)-bearing Syenite

90

Diorite/Gabbro/ Anorthosite

10

(Foid)-bearing Alkali Fs. Syenite (Foid) Monzosyenite (Foid) Monzodiorite

(Foid)-bearing Diorite/Gabbro

Figure 2-2. A classification of the phaneritic igneous 60 rocks. a. Phaneritic rocks with more than 10% (quartz + feldspar + feldspathoids). After IUGS.
(Foid)olites

60

Geology of Mineral Deposit Dipl. Ing. Ir. Andri S. Subandrio Laboratory of Economic Geology Dept. of Geology ITB, 2006

3. Late-stage fractional crystallization Fractional crystallization enriches late melt in incompatible, LIL, and non-lithophile elements Many concentrate further in the vapor Particularly enriched with resurgent boiling (melt already evolved when vapor phase released) Get a silicate-saturated vapor + a vapor- saturated late derivative silicate liquid

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