11/8/2008

Ghunshyam Parsan MSc CEng MICE MIStructE gsparsan@gsp.co.mu

AIMS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN (IStructE)

Function
y Support Load with some margin of safety y Continued serviceability during lifespan y Fire resistance, thermal insulation etc

Economy
y Least cost y Good value for money

Safety
y Safe in use y Safe to build, maintain, demolish

AIMS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN (2)

The art of molding materials we do not really understand Into shapes we cannot really analyse So as to withstand forces we cannot really assess assess in such a way that the public does not really suspect!

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LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Permissible Stress Method

Working Stress = Failure Stress / Safety factor

Load factor method

Working Load= Failure Load Load/ Load factor

Limit State Method

y Combination of both y Contains load factors that are made up of

partial safety factors

Force Load factor Resistance

Load factors

Partial safety factors

Symbol Description Load factor uncertainty in predicted load Combination factor unlikelyhood of all loads in the combination being at their maximum at any one time Material factor for resistances based on yield strength which takes account of variations in material strength and manufacturing tolerances Material factor for resistances based on ultimate tensile strength which takes account of variations in material strength and manufacturing tolerances Performance factor difference between actual behaviour and that assumed in design

l1 l2 m1 m2 p

LIMIT STATES

Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

y y y y

Strength Stability Fatigue Brittle Fracture Deflection Vibration Durability Other

Service Limit State (SLS)

y y y y

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ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES (ULS)

Strength
y Use load factors from Table 2 y Combination 1: Dead + Imposed
1.4 1.6

y Combination 2: Dead + Imposed + Wind

1.2 1.2 1.2

y Combination 3: Dead + Wind

1.0/1.4 1.4

ULS Example
Calculate Design Load for all load combinations Dead = 4 kN/m Imposed = 10 kN/m Wind 1 = -5 kN/m Comb 1 = 1.4x4 + 1.6x10 = 21.6 Comb 2 = 1.2x4 + 1.2x10 + 1.2x(-5) = 10.8 Comb 3 = 1.2x4 + 1.2x10 + 1.2x3 = 20.4 Comb 4 = 1.0x4 + 1.4x(-5) = -3 Comb 5 = 1.4x4 + 1.4x3 = 9.8 Wind 2 = 3 kN/m

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES (SLS)

Deflection
y Table 8 - Guidance only

Durability
y Corosion

Other
y Defined by client