Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

MC LC
MC LC..................................................................................................................... 1

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

T trc n nay, nhim mi trng trong cc hot ng luyn kim lun l vn nan gii, c d lun c bit quan tm. Thi gian gn y vi s i hi bc thit ca ton x hi, thc v bo v mi trng, gim thiu nhim trong cc c s luyn kim c nng ln r rt. Nc - ngun ti nguyn v cng qu gi nhng khng phi v tn. Mc d lng nc chim hn 97% b mt tri t nhng lng nc c th dng cho sinh hot v sn xut rt t, ch chim khong 3%. Nhng hin nay ngun nc ny ang b nhim trm trng do nhiu nguyn nhn m nguyn nhn chnh l do hot ng sn xut v thc ca con ngi. Vic khan him ngun nc ngt v ang gy ra hu qu ht sc nghim trng n mi trng, h sinh thi, cc loi sinh vt, trong c con ngi ,tim n nguy c chin tranh. Cng nghip luyn kim l ngnh cng nghip c t trng tng trng kinh t cao. Tuy nhin, ngnh cng nghip ny lun pht sinh ngun nc thi gy nhim mi trng sinh thi kh trm trng. V vy, nc thi trong nhng ngnh cng nghip trn cn phi c nghin cu k v ngun gc, c tnh t p dng cc phng php, cng ngh x l ph hp nhm x l trit ngun nc thi trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn. l l do chng ti chn ti X l nc thi ngnh cng nghip luyn kim v gia cng kim loi qua nghin cu tm hiu, v a ra nhng phng php thch hp nhm hn ch s nhim ca nc thi ca ngnh luyn kim i vi mi trng.

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

1. Cng ngh luyn kim, gia cng kim loi v c tnh ngun nc thi Luyn kim l lnh vc khoa hc k thut v ngnh cng nghip iu ch cc kim loi t qung hoc t cc nguyn liu khc, ch bin cc hp kim, gia cng phi kim loi bng p lc, bng cch thay i cc thnh phn ho hc v cu trc to ra nhng tnh cht ph hp vi yu cu s dng. Luyn kim xut hin t thi xa xa (luyn ng), cn t gia thin nin k 2 TCN, c luyn st t qung.

Kim loi v hp kim ca chng l vt liu quan trng trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh ng tu, c kh chnh xc, quang hc, in t, hng khng v gia cng kim loi, sn xut phc v cho cng nghip v gia nh. Cng ngh luyn kim bao gm luyn kim en v luyn kim mu to ra hp kim cha st v khng cha st. Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca qu trnh cng nghip ho t nc, cht thi cng nghip cng ang ngy mt gia tng v khi lng, a dng v chng loi, i hi phi c nhn thc ng n v u t thch ng cho vn x l. Cng nghip khai thc khong sn v luyn kim l nhng ngnh cng nghip c t Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 2

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

trng tng trng kinh t cao. Tuy nhin, ngnh cng nghip ny lun pht sinh ngun nc thi gy nhim mi trng sinh thi kh trm trng.V vy, nc thi trong nhng ngnh cng nghip trn cn phi c nghin cu k v ngun gc, c tnh t p dng cc phng php, cng ngh x l ph hp nhm x l trit ngun nc thi trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn. 1.1. Cng ngh luyn gang v luyn thp Gang v thp l hp kim cha st vi thnh phn cacbon khc nhau, trong gang thnh phn cacbon ln hn 2% v trong thp thnh phn cacbon nh hn 2%. Nguyn liu luyn gang bao gm:
-

Than cc hay than nhit luyn va ng vai tr lm nhim v cung cp nhit nng cho qu trnh nung qung va cung cp thnh phn cacbon cho gang. Than sau khi cc ha c a vo luyn gang thng c thnh phn: cht bc t 0.9 n 1.25%, lu hunh t 0.5 n 2%; photpho di 1%; nhit tr t 7800 n 8000kcal/kg.

Qung st c thnh phn ch yu l cc oxit st v cacbonat st, cn li l cc tp cht dang oxit nh Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, K2O, SiO2, cc hp cht ca mangan, crom v cc cht nh lu hunh, photpho,

Cht tr dung (hay cht chy) thng l vi, hong thch, olomit. Mc ch kt hp vi cc tp cht kh chy dng oxit thnh hp cht d chy tch ra khi gang di dng x lng khi nung chy qung.

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

S . Cc cng on sn xut gang thp

Qung (oxyt st, 60%Fe)
Thp vn (~ 98% Fe) Phng php hon nguyn trc tip

Phng php hon nguyn lng

Gang

L cao

Gang (~ 98% Fe) Thp th (~ 98% Fe) L thi oxy

St xp (~ 98% Fe) L in h quang

Thp th (~ 98% Fe)

Thp th (~ 98% Fe)

X l, LK trong gu

Rt v ng c

Cn

Luyn li

Cc loi thp xy dng thp cht lng, thp c bit

Cn

Thp c bit, kch thc ln

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Khng kh nng cung cp oxi cho qu trnh nung chy qung. S cng ngh luyn gang v cc ngun cht thi c th hin trn hnh. Qung st c a qua cc khu sng, tuyn loi b t, , qung km cht lng, sau c ra sch bng nc vi vi mc ch loi b ct, t, tp cht cn bm vo qung. Qung c a vo nung l cao cng cc nguyn liu khc nh cht tr dung, than cc vi nhit t 1350 n 16000C. gang chy c khun, lm ngui to sn phm gang thi. 1.1.1. Luyn thp Thp l hp kim trn c s st c cha 2% C, ngoi ra cn cha lng nh cc nguyn t nh Si, Mn, P v S. Nh vy, so vi gang, thp cha cc nguyn t Si, Mn, P v S thp hn nhiu. V th thp c bn, tnh do dai, kh nng bin dng tt nhng li c nhit chy cao hn. Thnh phn (%) ca gang l cao v thp thng dao ng nh sau: Gang Thp C 3.0 4.2 0.05 1.5 Si 0.3 2.5 0 0.5 Mn 0.5 1.5 0.3 1.5 P 0.1 2.2 < 0.05 S 0.02 0.12 < 0.05 Fe Cn li Cn li

Qu trnh ho l trong luyn thp. Trong qu trnh ch to thp, trong phi liu thng c gang l cao (70 100% gang lng l cao trong qu trnh luyn thp l thi LD, ti 30 40% gang lng trong qu trnh luyn thp l in h quang tr trng hp nu li cc mc thp t cc phi liu thp cng loi). Do , c th ni: qu trnh kuyn thp l qu trnh chuyn bin hp kim trn c s st c cha cc nguyn t C, S, Mn, P v S t gii hn cao n gii hn thp. Mun thc hin qu trnh ny, phi t chy cc nguyn t nu nh cc phn ng xy ho. Ngun cung cp xy ch u cho l Mactanh l kh l, cho l LD l xy, cho l in h quang l qung st. Sn phm trung gian ca cc cht xy ho l FeO. Qu trnh xy ho cc nguyn t nu c din t bng cc phng trnh sau: Si + 2 FeO = 2 Fe + SiO2 + Q1 Mn + FeO = Fe + MnO + Q2 Cc xyt SiO2 v MnO to ra s lin kt vi nhau trong x.

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

C + FeO = Fe + CO Q3

Kh CO s thot ra ngoi kh quyn. 2 P + 5 FeO + 4 CaO = 5 Fe + 4CaO.P2O5 + Q4 Lng 4CaO.P2O5 to ra c gi trong x. Qu trnh kh P theo phng trnh nu c thc hin trong x vi iu kin l :
-

Lng FeO trong x nhiu baz R ca x cao Nhit ca x thp

S trong gang, thp thng tn ti dng FeS. Trong cc l luyn thp baz, chng thng c kh bng x nh phn ng: FeS + CaO = Nh vy iu kin kh S l:
-

CaS + FeO Q

Lng FeO trong x thp baz trong x cao Nhit ca x cao Trong qu trnh luyn thp, cn thit phi cung cp xy xy ho cc tp cht,

Lng CaS to ra s c gi li trong x. sau qu trnh ny, xy vn tn ti trong thp di dng FeO. Cui qu trnh luyn cn thit phi kh chng bng phng php kh xy trc tip (trc tip a cht kh c i lc ho hc vi xy mnh hn st vi xy nh FeSi, FeMn, CaSi) hoc kh gin tip trn x nh x trng hoc x t n. 1.1.2. Nu gang ch to cc mc gang khc nhau, cn thit phi nu gang trn cc thit b khc nhau: l ng, l in (h quang v cm ng), hoc nu lin hp l ng (gii quyt vn kinh t v nng sut) vi l in h quang hoc cm ng (gii quyt vn cht lng: thnh phn v nhit gang lng). Gn 80% gang c c nu trong l ng dng nhin liu rn (cc c). Gang cht lng cao c nu trong l in.

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Hc phn: X l nc thi
Qu trnh ho l:

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Mi trng kh trong l ng c tnh xy ho yu vng thn l v mnh dn ln qua vng hon nguyn ti vng xy ho, c bit vng mt gi khi kh l cha 21% O2. Do tc ng gia kh l c tnh xy ho vi vt liu rn vng thn l v lng t vng nng chy tr xung m xy ra cc qu trnh xy ho cc nguyn t trong gang. V % Fe trong gang rt ln nn phn ng u tin c thc hin l: Fe + CO2 = FeO + CO hoc Fe + O2 = C + FeO = FeO Nh FeO, phn ng xy ho cc nguyn t khc s c thc hin: CO + Fe Si + 2 FeO = SiO2 + 2 Fe Mn + FeO = MnO + Fe Mt khc, s tip xc gia than (l vt liu cha cacbon v nhiu S) nn c s thm C v S t than vo gang lng. V vy, thnh phn ca chng s thay i. S thay i thnh phn ca gang. Nh phn tch, s thay i thnh phn ca gang trong l ng axit trung bnh nh sau: S thay i ca cc nguyn t (%) Khi chy l bng gi ngui Khi chy bng gi nng 1.1.3. Cn thp Cn thp l qu trnh gia cng thp thi to ra sn phm dng tm, ng hay cy phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip. Si -10 0 Mn S -20 +50 -15 +30

(Ch : du l chy hao, du + l tng ln)

1.2. Cng ngh luyn kim en

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Luyn kim en l sn xut ra gang v thp (l hp kim ca st v cc bon). y l mt trong nhng ngnh quan trng nht ca cng nghip nng, to ra nguyn liu c bn cho ngnh ch to my mc v gia cng kim loi. Hu nh tt c cc ngnh kinh t u s dng cc sn phm ca ngnh luyn kim. Kim loi en chim 90% trong tng khi lng sn xut trn th gii. Ngnh luyn kim en cn mt lng ln nguyn liu qung st, nhin liu than cc v cc cht tr dung vi. Qui trnh sn xut rt phc tp. Trong cng ngh luyn gang, thp v cn thp, nc khng tham gia vo cc qu trnh chnh m c dng vo cc cng on lm sch qung, lm ngui kh l v x l, lm mt trc cn ca my cn hay khun gang, khun thp. l nhng ngun sinh ra nc thi. Sn lng luyn kim en thng 1/2009 n 10/2009 Nc Brazil Mexico Argentina Chil Paragoay Pru Venezuela Ton M La Tinh Sn lng( triu tn) T l gim (%) 18,4 31,4% 9,96 29,5% 2,78 36,9% 0,87 32,8% 0,04 38% 5,1 41,6% 2,83 12,6% 37,1 29,6%

Khi sn xut 1 tn gang, trung bnh sn ra 0.28 - 0.35 tn x v 2000 4000Nm3 kh l cao. X l cha nhiu khong cht ging nhau trong khong 50 70 % l oxit silic, oxit nhm, v mt s oxit khc.Trong qu trnh nu phi luyn trong l cao, x c vai tr to mi trng tt thc hin cc phn ng ha hc nhm kh b cc tp cht c hi v chuyn vo kim loi nhng nguyn t c li nh Cr, Ni, Ti, iu chnh qu trnh vn chuyn oxi t pha kh sang pha kim loi, bo v b mt kim loi trc s oxi ha v xm nhp ca tp cht kh. Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 8

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Do thnh phn v tnh cht ca x nn x ra l thng c a qua dng nc chy mnh c p lc tp thnh cc sn phm phc v cho cc mc ch khc nh bng x lm cht cch nhit tt, x dng ht lm nguyn liu sn xut xi mng, vt liu xy dngDo x ra l c nhit cao t 1350 1600 0C trng thi nng chy nn lng nc cho qu trnh lm ngui, to nhng khi lin kt bi nhng ht x cn rt ln. Mt phn nc s mt mt do bc hi, phn nc lm ngui x v to ht x c dng x vo b lng tch x. Kh thi l cao c hm lng bi t 10 60g/Nm 3. c tnh sn xut 1 tn gang th lng bi trong kh thi t 45 135kg. Trc khi s dng kh thi cn c kh bi bng phng php kh hoc phng php t bng phng php t lng nc tiu tn khong 20m3 cho 1 tn gang. Trong qu trnh tch bi, c hp th mt s kh c c trong kh thi nn ngoi bi, cn cha H 2S, CN-, phenol, naptalen, amon v vt kim loi nh km, ch tun hon s dng li lng nc ny x l qua cc bc: thi kh lin tc tch CO 2, ph trng thi n nh ca Zn(HCO3)2 dng ha tan, chuyn thnh dng kt ta ZnCO 3, sau b sung vi v cht tr to bng tch bn, kh c CN - bng cc cht oxi ha mnh nh H2O2. Lng nc lm ngui cho qu trnh luyn gang 40 - 50m 3 cho 1 tn gang, trong 20m3/1 tn gang dng cho qu trnh kh bi v lm ngui kh l cao bng phng php t. Nu nc lm ngui c tun hon trong h thng khp kn th lng nc tiu th c th gim cn t 5 6m3/tn gang.

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

S . Luyn gang, thp, cn thp c km dng thi

Qung st Sng tuyn Nc Cht tr dung Than cc Khng kh lng Ra qung L cao Gang lng khun Gang thi St, thp ph liu Qung st vi L cao Thp lng khun Thp thi L nung thp Cn thp Sn phm thp cn Kh thi l cao X l Tp cht, t, Nc thi TS, SS Kh thi l cao X l

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Nc thi trong cng ngh luyn thp sinh ra t h thng c lm ngui v nc lm sch kh l. Nc thi cng ngh luyn thp thng cha bi, oxit kim loi, hp cht ca photpho v lu hunh. Lng nc lm ngui i vi luyn thp trong phng php Siemens Martin t 12 18m3/tn thp v theo phng php Thomas t 3 4m 3/tn thp. Cng ngh luyn thp s dng l in h quang gim c vn nhim bi v kh thi qua gim c nhim nc thi. Cn thp c th qua 2 hay nhiu cp khc nhau: cn th, cn trung, cn tinh. Cn th, cn trung thng l cn nng v cn tinh thng l cn ngui. Trong cn nng nc c dng lm mt trc cn v sn phm bng cch phun trc tip vo trc v sn phm cn. Nc thi cng on ny cha vy cn, bi kim loi, du m. Vy cn th c th thu hi knh cha thot nc ngay di gi cn do chng c khi lng ring ln v lng nhanh. Vy cn mn v cc cht nhim khc cng nc thi i vo b lng c b phn tch du m. Nc thi cng on ny cha 10 1000mg/l vy cn v 39mg/l du m. Nc lm sch kh l cao c thnh phn bao gm bi cha HF, FeO, CaO, v cc kh CO, SO2, F, NO2,i vi cng ngh cn ngui thp th phi c x l lm sch vy cn trc khi a vo cn. Phng php x l thng l dng cc loi axit HCl, H2SO4 cho thp thng, hn hp axit HF-HNO3 cho thp inox sau ra bng nc do nc thi c tnh axit mnh. Trong cn ngui trc cn c lm ngui bng dung dch nh tng bao gm 10% du. i vi nhng c s luyn kim c cng on cc ha than th ngun nc thi gy nhim ln. Qu trnh luyn cc l qu trnh nung kt than trong l nhit 900 11000C cch ly vi khng kh trong thi gian 20 30h. Cc cht to thnh sau luyn cc l cc v cc cht hu c bay hi cng vi kh thi. Qua lm lnh bng Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 11

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

nc thnh phn hu c bay hi s ngng t li di dng du, nha hc n v nc thi cha cht nhim nh amon, phenol, xyanua. Cc loi du hc n thu hi bng
phng php lng hoc tuyn ni. Nc thi sau khi thu hi du hc n cn cha cc cht tan nh phenol, CN-, NH4+,

1.3. Cng ngh luyn kim mu v cc ngun thi Sn xut ra cc kim loi nh ng, ch, thic, nhm, km, bc, vng ... khng c st. Nhiu kim loi c gi tr chim lc. Dng sn xut my bay, tu cng, dng c, cc cng trnh xy dng, in t, c kh, ha cht v c dng trong c cc ngnh bu chnh cng ngh thng tin, tin hc ... Cc kim loi mu c phn thnh 4 nhm chnh l kim loi mu c bn, kim loi mu hp kim, kim loi mu qu v kim loi mu him. Tn qung Bxit Phn b c, Ghi-n, Gia-mai-ca, Brazin, Vit Nam ... Chi-l, Hoa K, Canada, Nga, Dambia Philippine, Cong-g Sn lng v khai thc nhiu Sn lng 25 triu tn nhm / nm Cc nc ng u: Hoa K, Nga,Canada , c Sn lng 15 triu tn / nm Cc nc ng u: Chi-l, Hoa K, Canada, Nga, Trung Quc Sn lng 1,1 triu tn Cc nc ng u: Nga, Canada, c Sn lng 7 triu tn Cc nc ng u: Canada, c, Hoa K, Peru, Trung Quc

ng

Niken

Nga, Canada, c, Cuba

Km

Canada, c, Hoa K, n , Peru, Nga

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Luyn kim Vit Nam cng kh pht trin. ni no c m kim loi th ni c l luyn kim. L luyn ng Thp Gang St Km, ch Mangan Thp Titan Ni Nng Thi Nguyn Thi Nguyn Bnh nh Bc Kn Cao Bng Bnh Dng Thi Nguyn Nng sut 65.000 tn/nm 550.000 tn/nm 150.000 tn/nm 400.000 tn/nm 20.000 tn ch/nm v 10.000 tn km/nm 56 tn/ngy 4.000 tn/nm 20.000 tn x titan/nm v 10.000 tn gang hp kim/nm

Luyn kim tp trung nhiu TP. H Ch Minh, ng Nai, B Ra Vng Tu, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, H Tnh, Thanh Ha, Hi Phng, Hi Dng, Thi Nguyn, Lo Cai, Tuyn Quang, Bc Kn, Cao Bng Trong ngnh luyn kim en ca nc ta c xu hng pht trin mnh do khai thc nhiu t cc m qung st v nhp nguyn liu t cc nc ang pht trin. Trong cng ngh luyn kim mu thng tp trung vo cc kim loi nhm, ng, km, ch. Luyn kim mu c th c thc hin theo cc phng php sau:
1.3.1. Ha luyn

L phng php dng nhit thu hi kim loi t qung ca n. Ha luyn gm cc bc: tuyn qung, sy tch nc t do, nung nhm kh nc lin kt ( nhit ln hn 2000C), thiu kt, nu luyn tch x v tp cht trong qung. 1.3.2. Thy luyn

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

L phng php dng cht lng thch hp ha tan kim loi cn tch nhm tch chng ra khi tp cht. Cng ngh thng gm: tuyn qung, ha tan trong dung mi, tch kim loi khi dung dch (kt ta, kt tinh, lng, lc,). 1.3.3. in phn Da trn nguyn tc phn ly kim loi v in cc tri du v tch ra khi tp cht khi trong dung dch c cc in cc. Phng php in phn thng kt hp vi phng php thy luyn. Thng thng ngi ta dng phng php ha luyn v thy luyn. Trong ha luyn, nc ch tham gia vo qu trnh lm ngui sn phm v kh thi l nung. Nc thi cha thnh phn tp cht ca qung v kim loi luyn. Trong thy luyn, dung dch ha tan qung thng l dng axit HCl, H 2SO4, dung dch kim NaOH hoc dung dch mui v nc. Nc thi y mang c tnh ca dung dch ha tan c ln tp cht dng tan, l lng v kim loi. Trong thy in, dung dch sau qu trnh in phn hay kt tinh c hm lng kim loi thp, c th tun hon lm dung dch ha tan hay c xi mng ha to ng th phm. Xi mng ha l qu trnh thay th kim loi ha tan trong dung dch bng kim loi khc di dng bt, phoi st hoc tm lm cho kim loi th nht kt ta vi mc ch kh tp cht trong dung dch v thu hi kim loi c ch t dung dch c nng thp. Ngun nc thi sinh ra ch yu l do ra sn phm v mt phn dung dch thi b. Nc thi trong luyn kim mu l do nc ra trong khu tuyn qung, cha cc tp cht v c c hm lng cht rn l lng cao. Ngun th hai l nc ra sn phm v lng, gn lc sn phm, thng mang tnh axit v c cha thnh phn kim loi cn luyn cng nh mt s cht ha tan do ha tan qung nh asen, flour, Nc lm sch kh v lm ngui x ca cc phng php ha luyn cha bi kim loi v mt s kh b hp ph nh trong l kh cao ca luyn kim en. Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 14

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Bng phng php thy luyn c tun hon s dng li dung dch luyn, lng nc thi c th tch t 3 n 5m 3 cho 1 tn sn phm th. Trong khai thc nhm bng phng php in phn, nc thi tnh trn 1 tn oxit nhm l 3m 3 v nu tinh luyn sn xut 1 tn nhm th lng nc thi l 10m3.

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Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

S . cng ngh luyn ng v cc ngun cht thi

Qung ng Tp cht

Qung ng

Tuyn qung

Tuyn qung

Tp cht

Dung dch Ha tan H2SO4

Sy qung

Hi Ra, lng, lc Kh thi

Tp cht

Nung, thiu

Kh Fe3+

Nu, luyn in phn hay kt tinh Nc ci Sn phm Xi mng ha ng sn phm Nu chy Phoi st

Tinh luyn

Cng ngh ha luyn

ng Tinh luyn th phm b) cng ngh thy luyn

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Hc phn: X l nc thi 1.4. Cng ngh gia cng kim loi 1.4.1. Qu trnh gia cng kim loi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Qu trnh gia cng kim loi l qu trnh gia cng dng tm ng, thoi thnh cc sn phm thng mi dng trong cng nghip, sinh hot v cc ngnh kinh t khc nhau. Qu trnh gia cng kim loi bao gm:
-

Gia cng to hnh sn phm bng cc phng php c hc nh tin, ct, hn, ghp ni hay bng phng php nhit nh c, rn Lm sch b mt nh co r st, ty ra cc tp cht bm ln b mt. Gia cng b mt sn, m in, to lp bo v b mt kim loi chng s n mn, tng cng b mt, chng mi mn, tng dn nhit, dn in

Cc qu trnh x l b mt kim loi u s dng nc lm sch b mt v s dng ha cht dng dung dch ty ra, m bng, sn ph, T nhng qu trnh ny, nc thi sinh ra cha nhiu cht gy nhim ngun nc nh r st, kim loi nng, du m, xt, axit, cc cht ty ra,vvc tnh ca cc loi hnh gia cng kim loi thng khc nhau, ph thuc vo cng ngh gia cng, vo loi ha cht s dng v phng php lm sch b mt. Sn phm trc khi a vo m cn x l sch b mt to iu kin d bm v ph u dung dch m. Co r, co lp sn, m bng phng php kh hay phng php t. Nu dng nc ra th nc thi cha r st, cc tp cht, du, m. Nu lm sch bng phng php ha hc dng NaOH v axit( H 2SO4, HCl), do vy nc thi mang tnh kim hay axit. Trong b ngm vi xt ty du m bm trn b mt kim loi thng xy ra phn ng x phng ha, to bt cho nc thi theo phn ng sau: R1COOR2 + NaOH R2 OH + R1COONa V tip theo ngm trong b axit ty r st. Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 17

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Sau sn phm c nhng vo b m cha dung dch m v cht tr dung nh NH4Cl, NaCN,... Thng thng qu trnh ty ra, ra b mt kim loi v m ph b mt thc hin theo phng thc gin on. Cc cht ty ra, dung dch m thi b nh k khi chng cn m bo yu cu k thut. y l ngun gy nhim ln vi hm lng cao cc kim loi nng v cc ha cht. Cc dng thi khc l nhng dng nc ra sn phm sau m, ra sn, thit b u c cha xyanua, kim loi nng, axit,... 1.4.2. Cc ngun nc thi trong cng ngh luyn kim v gia cng kim loi Nc thi trong cng ngh luyn kim v gia cng kim loi bao gm cc ngun:
-

Nc lm mt l cao, khun c, my nn, ng c, my cn,...Nc ny t nhim, c th tun hon s dng li cho mc ch dp la l cc ha, lm ngui x, kh thi l cao.

Nc lm ngui x, to ht x v lm ngui, lm sch kh ca l cao thng c hm lng cht rn l lng cao, ngoi ra cn cha amon, xyanua, phenol.

Dng thi ca cng on sng, tuyn qung, v mt s cng ngh luyn kim mu cha cc tp cht t, si v cc mui v c tan. Nc thi ca cng ngh luyn kim mu bng phng php thy luyn kt hp vi in phn cng nh nc thi ca cng ngh x l b mt mang tnh axit v cha kim loi nng, cht l lng.

Nc thi cng ngh m sn,... to b mt bo v kim loi, c hm lng kim loi cao v cc thnh phn ca cht tr dung nh CN -, SO42-, F2- ngoi ra cn cha du m.

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

trang 18

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

S . Quy trnh cng ngh m vi cc dng thi ca qu trnh

Bi r
Vt cn m

Lm sch bng c hc
Bi kim loi

Mi nhn, nh bng Xng, dung mi

Kh du m

Hai dung mi Nc thi cha du m Hi axit Axit, kim

HCl, NaOH, H2SO4 Zn(CN)2, ZnCl2, ZnO, NaCN, NaOH, H3BO3

Lm sch bng phng php ha hc, in ha CuSO4,Cu(CN)2,

NaCN, H2SO4 Cht m bng, NiSO4, H3BO3

M ng Axit, mui, vng, bc M vng bc CNaxit Nc thi cha axit, CN-, kim loi nng

H2SO4,CrO3 M ng Cr6+ , axit

M km
CN-,Zn2+, axit

M Niken Ni2+ axit

2. Phng php x l nc thi luyn kim v gia cng kim loi 2.1. Phng php kt ta ha hc Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc l ha tan ca kim loi trong dung dch ph thuc vo pH. mt gi tr pH nht nh ca dung dch, nng kim loi vt qu nng bo ha th s b kt ta. Rt t kim loi kt ta pH = 7

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

trang 19

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

hay trong mi trng axit, m phn ln gi tr pH kim yu hoc kim. iu chnh pH, cc ha cht thng dng l sa vi, sa v xt. i vi nhng kim loi to thnh hydroxyt lng tnh nh crom, nhm, km (nhng hydroxyt kim loi ny ha tan c trong axit v trong kim) th thc hin qu trnh kt ta gi tr pH khng cao. Thng thng gi tr pH gim sau khi kt ta. Nguyn nhn c th do:
-

Trong qu trnh kt ta to thnh cc hydroxyt kim loi hay mui kim kh tan, hm lng ion hydroxyt (OH ) gim. Hp ph cc cht trung ha vo cc bng cn hydroxyt kim loi c b mt ln. Nu trong dung dch c mt hp cht Fe2+ th Fe2+ s b oxy ha bi O2 tan trong nc to thnh ion hydro H+ theo phn ng: 2Fe2+ + 5H2O + O2 2Fe(OH)3 + 4H+

Phm vi pH cho qu trnh kt ta ca cc hp cht kim loi l khc nhau. Chng hn i vi ch v cadimi, gi tr pH cao (10,5 n 12) kt ta di dng hydroxyt v pH thp hn (7 n 10) th kt ta dng mui cacbonat. Cn i vi kim loi lng tnh nh crom, km th kt ta pH cao hn (11 n 12) nu dng sa vi thay th xt NaOH iu chnh pH, v pH cao s to phc hydroxyt d tan v khi phc kt hp vi canxi s to thnh mui canxi kh tan theo phn ng: Zn(OH)2 + 2OH [Zn(OH)4]2 Ca[Zn(OH)4] [Zn(OH)4]2 + Ca2+

Nu trong nc thi c mt nhiu kim loi th cng thun li cho qu trnh kt ta v gi tr pH nht nh ha tan ca kim loi trong dung dch c mt cc kim loi khc s gim, c s o mt hay ng thi c ba nguyn nhn sau:
-

To hp cht cng kt ta. trang 20

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

Hc phn: X l nc thi
-

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Hp ph cc hydroxyt kh kt ta vo b mt ca cc bng hydroxyt d kt ta. To thnh h ngho nng lng trong mng hydroxyt do chng b ph hy mnh bng cc ion kim loi.

Nh vy i vi phng php kt ta ha hc, pH ca dung dch ng vai tr rt quan trng. Khi x l nc thi cha kim loi cn chn tc nhn trung ha v iu chnh pH thch hp. mt s trng hp cn dng thm cht kh kh ion kim loi c ha tr cao (c) thnh ion ha tr thp (t c) nh trong trng hp nc thi m c cha hp cht ca Cr 6+. Ngi ta dng cc cht kh nh Na2S, NaHSO3 hay FeSO4 chuyn ha Cr6+ thnh Cr3+ nh sau: Cr6+ + 3e hydroxyt. Nc thi ca nhng ngnh cng nghip nh luyn kim, gia cng kim loi c cha hm lng kim loi nng cao cn c x l ti ngun thu hi kim loi, to c hi cho tun hon li nc v gim hm lng kim loi trong dng thi trc khi a vo trm x l nc thi tp trung. Do dng thi cha cc cht c nh xyanua, fluor, phenol, sunfit... v kim loi nng nn s phn lung dng thi x l tng dng l rt cn thit. i vi dng thi cha kim loi nng thng thng c x l bng phng php kt ta ha hc. S h thng x l nc thi cha kim loi nng bao gm b cha nc thi vi mc ch cha v iu ha lu lng, b phn ng l thit b chnh ca h, trong ha cht trung ha cng nh ha cht kh tc dng vi hp cht cha kim loi c trong nc thi to ra hydroxyt kim loi hay mui kim loi kt ta. Sau phn ng hn hp nc v cht kt ta c a qua b lng tch cht kt ta dng bn, khi cn thit c th b sung cht tr lng hay cht to keo. Bn c x Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 21
pH = 3

Cr3+

Sau hp cht Cr3+ kt hp vi tc nhn trung ha to kt ta dng

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

l tch nc v c th dng lm nguyn liu ban u cho cc cng ngh sn xut khc hay chn lp c bit, ty thuc vo c tnh v thnh phn ca bn. Ha cht kh Nc thi B cha nc thi Ha cht iu chnh pH Nc sau x l

B phn ng

Thit b lng

X l bn S h thng x l nc thi cha kim loi 2.2. Phng php trao i ion

Bn

Phng php trao i ion c ng dng lm sch nc hoc nc thi khi cc kim loi nh: Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, V, Mn... cng nh cc hp chp ca As, photspho, xianua v cht phng x. Phng php ny cho php thu hi cc cht c gi tr v t mc lm sch cao. V vy n l mt phng php c ng dng rng ri tch mui trong x l nc v nc thi. 2.2.1. Bn cht ca qu trnh trao i ion Trao i ion l 1 qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i vi ion c cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc ionit (= cht trao i ion). Chng hon ton khng tan trong nc.
-

Cc cht c kh nng ht cc ion dng t dung dch in ly gi l Cationit. Nhng cht ny c tnh cht axit. Cc cht c kh nng ht cc ion m gi l anionit v chng c tnh cht kim.

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

trang 22

Hc phn: X l nc thi
-

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Nu nh cc ionit no trao i c cation v anion th ngi ta gi chng l cc ionit lng tnh.

Kh nng ht cc ionit c c trng bi dung lng th tch v i lng ny c xc nh bng s ion tng ng c ht bi 1 n v khi lng hay th tch ionit. Ngi ta phn bit dung lng th tch ton phn, tnh v ng.
-

Dung lng th tch ton phn l lng cc cht c ht khi bo ha ca 1 n v th tch hay khi lng ionit. Dung lng th tch tnh l dung lng th tch ca ionit khi cn bng iu kin lm vic cho trc v nh hn dung lng th tch ton phn. Dung lng th tch ng l dung lng ca ionit trc khi t trng thi dng trao i ca ion trong nc lc. i lng ny c xc nh trong iu kin lc qua ionit. Gi tr i lng ny nh hn dung lng tnh.

2.2.2. C s ca qu trnh trao i ion Trao i ion xy ra theo t l tng ng v trong phn ln cc trng hp l phn ng thun nghch. Phn ng trao i ion din ra do hiu s th ha hc ca cc ion trao i. Phng trnh tng qut c dng: mA + RmB mRA + B Phn ng ny xy ra cho ti khi cn bng trao i ion c thit lp. Vn tc lp cn bng ph thuc vo cc nhn t ngoi v trong nh: ch thy ng ca cht lng, nng cc ion trao i, cu trc ht trao i ion v thm ca n i vi cc ion. Khi tt c cc v tr c trao i Na + v Cl th nha trao i cn c ti sinh. Qu trnh trao i gm mt cc giai on sau: 1 Di chuyn ion A t nhn ca dng cht lng ti b mt ngoi ca lp bin gii mng cht lng bao quanh ht trao i ion. 2 Khuch tn cc ion qua lp bin gii. Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 23

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

3 Chuyn ion quan bin gii phn pha vo ht nha trao i. 4 Khuch tn ion A bn trong ht nha trao i ti cc nhm chc nng trao i ion. 5 Phn ng ha hc trao i hai ion A v B. 6 Khuch tn cc ion B bn trong ht trao i ion ti bin gii phn pha. 7 Chuyn cc ion B qua bin gii phn pha b mt trong ca mng cht lng. 8 Khuch tn cc ion B qua mng. 9 Khuch tn cc ion B vo nhn dng cht lng. Tc qu trnh trao i ion c xc nh bi qu trnh chm nht trong cc giai on trn. l qu trnh khuch tn trong mng cht lng hay khuch tn trong ht trao i, cn qu trnh phn ng ha hc trao i ion din ra rt nhanh. 2.3. Phng php in ha Gm cc qu trnh
-

Oxi ha ca anot v kh catot. Tuyn ni bng in. ng t in Xy ra trn cc in cc khi cho dng in 1 chiu i qua nc thi. C th tin hnh gin on hoc lin tc. Cc yu t nh hng: mt dng in, in p, h s s dng hu ch in p, hiu sut theo dng, hiu sut theo nng lng.

c im
-

u im
-

S cng ngh n gin v t ng ha. Khng s dng tc nhn ha hc. t nhy cm vi s thay i iu kin tin hnh nh t0, pH... trang 24

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

Hc phn: X l nc thi Khuyt im

-

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Tiu hao in nng ln.

2.3.1. Oxi ha anot v kh catot Ngi ta s dng qu trnh kh ca catot loi cc ion ra khi nc thi vi s to thnh cn, nhm chuyn cc cu t gy nhim thnh cc hp cht t c hn hoc v dng d tch ra khi nc nh cn, kh. Qu trnh ny c s dng loi b cc ion kim loi nng nh Pb2+, Sn2+, Cu2+, As3+, Cr6+.

H thng XLNT bng phng php in M hnh phng php in phn phn Qu trnh kh ca catot i vi cc ion kim loi xy ra nh sau: Men+ + ne Me Cc kim loi lng ln catot v ta c th lu hi chng. Hoc ta c th tin hnh qu trnh lm sch nc thi khi cc ion nh Hg 2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ bng qu trnh kh trn catot c lm t hn hp bt cacbon v lu hunh theo t l C:S = t (80:20) n (20:80), pH<7, mt dng in l 2.5A/dm2. Cc ion ny lng trn cc in cc dng sunfua v bisunfua. Nc thi ny cn cha mt lng CN- vi nng t 10 n 600mg, chng b phn hy theo qu trnh ny nh sau: Oxi ha anot ca xyanua xy ra theo phn ng: Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 25

Hc phn: X l nc thi CNO+ 2H2O

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng NH4+ + CO322CO2 + N2 + 2H2O

Qu tnh oxy ho cng c th to hnh Nito: 2CNO + 4OH- 6e Qu trnh ph hy Xyanua xy ra lad do s oxyhoa in ha anot v oxy ha bng clo c gii phng anot t qu trnh phn tch NaCl. Cl 2e CN + Cl2 + 2OH 2CNO + 3Cl2 + 4OH 2.3.2. ng t in Khi s dng in cc khng tan c th xy ra qu trnh ng t l do hin tng sinh in v phng in ca cc ht mng in trn cc in cc, to thnh c tc dng ph v cc ht mui ca solvat(clo, oxy) trn b mt ht. p dng i vi nc thi cha cc ht keo c hm lng khng cao, bn vng thp. Phng php c tin hnh qu trnh in phn vi vic s dng cc anot ha tan bng nhm v cc thp. Di tc dng ca dng in xy ra qu trnh ho tan cc kim loi, cc cation st v nhm chuyn vo nc gp nhm hydroxyl ca cc kim loi dng bng v qu trnh ng t din ra mnh lit. Cl2 CNO + 2Cl + H2O 2CO2 + N2 + 6Cl + 2H2O

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

trang 26

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

H thng keo t to bng - KCN Yn Nc thi trc v sau khi keo t to Phong bng

2.3.3. Tuyn ni bng in Tch c cc ht l lng l nh tc ng ca bt kh c hnh thnh trong qu trnh in phn. anot l cc bng kh oxy cn catot l bng kh hydro. Khi cc bng kh ny ni ln, chng gp v ko cc ht l lng ln mt nc. Khi s dng cc in cc ha tan, xy ra ng thi qu trnh ng keo t v cc bt kh xy ra mnh lit hn.

M hnh tuyn ni bng in

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

trang 27

Hc phn: X l nc thi 2.4. Phng php sinh hc

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Da trn nguyn tc mt s loi thc vt, vi sinh vt trong nc s dng kim loi nh cht vi lng trong qu trnh pht trin khi nh bo ty, bo t ong, to, vi phng php ny, nc thi phi c nng kim loi nng nh hn 60 mg/l v phi c cht dinh dng (nit, phtpho,) v cc nguyn t vi lng cn thit khc cho s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt nh rong to. Ha cht iu chnh pH Thit b lng Nc sau x l

Ha cht kh Nc thi B cha nc thi

B phn ng

X l bn Phng php ny cn c din tch ln v nc thi c ln nhiu kim loi th hiu qu x l km. 2.5. Phng php sinh hc do hot ng ca vi sinh vt Da trn nguyn tc mt s loi thc vt, vi sinh vt trong nc s dng kim loi nh cht vi lng trong qu trnh pht trin khi nh bo ty, bo t ong, to, vi phng php ny, nc thi phi c nng kim loi nng nh hn 60 mg/l v phi c cht dinh dng (nit, phtpho,) v cc nguyn t vi lng cn thit khc cho s pht trin ca cc loi thc vt nh rong to. Phng php ny cn c din tch ln v nc thi c ln nhiu kim loi th hiu qu x l km. 2.6. Phng php sinh hc do s hp ph kim loi ca thc vt 2.6.1. c im ca thc vt ci to mi trng

Bn

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

trang 28

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

L nhng thc vt c kh nng tch lu vi nng cao cc kim loi nng trong c quan kh sinh (c quan trn mt t) C th chia lm 2 loi thc vt l :
-

Thc vt a ht v tch lu kim loi nng Thc vt siu tch t Con ng m cy hp th cht nhim

2.6.2.
-

T khng kh i vo l. Hp thu cn bng gia dch t v ht t. Vn chuyn t t vo r cy. Cc ht t bm vo l v thn cy ( do nc ma bn ln) C ch hp th kim loi ca thc vt

2.6.3.

Cc ion kim loi tin hnh to phc vi cc cht c trong dch bo ca thc vt nh glutathione, metallothioneins, nicotianamine, organic acids, phytochelatins. Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 29

Hc phn: X l nc thi 2.6.4. X l nc thi bng thc vt

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

Gii php "cnh ng ti" v "cnh ng lc a ra l tn dng din tch t ti bi chn lp trng cy c gi tr kinh t cao nh c Vetiver, c voi, c singnal hoc cy du m. Cch lm ny va gip tn dng c t ca cc bi chn lp rc lm kinh t, va kt hp tn dng x l nc r rc lm ngun nc ti dinh dng cho cy, nn gii quyt c vn nhim mi trng

C vertiver

C voi

C singnal

Cy du m

Cnh ng lc, cnh ng ti da theo c ch x l nc thi trong t. Khi ti nc thi ln mt t, nc thi s thm vo lng t v c t gi li, chuyn ha cc cht bn. Qu trnh lc qua t, cc ht keo v cht l lng s c gi li lp trn cng, sau s to ra lp mng sinh vt hp th cc cht Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP trang 30

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

hu c c trong t . ngoi ra cn c th gi li mt hm lng cc cht kim loi nng nh Hg, Cu, Cd...

TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. Nguyn Th Hng, Bi ging mn x l nc thi, i hc S phm i hc Nng. [2]. Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga, Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi, NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni, nm 2002. [3]. Trn Hiu Nhu, Thot nc v x l nc thi cng nghip, NXB khoa hc v k thut, nm 1998. [4]. Trnh Th Thanh, Trn Ym, ng Kim Loan, Gio trnh cng ngh mi trng, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni.

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

trang 31

Hc phn: X l nc thi

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hng

THNH VIN NHM 1. on Th Hng ip 2. V Th H 3. Lng Th H 4. Phm Th M Ngc 5. Trn L Vn Thanh 6. Trn Ngc Thnh

Nhm SVTH lp 08CHP

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