Bao Cao Luan Van

Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
MC LC
15. TCVN 5993 : 1995 (ISO 5667 - 3 : 1985): Cht lng nc, ly mu, hng dn bo qun v x l mu 64
CHNG I. M U
I.1. t vn
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhim mi trng nc v tc ng ca cc yu t nhim ln sc kho cng ng ang din bin phc tp khin ri ro mi trng ngy cng tng cao. Ngy nay, ri ro mi trng c coi l mt trong nhng loi ri ro c bit quan trng v nghim trng i vi cc nc ang pht trin, cc nc ang y mnh hin i ho cng nghip ho v c nhng nc cng nghip pht trin, c thu nhp cao. Mt s quc gia quan tm n ri ro v sc kho nh bnh ung th, suy dinh dng, t bin, bo ph, mt s khc th quan tm n vic thiu cc iu kin sng c bn nh nh , nc sch, iu kin v sinh an ton Nhng mt vn chung hin ang dnh c mi quan tm hng u nhiu nc ln l vn nn nhim kim loi nng, c bit l nhim arsen trong nc ngm. Vic arsen tn ti trong ngun nc n ung v sinh hot ca ngi dn vi nng qu mc cho php tc ng n sc kho ca hng triu ngi trn th gii. Ti Vit Nam, nhim arsen c pht hin ti nhiu khu vc nh ng bng sng
Hng: H Ni, Hng Yn, H Ty, khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long: An Giang, ng Thp
Nhng hu qu ca vic s dng nc ngm c nhim arsen vo mc ch sinh hot nh hng ti sc khe ca ngi dn l rt nghim trng, vic a ra nhng gii php i vi vn nhim ny vi nc ta cng khng cn mi l. Tuy nhin, chng ta mi ch cp n nhng nh hng ti cng ng dn c khi m nhng biu hin v nguy hi th hin r rt qua s suy gim v sc khe m cha dnh s quan tm thch ng ti nhng ri ro tim tng nh nguy c gy ung th vi ngi dn s dng ngun nc ngm nhim arsen vi nng tuy thp nhng trong thi gian di (sut cuc i). Trc s e da v him ha ca tnh trng nhim arsen cng nh cc kim loi nng trong t, nc sinh hot v n ung, vic nghin cu hin trng, khoanh vng hm lng
Nguyn Th Thu Trang 1/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
arsen trong nc ngm, nh gi ri ro tim tng do tnh trng nhim gy ra n sc khe ngi dn v xut gii php phng nga nh hng ca n l iu ht sc cn thit. Nhiu nghin cu v arsen c thc hin trc y cho thy Lm ng l mt trong nhng tnh Ty Nguyn c nng arsen cao ng bo ng nhng cha c bo co chnh thc nh mt s thnh ph ln khc ca nc ta. Trong tnh Lm ng, n Dng v c Trng l nhng huyn c v tr trng im v pht trin kinh t x hi, l ca ng ra vo thnh ph Lt -Trung tm du lch v hot ng dch v vn ho - th thao ca tnh. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u th v pht trin kinh t, trn a bn hai huyn vn cn nhiu h dn dng nc ging t khai thc khng qua x l v nhiu din tch thuc vng su vng xa cha c tip cn vi nc sch. Chnh v vy, nguy c nhng nh hng c hi t ngun nc ngm n ngi dn s dng nc ngm lm ngun nc sinh hot ti hai huyn l kh cao. Trn c s , ti la chn vn Kho st hin trng nhim arsen trong nc ngm v nh gi ri ro ln sc khe cng ng ti hai huyn n Dng v c Trng thuc tnh Lm ng thc hin nghin cu nhm xc nh nng arsen mt s huyn thuc Lm ng v nh gi nh hng ti sc khe ngi dn, t a ra nhng khuyn co v bin php phng trnh gim thiu nhng tc ng c hi cho ngi dn trong hai huyn ni ring v trong tnh Lm ng ni chung.
I.2. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

- i tng nghin cu: arsen trong nc ngm v dn c s dng ngun nc ngm ny vo mc ch sinh hot ti hai huyn c Trng v n Dng thuc tnh Lm ng - Phm vi nghin cu: hai huyn c Trng v huyn n Dng thuc tnh Lm ng
I.3. Mc tiu ca ti
- Quan trc nng arsen trong mi trng nc ngm ti hai huyn n Dng v c Trng - Tnh Lm ng.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 2/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
- Tnh ton liu lng tip nhn vo c th i vi cng ng dn c s dng ngun nc ngm b nhim arsen vo mc ch sinh hot. - nh gi ri ro n sc khe khi con ngi phi nhim vi arsen trong nc ngm.
I.4. Ni dung nghin cu

- Thu thp kho st cc s liu v din tch, dn s, s ging nc, phn b dn c v phn b nc ngm ca huyn. - Ln k hoch quan trc: chia li, chn a im thu mu, tn sut ly mu, phng php thu, bo qun v phn tch mu. - Tnh ton liu lng tip nhn v nh gi ri ro n sc khe ngi dn, xut bin php qun l v gim thiu ri ro.
I.5. Phng php nghin cu

- Phng php nh v, s ha bn . - Phng php tng hp ti liu. - Phng php kho st thc a. - Phng php ly mu. - Phng php phn tch trong phng th nghim. - Phng php thng k ton hc. - Phng php nh gi ri ro.
I.6. ngha ca ti
- ti tin hnh nh gi hm lng arsen trn a bn kho st, t thu thp c cc s liu v nhng v tr nhim arsen, xy dng bn nng arsen trn a bn hai huyn. - T nhng kt qu kho st, ti xc nh c nhng v tr c nng arsen cao v a ra cnh bo cho ngi dn ti nhng khu vc ny c nhng bin php phng trnh gim thiu tc hi ca nhim arsen trong nc ngm.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 3/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
- ti tin hnh nh gi ri ro n sc khe ngi dn, t th hin c nguy c mc cc loi bnh ca ngi dn vng nghin cu, gp phn xy dng h thng s liu gip cc nh qun l mi trng xy dng chng trnh qun l gim thiu ri ro ti sc khe ngi dn.
CHNG II. TNG QUAN TI LIU

II.1. Tng quan v Arsenic
II.1.1. Mt s tnh cht ca Arsenic (As)
As chim 1.10-4 % tng s nguyn t trong v tri t, chng tn ti ch yu dng khong vt sunfua: Sunfide Orpiment vng As2S3 v Realgar - As4S4; Trong bng h thng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc, Arsenic nm phn nhm Va vi mt s cc c trng:
Bng II.1 Tnh cht ha hc ca nguyn t arsen
K hiu ho hc Z Cu hnh e Rn/t (AO) Rion E3- (AO) Rion E5+ (AO) Eion ha I (kcal/ntg) Eion ha II (kcal/ntg) Eion ha III (kcal/ntg) m in Khi lng ring (g/cm3) TOnc(OC) TOs (OC)
As 33 [Ar]3d104s24p3 1,48 1,92 0,47 226 466 653 2,0 5,727 817 614
As tn ti hai dng kim loi v khng kim loi: dng khng kim loi As l cht rn mu vng (cn gi l As vng) c to nn khi lm ngng t hi, c mng li lp phng (ging Photpho trng), kin trc mng li bao gm cc phn t As 4 lin kt vi nhau bng lc Vanderwaals. Phn t As4 c cu to hnh t din u vi cc nguyn t As nm nh. Do c mng
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
li phn t nn As vng km bn nhit thng di tc dng ca nh sng d chuyn sang dng kim loi (dng bn hn). Dng kim loi c mu bc trng, hi xm (gi l As xm). As xm c cu trc dng Polime, c mng li nguyn t ging Photpho en, c kh nng dn nhit, dn in nhng gin c th nghin thnh bt d dng. As tn ti cc mc oxi ha -3, +3, +5 vi cc hp cht As(III) (Asenhidrua, Cc Asenua kim loi,Asen(III) oxit As 2O3, Acid Asenous, Asensunfua: As 4S6. Asentrihalogenua: AsX3) v hp cht As(V) (Asen oxit : As2O5 ;Acid Asenic ;Asen Sunfua : As2S5 ; Asen Pentahalogenua : Ch c AsF5).
II.1.2. Dng tn ti ca As trong mi trng

II.1.2.1. S xut hin ca As v hp cht As trong mi trng
Nhng nghin cu v s hnh thnh ca As trong mi trng v trong cc mu sinh hc ang l nhng ch c quan tm n nhiu nht hin nay. As xut hin trong t nhin mt cch ph bin trong cc khong vt, bn cnh , s s dng As mt cch rng ri trong cc ho cht nhum mu, thuc tr su, thuc dit c l nhng ngun chnh cho s c mt ca arsenic trong mi trng. Trn thc t, trc y As c ng dng trong mt s lnh vc nh sau: Trong y hc: thch tn c s dng trong thuc bc vi tc dng tr suyn
hoc dng cha cc bnh ngoi da Trong nng nghip: As c trong thnh phn ca mt s loi thuc bo v
thc vt. Khong 70% thuc bo v thc vt trong thnh phn c cha As nm cc dng : (1) Monosodium methane arsenate (MSMA) HAsO3CH3Na; (2) Disodium methane arsenate (DSMA) Na2AsO3CH3; (3) Dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid) (CH3)2 AsO2H; (4) Arsenic acid H3AsO4. Trong cng nghip: As v hp cht ca As cng c s dng rng ri
trong cng nghip chng hn nh: bo qun g, sn xut gng knh, hp kim v cc thit b in t, lm cht xc tc hoc cht ph gia
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
II.1.2.2. Dng tn ti ca As trong mi trng

Cc dng tn ti ca As trong mi trng l vn ng quan tm bi v c s khc nhau v mc c gia chng. Trong mi trng As tn ti ch yu cc dng: Arsenite As(III), arsenate As(V), arsenious acids (H3 AsO3 , H2AsO3 , HAsO32) arsenic acids (H3AsO4, H2AsO4, HAsO42), dimethylarsinate (DMA), monomethylarsonate(MMA), arsenobetaine(AB) v arsenocholine (AC). Nhng dng hp cht ny minh ho cho s a dng ca cc trng thi oxy ho ca As v kt qu l a n s phc tp v ho tnh ca n trong mi trng. Trong pha nc vi mi trng thong kh acid, Arsenic chim u th pH cc k thp (pH<2), trong khong pH t 2 11 chng c thay th bi H 2AsO4 v HAsO42.
Hnh II.1. S ph thuc ca dng tn ti hp cht arsen vo pH
Arsenious acid xut hin trong iu kin pH thp v c s kh nh tuy nhin khi pH gia tng n s c thay th bi H 2AsO3 v khi pH vt qu 12 s lm xut hin HAsO32 . Vi mi trng pH thp v c mt sunfua c th to thnh HAsS2.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Cc hp cht Asine, dn xut asine v arsenic xut hin iu kin kh cao. Bi v n to thnh dng anion trong dung dch nn As khng kt hp vi cc anion n gin nh Cl-; SO43- nh cc cation kim loi. ng hn l cc hp cht anion As c x nh cc gc t do trong nc. As (III) phn ng vi nhm sulphur v sulphydryl nh cystine, organic dithiols, proteins, enzymes nhng khng phn ng vi amine. Tuy nhin As(V) li phn ng vi nhm nitrogen kh nh amine nhng li khng phn ng vi nhm sulphydryl. Hm lng As trong nc ngm ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh cht v trng thi mi trng a ha. Dng As tn ti ch yu trong nc ngm l H 3AsO4-1 (trong mi trng pH acid n gn trung tnh), HAsO4-2 (trong mi trng kim).
Hnh II.2. S ph thuc dng tn ti ca arsen vo mi trng a ha
Hp cht H3AsO3 c hnh thnh ch yu trong mi trng oxy ha-kh yu. Cc hp cht ca As vi Na c tnh ha tan rt cao, cn nhng mui ca As vi Ca, Mg v cc hp cht As hu c trong mi trng pH gn trung tnh v ngho Ca th ha tan km hn cc hp cht arsen hu c, c bit l arsen-acid fulvic. Cc hp cht ca As+5 c hnh thnh theo phng thc ny. As trong nc ngm thng tp trung cao trong kiu nc bicarbonat nh bicarbonat Cl, Na, B, Si. Nc ngm trong nhng vng trm tch ni la, mt s khu vc qung ha ngun gc nhit dch, m du-kh, m than, thng giu As. Th oxy ha kh, pH ca mi trng v lng kaloit giu Fe 3+ , l nhng yu t quan trng tc ng n qu trnh oxy ha - kh cc hp cht As trong t nhin. Nhng yu t ny c ngha lm tng hay gim s c hi ca cc hp cht As trong mi trng sng.
II.1.3. c hc ca Arsenic
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
II.1.3.1. S chuyn ha sinh hc ca As

Trong c th nhiu loi sinh vt c kh nng tch lu sinh hc i vi arsenic v c th xc tc cho qu trnh oxi ho t arsenite thnh arsenat ng thi cng thc y s to thnh methyl arsines thng qu cc qu trnh sinh hc. Sn phm methyl ho arsenic c to thnh bi cc vi khun methogenic trong iu kin hiu kh. Cc hp cht arsenic b methyl ho bi vi khun v nm to thnh dimethyl v trimethylarsine bi mt c ch lin quan ti s thay th ca cc nguyn t oxygen bi cc nhm methyl. S methyl ho c xem nh l mt c ch gii c i vi cc vi sinh vt v ng vai tr quan trng trong s chuyn ho As t trm tch vo nc v khng kh. McBride v Wolfe cho rng arsenat c th b chuyn ho thnh dimethylarsine bi Methanobacterium di iu kin hiu kh. Methylarsonic c to thnh t s methyl ho arsenite c th chuyn ho qua cc sn phm trung gian v cui cng b kh thnh dimethylarsine.
Trong iu kin acid loi nm Cadida humicola c th chuyn ho Arsenate thnh Trimethylarsine. Mt phn t hn ca Trimethylarsine cng c to thnh bi loi nm ny t Arsenite, methylarsonate v dimethylarsinate. Nhng loi nm
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
c kh nng to ra sn phm trimethylarsine t cc ho cht bo v thc vt monomethylarsonate v dimethylarsinate bao gm: Candida humicola, Gliocaninum roseum v mt ging ca Penicillium. S methyl ho ca As ng vai tr quan trng bi v kt qu ca qu trnh l to ra cc sn phm cc c:
Hnh II.3. S chuyn ha trimethylarsine thnh cc sn phm cc c
II.1.3.2. c hc ca Arsenic
V mt sinh hc, As l mt cht c c th gy mt s bnh trong c ung th da v phi. Mt khc As c vai tr trong trao i nuclein, tng hp protit v hemoglobin. As nh hng n thc vt nh mt cht cn trao i cht, lm gim mnh nng sut, c bit trong mi trng thiu photpho. Trong mi trng sinh thi, cc dng hp cht As ha tr (3) c c tnh cao hn dng ha tr (5). Mi trng kh l iu kin thun li cho nhiu hp cht As ha tr 5 chuyn sang As ha tr 3. Trong cc hp cht ca As trong mi trng th arsenite ng c quan tm ti nhiu nht bi v tnh c ca n cao hn gp 10 ln so vi arsenate v hn gp 70 ln so vi cc dng methyl ho ca n, trong khi DMA, MMA t c hn cn AB v AC li gn nh khng c.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
S nhim c As cn gi l Arsenicosis xut hin nh mt tai ha mi trng i vi sc khe con ngi trn th gii. Theo cc nghin cu nhng ngi sng trn khu vc c hm lng As trong nc ging khoan cao hn 0,05 mg/l cho thy ti 20% dn c b xm da, dy biu b v c hin tng ung th da. Hin cha c phng php hu hiu cha bnh nhim c As. Thng thng Arsen i vo c th con ngi trong mt ngy m thng qua chui thc n khong 1mg v c hp th vo c th qua ng d dy nhng cng d b thi ra. Hm lng As trong c th ngi khong 0.08-0.2 ppm, tng lng As c trong ngi bnh thng khong 1,4 mg. As tp trung trong gan, thn, hng cu, homoglobin v c bit tp trung trong no, xng, da, phi, tc. Hin nay ngi ta c th da vo hm lng As trong c th con ngi tm hiu hon cnh v mi trng sng, nh hm lng As trong tc nhm dn c khu vc nng thn trung bnh l 0,4-1,7 ppm, khu vc thnh ph cng nghip 0,4-2,1 ppm, cn khu vc nhim nng 0,6-4,9 ppm. S xm nhp, phn b v lu tr ca Arsenic cng nh cc hp cht ca n trong c th ngi c th hnh dung theo s sau:
Hnh II.4. S xm nhp ca Arsenic v cc hp cht ca n trong c th
S nhim c As c th phn loi thnh cc dng nhim c cp tnh v nhim c mn tnh vi cc biu hin: Ng c As cp tnh : kht nc d di, au bng, nn ma, tiu chy, mch
p yu, b tiu v c th t vong .

Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Nhim c As mn tnh: xut hin cc m sm mu trn thn th hay u
cc chi, nim mc li hoc sng ha da (thng xut hin tay, chn, phn c th b c st nhiu hoc tip xc vi nh sng nhiu), c th gy n hoi t, rng dn tng t ngn chn... cui cng s c th dn n ung th, t bin gen v t vong. S nhim c As mn tnh c phn lm bn giai on chnh:
Giai on tin lm sng: cha c biu hin tn thng thc th nhng As c th pht hin c ti cc mu nc tiu v mu m c th. Giai on lm sng: s nh hng sut hin trn da, hay gp nht l c th c bm tm tay chn, trong trng hp nng c hin tng ha sng ti da ban tay, lng bn chn. Theo T chc y t th gii WHO th giai on ny xut hin sau 5 n 10 nm ung nc nhim thch tn qu tiu chun. Giai on bin chng: khi cc triu trng lm sng cng tr nn trm trng hn, gan thn v lch sng to, c th b vim gic mc, vim ph qun v i tho ng. Giai on cui: S xut hin ca bnh ung th (da, phi...) As(III) th hin c tnh ca n bng s tn cng vo nhm SH ca enzyme lm c ch hot ng ca enzyme:
Chng hn nh
Dihydrolipoic acid protein l enzyme trong chu trnh acid citric. Mt khc do c tnh cht ha hc tng t nh photpho m As cng c th gy tng tc xu trong cc qu trnh sinh ha c s tham gia ca photpho. Chng hn
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
trong s to thnh ATP (ademosine triphoglyphate) khi c mt ca As s gy tr ngi trong qu trnh to 1,3 Diphosphoglycerate cho ra sn phm 1 arseno 3 phosphoglycerate gy hiu ng xu cho c th:
II.1.4. Mt s phng php xc nh As

Nhng tin b khng ngng ca khoa hc k thut ni chung v k thut phn tch ni ring cho php thu c nhng kt qu phn tch ngy cng chnh xc t mt h thng a dng cc phng php phn tch. Ty vo nhu cu phn tch, i tng cn phn tch cng nh iu kin v trang thit b phng th nghim m c th la chn c phng php phn tch thch hp. Tng t nh vy, tin hnh phn tch nh lng As, ngi ta c th s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau v mt s cc phng php nh lng As c bit nh phng php hp ph nguyn t, phng php ph hp th phn t, phng php in ho, phng php kch hot ntron NAA, phng php sc k
II.1.4.1. Phng php khi lng

Xc nh As da trn vic kt ta As 2S3 bng dithioaxetamit trong mi trng axit HCl, hoc H2SO4 hoc HClO4 0,1N. Dung dch cha kt ta c un trn bp cch thu, lc ly kt ta sy kh 2000C n khi lng khng i, ra li bng nc ct v lm kh nhit 1700C. Cn kt ta v tnh hm lng As tng ng. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch p dng vi mu c hm lng As ln v phi thc hin qua nhiu cng on.
II.1.4.2. Phng php phn tch th tch

Xc nh As da trn phn ng oxi ho kh: AsO32- + I2 + H2O -> AsO43- + 2I- + 2H+
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 12/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Phn ng ph thuc vo nng H+, v vy phn ng xy ra theo chiu thun, phi thc hin trong iu kin d NaHCO3 (dung dch c pH = 8). Cht ch th l h tinh bt. Phng php ny cho php xc nh c hm lng As t 0,1% n vi chc phn trm.
II.1.4.3. Phng php phn tch trc quang

As trong dung dch phn tch c kh v asin bng natri hydroborat mi trng pH=6, kh asin c dn i trong dng N 2 qua bnh thu tinh ng ch axetat, sau c dn vo bnh cha thuc th bc dietyldithiocacbamat, As s to phc mu vi bc dietyl dithio cacbamat c bc sng hp th quang l 520nm. Trong phng php ny sunfua cc nguyn t kim loi: crom, coban, ng, thu ngn, c nh hng n vic xc nh As, song c th loi tr nh hng bng cch dng axetat ch gi li kh sunfua. Ngoi ra, khi hm lng antimony ln hn 5mg/L cng nh hng n vic xc nh As do hp cht SbH3 cng to ra trong qu trnh to asin v cng to phc mu bc sng hp th quang 510nm vi bc dithiocacbamat, v vy phng php ny ch cho php xc nh As trong mu c hm lng antimony nh. nhy v chnh xc ca phng php ny tng i cao, cho php xc nh c 1mg/mL.
II.1.4.4. Phng php in ho-cc ph Vol-ampe

Cng dng ph thuc th in phn trong dung dch v th in cc. Ngi ta tin hnh in phn v o cng dng vi mt dy dung dch chun bit trc nng . Da vo th xc nh c nng cht phn tch khi bit cng dng. Gi tr na th sng cho bit thnh phn nh tnh, chiu cao sng cho bit thnh phn nh lng ca cht phn tch. Phng php ny c gii hn pht hin c ng/mL.
II.1.4.5. Phng php ph pht x nguyn t ICP-AES

Khi nguyn t trng thi hi, nh mt ngun nng lng thch hp nh nhit, in... kch thch m hi nguyn t t do pht x, sau thu phn li ton b ph pht x nh gi thnh phn mu phn tch. C th dng ph pht x phn tch nh tnh, nh lng. y l phng php hin i cho nhy v chnh xc rt cao, n tu thuc vo cc loi thit b khc nhau, cho php xc nh lng vt nguyn t m khng cn lm giu v mt u im c trng ca phng php l cho php phn tch hng lot cc nguyn t. Phng php ny, nng lng nhit ca ngun kch thch c quyt
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
nh bi dng in cm ng trong cun t cm, nng lng cao tn ca my pht HF. V vy nhit plasma rt n nh dn n php o c n nh cao hn rt nhiu so vi ngun h quang in hay tia la in. K thut ny c th xc nh As n 0,02ng/mL.
II.1.4.6. Phng php hunh quang nguyn t

Kh As bng NaBH4 pha trong NaOH nng 0,5%, kh hidrua sinh ra c dn trc tip vo ng cuvet Pyrex c treo vo mt ci gi, dng ngun n sc l n EDL t trn ngn la l ArH2, gii hn pht hin ca phng php l 0,06 n 0,1 ng/mL.
II.1.4.7. Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t ngn la F-AAS

Nhit ca ngn la n kh c iu chnh ph hp vi tng nguyn t v tng loi dung dch mu. Kh c t to ra ngn la c th l hn hp C 2H2-KK hay hn hp N2O-C2H2 hoc H2-C2H2. Da vo tnh cht nguyn t ca tng nguyn t m chn ngn la cho nhit thch hp.
II.1.4.8. Phng php quang ph hp th khng ngn la (ETA-AAS)

Qu trnh nguyn t ho c thc hin trong cuvet graphit hay thuyn tng tan vi thi gian ngn (s nguyn t ho tc khc) nh nng lng ca dng in cng sut ln mi trng kh tr. Ngun nng lng thng c dng hin nay l dng in c cng dng rt cao (t 50-600A) v hiu in th thp (nh hn 12V) hay nng lng ca dng cao tn cm ng.
II.1.5. Tiu chun v arsen

Theo Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT, tiu chun nc ngm i vi arsen l 0.05 mg/l. Trc thm ho thch tn ang hin hu nhiu Quc gia b nhim arsen, trong Bng-la-t nghim trng nht, ngy 24/5/2000, Cc Bo v mi trng Hoa K (EPA) quyt nh gim thng s arsen trong Tiu chun nc ung ca Hoa K t 0,05 mg As/L, ngang TCVN, xung cn 0,005 mg As/L. T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) t nm 1993 n nay, c khuyn co, nng Arsen trong nc ung khng c ln hn 0,01mg/L. T nm 2002, B Y t Vit Nam a
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
tiu chun arsen nh hn hoc bng 0,01 vo p dng. Hin nay, Tiu chun Nh nc v nc ung TCVN 5501-1991 v Tiu chun v sinh i vi nc ung v sinh hot ca B Y t s 505 BYT/Q/2002 qui nh thng s arsen khng c ln hn 0,01mg As/L.
II.1.6. Gim thiu As trong nc

II.1.6.1. Mt s qu trnh gim thiu As trong nc
Nhiu nghin cu c thc hin nhm gim thiu hm lng As trong nc. Hu ht cc k thut gim thiu As trong nc u da trn mt s cc qu trnh ho l c bn bao gm: Qu trnh kt ta: As trng thi tan trong nc c a v dng cht rn kh
tan nh calcium arsenate. Cc cht rn ny c loi b nh qu trnh sa lng v lc. Khi cc cht gy keo t c thm vo v to thnh bng keo t th cc dng As tan trong nc tr nn khng tan v to thnh cc hp cht rn khng tan. Do c th gim thiu As trong nc bng cc qu trnh kt ta bao gm ng t - lc; lc trc tip; tuyn ni. Qu trnh hp ph: hp ph ln than hot tnh, nhm hot tnh, mangan oxit, st
oxit hoc vt liu v c. Qu trnh trao i ion c thc hin vi cc nha trao i anion c bit. Qu trnh lc mng bao gm cng ngh lc nano, thm thu ngc. Qu trnh sinh hc loi b As trong nc
Hu ht cc qu trnh ny tr thnh nhng cng ngh x l nc nhim As truyn thng chng hn nh hp ph, trao i ion, lc mng Mt s qu trnh nh hp ph trn nhm hot tnh, trao i ion c s dng s l As trong ngun nc sinh hot quy m nh nh h gia nh. Cc qu trnh sinh hc hay in ha cng c nghin cu x l nc nhim As. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu ny hu nh ang cn mc th nghim m cha c p dng thc t mt cch rng ri. Cc qu trnh hp ph v trao i ion hin nay ang l nhng qu trnh c khuynh hng c s dng nhiu trong thc t do chi ph thit b v bo dng thp, khng yu cu trnh chuyn mn cao khi vn hnh.
II.1.6.2. Mt s cch h dn t phng trnh arsen

h gia nh dng bm in
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 15/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Gin ma lm bng ng nha, ng knh 27mm, khoan 150-200 l, mi l c ng knh 1,5-2mm tu cng sut my bm ang s dng. Di cng ca b lc l lp si dy khong 1 gang, trn lp si l lp ct dy khong 2,5-3 gang. Khng dng loi m lt ging, hoc than ci d sinh phn ng ph, lm tng nng nitrit trong nc.
h gia nh dng bm tay

Nc t vi bm rc vo mng ma. Mng ma cn c nhiu l nh khng kh d tan vo nc, pht huy hiu qu oxi ho ca oxi c sn trong khng kh. Sau khi qua mng ma, nc cho chy qua b lc c 3 ngn: ngn u dng lc cn, nc th chy t di ln; c ng x cn y, ngn hai dng lc tinh, nc chy t trn xung, ngn th ba dng cha nc sch. Kch thc ti u b lc ph thuc vo cng sut, lu lng tng ging. Trung tm nc sch v VSMT NT tnh Thi Bnh s dng loi hnh ny t lu.
II.1.7. Tnh hnh arsen trn th gii, Vit Nam v Lm ng

II.1.7.1. Tnh hnh arsen trn th gii
Arsen ang l mi quan tm hng u ca nhng nc nh Bngladet, n , Hoa K, Myanma, Thi Lan v Vit Nam. Nm 2005, Trung Quc l nh sn xut arsen trng hng u, chim gn 50% sn lng th gii. Sau l Chile v Peru, theo bo co ca Kho st a cht Vng quc Anh. EPA Hoa k nh ngha arsenic l mt trong nhng ha cht bn vng (persistent), sinh t (bioaccumulative) v c hi (toxic) c kh nng kt t bn vng trong mi trng khng kh, t v nc. V pha Vit Nam, arsenic nm trong danh sch cc ha cht b cm x dng do ngh nh s 23/BVTV-KHKT/QD ngy 20/4/1992 do B Nng nghip Lng thc ph chun. Cch y khong na th k, cc khoa hc trn th gii cha lu tm nhiu n nn nhim arsenic trong cc mch nc ngm. Mi n nm 1961, nhim arsenic trong nc ngm mi c khm ph ln u tin Taiwan. V sau , cc nc sau y ln lt khm ph ra tnh trng nhim trn nh B, Ha Lan, c, , Hung Gia Li, B o Nha, Phi lut Tn, Ghana, Hoa K, Ch Li, M Ty C, Cn nh, v Thi Lan. Nm 1992, nhim c arsenic c khm ph v l mt quc nn cho n ti West Bengal. Thm trng trn c th c xem l mt nguy c hy dit cho vng ny. Arsenic hin din trong by qun ht bao gm 37.500 km 2 vi 34 triu dn sinh sng v theo
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Mandal, chuyn gia v c hi ca n , c tnh khong 17 triu dn trong vng b nhim. Gn y, nhim arsenic Bangladesh cn trm trng hn na, nh hng n hn 23 triu dn nm 1997; con s ny tng ln gn 60 triu theo cng b mi nht ca B Water Resources ca Bangladesh (2005). Nguyn nhn to ra hai thm trng nhim trn l do hm lng qu cao ca arsenic trong cc mch nc ngm gia bin gii n v Bangladesh, hm lng trn thay i t 0.059 n 0.105 mg/L. Theo Peter Ravenscroft t khoa a -Trng i hc Cambridge, khong 80 triu ngi trn khp th gii tiu th khong 10 ti 50 phn t arsen trong nc ung ca h.
II.1.7.2. Tnh hnh arsen Vit Nam

Do cu to a cht, nhiu vng nc ta nc ngm b nhim arsen. Theo thng k cha y ca B Y t (2009), c nc c khong hn 1 triu ging khoan, trong nhiu ging c nng arsen cao hn t 20-50 ln nng cho php (0.01mg/L), nh hng xu n sc kho, tnh mng ca cng ng. Hin 21% dn s Vit Nam ang dng ngun nc nhim arsen vt qu mc cho php v tnh trng nhim c arsen ngy cng r rt v nng n trong dn c. Song phn ln ngi dn vn khng h hay bit nhng tc hi nghim trng i vi sc khe khi tch t nhng cht c ny trong c th.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 17/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Hnh II.5. Bn cc khu vc nhim arsen trn ton quc (Trn bn Lm ng ang l im nng v nhim arsen)
Theo kt qu cuc kho st ca Vin Cng ngh Mi trng, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam, Cc Thu Li, Trung tm Nc sch v V sinh mi trng nng thn 2004, ti chu th sng Hng, nhng vng b nhim nghim trng nht l pha Nam H Ni, H Nam, H Ty, Hng Yn, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Thi Bnh v Hi Dng. ng bng sng Cu Long, cng pht hin nhiu ging khoan c nng arsen cao nm ng Thp v An Giang. Theo kt qu iu tra ca Cc Thu li thuc B NN&PTNT ngm ti H Ni 2002, 2003, ngun nc ngm ca H Ni cng ang mc bo ng v b nhim Arsen vt tiu chun cho php. Khu vc ni thnh, c 32% s mu b nhim, cc khu vc khc nh ng Anh 13%, Gia Lm 26,5%, Thanh Tr 54%, T Lim 21%. Theo nh gi hin trng nhim Arsen trong nc ngm ca Vin V sinh y t cng cng (B Y t), mc nhim arsen 4 tnh BSCL l Long An, ng Thp, An Giang v Kin Giang, hm lng kh cao, e da sc khe ca ngi dn. Ti mt s huyn ca ng Thp v An Giang, tnh trng ny rt ng bo ng khi phn ln cc mu kho st
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 18/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
u b nhim vi hm lng vt ngng 100 ppb, c bit c nhng mu ln ti 1.000 ppb. Tng s mu kho st ti tnh An Giang l 2.699 mu vi t l nhim Asen l 20,18%, tp trung nhiu ti mt s huyn nh: An Ph 97,3%, Ph Tn 53,19%, Tn Chu 26,98% v Ch Mi 27,82%. Hm lng arsen trong nc ngm ti cc huyn ny khi phn tch u t 100 ppb tr ln, c tm thy cc ging tng nng, su di 60m v c dng cho sinh hot ph bin trong ngi dn. Trong thng 11/2006, Vin Y hc lao ng v mi trng TP.HCM t chc khm sc khe cho ngi dn ti 2 huyn Tri Tn v An Ph, kt qu c n 10 ca nghi nhim Asen vi nhng biu hin nh sng ha da, xut hin cc m sm mu trn c th. Ti thn Thng Nht (ng Ho, tnh H Ty) c ti 22 ngi b cht do ung th m nguyn nhn c xem l do ngun nc nhim arsen cao gp 17-30 ln mc cho php (do cng ty c phn ha cht v cng ngh nc quc t o -Theo bo Tin Phong). Kho st ca cc chuyn gia ti 3 x Ha Hu, B v Vnh Tr (H Nam), qua khm lm sng 650 ngi dn, trong xt nghim cn lm sng cho 100 ngi, Vin Y hc lao ng v v sinh mi trng pht hin 28,3% b cc bnh v da (so vi t l trung bnh c nc l 3-5%), t l ung th cc b phn tiu ha v tit niu cao hn cc dng ung th khc, c 31 trng hp thiu mu trong 28 ngi thiu mu c lin quan n nhim c arsen mn tnh. Theo kt qu xt nghim arsen do UNICEF h tr Vit Nam t 2001 n 2004 ti 25 tnh thnh th H Nam ng u v mc nhim arsen nghim trng nht. Trong 7.040 mu nc ly t ging khoan, c ti 3.530 mu c hm lng ln hn 0,05 mg/L. Theo thng k ban u ca UNICEF, ti Vit Nam c khong 10 triu ngi c nguy c b bnh do tip xc vi arsen. Qua nhng s liu thu thp c cho thy s nhim arsen min Bc cao hn min Nam. UNICEF khng nh mc nhim arsen ca H Nam nghim trng nh Bangladesh - ni c nh gi l c nhim arsen cao trn th gii. UNICEF cho rng s nhim arsen pha Nam ca H Ni l vn nghim trng nht Vit Nam hin nay. Nhng cuc kho st v nng arsen trong nc sinh hot ca ngi dn khu vc nng thn do Cc Thu li, Trung tm nc sch v V sinh mi trng nng thnCERWASS (B NN&PTNT), Vin Cng ngh v Mi trng, B Y t tin hnh trn 23 tnh cho kt qu nng arsen trong nc cc tnh ny vt chun cho php 47,17%.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 19/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Trong , cc tnh c ngun nc nhim arsen cao l H Nam (64,03%), H Ni (61,63%), Hi Dng (51,99%). ng ni l nhiu mu nc c hm lng arsen vt qu 100 ln so vi tiu chun cho php.
II.1.7.3. Tnh hnh arsen ti Lm ng
Hnh II.6. Bn hnh chnh tnh Lm ng
Theo bo co ca Phng Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn huyn c Trng, hin mt s mu nc trong cc khe sui thuc khu vc K74 thuc x Quyn - im nng o i vng tri php huyn c Trng c hm lng Arsen cao gp t 5.698 - 5.733 ln so vi quy nh. Ti Lm ng hin nay cha c bo co chnh thc nhng nhiu nghin cu c thc hin cho thy Lm ng c nng arsen trong nc ngm ng bo ng, thuc danh sch cc tnh c arsen cao trong c nc.
II.2. Tng quan v a bn nghin cu

II.2.1. Gii thiu chung v tnh Lm ng
Lm ng l tnh min ni Nam Ty Nguyn c din tch t nhin 9.764,8km 2, chim khong 2,9% din tch c nc, dn s 996.221 ngi, trong ng bo dn tc thiu s
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
chim 23% dn s ton tnh. Lm ng c v tr chin lc quan trng v kinh t, x hi, an ninh, quc phng, l vng t giu v ti nguyn thin nhin, c nhiu th mnh, tim nng v ang c khai thc phc v cho s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc. Lm ng l qu hng lu i ca cc dn tc anh em M, C Ho, Chu Ru, MNng,...vng t c di sn vn ho c sc, nhiu phong tc tp qun v truyn thng tt p, ng thi l ni t lnh chim u ca ng bo nhiu dn tc mi min t nc v y lp nghip trong khong mt trm nm tr li y. Lm ng c thnh ph Lt nm cao trung bnh 1.500m so vi mc nc bin, kh hu mt m trong lnh, c nhiu thng cnh ni ting, l mt trong nhng trung tm du lch - ngh dng quan trng ca c nc v khu vc ng Nam . V tr a l: Pha ng gip cc tnh Khnh Ho v Ninh Thun, Pha Ty Nam gip tnh ng Nai, Pha Nam ng Nam gip tnh Bnh Thun, Pha Bc gip tnh c Lc.
II.2.2. Huyn c Trng

Huyn c Trng nm trn vng cc trc giao thng huyt mch ca tnh Lm ng: Quc l 20 ( Lt - Thnh Ph H Ch Minh), tnh l 27 (Ninh Thun - k Lk) v c cng hng khng Lin Khng nn rt thun li trong giao lu pht trin. c Trng ngy cng tr thnh mt trong nhng huyn c v tr quan trng trong pht trin kinh t - x hi ca tnh Lm ng.
Bng II.1. Dn s huyn c Trng (2009)
Tn x T Nng Quyn T Hine Ninh Gia Ninh Loan Ph Hi Loan N'Thol H

Nguyn Th Thu
S dn 5304 4109 3715 12936 4794 18202 10239 6765
Din tch (km2) 150 110 43.3 143.7 32.5 107 54.9 35.3
Mt (ngi /km2) 35.36 37.35 85.80 90.02 147.51 170.11 186.50 191.64
Trang 21/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Hip An Tn Thnh Lin Hip Hip Thnh Tn Hi Bnh Thnh Lin Ngha Tng
10368 5763 12239 15402 10828 7240 50048 177952
54 22.7 35.8 36.9 23.6 15.4 37.4 902.5
192.00 253.88 341.87 417.40 458.81 470.13 1338.18
(Ngun: Trung tm dn s, gia nh v tr em huyn c Trng)
c Trng l mt trong nhng huyn c v tr quan trng v pht trin kinh t- x hi ca tnh Lm ng. Vi u th v nhiu mt, s pht trin kinh t ca huyn c Trng kh ton din, bao gm c nng nghip, lm nghip, cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip v thng nghip, dch v. c Trng l mt trong nhng a danh quen thuc i vi du khch trong nc v vi du khch nc ngoi. H Nam Sn c quy hoch s l im du lch v hot ng dch v vn ho - th thao. Huyn c sn bay Lin Khng l ca ng ra vo thnh ph Lt bng ng hng khng. V v tr a l, huyn c Trng nm vng gia ca tnh Lm ng, pha ng Bc gip thnh ph Lt, pha Nam gip tnh Bnh Thun, pha ng gip huyn n Dng v tnh Ninh Thun, pha ty gip huyn Di Linh v Lm H. Din tch t nhin 902,2km 2, dn s 177.952 ngi (nm 2009), chim 9,3% v din tch v 14% dn s ton tnh. Huyn c Trng c mt dn s vo loi cao trong tnh: 197 ngi/km 2. Thnh phn dn s thuc 27 dn tc anh em, trong cc dn tc thiu s chim 30%, ch yu l ngi Chu Ru, KHo v mt s ng bo dn tc cc tnh pha Bc di c vo t nm 1954.
II.2.3. Huyn n Dng

n dng l huyn nm pha ng Nam Lt, pha Nam cao nguyn Lm vin, c cao trn 1000m. Vi din tch t t nhin trn 61.032 ha ; trong t sn xut nng nghip gn 17.000 ha, t lm nghip 38.000 ha. C 10 n v x, th trn vi dn s trn 91.000 dn ; Trong ng bo dn tc thiu s chim gn 30%.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 22/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Ton huyn hin c 93.012 khu, cc dn tc thiu s ang sng trn a bn huyn gm c KHo, Chill, ChRu, E, Nng, ty, Hoa, Chm vi tng s 4.271 h v trn 17.000 khu, c tr trn 35 thn dn tc trong tng s 99 thn ca huyn, ngnh ngh ca cc dn tc trn ch yu l sn xut nng nghip: trng la v rau mu.
Bng II.2. Dn s huyn n Dng (tnh n thng 3/2011)
STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Tn X TT Thnh M Th trn Dran X Qung Lp X Tutra X Ka n X Pr X Ka X Rn X Lc Lm
Din tch (km2) Dn S (ngi) 21.31 133.3 9.50 74.50 38.50 88.20 88.10 33.49 21.20 103.50 11125 16024 4729 12251 8308 5519 11035 7814 9081 12154
Ghi ch 7 khu ph, 1 thn 06 khu ph, 7 thn 05 thn 14 thn 10 thn 7 thn 10 thn 8 thn 10 thn 15 thn
10. X Lc Xun
(Ngun: Trung tm dn s, gia nh v tr em huyn n Dng)
ng trn gc pht trin kinh t th n Dng hi t kh nhiu yu t thun li C Quc l 27 i qua, cn k ca ng cc tnh min Trung vo Lt Lm ng, tip gip vi trung tm kinh t c Trng, t ai th nhng ph hp vi vi nhiu loi cy trng; c bit cc lai rau. Mt khc, xt v kh nng du lch c th l im dng chn ca du khch trc v sau khi n v i Lt thng thc khng kh, thng cnh rng ni nh o Ngon Mc, h a Nhim Huyn n Dng pha ng gip Tnh Ninh Thun, Pha Ty v pha Nam gip Huyn c Trng. Pha Bc gip Thnh ph Lt v huyn Lc Dng. a hnh c chia lm 3 dng chnh: a hnh ni cao; a hnh i thoi ln sng; a hnh thung lng sng sui.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 23/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
a phng gm c cc loi t chnh sau: t ph sa dc t; t ph sa sng sui; t ph sa khng c bi hng nm; t nu trn Ban Zan; t vng trn phin; t mn vng Gzanit v Daxit.
II.2.4. Tnh cht nc ngm ti Lm ng

on a cht thy vn -a cht cng trnh 707 (nay l on Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc) xut ti Xy dng bn qun l nc ngm vng trng im dn c, kinh t trn tng a bn huyn v c c quan qun l v UBND tnh ln lt ph duyt, thc hin cho cc n v hnh chnh ca tnh trong cc nm 1999-2009. Kt qu iu tra nh gi tr lng khai thc, tr lng trin vng khai thc v tr lng tim nng cho tng vng t t 87.000m3/ngy (vng Di Linh) n 354.000m3/ngy (vng Bo Lc). Nm 2009 l nm cui cng ti tip tc xy dng bn qun l nc ngm thnh ph Lt, th x Bo Lc, huyn Bo Lm v tng hp kt qu trn ton tnh. H thng bn qun l nc ngm c u im ni bt l: - Tng hp c cc ngun ti liu iu tra a cht thy vn c, thi cng b sung 22 l khoan (trong 10 nm); la chn, cp nht d liu trn 200 l khoan khai thc mi xut hin t mt im cho loi t l bn nc ngm ln hn ( chnh xc khi ng dng thc a cao hn). - Tnh ton thm loi tr lng khai thc ti a cho tng cng trnh c; tr lng khai thc an ton cho tng khu (khonh) c iu kin a cht thy vn khc nhau v th hin lu lng khai thc an ton bng n v tnh thng dng nht; nh gi cht lng nc theo cc tiu chun s dng hin hnh (thay cho phng thc nh gi theo loi hnh tn ti ca nc ngm trong cc bn chuyn mn trc y). - Trn bn v mt ct a tng cn thit k s b mt s cng trnh khai thc nc ngm nhng ni c trin vng pht trin. V kin to, cc nh a cht gi Lm ng l mt trng hot ha magma - kin to tc c cu trc a cht rt phc tp, nn nc ngm tn ti, vn ng trong n cng rt phc tp. Tm tt cc kt qu iu tra trong thi gian qua:
Cc tng cha nc l hng

Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
a. Tng cha nc t (abQIV, aQ) Phn b rng cc thung lng sng, sui Th, Ct Tin, Nam c Trng..., din tch khong 350km2. Thnh phn gm ct, bt, st, sn, si, cui, than bn. B dy t 3,1 30m, trung bnh 7 - 8,3 m. Ring Th, Ct Tin, chiu dy trung bnh 25m. Mc nc tnh 1 - 12m, trung bnh 1,5 - 2,5m. Kh nng cha nc thuc loi trung bnh, lu lng 0,02 - 1,75l/s, ph bin 0,24 0,4l/s. H s thm ca t 0,28 - 0,41m/ngy. Nc thuc loi nht, tng khong ha 0,1 - 0,13 g/l, pH 7 - 8,3. Loi hnh ha hc nc thng l Bicarbonat natri hoc Clorua bicarbonat natri - canxi, khong 30% s mu c hm lng NO3- vt tiu chun nc sinh hot. Ngun cung cp cho tng ny ch yu l nc ma, sng, sui. Ngun thot cng chnh l sng, sui v mt phn ngm xung cp cho cc n v cha nc nm di n. ng thi mc nc thay i theo ma v dao ng t 0,3 - 2,6 m. Thnh phn ha hc bin i theo ma khng ln, ch lm thay i th t tn gi ha hc ca nc. Tng cha nc t phn b hp, xa th, dn c tha nn tuy gn mt t nhng ch c ngha phc v sinh hot, nng nghip vi quy m h, nhm h gia nh sinh sng ven cc thung lng.
b. Tng cha nc Miocen (N13 - N2dl) Phn b ri rc xung quanh th x Bo Lc v Bc - ng Bc Di Linh, din tch khong 100 km2. Thnh phn gm cui si, ct th, set bentonit, diatomit, cc thu knh than nu xen kp cc lp mng bazan. B dy tng 4,5 - 195,8 m, trung bnh 20 - 70 m. Mc nc tnh 2,64 - 28 m. H s thm t 1,34 - 2,77 m/ngy. Kh nng cha nc yu: lu lng 0,04 - 0,56 l/s, trung bnh 0,2 l/s. Tng khong ha di 0,3 g/l; pH 5,5 - 8,2. Loi hnh ha hc nc thng l Bicarbonat - clorua natri hoc Clorua - bicarbonat magie. Ngun cung cp l nc ma, nc mt, nc t tng nm k trn n. Ngun thot l h thng sng, sui v bc hi trn b mt ca n. ng thi mc nc thay i theo ma, trung bnh 5 - 8 m. Mu nc phn tch vo ma ma c pH nh hn ma kh 2,4 n v (cng im ly mu). y l tng ngho nc, ch c ngha cp nc nh dn dng xa ni tp trung dn c.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Cc tng cha nc khe nt
a. Tng cha nc Pleistocen, Miocen - Pliocen v Miocen ( QIIxl, (N13 - N2)tp, N1n) Phn b rng ri nht th x Bo Lc, Bc Di Linh, c Trng v Nam n Dng, din tch khong 1.500km2. Thnh phn gm bt, st, sn, bauxit, bazan pyroxen, bazan olivin, bazan bt, tro vn ni la... B dy t 3 - 300m; trung bnh 50m; h s thm ca lp v phong ha 0,51 1,81m/ngy, ca gc 0,3 - 2,3m/ngy. Lu lng bin i mnh ty theo b dy, phong ha, nt n ca : 0,36 - 13,3 l/s. trung bnh 2 - 3 l/s. Nc c cht lng tt, a s thuc loi siu nht. pH trung bnh 7,2 - 8,1. ng thi mc nc bin i theo ma, ma kh su hn ma ma 2,64 - 7,6 m. Tng khong ha ging o v mch l v ma ma ln hn ma kh gn 5 ln (G72 - Lt) v 2 ln (L8 - Bo Lc). Ti th x Bo Lc v hai th trn Di Linh, c Trng tin hnh khai thc nc trong tng trn t nm 1962 n nay phc v cho sinh hot vi tr lng t vi trm n trn 5.000 m3/ngy.
b. Tng cha nc Creta gia (K2d) Phn b ch yu pha Nam - ng Nam Lt, pha Nam c Trng, din tch khong 700km2. Thnh phn gm Ryolit acit v tuf ca chng, cui kt, ct kt, ct - bt kt, st kt. B dy t 1.300 - 1.800m. Mc nc di t nng, t 1,0 - 8,5 m. H s thm 0,028 - 0,72 m/ngy, trung bnh 0,4 m/ngy. Lu lng 0,10 - 0,21 l/s; ging o c lu lng 0,03 - 0,1 l/s. Nc thuc loi siu nht n nht, tng khong ha 0,038 - 0,34 g/l. Loi hnh ha hc ph bin l Bicarbonat - cloruanatri canxi - magie hoc Bicarbonat canxi - magie. Ngun cung cp cho nc di t ch yu l nc ma. Nc thot i qua mng xm thc; bng hin tng bc hi v cung cp cho tng nm k vi n. ng thi mc nc bin i theo ma, ma ma ln hn ma kh 2 ln.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 26/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Tuy tng ny rng, b dy ln nhng ngho nc nn khng c kh nng cung cp nc tp trung m ch phc v sinh hot quy m h gia nh, canh tc nng nghip dc mng xm thc a phng vng ven hoc xa th.
c. Tng cha nc Jura gia (J2ln) Phn b pha Ty, Bc Lt, Th, Ct Tin; pha ng c Trng; Nam Di Linh v ri rc Ty Bc v ng Nam Bo Lc, din tch khong 3.000 km2. Thnh phn gm ct - bt kt, st kt, b dy t 400 - 800 m. Mc nc tnh t 1,0 m (l khoan 753 c Trng) n 5,3 m (l khoan 76 - Lt); ging o mc nc t 0,9 - 2,5 m. H s thm t 0,17 - 0,23 m/ngy. Lu lng cc l khoan t 0,21 - 0,83 l/s, ging o di 0,1 l/s. Nc c tng khong ha ph bin di 0,1 g/l. pH 6,63 - 7,8. Loi hnh ha hc nc ph bin l Clorua - bicarbonat natri. ng thi mc nc thay i theo ma, ma kh nc su hn ma ma t 0,896,64m. Tng cha nc Jura gia phn b kh rng, kh nng cha nc km, khng c trin vng cung cp nc cng nghip.
d. Thnh to a cht rt ngho nc v thc t khng c nc (yK2cn, yJ3p, J3bl) Phn b pha Ty Lt, ng Nam n Dng, pha Nam v Ty Bc Di Linh. Din tch khong 2.700km2. Thnh phn gm granit, alaskit, granitbiotit, granitioritbiotit, hoocblen, andesit, andesitdacit v tuf ca chng. B dy cha xc nh c. Ty Nam Di Linh c l khoan LT6 su 90 m nghin cu t gy trong thnh to ny cho lu lng 2,77 l/s; sn bay Cam Ly ( Lt) c l khoan 72 su 82 m cho lu lng 0,36 l/s, t lu lng 0,027 l/sm; cc ging o kho st Lt cho lu lng trung bnh 0,016 - 0,04 l/s; cc mch l cho lu lng 0,08 - 0,18 l/s; Nhn chung, cc xm nhp thuc loi rt ngho nc, chng ch c th cp nc cho h dn c sinh sng ri rc ni c a hnh thun li.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 27/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Cht lng nc ngm
- Nc ngm Lm ng thuc loi siu nht n nht. Loi hnh ha hc nc a s l loi hn hp, cng v pha Nam chuyn dn sang loi bicarbonat v bicarbonat - clorua. - Nc khng n mn sunfat, nhng c tnh n mn ra la. - So snh vi gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng ca cc thnh phn trong nc ngm phc v mc ch sinh hot theo TCXD 233 - 1999 th u t tiu chun nc loi B. Mt s ni vt gii hn v cng, nit, km, crom, thy ngn nh Th, Lt, Lc Dng v thnh phn st, pH, thy ngn Di Linh, n Dng. - Theo mc ch nui trng thy sn v mc ch ti cy th c 30% s mu khng t TCVN 5943 - 1995 v thnh phn st, pH nh Ct Tin, Ph Hi, Lin Ngha (c Trng).
II.3. Tng quan v ri ro mi trng

II.3.1 Mt s khi nim c bn
Ri ro mi trng (Risk environment)
Ri ro mi trng l xc sut ca mt tc ng bt li ln con ngi hoc mi trng do tip xc vi mi nguy hi. Ri ro thng c biu din bng xc sut xy ra tc ng c hi khi hu qu ca s thit hi tnh ton c.
Phn tch ri ro (Risk Analysis)
Phn tch ri ro l s s dng c h thng nhng thng tin c sn xc nh cc mi nguy hi v c lng ri ro i vi c nhn, qun th, ti sn, hoc mi trng. Phn tch ri ro bao gm vic xc nh cc s c khng mong mun, cc nguyn nhn v cc hu qu ca cc s c .
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Thng qua tin trnh nh gi ri ro, cc kt qu ca phn tch ri ro c s dng cho vic ra quyt nh hoc thng qua xp hng tng i ca cc chin lc gim thiu ri ro hay thng qua so snh vi cc mc tiu gim thiu ri ro.
nh gi ri ro mi trng (Environment risk assessment - ERA)
nh gi ri ro mi trng l hot ng nhm xc nh con ngi hay cc yu t mi trng b tc ng tn hi bi nhim t, nc v khng kh. iu s cho php ngi qun l quyt nh v vic qun l cc ri ro trong vng c lin quan.
M hnh nh gi ri ro
M hnh nh gi ri ro l qu trnh xc nh cc nguyn nhn gy ri ro trn c s cc tc ng xy ra, qua xc nh cc tc nhn nghi ng v mi lin h gia chng vi cc tc ng c hi, th hin qua cc chui s liu v bng chng lin quan thu thp c.
Qun l ri ro mi trng
Qun l ri ro mi trng l thit lp v thc hin chnh sch, chn lc v thc hin cc hot ng phn ng li ri ro v gim bt ri ro sao cho chi ph hp l nht. Qun l ri ro cung cp cc thng tin nguy c cho cc nh qun l d n phc v cho vic ra quyt nh, l mt qu trnh thc thi cc quyt nh v la chn hay chp nhn ri ro. Qun l ri ro mi trng l cch tip cn tt nht cn bng gia li ch kinh t x hi v ri ro mi trng. Vn gim thiu ti a hoc gim mc c th tm chp nhn cc nh hng bt li i vi nhng vn ri ro, i vi nhng ngi to ra ri ro hoc chu trch nhim v qun l ri ro.
II.3.2. Cc loi nh gi ri ro
nh gi ri ro sinh thi (Ecology risk assessment - EcoRA)
nh gi ri ro sinh thi ch trng n qun th, qun x v nhng nh hng ca cc cht ln t l t vong v kh nng sinh sn. EcoRA nh gi trn din rng, trn rt nhiu sinh vt. nh gi ri ro sinh thi c 3 nhm:
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
- nh gi ri ro sinh thi do ho cht. - nh gi ri ro sinh thi i vi cc ha cht bo v thc vt. - nh gi ri ro sinh thi i vi sinh vt bin i gen.
nh gi ri ro cng nghip (Industrial risk assessment -IRA)
nh gi ri ro cng nghip bao gm cc ni dung: - nh gi ri ro i vi cc a im c bit c s pht thi khng theo quy trnh. - nh gi ri ro i vi cc a im c bit c s pht thi theo quy trnh. - nh gi ri ro trong giao thng. - nh gi ri ro trong vic lp k hoch ti chnh. - nh gi ri ro sn phm v nh gi chu trnh sn phm. - a ra cc s liu v gim thiu ri ro.
nh gi ri ro chin lc (Strategic Risk Assessment SRA)
nh gi ri ro chin lc l nh gi ri ro cho cc chnh sch v cng c kinh t ca vic xy dng pht trin lm nn tng, nh gi cc bn lin quan cng nh nhng bin i vn c ca mi trng t nhin nhm vo vic tiu chun ho ri ro so snh mt tin trnh d dng hn khi ri ro mi trng c th xy ra do nhiu ngun khc nhau nh nhim bu kh quyn t cc trm nng lng, ngp lt khu vc i b, r r t cc khu vc nng lng ht nhn nh gi ri ro chin lc nhm mc tiu: so snh tnh ri ro khc nghit t cc ngun, xc nh r khu vc c th gim thiu ch s ri ro ln nht v xc nh cc chnh sch thn thin cho mt s vn quy nh t li ch ln nht.
nh gi ri ro hi c
nh gi ri ro hi c l nh gi mi quan h nhn qu gia cc tc ng sinh thi quan st c v cc tc nhn c trong mi trng. nh gi ri ro hi c cp n nhng ri ro v cc hot ng din ra trong qu kh v do n tr li cu hi: C nhng bng chng g chng t mi nguy hi xy ra vi i tng?.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 30/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Trong nh gi hi c, iu quan trng l xc nh c cc tc ng chnh v phn tch nguyn nhn ca chng. Cch tip cn ny cho php rt ra kt lun v cc nguyn nhn ca nhng tc hi quan st c v thng i hi phi so snh cc chui s liu thi gian v khng gian. Vic so snh s gip xc nh xem ri ro sinh ra t ngun c th no.
nh gi ri ro sc kho (Health risk assessment - HRA)
nh gi ri ro sc kho l tin trnh s dng cc thng tin thc t xc nh s phi nhim ca c th hay qun th i vi vt liu nguy hi hay hon cnh nguy hi. HRA quan tm n nhng c nhn, cng vi tnh trng bnh tt v s ngi t vong. nh gi ri ro sc kho c 3 nhm chnh:
- Ri ro do cc ngun vt l (c quan tm nhiu nht l nhng ri ro v bc x t
cc nh my ht nhn hoc cc trung tm nghin cu ht nhn).

- Ri ro do cc ho cht (nhng c cht c trong mi trng t nhin hoc nhn to). - Ri ro sinh hc (nh gi ri ro i vi lnh vc an ton thc phm, hoc nh gi
ri ro i vi nhng sinh vt bin i gen).

(Ngun: L Th Hng Trn, 2008)
CHNG III. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

III.1. Xy dng mng li quan trc
III.1.1 Kho st cc c s d liu
xy dng mng li quan trc, cn phn tch cc d liu v s ging, phn b nc ngm v phn b dn c ca vng nghin cu. Cc d liu c tng hp li v xem xt nh sau:
III.1.1.1. Phn b ging trong huyn

Cn c bn hnh chnh, phn b mt dn c cc thn, x trong 2 huyn v phn b ging khoan trong huyn, qua kho st thc t, nhn thy khong 90% s h dn c ging, c nhng h c 2 ging, c ging khoan v ging o (s cn li dng nc t mch l chy t nhin trn ni hoc dng nc sui), trong s h c ging, khong 60% c ging khoan, s cn li dng ging o. Vy ly mu u theo phn b ging, tuy nhin u tin nhng vng ng dn c v u tin ging khoan hn ging o.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
III.1.1.2. Phn b nc ngm
Hnh III.1. Bn nc ngm hai huyn n Dng, c Trng Tnh Lm ng
Cn c vo bn nc ngm v nghin cu kt qu xy dng bn nc ngm t l 1:25000 cho hai huyn c Trng v n Dng, nhn thy vng trng im nc ngm ca n Dng tp trung cc x Tutra, Ka, rn, Thnh M, Qung lp (nhng ch tp trung mt phn ca cc x hng v tm im l pha th trn Thnh M. Vng trng im nc ngm ca c Trng tp trung cc x Ninh Gia, Ninh Loan, Ph Hi, Tn Thnh, Hip Thnh, Bnh Thnh, Lin Ngha (c th hin trn bn nc ngm). Vy u tin ly nhiu mu nhng vng lu lng nc ngm ln.
III.1.2. Chia li ly mu
III.1.2.1. Xc nh s mu mi x
Sau khi nghin cu bn nc ngm, xc nh nhng khu vc u tin ly mu nhiu v tin hnh kho st thc t trn cc tuyn ng giao thng ca huyn v dng my
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 32/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
GPS nh v nhng khu vc s ly mu, thu c bng s liu v s lng mu mi x trong hai huyn nh sau:
Bng III.1. Phn b s mu huyn n Dng
Tn X
S Dn
Din Mt Xp th 2 tch (km ) (ngi/km2) t mt 118.35 118.69 62.79 165.55 223.94 125.11 241.17 515.05 420.42 487.53 160.64 9 8 10 6 5 7 4 1 3 2
Tr lng nc Trung Bnh Nh Nh Ln Trung Bnh Ln Ln Ln Nh Ln
S lng mu 6 4 4 6 2 7 3 4 2 2 40
TT. Dran Lc Xun Pr TuTra Kan Ka rn Thnh m Lc Lm Qung Lp Tng cng
16024 135.40 12154 102.40 5519 8308 7814 9081 4729 87.90 37.10 32.40 21.60 9.70 12251 74.00 11035 88.20 11125 21.60
98040 610.30
Tng t huyn n Dng, t cc u tin vi khu vc c din tch ln v dn s ng cng nh u tin nhng khu vc c tr lng nc ngm ln, ta c bng phn b s mu huyn c Trng nh sau:
Bng III.2. Phn b s mu huyn c Trng
Tn x T Nng a Quyn T Hine Ninh Gia Ninh Loan Ph Hi Loan
S dn 5304 4109 3715 12936 4794 18202 10239
Xp th Tr Din tch Mt t mt Lng (ha) (ngi/km2) nc 15000 11000 4330 14370 3250 10700 5490 35.36 37.35 85.80 90.02 147.51 170.11 186.50 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 t t Ln Ln Ln t
S lng mu 3 3 6 2 6 3
Trung bnh 2
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 33/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
N'Thon H Hip An Tn Thnh Lin Hip Hip Thnh Tn Hi Bnh Thnh Lin Ngha Tng cng
6765 10368 5763 12239 15402 10828 7240 50048 177952
3530 5400 2270 3580 3690 2360 1540 3740 90250
191.64 192.00 253.88 341.87 417.40 458.81 470.13 1338.18 1.97176731
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Trung bnh 2 Trung bnh 4 Ln Ln Ln Ln 2 3 2 3 45 Trung bnh 3 Trung bnh 2
III.1.2.2. Xc nh v tr ly mu trn li
T s lng mu ca mi x, da trn din tch mi vng, tin hnh chia li ly mu trung bnh khong 4km x 4km vi c Trng v 3km x 3km vi n Dng, thu c bn chia li v cc v tr ly mu nh sau:
Hnh III.3. Bn chia li 3km v cc im ly mu huyn n Dng
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 34/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Hnh III.4. Bn chia li 4km v cc im ly mu huyn c Trng
III.2. Tin hnh ly mu

Sau khi xy dng mng li quan trc, chia li ly mu v xc nh s mu cho mi x (tp trung vo khu vc nc ngm trng im), ti tin hnh cc bc ly mu vi tin trnh c th nh sau:
III.3.1. K hoch ly mu
K hoch ly mu c lp trc khi thc hin qu trnh ly mu, da trn s lng mu (th tch, khi lng mu, thi gian ly mu ti a) c th ly trong ngy v da trn qung ng di chuyn gia cc v tr ly mu. Sau , trong qu trnh ly mu th iu chnh s lng v a bn ly mu sao cho hp l vi qu trnh ly mu trn thc t. C th, k hoch ly mu thc hin theo tin trnh nh sau:
Bng III.3. K hoch ly mu
Thi gian
Nguyn Th Thu
a im ly
S mu ly
Huyn
Trang 35/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
26/03/2011 27/03/2011 28/03/2011 07/04/2011 05/04/2011 06/04/2011
Bnh Thnh, NThol H, Lin Hip, Hip Thnh Quyn, T Nng, Loan T Hine, Ninh Loan Ninh Gia, Ph Hi, Hip An Lin Ngha, Tn Thnh Tn Hi, Hip An Dran, Lc Xun, Ka , Lc Lm Rn, Tutra, Ka n, Qung Lp Pr, Thnh M, Rn.
10 13 14 8 18 22 n Dng c Trng
III.3.2. Dng c ly mu
Cng vic chun b dng c (ha cht, pipet, bnh xp cha , ti bng en ng mu) v chun b chai l ng mu phi c chun b cn thn trc khi ly mu khng nh hng n cht lng mu. Cc chai nha (v chai nc sui) dng cha ha cht v mu phi c ra sch bng nc my, trng bng nc ct, sau trng bng HCl(10%) v phi trng bng mu nc s ly ngay trc khi cha mu.
III.3.3. Xc nh v tr ly mu
Dng thit b GPS nh v nhng v tr xc nh trc trn bn sao cho ta im ly mu gn vi ta im xc nh nht (S 2.102). i trn tuyn ng ly mu sao cho cc v tr ly mu cch nhau khong 3-5km (theo li 3km v 4km).
III.3.4. Ly mu (Theo TCVN 6000: 1995 Tiu chun ly mu nc ngm)

- Tho ht cc ng dn v vt liu nha, cao su khi ng dn sao cho khong cch t mch nc ngm n v tr ming ng ly nc l ngn nht. - Dng khn giy lau sch ming ng ly nc. - Vn ng chy mnh trong 1 pht. Sau bm chy nh thm 10 pht - Quan st cc yu t mu nc, tc chy v o cc thng s o nhanh ngoi thc a, n khi thy cc yu t mu nc, pH, c, tc chy v nhit u din
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 36/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
bin kh u n th bt u hng 3 chai ly mu ln lt vo dng chy t ng bm sao cho thi gian chy y 3 chai l nh nhau, - Trn 3 chai mu n vo nhau v ly 1 th tch mu t hp xc nh (c ghi trong nht k v bin bn ly mu). - Khng ly y chai, khong trng lc mu trc khi phn tch. Lu : 1) u tin ging khoan hn ging o 2) u tin ging su hn ging nng 3) Bm GPS nh v v tr ly mu 4) Chp hnh khi ly mu 5) Ghi chp thi tit v nhng im bt thng khc khi ly mu
III.3.5. X l, bo qun mu
Sau khi cha mu vo chai, nh t t HCl sao cho HCl chim 1% v th tch trong dung dch mu nc thu. ng mu trong ti bng en v t trong bnh , nhanh chng chuyn v phn tch. V iu kin ly khong 10-15 mu trong ngy nn mu c bo qun lu nht trong iu kin ti bng en v bnh l 8 ting (9h sng n 18h chiu).
III.3.6. Ghi nht k ly mu

Tm hiu lu lng bm, cng sut, thi gian ging s dng, thi gian v lu lng nc ch h s dng trong ngy, mc ch s dng, ng knh ng bm ging khoan, ng knh ming ging o, su ca ging. (Ph lc 5, 6)
III.3.7. Lp bin bn ly mu
Bin bn ly mu gm tn mu, thi gian ly mu, tn ch h, a ch, s in thoi, c ch k xc nhn ca ch h v mt c quan chc nng -Phng Ti nguyn Mi trng huyn) xc nhn ly mu ng thi gian, a im v quy cch ra nh trn (Ph lc 11)
III.3. Phn tch hm lng arsen
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 37/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
- Ton b s mu (85 mu -40 mu n Dng v 45 mu c Trng) c Vin Nghin Cu Ht Nhn ti Lt Lm ng phn tch nng arsen bng phng php AAS theo TCVN 6626: 2000, (xc nh arsen bng phng php o ph hp th nguyn t k thut hydrua ha).
III.3.1. Phng php hp th nguyn t k thut hidrua ho

Quy trnh phn tch as bng phng php AAS c th tm tt trong s sau:
Mu nc (200mL) 2 mL KI 10% 2 mL Na2S2O3 10% Lc 30 pht Dung dch nc X l kt qu, Tnh ton hm lng
Bo qun bng 2 mL HCl, lc u Dung dch nc As (V) 2 mL DBDTC 1% Lc 20 pht Lc kt ta - ngui 1-2 ngy - o hot phng x
Dung dch nc 2 mL DBDTC 1% Lc 20 pht Lc kt ta Kt ta As (III)
Chiu x (20 pht)
S III.1. Quy trnh phn tch As bng phng php AAS
III.3.1.1. Nguyn l chung ca phng php

Da vo tnh cht d to hp cht hidrua cng ha tr ca nguyn t As d bay hi, d b phn hu, ngi ta ch to b to kh hidrua kt hp h thng nguyn t ha, kh ny c dn vo b phn nguyn t ho mu v o quang hp th ca chng. As to hp cht hidrua cng ho tr c cng thc AsH 3. Trong hp cht ny As c s oxy ho -3, v vy ngi ta phi tin hnh phn ng kh As cc dng khc v As -3. Dng cht kh l NaBH4, trong mi trng axit NaBH4 c phn ng: NaBH4 + 3H2O + HCl -> H3BO3 + 8H+ + NaCl H+ l hidro mi sinh c tnh kh mnh nn khi c mt cc hp cht ca As, n thc hin ngay qu trnh kh: Asn- + (m+n)H+ -> AsHn + mH+
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 38/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
chuyn ho ton b As thnh AsH3, th trc ht phi oxi ho As ln As 5+, sau kh v As3+ v cui cng chuyn ho thnh AsH3 theo s : As (III,V)->As(V)->As(III)->AsH3. Hp cht AsH3, c mang vo bung nguyn t ho bng dng kh tr (Ar) lin tc.
III.3.1.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php trc quang so mu

C s l thuyt ca phng php da trn nh lut c bn ca hin tng hp th bc x in t ca mt dung dch mang mu, nh lut Bonguer Lambert beer Tia phn x IR
Io I
Khi chiu mt chm tia sng n sc qua mt dung dch ng nht mang mu, mt phn tia sng s b hp th bi dung dch, mc hp th bc x in t ca dung dch ph thuc vo nng ca cht mang mu, b dy ca lp dung dch, bn cht hp th bc x. Nu gi: Io l cng chm tia sng i vo dung dch. I l cng chm tia sng sau khi i qua dung dch. C l nng cht hp th nh sng trong dung dch. l h s tt phn t ca cht hp th bc x. Khi , mi quan h ph thuc gia cng chm tia sng b hp th v nng cht hp th trong dung dch tun theo nh lut Bonguer Lambert beer c biu din theo phng trnh sau: Lg I/Io = .L.C Nu gi A l mt quang c trng cho kh nng hp th ca dung dch mang mu, khi phng trnh ca nh lut Bonguer Lambert beer tr thnh: A = .L.C
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 39/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
i lng ph thuc vo bn cht cht hp th, vo di ca sng nh sng i qua vo nhit v v nguyn tc khng ph thuc vo dung mi. Ngoi i lng mt quang ngi ta cn s dng truyn quang T biu th cho mc trong sut ca dung dch mu i vi bc sng n sc. T = I/Io Tuy nhin nh lut ch ng trong mt s cc iu kin sau: - nh sng i qua phi l tia n sc. - Nng ca dung dch mu phi nm trong khong gii hn nht nh. - Khng p dng nh lut i vi cc dung dch hunh quang hoc huyn ph. - Phc mu phi c hng s bn ln hn 10 7. Khi phc cng bn th vic ko ion cn xc nh vo phc cng tt v khi pha long th s phn ly ca phc l khng ng k do chnh xc s cao hn. - Phc c thnh phn khng i mt quang n nh trong mt thi gian di v i ti u rng s thay i nh ca pH khng nh hng n mt quang. - Phc mu c h s hp th phn t ln. - Ngoi ra trong qu trnh phn tch, cc cht khng mang mu c nng ln trong dung dch i khi nh hng ti tc hp th nh sng v c mt s cc yu t vt l, ho hc khc c th dn ti s sai lch so vi nh lut Bonguer Lambert beer.
Theo phng trnh ca nh lut th th biu din mi quan h gia mt quang v nng ca hp cht mang mu l mt ng thng i qua gc ta nhng thc t th c s sai lch ra khi ng thng nhng nng qu ln hoc qu nh. S sai lch nhng nng nh thng do nguyn nhn ha hc cn nhng nng ln thng do nguyn nhn vt l gy ra. Cc nguyn nhn vt l ch yu l do nh hng ca n sc. nh lut v hp th quang ch ng khi bc x in t l n sc, tuy nhin, trn thc t th kh c th to ra mt chm tia n sc tuyt i. Khi n sc khng tt s gy ra s sai lch m. khc phc sai s ny nn chn bc sng o hp th quang trng vi bc sng c hp th cc i ca dung dch nghin cu v chn my o c n sc tt.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 40/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Cc nguyn nhn ha hc gy ra ch yu do bn cht ca dung dch kho st, c th l do nh hng ca s pha long hoc do nh hng ca pH. S pha long i khi lm thay i dng tn ti ca cht hp th v do lm thay i s hp th. Ngoi ra khi thay i pH s lm dch chuyn cn bng ha hc v do cng lm nh hng ti s hp th bc x in t ca dung dch nghin cu.
III.3.1.3. Cc phng php xc nh nng

Xc nh nng trc tip t nh lut c bn:
T phng trnh nh lut A = .L.C c th xc nh c nng ca cht cn phn tch, tuy nhin phng php ny ch c th ng dng trong trng hp phng trnh ca nh lut c tun theo mt cch cht ch. Phng php th chun:
Khi thc hin php phn tch hng lot th phng php xc nh nng thut li nht l s dng th chun. dng th chun cn chun b mt dy mu chun vi nng bit tng dn, tin hnh xc nh mt quang ca dy mu chun ny vi lng thuc th v cc iu kin ch ha khc l nh nhau. ng chun l mt ng thng biu din mi quan h tuyn tnh gia gi tr mt quang o c v nng ca cht chun. Da vo phng trnh th ng chun c th xc nh c hm lng ca cht cn phn tch trong mu. Phng php thm chun:
Chun b mt dy mu chun vi nng bit tng dn, thm vo mi mu chun mt th tch nht nh ca mu phn tch, tin hnh xc nh mt quang ca dy mu chun v mu phn tch ny vi lng thuc th v cc iu kin ch ha khc l nh nhau. Tng t phng php ng chun, nng ca cht phn tch c xc nh da trn ng biu din mi quan h tuyn tnh gia mt quang o c v nng cht chun. Phng php vi sai:
Trong phng php ny mt quang ca dung dch o khng phi so snh vi dung mi hoc dung dch so snh thng thng theo nh ngha m dung dch so snh y l dung dch c nng bit ca cht cn nghin cu.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
III.3.2. Thit b phn tch bng AAS

III.3.2.1. Ngun pht ra bc x n sc
Chn h thng n catot rng (HCl). n ny c cu to gm ba phn chnh: Thn n v ca s, cc in cc catot v anot, kh trong n (kh tr He, Ar, N2). Anot c cu to bng kim loi tr v bn nhit nh W hay Pt. Catot c ch to c dng hnh xylanh hay hnh ng rng c ng knh t 3-5 mm, di 5-6 mm v chnh bng kim loi cn phn tch vi tinh khit cao (t nht 99.9%). Dy dn ca catot cng l kim loi W hay Pt. C hai in cc c gn cht trn b ca thn n v cc catot phi nm ng trc xuyn tm ca n. Ngun nui l ngun mt chiu c th 220-240 V. Nguyn tc lm vic: Khi n lm vic, catot c nung , gia catot v anot xy ra s phng in lin tc. Do s phng in m mt s phn t kh b ion ha. Cc ion va c sinh ra s tn cng vo catot lm b mt catot nng v mt s nguyn t kim loi trn b mt catot b ha hi v n tr thnh nhng nguyn t kim loi t do. Khi di tc dng ca nhit trong n HCl ang c t nng , cc nguyn t kim loi ny b kch thch v pht ra ph pht x ca n. chnh l ph vch ca chnh kim loi lm catot rng. Nhng v trong iu kin lm vic c bit ca mi trng kh tr c p sut thp, nn ph pht x ch bao gm cc vch nhy ca kim loi .
III.3.2.2. H thng nguyn t ha mu

Qu trnh nguyn t ha trong ngn la gm hai bc k tip nhau. - Bc 1 l chuyn dung dch mu phn tch thnh th cc ht nh nh sng m trn u vi kh mang v kh chy. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh aerosol ha hay nebulize ha. - Bc 2 l dn hn hp aerosol cng hn hp kh t vo n nguyn t ha. H thng ny gi l Nebulizer system, n gm hai phn chnh: - n nguyn t ha mu (burner head) - Bung aerosol ha mu theo hai loi k thut: + Aerosol ha mu theo k thut pneumatic-mao dn: K thut ny ngi ta dng h thng Nebulize v kh mang to ra th sol kh ca mu phn tch nh hin tng mao
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
dn. Trc ht nh ng mao dn S v dng kh mang K m dung dch mu c dn vo bung aerosol ha. Trong bung ny, dung dch mu c nh tung thnh th bi nh qu bi E v cnh qut Q, ri c trn u vi hn hp kh t v c dn ln n nguyn t ha. + Aerosol ha mu bng siu m: Theo k thut ny, aerosol ha mu phn tch ngi ta dung h thng siu m c tn s 1-4.5MHz. Di tc dng ca lc siu m, mu dung dch c phn tn thnh nhng ht rt nh v trn u vi hn hp kh dn ln n nguyn t ha.
III.3.2.3. Chun b ha cht

- Dung dch NaBohydrua: ho tan 8g NaBH4 trong 20mL NaOH 0.1N, pha hng ngy - Dung dch NaI: ha tan 50g NaI trong 100ml nc ct, pha ch hng ngy, c th thay bng KI cng lng tng ng H2SO4 18N (ng vi H2SO2 t l 1:1) - H2SO4 2.5N: rt cn thn 35ml H 2SO4 vo 400ml nc ct, ngui, nh mc n 800ml. - Dung dch K2S2O8 5%: ha tan 25g K2S2O8 trong 800ml nc ct ng trong bnh thy bo qun trong t lnh, pha ch hng tun. - Acid Nitric HNO3 m c, acid percloric HClO4, acid clohidric HCl, kh Ar/N2, Ar/He
Dung dch chun As v c:
- Dung dch chun gc As(III): ha tan 1.32g As 2O3 trong mu nc ct c cha 4g NaOH. nh mc ti 1000ml (1ml cha 1mg As(III)). - Dung dch chun lm vic As(III): pha long 10ml dd chun gc As(III) ti 1000ml bng nc ct c pha long 5ml HCl (1ml cha 10mg As(III)) - Dung dch chun As(III): pha long 10ml dd chun ti 1000ml bng nc ct c cha 2-5ml HNO3 (1ml cha 0.1mg As(III)).
Dung dch chun As(V):
- Dung dch gc: Ha tan 1.534g As2O5 trong mu nc ct cha 4g NaOH pha long n 1000ml(1ml cha 1mg As(V)).
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 43/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
- Dung dch chun lm vic As(V) : pha long dd gc 100 ln (1ml cha 10mg As(V)) - Pha dung dch chun: pha long dung dch chun lm vic 100 ln (1ml cha 0.1mg As(V))
Dung dch chun As hu c:
- Ha tan 1.842g (CH3)2AsOOH (acid dimethylarsenic) trong nc cha 4g NaOH, pha long n 1000ml (1ml cha 1mg As). Ch kim tra tinh khit ca acid theo dung dch As tiu chun (50-100mg/l) bng quang ph hp thu nguyn t. - Dung dch chun lm vic As hu c: Pha ch nh trn (1ml cha 10mg As). - Dung dch chun As hu c: Pha ch nh trn (1ml cha 0.1mg As)
III.3.2.4. Quy trnh phn tch Vn hnh my

Lp my theo ti liu hng dn dng my, ni bnh phn ng vi st kh. iu chnh tc dng kh l 2L/pht (nu c ng lm kh ni gia bnh phn ng v ng nguyn t ha mu th dng CaCl2 thay v s dng CaSO4 v n gi SeH4 li). Trc khi dng h sinh kh hydrua, phi xc nh thng s my ti u. Phun dung dch cha Arsen vo ngn la (iu chnh v tr ng nguyn t ha sao cho t mt quang cc i). Phun dung dch trng cho n khi loi hon ton dung dch lu li (Xc nh tc kh mang, nng v tc nh git NaBH 4, th tch dung dch v tc khuy t c tc hydrua ha cc i.
Nu s dng dung dch ng thch anh cn chn nhit ti u. Vic nh git NaBH 4 qu nhanh khin hydrua thot ra nhanh s lm mt cn bng h. Khi tc kh mang qu ln th tn hiu hp thu s gim. (Nn dng bc sng 193.7 nm cho Arsen).
Xc nh ng chun
Dy chun c chun b trong bnh dnh mc 100 mL theo th t sau: Ly 0.00; 1.0; 2.0; 10; 15; 20 dung dch lm vic Arsen (III) pha long n 100ml bng dung dch HNO 3
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 44/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
(2-5mL HNO3 c trong 1L nc ct) ta thu dy chun vi nng t 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20mg Asen (III)/L, pha dung dch chun hng ngy. Chun b mu v chun Arsen xc nh li ti hin hon ton ca Arsen lm theo hai bc trn. Trong bnh Berzelin dung tch 200ml, trong 50ml mu chun thm vo 7ml mu chun bng Asen(III) (dung dch chun c pha ch bng cch ly 10ml dung dch lm vic vo cc c m v pha ch thnh 50ml, thm vo 7ml H 2SO4 18N v 5ml HNO3 c. Sau em c cho n khi xut hin kh SO3). Duy tr iu kin oxy ha bng cch thm vo lin tc HNO 3 vo trnh cho dung dch khng b m mu. Khi phn hy hon ton dung dch s c mu sng. ngui thm vo 25ml nc ct v 1 ml HClO 4 v li c tip loi ht kh oxit nit (cho n khi bc khi SO3). Ch cn thn khi tip xc vi HClO4. Kim tra hiu qu qu trnh phn hy bng cch cho thm 5ml dung dch chun Asen hu c vo 50ml mu v xc nh tc ti hin. X l cc mu chun theo ton b quy trnh nh gi ti hin tng s v ti hin trung bnh ca Asen trong axit clohydric phi trn 80%. Mt cch khc c th dng bnh kjeldahl phn hy trong vic xc nh ti hin tng s ca Asen bng cch nng cao hiu sut mu. Sau ln c cui cng, pha long mu bng nc ct ti 50ml.
Chun b mu v dy chun o tng Arsen

Ly 50ml dung dch mu hoc chun cho vo bnh Berzelin 200mL thm vo 1mL H2SO4 2.5N v 5mL dung dch K2S2O8- 5%, c nh trn bp cch ct khong 30-40 pht, khng c dung dch c cn. Cch khc c th un dung dch trong autoclave 120 oC trong 1 gi. Sau khi phn hy xong, pha long ti 50mL o asen, kim tra hiu sut phn hy bng cch xc nh ti hin ca acid cacolodic nu thp th phi phn hy li vi dung lng K2S2O8 tng gp i.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Xc nh Arsen
Thm 5mL HCl c vo 50mL chun hoc mu b phn hy trong bnh Berzelin 200mL v khuy u thm tip, thm 5mL NaI v khuy tip t nht 30 pht, ly ng sc kh, phu nh git v ng thot kh vo bnh berzelin, m my ghi cho n khi ng nn n nh. Trong lc sc kh ui tt c kim loi ra khi bnh phn ng, thm 0.5mL NaBH4 vo bnh. Tn hiu tng nhanh v ri gim. Khi tn hiu tr li nn, ly bnh ra, ra ng phun bng nc ri tip tc lm vi chun kim tra tn hiu, kim tra cc cht gy nh hng ha hc lm gim tn hiu ca Arsen bng cch x l mu phn hy vi dung dch arsen (III) c nng 10mg/L. ti hin trung bnh phi t 90%.
Tnh ton kt qu
Dng ng chun cao ca pic theo nng chun. Xc nh nng mu theo ng chun, nu mu c pha long trc khi phn hy th chia phn kt qu o c vi h s pha long. Kt qu c tnh theo mg/L. nhy ca phng php ny l 2g/L.
III.4. Phng php nh gi ri ro

Vi mc tiu nh gi nh hng ca ngun nc ngm b nhim arsen ti ngi dn, ti tin hnh phng php nh gi ri ro sc khe, c th l nh gi ri ro do ha cht trong t nhin ( nu cui chng I). Cc bc nh gi ri ro theo phng php ny c tin hnh theo s III.2 di y:
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 46/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Nhn din mi nguy hi
c lng mi nguy hi (nh gi c tnh)
nh gi phi nhim
M t c tnh ri ro
Cng ng dn c Mi nguy hi Con ng phi nhim
Qun l ri ro S III.2. M hnh nh gi ri ro hi
S III.3. M hnh nhn din mi nguy
(Ngun: Smith, 1988 v ADB, 1991)
Tuy nhin, vi iu kin nghin cu ca kha lun, ti ch tin hnh n bc m t c tnh ri ro (tnh ton v nh gi ri ro) xy dng c s d liu cho cc nh qun l thit k chng trnh qun l ri ro.
III.4.1. Nhn din mi nguy hi

S hin din ri ro mi trng xut hin khi c s c mt ca c 3 yu t: - Mi nguy hi (c pht hin c cht hay khng?) - Cng ng dn c b ri ro - Cc con ng phi nhim Khi c 3 yu t cng nm trong 1 i tng, vn ri ro c xc nh l tn ti. Khi trong i tng nh gi ch mang 2 yu t th i tng mang ri ro tim tng. Khi mi yu t ny ng ring l th khng pht hin ri ro. Vi iu kin ca khu vc kho st l hai huyn n Dng v c trng, ti nhn nh: c cng ng dn c v cc con ng phi nhim (n ung, tm git, ti tiu bng ngun nc ngm). Nh vy i tng nghin cu mang ri ro tim tng. xc nh chnh xc s hin hu ca ri ro, ti tin hnh xc nh mi nguy hi, tc l xc nh c pht hin arsen trong ngun nc ngm m ngi dn s dng n ung hay khng.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
III.4.2. c lng mi nguy hi

Mc ri ro ca khu vc nghin cu chia lm 3 mc c bn: - Khu vc ri ro thp: khng c tc nhn gy nhim - Khu vc ri ro trung bnh: c tc nhn nhim gii hn, khng c s phn ng hay p tr li, cn cc bin php bo v mi trng v sc khe con ngi (nng c cht cao hn TCVN). - Khu vc ri ro cao: nhim cao hoc c cc ngun thi c hi, cn bin php bo v mi trng v con ngi (nng c cht cao gp nhiu ln TCVN).
III.4.3. nh gi c tnh
nh gi ri ro mi trng cn phi xt n c lng mi nguy hi vi mc ch: - Xem xt h thng chung c thnh phn l cc vn ring - Xc nh tn sut xut hin v mc nguy him ca cc hu qu - Xc nh ranh gii ca nhng vn thc tin tng ng v mt qun l, cng ngh - Lit k nhng vn ng lo ngi - Xc nh trc nhng s c bt cht - Xc nh chnh xc i tng nh hng - Tc ng qua li gy ra t nhng ngun khc nhau Trong bc ny, nhiu m hnh ton hc cng vi cc phng php nh gi c tnh c s dng xc nh cc cht nhim, c tnh mi nguy hi nh phng php th nghim c t, phng php bnh hc, nghin cu triu chng lm sng v nghin cu dch t hc, xc nh mi quan h liu lng -p ng. Vi ni dung ca ti, c tnh ca arsen c nh gi l rt nguy hi v c cht ny c xp vo loi c cht loi A (ngun: USEPA, 1990). V vy, ti ch tin hnh m t c tnh ri ro.
III.4.4. M t c tnh ri ro
M t c tnh ri ro m m hnh ha hoc c lng phm vi cc tc ng bt li n ngun tip nhn tim nng di iu kin phi nhim ang xt.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Ty vo mi loi nh gi ri ro m c nhng phng php v cng thc tnh ri ro ring. Vi mi phng php cng ty vo i tng c nh gi m yu t dng tnh ton c ngha khc nhau. Nhn chung, ri ro c th c tnh ton bng nhiu phng php, trong , phng php ti s dng nh sau: Ri ro = f(I) * f(P) - f(D)
Trong :
- f(I) l hm ca c tnh t nhin hoc c tnh nguy him ca mi nguy hi, n hin din nh bn cht ri ro. - f(P) l hm ca s lng vt cht v mi nguy hi pht thi vo mi trng v tt c s tch ly c lin quan n cc thng s ha hc, vt l, sinh hc ca sn phm, n cng bao hm c trng hp c bit khi mi trng kho st c nhng thng s in hnh ring. - f(D) hin din nh yu t gii php bo v m chc nng chnh c th l c vic ngn nga v bin php bo v lm gim n mc thp nht cc nh hng v sc khe v cc mi nguy hi. y cng l phng php tnh ri ro ca ti, vi ni dung c nghin cu th f(I) l ch s c tnh ca arsen, f(P) l hm ca cc thng s (bao hm c nng arsen trong nc ngm phn tch c), dng tnh ton liu lng tip nhn (tch ly) vo c th ngi dn dng ngun nc ny lm nc n ung sinh hot, cn f(D) coi nh bng khng, v vi iu kin nghin cu ca kha lun, ti tm thi coi hm lng arsen hin khng c gim thiu nh mt bin php phng trnh hay o thi no ca c th, ca bn thn ngi dn cng nh ca cc cp chnh quyn. C th, trong trng hp ny, f(P), ng vai tr l liu lng phi nhim bng ch s CDI: Liu lng ha cht vo c th lin tc mi ngy (Chronic daily intake). Vy nh gi ri ro cho mt cng ng dn c, cn tin hnh theo cc bc thc hin sau: Bc 1. Tnh ton liu lng phi nhim theo cng thc sau:
CDI = C CR EF ED AT BW
(*)
Trong : CDI: liu lng ha cht vo c th (mg/(kg th trng ngy)) C: nng ha cht trong mi trng ti im phi nhim (mg/L, mg/m3)
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
CR: tc phi nhim (L/ngy, m3 /ngy). EF: mc phi nhim thng xuyn( ngy/nm). ED: khong thi gian phi nhim (nm) BW: trng lng c th (kg) AT: thi gian phi nhim trung bnh (ngy) Khi phi nhim vi cht khng gy ung th, thi gian phi nhim trung bnh AT s bng vi thi gian phi nhim ED. Khi phi nhim vi cht gy ung th, thi gian phi nhim trung bnh AT s tnh cho ton b vng i: thng ly gi tr l 70 nm hay 25.550 ngy. C th trong tnh ton ca ti, cc gi tr c ly nh sau:
Bng III.4. Thng s tnh ton liu lng phi nhim
K hiu Gi tr tham chiu CR EF ED AT BW C Lng nc ung trong ngy S ngy ung nc trong nm (ngy/nm) 2L 365 ngy
Thng s Ngi ln Tr em 1L 365 ngy
Thi gian tip xc vi nc ngm nhim arsen 25.550 ngy 25.550 ngy ca i tng nghin cu (ngy/c cuc i) Thi gian phi nhim trung bnh theo tui Trng lng c th trung bnh 70 nm 70 kg 10 nm 10 kg
Nng arsen phn tch c trn a bn kho st
Ngoi ra, khi tnh liu lng phi nhim tng cng cho dn c ton vng, khng phn bit ngi ln v tr em th t s ED/BW trong cng thc trn c tnh bng h s iu chnh theo tui trong vic tnh ton liu lng phi nhim v ri ro vi con ngi:
I= ED M .( E e) me = + BW B b
(**)
Trong : I: h s iu chnh theo tui trong tnh ton phi nhim v ri ro E: gii hn phi nhim ngi ln (70 nm) e: gii hn phi nhim tr em (10 nm) B: khi lng trung bnh ca ngi trng thnh (70kg) b: khi lng trung bnh ca tr em (10kg)
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Nu I l nhn t tui thch ng qua ng tiu ha: M: tc tiu th nc ung trung bnh ca ngi ln (2L/ngy) m: tc tiu th nc ung trung bnh ca tr em (1L/ngy) Nu I l nhn t tui thch ng qua ng da: M: din tch phi nhim b mt trung bnh ca ngi ln (12965cm2) m: din tch phi nhim b mt trung bnh ca tr em (6483cm2) T hai cng thc (*) v (**), ta c cng thc tnh liu lng phi nhim tng cng cho dn c vng nghin cu nh sau:
CDItotal = CDIchild + CDIadult
Vi iu kin vng kho st th nng arsen kh nh, vic pht tn trong khng kh dn n phi nhim qua ng h hp v vic hm lng arsen c trong nc tm, git, ra dn phi nhim qua ng da do tip xc l khng ng k. Do , ti khng xt n liu lng phi nhim qua ng h hp v ng tip xc m ch tnh ton phi nhim qua ng n ung. Bc 2. Tnh ton ri ro cho mi mu kho st vi liu lng phi nhim tng ng T kt qu v liu lng phi nhim, tin hnh tnh ton ri ro n ngi dn s dng ngun nc nhim c arsen lm nc sinh hot theo cng thc sau:
Risk = Lng nhim trung bnh ngy (CDI) * H s tim nng gy ung th (SF)
Mi ha cht c hi u c mt gi tr h s tim nng gy ung th trong tng trng hp phi nhim ring. H s tim nng gy ung th ca arsen qua con ng phi nhim n ung, (theo EPA, 1990) l 1,75 (mg/kg.ngy)-1 Ta dng liu lng phi nhim tng cng (khng phn bit ngi ln v tr em) vi mi mu kho st, p dng vo cng thc ny tnh ton ri ro tng cng cho dn c vng nghin cu. Trong cc gi tr ri ro tnh ton c, cn lu , khi nh gi ri ro vi i tng nghin cu phi nhim ti vng c nng c cht cao nht hoc nh gi ri ro cao nht vi ton b dn c (trong trng hp phi nhim tc thi vi c cht hm lng cao) th s dng nng ln nht kho st c ti khu vc nghin cu tnh ton. V vy, gi tr ri ro ng vi nng cao nht ca mu kho st c l gi tr ri ro tc thi ln nht vi ton b dn c khu vc nghin cu.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Bc 3. Tnh ton ri ro trung bnh cho mi x v cho tng huyn Khi ngi dn nh c lu di mt khu vc th s dng nng trung bnh gia cc mu kho st c ti khu vc tnh ri ro i din cho vic c lng t nhiu im phi nhim. Ri ro trung bnh v ri ro tng cng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
RishTrungbnh =
Rish
i= 1
Risktotal = Riskchild + Riskadult
Trong , n l s mu ly trong mi x (nu tnh ri ro trung bnh cho cc x) v l s mu ly trong mi huyn (nu tnh ri ro trung bnh cho tng huyn). Bc 4. Nhn nh ri ro vng nghin cu theo phn mc ri ro i vi nhng ho cht v cht thi c tim nng gy ung th, ngi ta khng s dng khi nim ngng, tc l khng c mc an ton. Tuy nhin, khi nghin cu mi quan h "mc tip xc - phn ng" i vi cht c kh nng gy ung th, ngi ta s dng khi nim "mc chp nhn". C th trong trng hp cht gy ung th, ngi ta chp nhn mt gi tr ri ro (xc sut) nht nh. EPA quy nh gi tr l mt phn triu (10-6). Phn mc ri ro c th hin trong bng sau:
Bng III.5. Phn mc ri ro
Ri ro 10-2 - 100 10-4 - <10-2 10-6 - <10-4 < 10-6
Phn mc ri ro Ri ro cao Ri ro trung bnh Ri ro thp Mc an ton

(Ngun: Kofi Asante-Duah, USA, 1997)
Do , t kt qu tnh ton, c th phn mc cc vng c ri ro cao, trung bnh v thp theo ba nc khc nhau. Bc 5. Tnh ton s ngi c nguy c nhim bnh ung th da trn ri ro V ngha ca s ri ro l xc sut s ngi b c nguy c mc bnh nn nu bit c s dn vng nghin cu, ta s tnh c s cc i trng hp b mc ung th do nhim arsen qua con ng phi nhim ang xt (M). S ngi c nguy c mc bnh trn vng nghin cu, vi trng hp phi nhim trong sut c cuc i, s l:
M (s ngi c nguy c nhim bnh) = Risk * Dn s vng nghin cu
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 52/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
CHNG IV. KT QU V THO LUN

Thc hin phng php nghin cu nh trnh by trong chng III, ti thu c nhng kt qu c th sau: Vi tin trnh xy dng mng li quan trc v ly mu nh trnh by trong chng III, thu c bn cc im ly mu trn bn nn (gm cc bn chuyn hnh chnh, thc vt, a hnh, im dn c) ca hai huyn n Dng v c Trng:
Hnh IV.1. Bn cc v tr ly mu ti hai huyn c Trng v n Dng
IV.1. Kt qu v hm lng arsen

Theo s liu v hm lng arsen (ph lc 3) do vin Nghin cu Ht nhn tnh Lm ng phn tch theo phng php AAS (TCVN 6626: 2000) trnh by chng III, ti thu nhn c, trong 85 mu kho st, c 6 mu c hm lng arsen rt thp, khng c my AAS pht hin:
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 53/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Bng IV.1. Cc mu c hm lng arsen rt thp
Tn x Quyn Ninh Loan Loan T Nng
Mu Tr 11 Tr 13 Tr 23 Tr 19 Tr 15 Tr 16
Arsenic <0.0001 <0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 < 0.0001 <0.0001
Nhng im ly 6 mu ny u thuc huyn c Trng. C th coi nhng v tr ny l nhng v tr khng c arsen trong nc ngm. Tuy nhin, trong 15 x kho st ca huyn c Trng, khng c x no hon ton khng pht hin arsen, nu khng k n nhng mu khng xc nh c arsen nh trn th mu c nng thp nht ca huyn c Trng l mu Tr 27 vi hm lng 0,0002 mg/L v mu ln nht l mu Tr 25 vi hm lng 0,0223 mg/L. y cng l mu vt chun ln nht trong 85 mu kho st trong hai huyn v nng arsen ln gp nhiu ln nhng mu khc. Tr 6 mu hm lng arsen rt nh nu trong bng trn th kt qu phn tch arsen ca 39 mu cn li ca huyn c Trng c th hin trong biu sau:
Hm lng arsen
Biu hm lng arsen huyn c Trng

Arsenic
0.025 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 0.000

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 12 22 17 18 24 25 26 27 28 29 14 37 42 43 30 31 32 33 34 38 39 40 41 20 21 35 36 44 45 Bnh N'Thol Lin Hip Thnh H Hip Ninh Thnh Quyn Loan Loan Ninh Gia T Lin Ngha Nng Ph Hi Tn Hi Tn Thnh T Hine Hip An
K hiu mu v tn x
Biu IV.1. Kt qu phn tch arsen huyn c Trng
Nhn vo biu , nhn thy, nhn chung, hu ht cc mu nc ly trong huyn u t tiu tiu chun ca B Y T v nc n ung (0,01 mg/L). Ch c mt mu vt chun l
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
mu Tr 25 vi nng 0,0223 (vt chun hn 2 ln), chim 2,22% trn tng s 45 mu c ly trn 15 x ca huyn. Hm lng arsen cc mu trong huyn c Trng tp trung dao ng nhiu trong khong nng t 0,001 n 0,005 mg/L. Cc mu hm lng thp thng tp trung nhng x tha dn c nh Lin Hip, Quyn, Ninh Loan, Loan, T Hine. Hm lng arsen cc mu thuc huyn n Dng cng c th hin bng biu nh sau:
Hm lng arsen
Biu hm lng arsen huyn n Dng

Arsenic
0.016 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 14 13 15 10 11 12 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 29 34 35 36 37 38 20 39 40 Th Trn Dran Lc Xun Lc Lm Ka TuTra Ka n Pr Qung Lp Thnh M Rn
K hiu mu v tn x
Biu IV.2. Kt qu phn tch arsen huyn n Dng
Nng arsen cc mu huyn n Dng dao ng t 0,0003 n 0,0137 mg/L. Hai mu c hm lng arsen nh nht l mu D 01 thuc th trn Dran v mu D 08 thuc x Lc Xun, c hm lng 0,0003 mg/L. Mu c hm lng arsen ln nht l mu D 37 th trn Thnh M vi hm lng 0,0137 mg/L. So vi huyn c Trng th mu ln nht huyn n Dng khng ln bng nhng s mu vt tiu chun v arsen trong nc n ung ca B Y T li nhiu hn. Huyn n Dng c hai mu vt chun nh sau: mu D 24 hm lng 0.0101 mg/L, vt tiu chun khng ng k, mu ny thuc x Tutra v mu D 37 hm lng 0,0137 mg/L, vt chun 1,37 ln, nm th trn Thnh M. S mu vt chun ny chim 5% trn tng s 40 mu ly ti huyn. Nhn chung hm lng arsen n Dng t bin ng hn v cc mu thng tp trung vi tn s xut hin nhiu khong nng t 0.002 n 0.004 mg/L.
IV.2. Kt qu v nh gi ri ro
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 55/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Trn c s hm lng arsen o c ca cc mu trn a bn kho st, s dng phng php nh trnh by chng III, ta thu c bng kt qu liu lng phi nhim v tnh ton ri ro cho mi mu tnh ring cho tr em v ngi ln, ng thi tnh ton ri ro tng cng cho dn c hai huyn nh sau:
Bng IV.2. Kt qu tnh ton ri ro huyn c Trng
T bng kt qu, ta c biu th hin ri ro nh sau:

Biu ri ro huyn c Trng
Ri ro
Ri ro
1.60E-03 1.40E-03 1.20E-03 1.00E-03 8.00E-04 6.00E-04 4.00E-04 2.00E-04 0.00E+00
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 12 22 17 18 24 25 26 27 28 29 14 37 42 43 30 31 32 33 34 38 39 40 41 20 21 35 36 44 45 Bnh N'Thol Thnh H Lin Hip Hip Ninh Thnh Quyn LoanLoan Ninh Gia T Lin Nng Ngha Ph Hi Tn Tn T Hi Thnh Hine Hip An
K hiu mu v tn x
Biu IV.3. Kt qu tnh ton ri ro huyn c Trng
Ti nhng khu vc kho st thu c mu c hm lng arsen nh hn 0,0001 nh trnh by phn IV.1 th hm lng arsen coi nh khng c v ri ro bng khng. Nhng
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 56/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
im ny cng khng c th hin trn biu ri ro. C th coi y l nhng khu vc kh an ton vi vic s dng ngun nc ngm lm nc sinh hot. Nhn chung cc v tr ly mu huyn c Trng c ri ro tp trung nhiu trong khong nh hn 2.10-4 , tuy nhin, ngay c mc ny thi ri ro vt 200 ln so vi tiu chun ca EPA M (R< 10-6). Vy tr mt s x c hm lng arsen nh hn 0,0001 (coi nh khng b nhim arsen) th ri ro tt c cc im ly mu huyn u vt ngng gii hn chp nhn c t 20 n 400 ln. Nh vy, ton b huyn c Trng c xp vo khu vc c mc ri ro trung bnh. Mc ny vi thi gian phi nhim lu di cng nh hng khng nh ti sc khe ngi dn. S ngi c nguy c nhim cc loi bnh v ung th trong huyn l kh cao. y ng ch l khu vc mu Tr 25 vi hm lng arsen 0,0223 mg/L, c ri ro tng cng c tnh ton bng 0,001513, vt tiu chun ca EPA ti 1513 ln, do khu vc ny c xp vo khu vc c ri ro cao. Cn s can thip ca cc nh qun l gim thiu v phng trnh ri ro cho sc khe ngi dn. Tng t huyn c Trng, huyn n Dng cng c ri ro ng lo ngi. Kt qu ri ro c th ti cc v tr ly mu thuc huyn n Dng c th hin c th trong bng kt qu biu sau:
Bng IV.3. Kt qu tnh ton ri ro huyn n Dng
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 57/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Ri ro
Biu ri ro huyn n Dng

Ri ro
1.00E-03 8.00E-04 6.00E-04 4.00E-04 2.00E-04 0.00E+00

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 14 13 15 10 11 12 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 29 34 35 36 37 38 20 39 40 Th Trn Dran Lc Xun Lc Lm Ka TuTra Ka n Pr Qung Lp Thnh M Rn
K hiu mu v tn x
Biu IV.4. Kt qu tnh ton ri ro huyn n Dng
Ri ro trn a bn huyn n Dng khng c khu vc no ri vo vng c ri ro ln, ch c mu D 37 c hm lng arsen 0,0137 mg/L, ri ro tng cng c tnh l 9,3.10-04 l ang mc bo ng v vt ngng chp nhn ti hn 900 ln, gn tin ti khu vc c ri ro cao, cn c bin php qun l gim thiu ri ro. Ri ro huyn n Dng cng nh huyn c Trng dao ng nhiu trong khong 02.10-4 nhng u vt tiu chun ca EPA. Kt qu ri ro v hm lng arsen tng ng c th hin bng biu tng theo ba phn mc khc nhau trn bn ph lc 11. T cc s liu tnh ton ring ri ro cho mi x, tnh ri ro lu di (ng vi phi nhim lu di) ca ngi dn trong khu vc, ta tin hnh tnh ton ri ro trung bnh cho mi x theo s mu ly trong mi x, ta c biu so snh ri ro gia cc x nh sau:
Biu ri ro trung bnh huyn c Trng
Ri ro trung bnh Ri ro trung bnh 5.00E-04 4.00E-04 3.00E-04 2.00E-04 1.00E-04 0.00E+00
Gi a ne Lo an Hi Th T n nh
Biu IV.5. Biu so snh ri ro trung bnh gia cc x thuc huyn c Trng
Nguyn Th Thu
Ni nh
Tn x
Ni nh
Trang 58/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Kt qu ri ro trung bnh cho 15 x thuc c Trng v c th hin c th nh sau:

Bng IV.4. Ri ro cc x huyn c Trng
Tn x Bnh Thnh N'Thol H Lin Hip Hip Thnh Quyn T Nng Loan T Hine Ninh Loan Ninh Gia Ph Hi Tn Hi Tn Thnh Lin Ngha Hip An Tng cng
Ri ro 2.99E-04 2.99E-04 9.27E-05 2.04E-04 2.49E-05 4.30E-05 5.88E-05 9.50E-05 2.38E-05 4.22E-04 3.41E-04 1.26E-04 2.65E-04 1.67E-04 3.26E-04 1.86E-04
Dn s 7240 6765 12239 15402 4109 5304 10239 3715 4794 12936 18202 10828 5763 50048 10368 177952
S ngi c nguy c nhim bnh 2.1 2.0 1.1 3.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 5.5 6.2 1.4 1.5 8.4 3.4 33
Tng t, ta cng c biu so snh ri ro trung bnh gia cc x huyn n Dng:

Biu ri ro trung bnh huyn n Dng
Ri ro trung bnh Ri ro trung bnh 5.000E-04 4.000E-04 3.000E-04 2.000E-04 1.000E-04 0.000E+00 Th Trn Dran Lc Xun Lc Lm Ka TuTra Ka n Pr Qung Lp Thnh M Rn
Tn x
Biu IV.6. Biu so snh ri ro trung bnh gia cc x thuc huyn n Dng
Bng kt qu ri ro ca trung bnh cc x huyn n Dng nh sau:

Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
Bng IV.5. Ri ro cc x huyn n Dng
Tn x Th Trn Dran Lc Xun Lc Lm Ka TuTra Ka n Pr Qung Lp Thnh M Rn Tng cng
Ri ro 8.708E-05 1.493E-04 2.918E-04 2.317E-04 2.420E-04 1.629E-04 1.425E-04 1.663E-04 4.682E-04 2.375E-04 2.179E-04
Dn s 16024 12514 9081 11035 12251 8308 5519 4729 11125 7814 98400
S ngi c nguy c nhim bnh 1.4 1.9 2.6 2.6 3.0 1.4 0.9 0.8 5.2 1.9 21
T biu v bng kt qu, nhn thy ri ro ln nht ca hyn c Trng nm x Ninh Gia v ri ro ln nht ca huyn n Dng nm th trn Thnh M, y cng l hai v tr c hai mu ln nht ca hai huyn. ng thi, nhn thy ri ro trung bnh cc x trong hai huyn u kh cao v vt chun. Dn Dng vt t 90 n 500 ln, c Trng th vt t 20 n 400 ln. Mt s x th hin ri ro thp hn hn nhng x khc trong c hai huyn l cc x quyn, Nng, T Loan, Ninh Loan thuc huyn c Trng. Tng hp kt qu arsen v ri ro ln nht v trung bnh c hai huyn c tng kt li trong bng s liu v hai biu sau:
Bng IV.6. So snh hm lng arsen v ri ro gia hai huyn Hm lng arsen (mg/L) Ri ro khi phi nhim qua ng n ung Ngi Tr em ln Tng cng
3.19E-04 5.09E-05 1.96E-04 4.52E-05 5.46E-04 8.72E-05 3.36E-04 7.75E-05
Tn huyn
c Trng n Dng
Dn s
S ngi c nguy c nhim bnh

85 14 95 22
Ln nht
0.02230
8.65E-04 1.38E-04 5.31E-04 1.23E-04
Trung Bnh 0.00356 0.01370 Ln nht Trung Bnh 0.00317
98040 17795 2
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 60/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip

Biu so snh arsen hai huyn
c Trng 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 Ln nht Trung Bnh Hm lng arsen Phn mc arsen Hm lng arsen n Dng
1.00E-03 Thng s ri ro 8.00E-04 6.00E-04 4.00E-04 2.00E-04 0.00E+00 Ln nht
Khoa Mi Trng
Biu so snh ri ro hai huyn
c Trng n Dng
Trung Bnh Ri ro Phn mc ri ro
Biu IV.7. So snh arsen v ri ro ln nht v trung bnh gia hai huyn
Tm li, nhn chung hm lng arsen ti cc v tr thuc hai huyn c Trng v n Dng u kh thp, m bo tiu chun ca B Y T. Ch c 3 mu vt chun nc dng trong n ung l mu Tr 25, D 25 v D 37. Trong , ng quan tm nht l mu Tr 25 c hm lng arsen l 0,0223 -Vt chun ti hn hai ln. V tr ny nm thn 6 x Ninh Gia Huyn c Trng Lm ng. Khu vc ny, theo kho st thc t th phn b cc h dn kh tha tht trong vng bn knh 0,5km, khong cch trung bnh khong 50m/nh. y l khu vc ngi dn t sinh sng m ch yu tp trung trng c ph. Tuy nhin, cch v tr ny khong 0,7km l ch Ninh Gia v khu ph chnh tp trung ng dn c, cn ch khuyn co v s nhim arsen trong nc ngm vi ngi dn ni y. Nhng v tr c hm lng arsen cao tp trung nhng vng nc ngm trng im (ni c tr lng nc ngm ln) c hai huyn c Trng v n Dng. Hm lng arsen ln nht v trung bnh c Trng u ng lo ngi hn n Dng. c Trng th nhng ni c hm lng arsen ln l cc x Ninh Gia, Ph Hi; n Dng, hm lng arsen cao tp trung Th Trn Thnh M - Trung tm kinh t x hi ca huyn v l th trn nm trn tuyn ng quc l 20. n Dng, hai mu vt chun l mu DD 25: 0,0101 mg/L v mu DD 37: 0,0137 mg/L Thnh M, trn trc ng chnh ca th trn, khong nm gia y ban nhn dn huyn v ch Thnh M. Trn khu ph ny hu ht cc h mt ng u dng nc cp, cn mt s t cc h trong ng hm th dng nc ging khoan. Vy cn c cc khuyn co v ph cp nhng bin php phng trnh arsen d dng p dng ngi dn nhng khu vc ny c th thc hin v vi khu ph th trn Thnh M c nc cp th cn m rng mng li cp nc nhng ngi dn trong cc ng hm u c th dng nc an ton.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
CHNG V. KT LUN V KIN NGH

V.1. Kt lun
T nhng kt qu nghin cu, ti rt ra cc kt lun sau:
- Nhn chung hm lng arsen trn a bn hai huyn nm trong mc cho php. S
mu vt chun t v vt khng ng k. Tuy nhin, hu ht ri ro i vi ngi dn s dng nc ngm lm nc n ung sinh hot trn a bn hai huyn u vt tiu chun cho php nhiu ln. Ngi dn trong hai huyn c nguy c kh ln vi vic nhim cc loi bnh v ung th nh ung th da, ung th gan, ung th bng quang, ung th phi.
- Ngi dn trong huyn, c bit l ngi dn nhng vng c hm lng arsen cao
nu trn cn s dng cc bin php phng trnh hoc gim thiu hm lng arsen trong nc gim thiu nh hng ti sc khe. - Theo s liu thng k v phn tch trc tip trong phng th nghim, cc ging khoan gia nh cc h trong 2 huyn n Dng v c Trng c mt s h cha kh nhiu st. Nu b lc c cu trc tch st tt, c th lm gim nng arsen n di ngng cho php.
V.2. Kin ngh

T nhng kt qu nhn nh trn, ti kin ngh cc nh qun l ti hai huyn c Trng v n Dng ni ring v tnh Lm ng ni chung cn ch trng mt s gii php qun l nc ngm gim thiu nh hng ti sc khe ngi dn nh sau: - Tng cng u t cng trnh thy li nhm gii quyt cc nhu cu lu di, b sung cho tr lng nc sinh hot ca ngi dn ngoi ngun nc ngm hin vn ang l ngun nc sinh hot chnh, nht l cc vng ra th, nhng vng c a hnh i ni, cn dng nhiu nc sui v nc chy t ni xung nh cc x Nthol h, Ka , Pr. - Tip tc u t cho cng tc thm d nc di t theo ng quy trnh quy hoch xy dng cho th c nhu cu s dng nc ln trong tng lai nh th trn Dran, Thnh M -Huyn n Dng v Lin Ngha Huyn c Trng. - Tin hnh quan trc tr lng, cht lng nc ngm ti cc th ang c nguy c cn kit, nhim trn a bn Lm ng nh th x Bo Lc, huyn c Trng, Di Linh, ti cc h ang v s cp nc cho mc ch s dng.
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
- Nn trin khai nhiu ti nghin cu theo hng nh gi hin tng nhim bn mt s thnh phn trong ngun nc v xut cc gii php bo v lu bn ti nguyn nc tnh Lm ng nhm gii quyt c bn cc vn nhim cc thnh phn nguy hi trong nc ngm. Ngoi ra cn cng b rng ri kt qu nghin cu trn cc phng tin truyn thng cho dn chng v c bit l ngi dn vng nghin cu c bit. - Tip tc duy tr s phi hp cht ch, hiu qu gia cc ngnh ca tnh vi chnh quyn cc cp cp, t chc kinh t, x hi trong cng tc qun l, khai thc bo v ti nguyn nc. - Cn c cc k thut loi tr arsen n gin, chi ph thp c th p dng cho nhiu ni, nhiu vng, thch hp vi nhng nc ang pht trin nh nc ta hin nay. c bit cn c cc gii php phng, chng sao cho thch hp vi c im a l, trnh , tp qun, v mc sng ca ngi lao ng mi vng. - Cn tng cng nhiu nghin cu hn nhm ch to h thng c kh nng loi arsen trong nc sinh hot xung di ngng cho php, c th s dng cho nhng h thng lc c nh, lp trc nhng trm cp nc hoc nhng h thng lc nh cho mi gia nh. Cui cng, v iu kin thi gian nghin cu gii hn ca kha lun nn ti cha th kho st ton din v chnh xc tuyt i bn phn b arsen trn a bn nghin cu. Vy ti kin ngh cn c nhng nghin cu su rng hn, m bo kt qu chnh xc v cht ch hn xy dng bn phn b nc ngm trn a bn Lm ng ni ring v c nc ni chung. C th vi a bn kho st l hai huyn c Trng v n Dng, cn tin hnh thm nhng kho st ly mu vi mt dy hn v vo c ma ma v ma kh, ng thi m rng phm vi nghin cu ti nhng vng khc. Sau nhng nghin cu v nh gi ri ro, cn c nhng bin php qun l ri ro, thit k chng trnh qun l gim thiu ri ro c th v thit thc hnh ng. Nhng nhn xt v nh gi trn ch l nhng nhn xt s b ban u. Cc s liu nhn c ch mang tnh tham kho. Mun nhn nh c chnh xc tnh hnh arsen trong tnh cng nh nhng nh hng c th ca n ti sc khe ngi dn, cn c nhng nghin cu su rng hn nh trnh by trn. Chng ti hy vng trong thi gian ti s c nhiu nh khoa hc quan tm nghin cu v lnh vc ny.
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 63/64 trang
Kha lun tt nghip
Khoa Mi Trng
TI LIU THAM KHO

01. TS. L Th Hng Trn, nh gi ri ro mi trng, Nh Xut Bn Khoa Hc K Thut, 2008. 02. Thanh Bi, H Qu o, Phm Vit Hng, bi bo co nh gi ri ro ha cht v qun l cht thi nguy hi, i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, 2007. 03. Nguyn Th Cc, Kho st kh nng hp thu arsenic ca khong st bentonite Lm ng, kha lun tt nghip, 2002. 04. Trng c Ton, Xc nh hm lng cc nguyn t As, Sb v mt s ch tiu ha l trong mu nc sinh hot huyn Krngpk -Tnh kLk bng phng php kch hot ntron v mt s phng php h tr, lun vn thc s ha hc, 2008. 05. L Thnh Phng, Xc nh hm lng cc nguyn t As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb v Zn trong mt s ngun nc tnh Ph Yn bng phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t v phn tch kch hot ntron, lun vn thc s ha hc, 2003. 06. KS. Hong Vng, iu tra c bn v nc ngm ti Lm ng, on a cht thy vn - a cht cng trnh 707, 2009. 07. Trung Tm Quan Trc Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng Tnh Lm ng, Bo co kt qu xy dng bn qun l nc ngm t l 1 : 25000 vng trng im nc ngm huyn c Trng - Tnh Lm ng, 2010. 08. Trung Tm Quan Trc Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng Tnh Lm ng, Bo co kt qu xy dng bn qun l nc ngm t l 1 : 25000 vng trng im nc ngm huyn n Dng - Tnh Lm ng, 2010. 09. Trung Tm Quan Trc Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng Tnh Lm ng, Bn vng trng im nc ngm huyn n Dng v huyn c Trng, 2010. 10. Trung Tm Quan Trc Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng Tnh Lm ng, Bo co hin trng mi trng tnh Lm ng, 2010 11. Phng Ti Nguyn Mi Trng huyn n Dng, Bo co quan trc mi trng huyn n Dng, 2010 12. Phng Ti Nguyn Mi Trng huyn n Dng, Danh sch thng k ging khoan (chiu su, mc ch s dng) trn a bn huyn n Dng, 2009. 13. TCVN 5992 : 1995 (ISO 5667-2 : 1991): Cht lng nc, ly mu, hng dn k thut mu. 14. TCVN 6000: 1995 (ISO 5667-11: 1992): cht lng nc, ly mu, hng dn ly mu nc ngm. 15. TCVN 5993 : 1995 (ISO 5667 - 3 : 1985): Cht lng nc, ly mu, hng dn bo qun v x l mu 16. TCVN 6626: 2000: Xc nh arsen bng phng php o ph hp th nguyn t. 17. QCVN 09 : 2008/BTNMT : Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm. 18. http://www.lamdong.gov.vn 19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic 20. http://www.dgmv.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=151&ItemID=1129
Nguyn Th Thu
Trang 64/64 trang

Bao Cao Luan Van

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bao Cao Luan Van

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kha lun tt nghip

Kha lun tt nghip

I.2. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

Trang 2/64 trang

Kha lun tt nghip

I.4. Ni dung nghin cu

I.5. Phng php nghin cu

Trang 3/64 trang

Kha lun tt nghip

CHNG II. TNG QUAN TI LIU

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.2. Dng tn ti ca As trong mi trng

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.2.2. Dng tn ti ca As trong mi trng

Hnh II.1. S ph thuc ca dng tn ti hp cht arsen vo pH

Kha lun tt nghip

Hnh II.2. S ph thuc dng tn ti ca arsen vo mi trng a ha

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.3.1. S chuyn ha sinh hc ca As

Kha lun tt nghip

Hnh II.3. S chuyn ha trimethylarsine thnh cc sn phm cc c

Kha lun tt nghip

Hnh II.4. S xm nhp ca Arsenic v cc hp cht ca n trong c th

p yu, b tiu v c th t vong .

Kha lun tt nghip

Nhim c As mn tnh: xut hin cc m sm mu trn thn th hay u

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.4. Mt s phng php xc nh As

II.1.4.1. Phng php khi lng

II.1.4.2. Phng php phn tch th tch

Trang 12/64 trang

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.4.3. Phng php phn tch trc quang

II.1.4.4. Phng php in ho-cc ph Vol-ampe

II.1.4.5. Phng php ph pht x nguyn t ICP-AES

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.4.6. Phng php hunh quang nguyn t

II.1.4.7. Phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t ngn la F-AAS

II.1.4.8. Phng php quang ph hp th khng ngn la (ETA-AAS)

II.1.5. Tiu chun v arsen

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.6. Gim thiu As trong nc

II.1.6.2. Mt s cch h dn t phng trnh arsen

Trang 15/64 trang

Kha lun tt nghip

h gia nh dng bm tay

II.1.7. Tnh hnh arsen trn th gii, Vit Nam v Lm ng

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.7.2. Tnh hnh arsen Vit Nam

Trang 17/64 trang

Kha lun tt nghip

Trang 18/64 trang

Kha lun tt nghip

Trang 19/64 trang

Kha lun tt nghip

II.1.7.3. Tnh hnh arsen ti Lm ng

Hnh II.6. Bn hnh chnh tnh Lm ng

II.2. Tng quan v a bn nghin cu

Kha lun tt nghip

II.2.2. Huyn c Trng

Bng II.1. Dn s huyn c Trng (2009)

Tn x T Nng Quyn T Hine Ninh Gia Ninh Loan Ph Hi Loan N'Thol H

S dn 5304 4109 3715 12936 4794 18202 10239 6765

Kha lun tt nghip