TTNT3

1
Chng 3:
BIU DIN TRI THC
Biu din tri thc trong AI
Lc biu din tri thc
X l tri thc
H chuyn gia
Tr tu nhn to Lu hnh ni b
2
So vi chng trnh truyn thng
(c cu to t hai "cht liu" c bn
l d liu v thut ton), chng trnh tr
tu nhn to c cu to t hai thnh
phn l c s tri thc (knowledge base) v
ng c suy din (inference engine).
3
C s tri thc : l tp hp cc tri thc lin quan
n vn m chng trnh quan tm gii
quyt.
ng c suy din : l phng php vn dng tri
thc trong c s tri thc gii quyt vn .
4
C s tri
thc l mt
dng d
liu c
bit

ng c suy din l mt dng ca
thut ton c bit
5
Cu trc ca mt chng trnh tr tu nhn to.
6
Phn loi tri thc
Tri thc s kin : l cc khng nh v mt s
kin, khi nim no (trong mt phm vi xc
nh). Cc nh lut vt l, ton hc, ... thng
c xp vo loi ny. (Chng hn : mt tri
mc ng ng, tam gic u c 3 gc 60
0
, ...)
Tri thc th tc : thng dng din t
phng php, cc bc cn tin hnh, trnh t
hay ngn gn l cch gii quyt mt vn .
Thut ton, thut gii l mt dng ca tri thc
th tc.

7
Phn loi tri thc
Tri thc m t : cho bit mt i tng, s kin,
vn , khi nim, ... c thy, cm nhn, cu
to nh th no (mt ci bn thng c 4 chn,
con ngi c 2 tay, 2 mt,...)
Tri thc Heuristic : l mt dng tri thc cm tnh.
Cc tri thc thuc loi ny thng c dng c
lng, phng on, v thng c hnh thnh
thng qua kinh nghim.
8
S phn lp ca tri thc
Si eu tri thc
Tri thc
Thong tin
Dl i eu
Dl i eu toi ngha, cha rorang
9
c im ca tri thc:
Lm th no phn bit thng tin vo my tnh l d liu hoc tri
thc. Gia tri thc v d liu c mt s c trng khc nhau.
T gii thch ni dung: Tri thc t gii thch ni dung cn d liu
khng t gii thch c. Ch c ngi lp trnh mi hiu c ni
dung ngha cc d liu.
V d: D liu l s 7.
Tri thc l s 7: l s l, l s nguyn t, l s dng,
Tnh cu trc: Mt trong nhng c trng c bn ca hot ng
nhn thc con ngi i vi th gii xung quanh l kh nng phn
tch cu trc cc i tng. mc n gin nht l cu trc: l mt
b phn ca ton th, l mt ging ca mt loi no , l phn t
ca lp no .
Tri thc a vo my cng cn c kh nng to c phn cp gia
cc khi nim v quan h gia chng.
10
Tnh lin h: Ngoi cc quan h v cu trc ca mi tri thc
(khi nim, qu trnh, s kin, hin tng,) gia cc n v tri
thc cn c nhiu mi lin h khc (khng gian, thi gian, nhn-
qu, )
V d: Cc khi nim: ch, sa, ng vt, bn chn, ui.
c im ca tri thc:
11
- C tnh ch ng:
D liu hon ton b ng do con ngi khai thc,
cn tri thc th c tnh ch ng. Khi hot ng bt
k u trong lnh vc no, con ngi cng b iu
khin bi tri thc ca mnh. Cc tri thc biu din
trong my tnh cng vy, chng ch ng hng
ngi dng bit cch khai thc d liu.
c im ca tri thc:
12
Cc lc biu din tri thc.
nh ngha:
Biu din tri thc l phng php m ho tri thc, nhm
thnh lp c s tri thc cho cc h thng da trn tri thc
(knowledge-based system).

Tri thc thc
Ca lnh vc
Tri thc
tnh ton
Bng cch no ?
Gm: i tng v cc quan
h gia chng trong lnh vc.
Gm: Bng nh x gia:
i tng thc i tng
tnh ton.
Quan h thc quan h tnh
ton.

Bng cch: dng cc lc
biu din (scheme).
Chn dng lc cho
loi tri thc l vn quan
trng.
13
Ch :
Cn phn bit: Lc biu din (scheme) v
mi trng hin thc (medium), tng t nh vic
phn bit: cu trc d liu (CTDL) v ngn ng lp
trnh. Vi mt loi CTDL, v d nh: Bn ghi (record),
chng ta c hin thc trong nhiu ngn ng nh:
Pascal, C,Tng t, vi mt loi lc no
chng ta c th chn mt trong cc NNLT hin
thc n.
14
+ Lc logic.
+ Lc th tc.
+ Lc mng.
+ Lc cu trc.

15
+ Lc logic.
Dng cc biu thc trong logic hnh thc ,nh php
ton v t, biu din tri thc.
Cc lut suy din p dng cho loi lc ny rt r
rng, kho st trong chng 2 (nh: MP, MT,).
Ngn ng lp trnh hin thc tt nht cho loi lc
ny l: PROLOG.
16
+ Lc th tc:
Biu din tri thc nh tp cc ch th lnh gii
quyt vn .
Ngc li vi cc lc dng khai bo, nh logic
v mng, cc ch th lnh trong lc th tc ch ra
bng cch no gii quyt vn .
Cc lut trong CSTT ca ES da trn lut l v d v
th tc gii quyt vn .
H lut sinh l v d in hnh ca loi lc ny.

17
+Lc mng.
Biu din tri thc nh l th; cc nh nh l cc
i tng hoc khi nim, cc cung nh l quan h gia
chng.
Cc v d v loi lc ny gm: mng ng ngha,
ph thuc khi nim, th khi nim c kho st
sau y ca chng ny.

18
+ Lc cu trc:
L mt m rng ca lc mng; bng cch cho
php cc node c th l mt CTDL phc tp gm cc
khe(slot) c tn v tr hay mt th tc. Chnh v vy n
tch hp c dng khai bo v th tc.
Kch bn(script) , khung (frame), i tng (object) l v
d ca lc ny kho st sau.
19
Cc ch v lc .
Khi xy dng cc lc cn ch nhng vn sau:
+ Cc i tng v cc quan h c th biu din cho ci g trong lnh vc?
V d: biu din cho Nam cao 1mt 70,chng ta c th dng:
chieucao(nam,170). Vy th din t An cao hn Nam chng ta lm nh
th no, v chiu cao ca An lc ny khng l mt tr c th na!
+ Bng cch no phn bit gia ni hm v ngoi din ca mt khi nim.
+ Bng cch no th hin c meta-knowledge?
+ Bng cch no th hin tnh phn cp ca tri thc.
+ Lc biu din tnh phn cp th cc hnh thc : k tha, ngoi l, tr mc
nh, ngoi l, a tha k phi c t nh th no?
+ Khi m t i tng, bng cch no c th tch hp mt tri thc th tc vo
bn thn m t, khi no th tc c thc hin?

20
AI & Php ton v t
Ti sao Ai phi nghin cu php ton v t?
AI Pht trin cc chng trnh c kh nng suy lun
Suy lun gip chng trnh AI bit c tnh ng/sai
ca mt vn no .
Php ton v t cung cp mt kh nng trin khai cc
qu trnh suy din trn my tnh
Pht trin chng trnh AI cn php ton v t.
Php ton v t c hin thc bng ngn ng lp trnh
trn my tnh PROLOG
21
Thut gii Vng Ho
B1 : Pht biu li gi thit v kt lun ca vn theo dng chun sau :
GT
1
, GT
2
, ..., GT
n
KL
1
, KL
2
, ..., KL
m
Trong cc GT
i
v KL
i
l cc mnh c xy dng t cc bin mnh
v 3 php ni c bn :
B2 :Chuyn v cc GT
i
v KL
i
c dng ph nh.
B3 :Nu GT
i
c php . th thay php . bng du ,
Nu KL
i
c php v th thay th php v bng du ,
B4 :Nu GT
i
c php v th tch thnh hai dng con.
Nu KL
i
c php . th tch thnh hai dng con.
B5 :Mt dng c chng minh nu tn ti chung mt mnh c hai pha.
B6 :Nu mt dng khng cn php ni v hoc . c hai v v 2 v khng c
chung mt bin mnh th dng khng c chng minh.
Mt vn c chng minh nu tt c dng dn xut t dng chun ban
u u c chng minh.
, , . v
22
V d
Xt cc cu ng sau:
Nu tri ma th Lan mang theo d
Nu Lan mang theo d th Lan khng b t
Nu tri khng ma th Lan khng b t
Xy dng cc cu trn bng cc biu thc logic mnh
Hy chng minh rng Lan khng b t bng phng php
Vng Ho
23
Thut gii Robinson
B1 : Pht biu li gi thit v kt lun ca vn theo dng chun sau :
GT
1
, GT
2
, ..., GT
n
KL
1
, KL
2
, ..., KL
m
Trong cc GT
i
v KL
i
l cc mnh c xy dng t cc bin mnh
v 3 php ni c bn :
B2 :Nu GT
i
c php . th thay php . bng du ","
Nu KL
i
c php v th thay th php v bng du ",
B3 :Bin i dng chun B1 v thnh danh sch mnh nh sau :
{ GT
1
, GT
2
, ..., GT
n
, KL
1
, KL
2
, ..., KL
m
}
B4 :Nu trong danh sch mnh bc 3 c 2 mnh i ngu nhau th
bi ton c chng minh. Ngc li th chuyn sang B5. (a v a gi l
hai mnh i ngu nhau)
B5 :Xy dng mt mnh mi bng cch tuyn mt cp mnh trong danh
sch mnh bc 3. Nu mnh mi c cc bin mnh i ngu
nhau th cc bin c loi b. Thay th hai mnh va tuyn trong
danh sch mnh bng mnh mi.
B6 : Nu khng xy dng c thm mt mnh mi no v trong danh
sch mnh khng c 2 mnh no i ngu nhau th vn khng
c chng minh.
, , . v
24
V d

Chng minh rng

( p v q, q v r, r v s, u v s) ( p, u)
25
Logic v t: Ti sao?
Php ton mnh suy din t ng nhng cha khi cn phi truy cp vo
thnh phn nh trong cu, dng bin s trong cu.
V d:
Mi sinh vin trng HSP u c bng t ti. Lan khng c bng t ti. Do vy,
Lan khng l sinh vin trng HSP
Lan l mt i tng c th ca SV trng HSP khng th c t c
quan h ny trong mnh c m ch c th l:
LAN l sinh vin trng HSP th Lan c bng t ti. Lan khng c bng t ti. Do
vy, Lan khng l sinh vin trng HSP
Mnh phi gii quyt bng cch lit k tt c cc trng hp
Khng kh thi
Do , chng ta cn mt Logic khc hn l php ton mnh : PHP TON V T
26
V t: nh ngha
V t l mt pht biu ni ln quan h gia mt i tng vi cc
thuc tnh ca n hay quan h gia cc i tng vi nhau.
V t c biu din bi mt tn c gi l tn v t, theo sau n l mt
danh sch cc thng s.
V d:
+ Pht biu: Nam l sinh vin trng HSP
+ Biu din: sv_sp(Nam)
ngha: i tng tn l Nam c thuc tnh l sinh vin trng
HSP.
27
V t: Biu din v t C php
Chng ta c bao nhiu cch biu din ng c php cho pht biu ni trn?
Khng bit bao nhiu nhng chc chn nhiu hn 1
V d chng ta c th thay i cc tn v t thnh cc tn khc nhau nh : sinhvien_sp,
sinhvien_sp, supham, Tt c chng u ng c php.
Mt s quy c/ ch khi biu din:
Khng m t nhng v t tha, c th suy ra t mt tp cc v t khc. Hnh thc
tha cng tng t d (tha) d liu khi thit k CSDL.
Tn v t phi c tnh gi nh. C th, trong v d trn chng ta c th biu din
bi q(Nam), nhng r rng cch ny khng my thn thin v d nh.
Bn c bit q (Nam) c ngha g ???
28
V t: Biu din v t C php (tt)
Dng v t: tn_v_t(term
1
, term
2
, , termn)
Tn v t: [a..z](a..z| A..Z| 0..9|_)*
Bt u bi mt k t ch thng.
V d: ban_than, banThan,bAN_THAN,
Term c th l: Hng,Bin, Biu thc hm.
Hng: c th hng chui hay hng s.
Hng chui: [](a..z| A..Z| 0..9|_)*[] hay [a..z](a..z| A..Z| 0..9|_)*
V d: Nam, nam, chuoi, nam, chuoi, qua,
Hng s: (0..9)
*
V d: 10, 32,..
Bin: [A..Z](a..z| A..Z| 0..9|_)* V d: Nguoi, NGUOI,..
Biu thc hm c dng: tn_hm(term
1
, term
2
, , termk)
Trong Tn hm = [a..z ](a..z| A..Z| 0..9|_)*
29
V t : Biu thc v t
Biu thc V t: l s kt hp ca cc v t bi cc php
ton v t.
Cc php ton:
Ph nh - mt ngi.
X Vi mi - mt ngi
-X Tn ti - mt ngi
^ Hi - hai ngi.
v Tuyn - hai ngi.
Ko theo - hai ngi.
ko theo hai chiu - hai ngi.
u

t
i
n

30
V t: Lng t
Gi s chng ta c:
Nam l hc sinh kh. Lan l hc sinh trung bnh. Mai hc sinh kh
Xt tp D = [Nam, Lan, Mai]
Gi p(X) cho bit: X l hc sinh kh ta c cc v t
p(Nam) : tr l T. p(Lan) : tr l F. p(Mai) : tr l T.
Lng t tn ti:
Xt mnh p(Nam) v p(Lan) v p(Mai) c th biu din bng v t
-X e D: p(X) Tn ti X thuc tp D, m X l hc sinh kh
Lng t vi mi:
Xt mnh p(Nam) ^ p(Lan) ^ p(Mai) c th biu din bng v t
X e D: p(X) Mi X thuc tp D u l hc sinh kh
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V t: Biu din th gii thc
Chuyn cc cu sau sang biu thc v t:
Mi sinh vin trng HSP u c bng t ti.
Lan khng c bng t ti.
Do vy, Lan khng l sinh vin trng HSP
Vi sv_sp(X) cho bit:
X l sinh vin trng DHSP
tu_tai(X) cho bit: X c bng t ti
Cc cu trn c chuyn qua v t l:
X(sv_sp(X) tu_tai(X)).
tu_tai(Lan).
Do vy, sv_sp(Lan).
32
V t: Biu din th gii thc (tt)
Ch vi sinh vin my tnh lp trnh tt.
vi sv_mt(X) : X l sinh vin my tnh
laptrinh_tot(X) : X lp trnh tt
Cu trn chuyn sang v t l: -X(sv_mt(X) ^ laptrinh_tot(X))
Khng mt sinh vin my tnh no khng cn c.
vi: sv_mt(X) : X l sinh vin my tnh
can_cu(X) : X cn c
Cu trn chuyn sang l: X (sv_mt(X) can_cu(X))
Khng phi tt c cc sinh vin my tnh u thng minh
vi thong_minh(X) : X thng minh
Cu trn chuyn sang l: -X(sv_mt(X) ^ thong_minh(X))
33
V t: Ng ngha
Vn : Nu chng ta c biu thc sau: X-Y p(X,Y)
Chng ta hiu nh th no ???!
Cn s din dch.
+ Cch hiu 1:
X, Y: l con ngi.
p(X,Y) cho bit : X l cha ca Y
Do vy:
X-Y p(X,Y) c th hiu l:
Mi ngi X, tn ti ngi Y X l cha ca Y
X-Y p(X,Y) c tr l F (sai)
34
V t: Ng ngha (tt)
+ Cch hiu 2:
X, Y : l con ngi.
p(X,Y) cho bit : Y l cha ca X
Do vy:
X-Y p(X,Y) c th hiu l:
Mi ngi X, tn ti ngi Y l cha ca X
X-Y p(X,Y) c tr l T (ng)
+ Cch hiu 3:
X, Y : l s nguyn.
p(X,Y) cho bit : Y bng bnh phng ca X
X-Y p(X,Y) c tr l T (ng)
35
BIU DIN TRI THC S DNG
LUT DN XUT (LUT SINH)
Phng php biu din tri thc bng lut sinh c pht minh bi
Newell v Simon trong lc hai ng ang c gng xy dng mt h
gii bi ton tng qut. y l mt kiu biu din tri thc c cu
trc. tng c bn l tri thc c th c cu trc bng mt
cp iu kin hnh ng : "NU iu kin xy ra TH hnh ng
s c thi hnh".
V d :
NU n giao thng l TH bn khng c i thng.
NU my tnh m m khng khi ng c TH kim tra ngun
in.
36
Phn loi
Mt cch tng qut lut sinh c dng nh sau :
P
1
. P
2
. ... . P
n
Q
Trong ngn ng lp trnh, mi mt lut sinh l mt cu lnh.
IF (P
1
AND P
2
AND .. AND P
n
) THEN Q.
P
1
, P
2
, ..., P
n
, Q l nhng biu thc logic.
Trong l thuyt hiu ngn ng t nhin, mi lut sinh l mt
php dch :
ONE mt.
TWO hai.
JANUARY thng mt
37
Cc thnh phn chnh
biu din mt tp lut sinh, ngi ta
thng phi ch r hai thnh phn chnh sau:
(1) Tp cc s kin F(Facts)
F = { f
1
, f
2
, ... f
n
}
(2) Tp cc quy tc R (Rules) p dng trn cc
s kin dng nh sau :
f
1
^ f
2
^ ... ^ f
i
q
Trong , cc f
i
, q u thuc F
38
V d: Cho 1 c s tri thc
Cc s kin : A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K
Tp cc quy tc hay lut sinh (rule):
R1 : A E
R2 : B D
R3 : H A
R4 : E . G C
R5 : E . K B
R6 : D . E . K C
R7 : G . K . F A
39
C ch suy lun trn cc lut sinh
Suy din tin: l qu trnh suy lun xut pht t
mt s s kin ban u, xc nh cc s kin c
th c "sinh" ra t s kin ny.
S kin ban u : H, K
R3 : H A {A, H, K }
R1 : A E { A, E, H, K }
R5 : E . K B { A, B, E, H, K }
R2 : B D { A, B, D, E, H, K }
R6 : D . E . K C { A, B, C, D, E, H, K }

40
C ch suy lun trn cc lut sinh
Suy din li: l qu trnh suy lun ngc xut pht t mt s s kin
ban u, ta tm kim cc s kin "sinh" ra s kin ny.
Mt v d thng gp trong thc t l xut pht t cc tnh trng
ca my tnh, chn on xem my tnh b hng hc u.
Tp cc s kin :
cng l "hng" hay "hot ng bnh thng"
Hng mn hnh.
Lng cp mn hnh.
Tnh trng n cng l "tt" hoc "sng"
C m thanh c cng.
Tnh trng n mn hnh "xanh" hoc "chp "
Khng s dng c my tnh.
in vo my tnh "c" hay "khng"

41
Tp cc lut ca v d trn:
R1. Nu ( ( cng "hng") hoc (cp mn hnh "lng")) th
khng s dng c my tnh.
R2. Nu (in vo my l "c") v ( (m thanh c cng l
"khng") hoc tnh trng n cng l "tt")) th ( cng
"hng").
R3. Nu (in vo my l "c") v (tnh trng n mn hnh l
"chp ") th (cp mn hnh "lng").
xc nh c cc nguyn nhn gy ra s kin "khng
s dng c my tnh", ta phi xy dng mt cu trc
th gi l th AND/OR nh sau :
42
th and/or
cng hng
Cp mn hnh lng
in vo my c
Tnh trng n
mn hnh chp
m thanh cng
khng
n cng
tt
And And
Or
43
Ti u lut
Rt gn bn phi
Lut sau hin nhin ng :
A . B A (1)
Do lut
A . B A . C
L hon ton tng ng vi
A . B C
Quy tc rt gn : C th loi b nhng s kin bn v phi nu
nhng s kin xut hin bn v tri. Nu sau khi rt gn m
v phi tr thnh rng th lut l lut hin nhin. Ta c th loi
b cc lut hin nhin ra khi tri thc.
44
Ti u lut
Rt gn bn tri
Lut 1:
A . B C (1)
Lut 2:
A X
Lut 3:
X C
R rng l lut A . B C c th c thay th bng lut A C m
khng lm nh hng n cc kt lun trong mi trng hp. Ta ni
rng s kin B trong lut (1) l d tha v c th c loi b khi lut
dn trn.
45
Phn r v kt hp lut
Lut A v B C
Tng ng vi hai lut
A C
B C
Vi quy tc ny, ta c th loi b hon ton
cc lut c php ni HOC bn tri lut.
Cc lut c php ni ny thng lm cho
thao tc x l tr nn phc tp.
46
Phn r v kt hp lut
Lut A B . C
Tng ng vi hai lut
A B
A C
Vi quy tc ny, ta c th loi b hon ton
cc lut c php ni V. Cc lut c php ni
ny thng lm cho thao tc x l tr nn
phc tp.
47
Lut tha
Mt lut dn X Y c gi l tha nu c th
suy ra lut ny t nhng lut cn li.
V d : trong tp cc lut gm {A B, B C, A
C} th lut th 3 l lut tha v n c th c suy
ra t 2 lut cn li.
48
Thut ton ti u tp lut
Bc 1: Rt gn bn phi
Bc 2: Phn r lut
Bc 3: Loi b lut tha
Bc 4: Rt gn bn tri
Vi mi lut dn r: X={A1,A2,..,An} Y thuc R
Vi mi s kin Ai thuc r
Gi lut r1:X Ai Y
S=(R {r}) U {r1}
Nu Bao ng (X Ai, S) Bao ng (X,R) th loi
s kin Ai ra khi X
49
Bi tp ti u tp lut
1. F= {A, B, C}
R= {A B, A BC, B C,A C,AB C}
2. F= {A, B, C, D}
R= {A BA, A v B BC, B C,A C,AB D}
3. F= {A, B, C, D}
R= {AC BC, A v B D,C D, A C,A DvB }

50
Mng ng ngha
nh ngha:
L mt lc biu din kiu mng, dng th biu din tri thc.
Cc nh biu din i tng; cc cung biu din quan h gia chng.
V d:
Chim
yen

Chim

Canh

Bay
IS-A
co
Di chuyen
Xemmng bn:
- C hai nh biu din i tng,
v hai nh cn li biu din thuc tnh.
- nh c nhn: Chim ni vi hai nh thuc tnh c nhn:
Cnh, Bay nn c th biu din: Mt con chim th c
cnh v c hnh thc di chuyn l bay.
-nh c nhn Chim yn ni vi nh Chim thng qua
cung c bit IS-A ni ln: Chim yn l mt loi chim.V
vy chim yn c th s hu cc thuc tnh: c cnh, bay nh
mt con chim thng thng.
51
Mng ng ngha
M rng mng ng ngha:
m rng mng tht n gin; chng ta ch
vic thm cc nh v cc cung quan h vi cc
nh c sn. Cc nh c thm vo mng hoc
l biu din i tng hoc l biu din thuc
tnh nh v d trc. Xt v d sau y minh ha
vic m rng mng c.
Tnh tha k:
L c im ni bt ca lc mng ng
ngha. Mng ng ngha nh ra cung quan h c
bit IS-A ch ra s tha k. V d, nh tnh
tha k m t mng bn chng ta c th suy ra:
Lilo l mt ng vt c th bay v ht th khng
kh.
Tnh ngoi l:
nh ngha mt cung quan h mi n mt nh
c tr khc.

Chim
yen

Chim

Canh

Bay
IS-A
co
Di chuyen
IS-A
Lilo
ong
vat
IS-A

Khong
kh
th
Canh
cut
IS-A

i
Di chuyen
52
Mng ng ngha
Php ton trn mng ng ngha:
Gi s chng ta m ho mng hnh trc vo my tnh. dng mng,
c th n gin l chng ta cu hi vi mt nh no . V d, vi nh Chim
chng ta t cu hi: Bn di chuyn nh th no?. tr li cu hi chng ta c
th hin thc cch tr li sau cho nh: tm kim cung quan h c nhn di chuyn
bt u t n, nh case 1,2 bn.
Di chuyen
Chim

Bay
Ngi dung
Q: Ban di chuyen
nh the nao ?
A: bay Q: Bn di chuyn
nh th no ?
Lilo

Bay

Ngi dng
Q: Bn di chuyn
nh th no ?
A: bay

Chim
yn

Chim

Q: Bn di chuyn
nh th no ?
Di chuyn
A: bay
A: bay
Case 1:
Case 2:
53
Xy dng mng ng ngha gii tam gic
t vn :
C 22 yu t lin quan n cnh v gc ca tam gic. xc
nh mt tam gic hay xy dng mt 1 tam gic ta cn c 3
yu t trong phi c yu t cnh. Nh vy c khong C
3
22
-1
(khong vi ngn) cch xy dng hay xc nh mt tam gic.
Theo thng k, c khong 200 cng thc lin quan n cnh v
gc 1 tam gic.
gii bi ton ny bng cng c mng ng ngha, ta phi s
dng khong 200 nh cha cng thc v khong 22 nh
cha cc yu t ca tam gic. Mng ng ngha cho bi ton ny
c cu trc nh sau :
54
+ nh:
Hnh ch nht: Cng thc
Hnh trn: Bin
+ Cung : lun hng t
nh hnh trn ln nh hnh
ch nht, cho bit bin no
nm trong cng thc no.
Xy dng mng ng ngha gii tam gic
55
Bi ton:"Cho hai gc o, | v chiu di cnh a ca
tam gic. Tnh ng cao h
C
".
C ch suy din thc hin theo thut ton "loang" n
gin sau :
B1 : Kch hot nhng nh hnh trn cho ban u
(nhng yu t c gi tr)
B2 : Lp li bc sau cho n khi kch hot c tt
c nhng nh ng vi nhng yu t cn tnh hoc
khng th kch hot c bt k nh no na:
Nu mt nh hnh ch nht c cung ni vi n nh
hnh trn m n-1 nh hnh trn c kch hot th
kch hot nh hnh trn cn li (v tnh gi tr nh cn
li ny thng qua cng thc nh hnh ch nht).
56
Ci t thut ton:
e
e
=
j
j
j i
R
R
R X
i
i
X if 1
X if 0
57
Ci t thut ton
+ Nhp cc bin X
i
cho trc (kch hot): khi nhng cng thc
no c cha bin ny th cho gi tr l 1 (i t 1 thnh 1).
+ Tnh R
j
(+1): S bin bit trong cng thc.
+ Tnh: IF ( R
j
(1) R
j
(+1) = 1 ): cng thc R
j
bit
ELSE Cng thc cha c bit.
Nu ton b u = 1 th d liu cha .
+ Nu cng thc = 1 cng thc c kch hot. Cc bin
lin h vi cng thc ny (duyt theo ct) s c kch hot t 1
sang 1.
+ Duyt tip xc nh tip cc cng thc lin quan.
58
Ban u
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
o -1 0 0 -1 0
| -1 -1 0 -1 0
o 0 -1 0 -1 0
a -1 0 -1 0 0
b -1 -1 -1 0 0
c 0 -1 -1 0 -1
S 0 0 -1 0 -1
hC 0 0 0 0 -1
59
nh o, | , a ca th c kch hot.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
o 1 0 0 1 0
| 1 1 0 1 0
o 0 -1 0 -1 0
a 1 0 1 0 0
b -1 -1 -1 0 0
c 0 -1 -1 0 -1
S 0 0 -1 0 -1
hC 0 0 0 0 -1
60
Trn ct (1), hiu (1+1+1 (-1)) = 4 nn dng b
s c kch hot
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
o 1 0 0 1 0
| 1 1 0 1 0
o 0 -1 0 -1 0
a 1 0 1 0 0
b 1 1 1 0 0
c 0 -1 -1 0 -1
S 0 0 -1 0 -1
hC 0 0 0 0 -1
61
Trn ct (4), hiu (1+1 (-1)) = 3 nn dng o s
c kch hot.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
o 1 0 0 1 0
| 1 1 0 1 0
o 0 1 0 1 0
a 1 0 1 0 0
b 1 1 1 0 0
c 0 -1 -1 0 -1
S 0 0 -1 0 -1
hC 0 0 0 0 -1
62
Trn ct (2), hiu (1+1+1 (1)) = 4 nn dng c
c kch hot.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
o 1 0 0 1 0
| 1 1 0 1 0
o 0 1 0 1 0
a 1 0 1 0 0
b 1 1 1 0 0
c 0 1 1 0 1
S 0 0 -1 0 -1
hC 0 0 0 0 -1
63
Trn ct (3), hiu (1+1+1 (-1)) = 4 nn dng S
c kch hot.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
o 1 0 0 1 0
| 1 1 0 1 0
o 0 1 0 1 0
a 1 0 1 0 0
b 1 1 1 0 0
c 0 1 1 0 1
S 0 0 1 0 1
hC 0 0 0 0 -1
64
Trn ct (5), hiu (1+1 (-1)) = 3 nn dng hC
c kch hot.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
o 1 0 0 1 0
| 1 1 0 1 0
o 0 1 0 1 0
a 1 0 1 0 0
b 1 1 1 0 0
c 0 1 1 0 1
S 0 0 1 0 1
hC 0 0 0 0 1
65
Lu v quan h ph thuc khi nim.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu v cch hiu ngn ng t nhin, Schank
v Rieger c gng thit lp mt tp cc phn t c bn c th
biu din cu trc ng ngha ca cc biu thc ngn ng t nhin
theo mt cch ng nht.
L thuyt v ph thuc khi nim c ra 4 khi nim c bn t
ng ngha c xy dng, chng l:
+ ACT (Action) : cc hnh ng (cc ng t trong cu)
+ PP (Picture Producers): cc i tng (cc ch t, tn ng,..)
+ AA (Action Adder) : b ngha cho hnh ng (trng t)
+ PA (Picture Adder) : b ngha cho i tng (tnh t)
66
Tt c cc hnh ng c cho l c th c m t bng cch phn r v
mt hoc nhiu hnh ng nh lit k sau y:
1. ATRANS : chuyn i mt quan h VD: ng t: cho, biu,
2. PTRANS : chuyn i v tr vt l VD: i, chy, di chuyn,..
3. PROPEL : tc ng mt lc vt l ln i tng VD: y, chi,
4. MOVE : di chuyn mt phn thn th bi i tng VD: ..
5. GRASP : nm ly i tng khc. VD: cm, nm, gi,
6. INGEST : n vo bng mt i tng bi t khc VD: n, nut,..
7. EXPEL : tng ra t thn th ca mt i tng VD: khc,..
8. MTRANS : chuyn i thng tin tinh thn VD: ni, tit l,..
9. MBUILD : to ra mt thng tin tinh thn mi VD: quyt nh,
10. CONC : ngh v mt kin VD: suy ngh, hnh dung,
11. SPEAK : to ra m thanh VD: ni, pht biu,
12. ATTEND: tp trng gic quan VD: lng nghe, nhn,
67
Tp cc lut c
php cho khi nim,
hnh thnh nn vn
phm v quan h
ng ngha. Danh
sch cc ph thuc
khi nim c lit
k nh bn.
PP ACT
i tng PP
thc hin hnh ng ACT
PP PA
i tng PP c thuc tnh PA
ACT PP
O
Hnh ng ACT tc ng ln PP
ACT
PP
PP
i tng nhn v cho
trong hnh ng ACT
R: i tng nhn (recipient)
ACT
PP
Hng ca i tng
trong hnh ng ACT
D: Hng(Direction)
R
D
PP
ACT
I
Quan h gia hnh ng v
thit b phc v cho hnh ng.
(xem v d phn sau)
68
Biu din quan h nhn qu.
X: nguyn nhn.
Y: kt qu.
X
Y
PP
PA2
PA1
Biu din s chuyn i trng thi ca PP t PA2 sang PA1
PP1 PP2
Biu din quan h s hu.
PP2 l PART OF hoc POSSESSOR OF PP1
+T cc ph thuc khi nim c bn nu trn.
+Chng ta c th kt hp c th biu din cc cu trong NNTN.
+V d sau:
Nam PROPEL
Qu bng
O
ngha:
Nam tc dng mt lc vo qu bng
69
p : qu kh ACT xy ra trong qu kh
VD:

ngha: Nam tc dng mt lc (y)
vo ci bn.
f : tng lai.
t : chuyn tip.
ts

: bt u chuyn tip.
tf

: kt thc chuyn tip.
k : ang din ra.
? : nghi vn.
/ : ph nh.
C : iu kin.
Nil: hin ti. (khng ghi ch g)
Cc ph thuc khi nim trn
cho php chng biu din
quan h gia: ch t vi ng
t (nh ph thuc u tin),
hay gia ch t v thuc tnh
ca n,. Lc v quan
h ph thuc khi nim cng
a ra cch thc biu din
th, iu kin,, nh bn phi.
Nam
PROPEL
p
O
Ci bn
70
Mt s v d v vic kt hp cc ph thuc khi nim biu din cu:
PP ACT
Nam PROPEL Lan
O
: Nam nh Lan
P
VD:
Nam ATTEND
Bi ging
O
: Nam ang tp trung vo
bi ging.
K
PP PA Nam
Height (> average) : Nam is tall.
PP PP
Nam doctor
: Nam is a doctor.
PP PA boy nice
: A nice boy
PP PP
dog
John
Poss-by
: Johns dog.
71
ACT PP
O
John PROPEL
P O
Car
: John pushed the car.
ACT
PP
PP
R
John
R
P
ATRANS
O
Book
John
Mary
: John took the book from
Mary.
ACT
I
John
P
INGEST
O
Ice cream
I
John
do
O
spoon
: John ate ice cream (by
spoon)
ACT
PP
PP
D
John
D
P
PTRANS
O
fertilizer
field
bag
: John fertilized the field
72
PP
PA2
PA1
Plants
Size =X
Size >X
: The plants grew
(a) (b)
Bill PROPEL
O
Bullet
Bob
p
Health (-10)
Bob
gun
R
: Bill shot Bob
T
John
PTRANS
p
yesterday
: John ran yesterday
Health (10)
73

Chng ta c th cng c th to ra
biu din cho cc cu phc tp hn
nh v d sau:
Cu: Nam cm Lan gi cun tp AI
cho Quang
Nu t C l mnh : Lan gi cun
tp cho Quang, th cu trn c th
hiu l: Nam cm ci mnh va
nu xy ra.
M mnh C c biu din nh
H1, nn ton b cu l nh H2:
Lan ATRANS
Cun tp
AI
O
p
R
Quang
Lan
H1:
Lan
*ATRANS*
Cun tp
AI
O
p
R
Quang
Lan
c/
Nam
p
*DO*
H2:
74
u im
+ Cung cp cch thc biu din hnh
thc cho ng ngha ca ngn ng
t nhin, ng ngha c biu din
theo dng c quy tc gim s
nhp nhng.
+ Chnh bn thn dng biu din
cha ng ng ngha tnh ng
ngha tng ng l s ng nht v
c php ca lc biu din
chng minh tnh ng ngha so
trng hai th biu din.
Nhc im:
+ Kh khn trong vic pht trin
chng trnh t ng thu
gim biu din ca cu bt k v
dng quy tc chun.
+ Tr gi cho vic phn r mi
ci v cc thnh phn c bn:
ACT, PP,
+ Cc thnh phn c bn khng
thch hp miu t nhng khi
nim tinh t ca ngn ng t
nhin, nh cc t c ngha nh
tnh: cao, p,
75
th khi nim
nh ngha:
th khi nim l mt th hu hn, lin thng, cc nh c
chia lm hai loi: nh khi nim v nh quan h.
nh khi nim: dng biu din cc khi nim c th (ci, in
thoi, ) hay tru tng (tnh yu, p, vn ho,). nh khi nim
c biu din bi hnh ch nht c gn nhn l khi nim.
nh quan h: dng ch ra quan h gia cc khi nim c ni n
n.
Trong th khi nim: ch c khc loi mi ni c vi nhau.
Chnh v dng nh quan h nn cc cung khng cn phi c gn
nhn na.
+ Mi th khi nim biu din mt mnh n.
+ C s tri thc: cha nhiu th khi nim.

76
th khi nim
Mt s v d:
Con ch
nu
mu
Biu din: con ch c mu
nu.
Ngi:nam
b m
Ngi:hong
Ngi:nga
Biu din: Nam c b m l
ng Hong v b Nga.
Con chim
bay
Biu din: Con chim bit
bay
mt ngi
hai ngi
ba ngi
* Mt nh quan h c th l mt hay nhiu ngi.
77
th khi nim
Mt s v d:

person: mary
person: john
agent
recipient
give
object
book
Represent: Mary give John the book
Trong v d trn, ch : ng t give c ch t thng qua nh quan h agent,
tn ng trc tip thng qua nh quan h object, tn ng gin tip cng l ngi
nhn thng quan nh quan h recipient, hng mi tn cho cc loi ng t
tng t c dng nh th trn.
78
th khi nim
Loi, c th, tn:
Trong th khi nim, mi nh quan h biu din cho mt c th n l thuc mt
loi no . ni ln quan h gia loi-c th, nn mi nh khi nim c quy
nh cch gn nhn l: loi: tn_c_th
tn c th c th l:
1. Mt tn no , nh:
sinhvin: nam mt sinh vin c tn l Nam.
2. Mt kho phn bit, c vit theo c php #kho, nh
sinhvin: #59701234 mt sinh vin c kho l: 59701234.
3. C th dng du sao (*) ch ra mt c th cha xc nh, nh:
sinhvin: * , c tc dng nh sinhvin ch ra mt sinh vin bt k
sinhvin:*X sinh vin bt k, tn sinh vin c ly qua bin X.
sinhvin:ng* sinh vin c tn bt u bi ng
Trng hp 1 v 2, khi nim c gi l khi nim c th, trng hp 3 ta c khi
nim tng qut.
79
th khi nim
Nu dng cch t tn nh ni trn c th nhn thy 3 th
sau c tc dng biu din nh nhau nu con c lulu c kho
l #123.

dog:lulu color:brown
color
dog:#123 color:brown
color
dog:#123 color:brown
color
name
string:lulu
G1:
G2:
G3:
80
th khi nim
Bin c th c dng khi cn ch ra nhiu nh khi
nim ng nht nhau trong mt th nh trng hp
sau.

dog:*X verb:scratch
part: paw
part: ear
dog:*X
agent
object
instrument
part
part
Represent: The dog scratches its ear with its paw
81
th khi nim
Cc php ton trn th khi
nim.
Xt hai th sau:
+Php copy (nhn bn): nhn bn mt
th.
+Php Restriction (gii hn): to ra
th mi bng cch: t mt th
c, thay th mt nh khi nim bi
mt nh khc c th hn, nh hai
trng hp:
Mt bin *, c thay th bi mt
kho, hay mt tn ca c th.
VD: dog:* dog:#123 hay dog:lulu
Mt type c thay th bi subtype
ca n.
VD: ngi: nam sinhvin:nam
eat
agent
dog: lulu
object
bone
color
brown
animal: lulu
location porch
color
brown
G1:
G2:
82
th khi nim
p dng php restriction trn th G2, c th dn ra G3 nh sau:

+ Php Join (ni): Ni hai th c mt th khc.
Nu c nh khi nim C xut hin trn c hai th X v Y, th chng ta
c th ni hai th trn nh chung C ni trn, nh t G1 v G3 c th
to ra G4 nh sau: (ni trn nh chung l: dog:lulu)

dog: lulu
location porch
color
brown
G3:
eat
agent
dog: lulu
object
bone
color
brown
G4:
location porch
color
brown
83
th khi nim
+ Php simplify: (rt gn)
Nu trn mt th c hai th con ging nhau hon ton th chng ta c
th b i mt to ra mt th mi c kh nng biu din khng thay
i. T G4 c th sinh ra G5 cng kh nng biu din.

Nhn xt:
Php Restriction v php Join cho php chng ta thc hin tnh tha k
trn th khi nim. Khi thay mt bin * bi mt c th c th, lc
chng ta cho php c th tha k cc tnh cht t loi(type) ca n, cng
tng t khi ta thay th mt type bi subtype ca n.
eat
agent
dog: lulu
object
bone
color
brown
G5:
location porch
84
th khi nim
nh mnh :
thun tin biu din cho cc cu gm nhiu mnh , th khi
nim c m rng c th cha c mt mnh trong mt nh
khi nim, lc chng ta gi l nh mnh .
Vy nh mnh l mt nh khi nim c cha mt th khi
nim khc. Xt th khi nim m rng biu din cho cu:
Tom believes that Jane likes pizza.

person: jane
like agent
object
pizza
proposition
person: tom
experiencer believe
object
85
th khi nim
th khi nim v logic.
- Php hi (and) ca nhiu khi nim, mnh chng ta c th
thc hin d dng cch cch ni nhiu th bi php ton join.
- Php ph nh(not) v php tuyn(or) gia cc khi nim hay
mnh cng c th c th hin bng cch a vo nh quan
h c tn: neg(ph nh), or(tuyn) nh dng sau.

nh khi nim, mnh nh khi nim, mnh
neg or
86
th khi nim
V d: Cu: There are no pink dogs, c biu din:

Trong th khi nim, cc khi nim tng qut (nh dng bin * -nh
dog:*, hay ch c tn loi - nh dog) c xem nh c lng t tn ti (-).
Do vy, mnh trong v d trn c biu din v t l: -X-Y(dog(X) ^
color(X,Y) ^ pink(Y)).
V ton b th ( bao gm nh quan h :neg), c biu din v t:
-X-Y(dog(X) ^ color(X,Y) ^ pink(Y)).
= XY( (dog(X) ^ color(X,Y) ^ pink(Y))).
dog:*
pink
color
proposition
neg
87
Lc c cu trc - Frame
Frame khung.
L mt cu trc d liu cho php
biu din tri thc dng khi nim
hay i tng.
Mt khung c cu trc nh hnh
v bn.
Cu trc ca frame:
c t cho mt frame gm cc
thnh phn c bn sau:
1. Frame name: tn ca frame.
- Nu frame biu din cho mt c th
no , th y l tn ca c th. V d:
an, nam, lulu,..
Frame name:
Object1
Class:
Object2
Properties:
Property 1 Value1
Property 2 Value2

88
Lc c cu trc Frame
Cu trc ca frame (tt):
- Nu Frame biu din cho mt
lp, th y l tn lp. V d:
chim, ng vt,
2. Class: Tn loi.
- Nu thnh phn ny xut hin,
n cho bit rng frame m
chng ta ang biu din c loi
l gi tr trng class. Cho
php thnh lp quan h tha k
IS-A.
Nh v d trn, chng ta c:
Object1 IS-A Object2
3. Cc thuc tnh (property): Khi
biu din mt frame chng ta c
th thit lp mt hay nhiu thuc
tnh cho n, nh v d sau:
Frame name:
Properties:
chim
mau Cha biet
an Con trung
So canh 2
bay true
oi Cha biet
Hoat ong Cha biet
89
Lc c cu trc Frame
- Khi chng ta t t thuc tnh cho
mt lp; nu chng ta bit c
gi tr chung cho tt c cc i
tng thuc lp m chng ta ang
biu din th in vo tr cho thuc
tnh , gi tr chng ta gi l gi
tr mc nhin, nh: n, s cnh trn
; nu chng ta cha bit tr c th
(nhng bit l c thuc tnh ) th
chng ta c th b trng (cha bit)
nh mu, hot ng,..:.
Cc thuc tnh ca frame nm
hai dng c bn:
Dng tnh(static): gi tr ca
n khng thay i trong qu
trnh h thng tri thc hot
ng.
Dng ng(dynamic): gi tr
c th chuyn i.
Khi phi tm kim mt frame,
chng ta c th da vo frame
name , cng c th da vo cc
thuc tnh c t t cho
frame.
90
Lc c cu trc Frame
4. Cc th tc: Lc frame
cng cho php tch hp cch thc
t nh cc thuc tnh nh trn v
cc th tc vo mt frame. V hnh
thc, mt th tc s chim mt
khe tng t nh khe thuc tnh
ni trn.
Th tc c dng : biu din
mt hnh ng no ca i
tng, iu khin gi tr ca thuc
tnh nh: kim tra rng buc v tr,
kiu, ca thuc tnh mi khi cn
trch, hay thay i n.
Hai th tc ph bin c nh km vi
mt thuc tnh l:
IF_NEEDED v IF_CHANGED.
IF_NEEDED:
Th tc ny c thc thi mi khi
chng ta cn n gi tr ca thuc tnh
(ging th tc GET trong VB).
V d: th tc sau (dng if_needed) cho
thuc tnh bay ca frame chim ni trn.
if self:s_cnh < 2
Then self:bay = false
If self:s_cnh = 2
Then self:bay = true
91
Lc c cu trc Frame
IF_CHANGED:
Th tc ny c thc thi mi khi gi tr
ca thuc tnh m if_changed ny c
gn vo thay i. (ging nh SET, LET
trong VB)
V d: gn th tc sau cho thuc tnh i
ca lp chim ni trn.
If Seft:i = true Then
Seft:hnhng =
eating # seft:n
5. Cc thng tin khc:
Mt s khe khc ca frame c th cha
frame khc, link n frame, mng ng
ngha, rules, hay cc loi thng tin khc.
Ch : cc v d trn m phng theo ngn
ng Kappa PC, trong , Expert System -
DurKin:
- Seft: t kho ch chnh bn thn frame
ang m t (nh Me ca VB, this ca VC)
- # : du ni chui(nh & ca VB, + ca VC)
- Lc frame cng ging nh cc h
thng hng i tng. Chng ta:
C th t t frame lp hay c th.
C th t t tnh tha k.
Mi khi to ra frame c th, c th copy
cc thuc tnh, th tc ca frame lp; ng
thi c th m rng thm, hay nh ngha
li mt s thuc tnh, th tc.

92
Lc c cu trc Script
Script Kch bn:
L mt lc biu din c cu
trc, dng biu din mt chui cc s
kin trong mt ng cnh c th. N nh
mt phng tin t chc cc ph thuc
khi nim ( gii thiu trc) m t
mt tnh hung c th.
Script c dng trong cc h thng
hiu NNTN, t chc tri thc trong thnh
phn cc tnh hung m h thng phi tm
hiu.
Cu trc ca Script:
1. Entry conditions:
Cc iu kin phi true script
c gi. V d: mt c nhn b bnh th
script nhp vin c gi.

2. Results:
Kt qu thu c t script khi n hon
thnh.
3. Props:
Cc vt tham gia vo script, nh: xe
cu thng, cng, bnh oxy,
4. Roles:
Cc c nhn tham gia vo script, nh:
bnh nhn, bc s, y t, ngi nh,
5. Scenes:
Cc cnh chnh trong script, nh: di
chuyn, cp cu, hi sc,..
Mt v d v kch bn i nh hng
nh v d sau:

93
Lc c cu trc Script
Script: RESTAURENT
Track: Coffee Shop
Entry conditions:
S is hungry
S has money
Results:
S has less money
O has more money
S is not hungry
S is pleased (optional)
Props: Tables
Menu
Food (F)
Check
Money
Roles: Custumer (S)
Waiter(W)
Cook(C)
Cashier(M)
Owner(O)

Scene 1: (Entering)
S PTRANS S into restaurent.
S ATTEND eyes to tables
S MBUILD where to sit
S PTRANS S to table
S MOVE S to sitting position
---
Scene 2: (Ordering)
(Menu on table)
S PTRANS menu to S
(S ask for menu)
S MTRANS signal to W
W PTRANS W to table
S MTRANS need menu to W
W PTRANS W to menu
94
Lc c cu trc Script
Scene 3: (Eating)
C ATRANS F to W
W ATRANS F to S
S INGEST F
(Option: return to scene 2 to order more;
otherwise: goto scene 4)
---
Scene 4: (exiting)
S MTRANS to W
W ATRANS check to S

W MOVE (write check) ;
W PTRANS W to S
W ATRANS check to S ;
S ATRANS tip to W
S PTRANS S to M;
S ATRANS money to M;
S PTRANS S to out of restaurent.
95
X L TRI THC
Phng php x l tri thc
C ch lp lun vi cc biu din tri thc
C ch lp lun vi tri thc bt nh v
khng chnh xc.
Phn b kh xut
96
Ba phng php x l tri thc
Chuyn i tri thc:
L chuyn i gia cc hnh thc biu din tri thc. Hiu qu ca cc
phng php tm kim v suy din thng l ph thuc vo cc quy
nh, vo biu din ca cc tri thc x l, ph tn v thi gian v b nh
c th khc nhau ty thuc vo biu din c thch hp hay khng.
Suy din: Lin quan n 2 lnh vc:
Chng minh t ng: ngha l suy dn ra tnh th nhn t cc tnh th
c thng qua vic s dng cc quy tc suy dn, c iu khin bi mt
chin lc, thut ton hoc Heuristic.
Gii quyt vn : cu trc li gii cho bi ton t ra thng qua vic s
dng cc ton t trn gi thit ban u.
Tng hp:
Ngha l lin kt, sp xp v khi qut cc ni dung ca tri thc. y l
k thut quan trng nht lm c s cho kh nng hc. Nhng k thut
cho ti nay to nn ngun gc cho vic c kh ha qun tr tri thc.
97
C ch lp lun vi cc biu din tri thc
Nghin cu cc cch t duy v suy lun ca con
ngi, cc nh logic hc ch ra cc phng
php lun ch yu sau y:
Phng php suy din (Decfunction): Cn gi l
phng php din dch c dng ph bin cho
cc phng php t duy nh tr, ton hc.
Phng php quy din (Abduction): Cn c gi
l phng php tng t.
98
Phng php quy din (Abduction)
V d: chng minh: A B. Ta chng
minh:
+ A ~ A
A B
+ B ~ B
A B
+ A ~ A, B ~ B
A B
99
Phng php quy np (Induction)
Quy np hon ton:
Chng minh: T(n) ng n
Vi n = 1 T(1) ng
Gi s vi n = k T(k) ng
Chng minh vi n = k + 1 T(k + 1) ng
Quy np khng hon ton:
Chng minh: T(n) ng n
)
Vi n = 1 T(1) ung
Vi n = 2 T(2) ung T(n) ung
Vi n = 3 T(3) ung
100
C ch lp lun vi tri thc
bt nh v khng chnh xc
Trong thc t con ngi vn thng phi lp
lun vi nhng tri thc bt nh v khng
chnh xc.
Nhng mnh pht biu mang tnh cht bt
nh: tnh ng sai khng c lp lun mt cch
r rng.
Nhng mnh pht biu khng chnh xc: gi
tr ca mnh khng c ch ra chnh xc i
vi thang o quy c
101
C ch lp lun vi tri thc
bt nh v khng chnh xc(tt)
m hnh ha bt nh v khng chnh xc ngi ta s dng
cch tip cn vi m hnh xc sut v l thuyt tp m. Tuy nhin c ch
lp lun da trn cc m hnh ny cng gp nhiu kh khn do cc yu
cu cht ch v o m.
V d:
+ o xc sut ca mnh A l:
P(A) = 1 P( ) : l ph nh ca A
+ o m ca mnh q vi p l:
G(q) > G(p): nu p q l ng.
A A
102
M hnh lp lun xp x
M hnh xc sut:
Gi P l tp cc mnh m khp kn i vi php ton ph
nh v php . (ni lin), ngha l:
p e P: e P (khp kn)
p, q e P : p . q e P (ni lin)
F = p . e P (F: FALSE)
m F e P T e P (T: TRUE)
Mt khc p v q = e P, p,q
p
p q .
103
M hnh lp lun xp x
nh ngha o xc sut:
Xt nh x Pr: P [0,1]
Tha: Pr(p) + Pr( ) = 1, p e P
Pr(p . q) = Pr(p).Pr(q), p,q e P
v Pr gi l o xc sut.

Pr(p v q) = Pr(p) + Pr(q) Pr(p).Pr(q)
p
104
M hnh lp lun xp x
M hnh kh xut:
Gi P l tp cc mnh . Xt nh x: Pr : P [0,1]
tha

Shefer a ra 2 khi nim:
+ Hm Credible (tha ng) ca mnh q, k hiu l Cr(q): q e P:
Cr(q) =

+ Hm Plausibility (ng tin ca mnh q) ca mnh q, k hiu l
Pl(q): q e P: Pl(q) = 1 Cr( )
T : Cr(p) + Cr( ) s 1
Pl(p) + Pl( ) > 1
Cr(p) s Pl(p)
Pr( ) 1
e
=
p
p
P
:
Pr( )

p p q
p
q
p
p
105
M hnh lp lun xp x
T khi nim Cr(q) ngi ta a ra o ca
Nec(p) (Nesscessity Nht thit): l mt o Cr
c bit tha: Cr(p . q) = min( Cr(p),Cr(q) )
T khi nim Pl(q) ngi ta a ra o ca Pos(p)
(Possibility C th) l mt o Pl c bit tha:
Pl(p v q) = max( Pl(p), Pl(q) )
0
1
Pr(A)
Nec
Pos
106
M hnh lp lun xp x
Nec(p.q)=min(Nec(p), Nec(q))
Pos(pvq)=max(Pos(p), Pos(q))
Chng minh:
.
107
M rng c ch lp lun
Modus Ponens v Modus Tollens.
+ o xc sut Pr:

+ o Nec v Pos:

Pr(p q) > a Pr(p q) > a
Pr(p) > b Pr(q) s b
Pr(q) > max(0, a+b-1) Pr(p) s max(1, 1-a+b)
Nec(p q) > a Nec(p q) > a
Nec(p) > b Nec(q) s b
Nec(q) > min(a, b)
s
>
1 Neu a b
( )
Neu a b
Nec p
b
108
M rng c ch lp lun
Modus Ponens v Modus Tollens.
+ o Nec v Pos:

Nec(p q) > a Nec(p q) > a
Pos(p) > b Pos(q) s b
Pos(p) s max(1-a, b)
0 Neu a+b 1
( )
Neu a+b 1
Pos q
b
s
>
>
Pos(p q) > a
Nec(p) > b
s
>
0 Neu a+b 1
( )
a Neu a+b 1
Pos q
109
Gii thch ngha
c lng mc chc chn ca mt s
kin, mt mnh , mt pht biu dng lut,
khng phi lc no cng tnh c xc
sut Pr ca chng. C th xem nh Nec(p) l
c lng cn di v Pos(p) l c lng
cn trn ca Pr(p) do trong thc t d xc
nh c cc gi tr ny.
110
V d
Nu Pr(p q) > 0.7 v Pr(p) > 0.8
Pr(q) > max (0, 0.7+0.8-1)=0.5
Nu Pr(p q) > 0.7 v Pr(q) s 0.6
Pr(p) s min (1, 1-0.7+0.6)=0.9
Nu Nec(p q) > 0.7 v Nec(p) > 0.8
Nec(q) > min ( 0.7,0.8)=0.7
Nu Nec(p q) > 0.7 v Pos(p) > 0.8
Pos(q) >0.8 v 0.7+0.8>1
Ch : Nu bit Pos(p q) v Pos(p) th khng th
suy ra c g v Pos(q).
111
M hnh khi lut
Khi khng xc nh c o xc sut, ngi ta
xc nh cn trn v cn di. Nu cn trn v cn
di cng khng xc nh c, ta s dng m
hnh khi lut.
Trong thc t nhiu trng hp khng th c
lng mc tin cy ca mnh p q qua cc
o Pr, Nec, Pos, nhiu pht biu khi qut v mt
s kin hay hin tng c dng sau: a s, ni
chung, thng l, ch yu l,
p q : lut
p ~~~ q hay (p q) ! : khi lut
112
M hnh khi lut (tt)
biu th mc thng tin ca khi lut, ngi ta dng
phn b kh sut.
Phn b kh sut ca mt cp s kin i ngu nhau p v :
t(p) v t( ) tha mn: max( t(p), t( ) ) = 1
Phn b kh sut ca s kin p trong khi lut c biu th
bi:

Ngha l nu chng ta khng khng nh c p l tuyt i
ng th t(p)=1, nhng khi t( ) = vi 0 s s 1, ty theo
mc m biu th m chng ta chn cho thch hp
(ngha l p cng chc chn ng th cng nh).
p
p
p
p
( )
(p)
( ), ( ) hay
(p)
p p
t
t t
t
| |
|
\ .
113
Phn b kh sut ca mt khi lut

V d: C cc khi lut sau: Thng thng P suy
ra Q l ng. Khi khi lut s c biu din
nh sau:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
t t
t t
| |

|
|

\ .
p q p q
p q p q
s s
| |
|
e
\ .
1 ? 0 1
vi
? ? (0,1): cha biet
114
Tp cc biu th chun
o : t khi
q : Nhiu khi
: Thng thng
u : Ni chung

115
Kt ni khi lut

d nh chng ta ghi nh sau:

P(q) = P(p q) * P(p)
Vi:
*: Nhn ma trn
min: Nhn hai s
max: Cng hai s
( )
( )
( )
( ) min ( ), ( ) , min ( ), ( ) t t t t t = q Max p q p p q p
( ) ( )
( )
( ) min ( ), ( ) , min ( ), ( ) q Max p q p p q p t t t t t =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
t t
t t
t t
t t
| |
| | | |
=
|
| |
|

\ . \ .
\ .
q p
p q p q
q p
p q p q
116
M rng php ly min v max
vi cc khong cch s
max( [a,b], [c,d] ) = [ max(a,c),max(b,d) ]
min( [a,b], [c,d] ) = [ min(a,c),min(b,d) ]
+ Nu l mt s x : [x,x]
+ Nu l ? : [0,1]
117
V d
Cho tp lut v khi lut nh sau:
(1) Nu Th rnh Th thng i xem bng
(2) Nu Th i xem bng th ni chung Ngc gi nh.
(3) Nu Ngc trng nh th c t khi i xem bng.
(4) Th rnh.
(5) Nu l trn bng trong nc th nhiu khi khng c truyn
hnh trc tip.
(6) Nu c truyn hnh trc tip bng th c khng i xem
bng.
(7) Thng l bng trong nc.
Yu cu:
Tnh phn b kh sut ca s kin Ngc gi nh.
Tnh phn b kh sut ca s kin c i xem bng.
118
Bi tp
V d: Cho tp lut v khi lut nh sau:
(1) Nu Bo n th ni chung Mai n
(2) Bo n
(3) Mai n th Thng n
(4) Nu Sn n th nhiu khi Mai khng n
(5) Thng Sn n
Yu cu:
Tnh phn b kh sut ca s kin Mai n.
Tnh phn b kh sut ca s kin Thng n.
119
H CHUYN GIA
Expert system
Gii thiu v h chuyn gia.
nh ngha, kh nng ng dng.
Cu trc, cc c trng c bn ca ES.
Biu din tri thc.
Cc k thut suy lun.
Kho st mt vi h chuyn gia c.
XCON: ES tr gip cu hnh h thng my tnh ca DEC
MYCIN: ES chun on bnh nhim trng mu.
H chuyn gia da trn lut.
Kin trc, thit k.
u - nhc im.
H chuyn gia da vo Frame.
Kin trc, thit k.
u - nhc im.
120
nh ngha:
H chuyn gia l mt chng trnh c thit k
theo m hnh c kh nng gii quyt vn ca
chuyn gia con ngi.
S khi c bn:

He chuyen gia
C s
tri thc
ong c
Suy luan
121
C s tri thc:
+ Dng cha tri thc trong mt lnh vc no , tri thc ny do
chuyn gia con ngi chuyn giao.
+ N bao gm: cc khi nim c bn, cc s kin, cc lut v quan
h gia chng.
V d:
- Tri thc v bnh nhim trng mu do cc bc s chuyn khoa ny
chuyn giao.
- Tri thc v chin lc u t do cc nh c vn u t chuyn
giao.
- Tri thc v s din dch d liu kho st a vt l do cc k s
a cht chuyn giao.
122
ng c suy lun:
L b x l cho tri thc, c m hnh sao cho ging vi
vic suy lun ca chuyn gia con ngi. B x l ny lm vic
da trn thng tin m ngi dng m t v vn , kt hp vi
CSTT, cho ra kt lun hay ngh.
To sao phi xy dng ES ?
Chuyn gia con ngi l ti nguyn qu gi cho nhiu t
chc. H c th gii quyt nhng vn kh, hiu qu,. Vy
c gi tr khng khi chng ta xy dng mt chng trnh c
kh nng nh chuyn gia con ngi ?Mt s mt no cn
c th hn hn. Xem bng so snh sau:

123
+ Vi l do pht trin ES thay cho chuyn gia con ngi:
+ To cho tnh chuyn gia sn dng mi ni, mi lc.
+ T ng ho cc cng vic i hi chuyn gia.
+ Cc chuyn gia ang ngh hu hay chuyn n ni khc
Cn thay th.
+ Thu chuyn gia vi chi ph qu ln.
+ Tnh chuyn gia cn thit trong cc mi trng lm vic
khng thn thin, hi mt ES s nhanh hn mt chuyn
gia con ngi.
+ Pht trin ES tr gip cho chuyn gia con ngi.
124
Cc kiu vn thng
c gii quyt bi ES:
+ iu khin:
+ Thit k:
+ Chun on:
+ Dy hc:
+ Din dch:

+ Gim st:
+ Hoch nh:
+ D on:
+ La chn:
+ M phng:

125
Cu trc ca ES.
Cu trc ca ES:
ES m phng kh nng gii quyt vn ca chuyn gia con
ngi. Do vy, chng ta cn xem xt cch thc gii quyt ca
chuyn gia con ngi, t m phng.

Chuyen gia con ngi
Long- Term Memory
-------------------------
Tri thc cua lnh vc
Short- Term Memory
-------------------------
S kien, ket luan
Bo suy luan
Ngi c khuyen
-------------
S kien,
Ket luan
126
Cu trc ca ES.
+ Cch gii quyt vn ES:

He chuyen gia
CSTT
-------------------------
Tri thc cua lnh vc
Bo nh lam viec
-------------------------
S kien, ket luan
ong c suy luan
Ngi dung
-------------
S kien,
Ket luan
127
Cu trc ca ES.
CSTT:
L mt b phn ca ES nhm cha tri thc ca lnh vc.
+ ES cha tri thc ca chuyn gia con ngi trong mt b phn c
gi l CSTT. c tri thc ny, ngi k s tri thc phi thu thp tri
thc t chuyn gia con ngi ri m ho vo CSTT cch thc m ho
s c cp trong phn k thut biu din tri thc.
+ Mt trong cc cch tiu biu biu din l dng lut, nh sau:
RULE 1:
IF Xe car khng th khi ng c
THEN Vn trong h thng in
RULE 2:
IF Vn trong h thng in
AND in th AC-quy nh hn 10Volt
THEN li ti b AC-quy
128
Cu trc ca ES.
B nh lm vic:
L b phn ca ES dng cha cc s kin ca vn . Cc s
kin ny c th do ngi dng nhp vo lc u hay do ES sinh
ra trong qu trnh lm vic.
- Vi ES dng cho nhiu ngi cng th b nh lm vic thng
phn nhm theo phin lm vic (session) ca ngi dng. l
trng hp mt ES chung cho nhiu ngi dng t xa.
- Nhiu ES cng tn dng cc thng tin c cha trong cc
ngun ngoi nh: CSDL, bng tnh, sensor,ES s ti thng tin
ny vo b nh lm vic u mi session hay khi cn thit.

129
Cu trc ca ES.
ng c suy lun:
L b x l trong h chuyn gia, l nhim v so trng cc s kin c
cha trong b nh lm vic vi tri thc c cha trong CSTT nhm dn ra
kt lun cho vn .
+ Tiu biu, nu CSTT c cha lut, ES s tm ra lut m cc tin
ca lut so trng vi cc s kin c cha trong b nh lm vic, lc
ES s thm cc kt lun ca lut vo b nh lm vic, ri tip tc tm ra
s so trng khc ging nh nguyn l hot ng ca h lut sinh.
+ V d: Gi s CSTT ch vi hai lut nu trn
Bc 1:
ES: C phi xe car khng khi ng c ?
Ngi dng: ng.

130
Cu trc ca ES.
Ch thch: Ngi dng tr li ng, nn ES thm vo b nh lm vic s kin
m t: Xe car khng th khi ng c
ng c suy din ca ES lm nhim v so trng, nhn thy RULE 1 c th so trng
c, nn n thm vo b nh lm vic phn kt lun ca RULE 1, l: Vn
trong h thng in
Bc 2:
ES: C phi in Ac-quy di 10 Volt?
Ngi dng: ng.
Ch thch: Ngi dng tr li ng, nn ES thm vo b nh lm vic s kin
m t:
in th Ac-quy nh hn 10Volt
ng c suy din ca ES lm nhim v so trng, nhn thy RULE 2 c th so trng
c, nn n thm vo b nh lm vic phn kt lun ca RULE 2, l: li ti b
Ac-quy phin lm vic cng kt thc v CSTT ch gm hai lut trn.
131
Cu trc ca ES.
Tin ch gii thch.
Mt trong cc im ni bt ca ES l kh nng gii thch v suy lun
ca n. ES cn c mt khi c bn na trong cu trc ca n l: khi tin
ch gii thch. Vi khi ny ES c th cung cp cho ngi dng cc kh nng
gii thch:
- Ti sao ES li hi cu hi no . (WHY)
- Bng cch no ES c th suy ra kt lun no . (HOW)
Khi tin ch gii thch thun tin cho c ngi pht trin ES v ngi
dng. Ngi pht trin c th nh khm ph cc li trong tri thc ca ES.
Ngi th c th yn tm hn khi nhn mt kt lun no , khng cn thit
phi quan tm vi cu trc tri thc ca ES.
+ Gii thch bng cch no (HOW)
Ngoi chc nng cung cp cho ngi dng kt qu suy lun cui cng,
ES cng c th cung cp n t n kt lun bng cch no.
132
Cu trc ca ES.
Kh nng gii thch bng cch no rt quan trng vi ES, n lm cho ES khc vi
cc chng trnh truyn thng. Cc chng trnh truyn thng lm vic trn cc
bi ton c nh ngha tt, kt qu ca chng trnh c kim nghim
trc khi chuyn giao. ES lm vic trn cc bi ton thiu nhiu thng tin, thm
ch tri thc cn c th cp nht khi ES c trin khai chnh v vy m kt
lun ca n phi c gii thch bng cch no cho kt qu cui cng c gi
tr hn.

V d: trong phin lm vic ca ES ni trn.
ES: li ti b Ac-quy.
Ngi dng: HOW
ES: Bi v, khi xe ca bn khng khi ng c, ti cho rng c vn
trong h thng in. Mi ln, ti thy in th ca ac-quy di 10 volt, ti bit
rng ac-quy h.

- Kh nng gii thch HOW ca ES c th thc hin c bng cch cho php n
theo vt cc lut m n s dng vo suy lun.
133
Cu trc ca ES.
+ Gii thch ti sao (WHY)
kh nng ca ES cung cp cch gii thch: to sao n li hi mt
cu hi no . Vi kh nng ny, ngi dng cng c th theo vt
c lung suy lun ca ES v yn tm hn vi kt qu.
V d: trong phin lm vic vi ES ni trn.
ES: C phi xe car khng khi ng c ?
Ngi dng: WHY
ES: Nu ti bit rng xe car khng khi ng c, th ti thng cho
rng c vn trong h thng in.

Khi chng ta hi WHY, ES thng p tr bng cch m t ci g m n
c th kt lun t cu tr li. Hu ht cc ES thng p tr bng cch
hin lut m n ang quan tm.
134
Cu trc ca ES.
Giao din ngi dng:
Giao din cng l mt thnh phn quan trng ca ES, n gip
cho ES c th t cu hi vi ngi dng v nhn v cu tr li
chnh xc. Yu cu cao nht cho giao din l c kh nng cung
cp cch hi p tng t nh gia ngi - vi - ngi.
Khi hin thc h thng, v nhng hn ch ca k thut hin
ti nn ngi thit k phi ngh n nhng hnh thc giao tip
sao cho tin li, tuy cha tht ging vi ngi- ngi. C th,
c th dng giao din ha , dng menu chn, pht m cu hi,
cng cn phi tnh n kh nng dng web nh mi trng
tng tc.

135
Cc c trng c bn ca ES.
Phn tch tri thc v iu khin.
cp trong h lut sinh. y cng l c im phn bit gia chng trnh
truyn thng v ES.
Hy so snh kh nng thay i tri thc ca vn gia hai loi chng trnh ni
trn.
S hu tri thc chuyn gia.
ES c cha tri thc ca lnh vc trong CSTT. Nh c tri thc m n c gi tr.
c bit l tri thc ny c th c nhn ra thnh nhiu bn, c th cp nht
trong khi h thng c trin khai.
Tnh chuyn gia trong lnh vc hp.
Cng ging nh chuyn gia con ngi, ES c pht trin nhm vo mt lnh
vc hp. iu ny cng d hiu, v l do: trong lnh vc hp s lng tri
thc cng nh hn, v gip cho ngi thit d dng qun l hn, d dng
th nghim chin lc iu khin trong ng c suy din. Ngi thit
thng chia tri thc theo tng mng nh hnh sau qun l n.
136
Chuan oan xe
He thong ien
He thong nhien lieu
Ac-quy Bo anh la Bo che hoa kh Ong dan
137
Suy lun trn k hiu.
Chng ta c th dng k hiu th hin tri thc cho ES. Chnh v vy
m c th tn dng c cc gii thut trn k hiu tri thc thc, nh
cc gii thut cp trong chng 2 phn php ton v t.
Suy lun c heuristic
Chuyn gia con ngi c th t kinh nghim ca mnh dn ra cch
gii quyt vn hiu qu hn, v d:
Khi chun on xe, h c th gi thit cch lm:
- Lun lun kim tra lut v h thng in trc cc lut khc.
Hay mt bc s chuyn khoa c th gi thit:
- Nu nghi ng b ung th, th kim tra dng h trc.
c th hin thc trong ES, ngi thit k cn phi c cch nh gi
th t u tin ca cc lut, t mt ng cnh no c th chn mt lut
c l nht bt u.

138
Cho php suy lun khng chnh xc.
ES c mt kh nng rt mnh l: n c th lm vic vi cc vn ang
thiu thng tin, hay c nhng hn tp, khng r rng. Cng ging nh trng hp:
mt ekip bc s ang phi cu mt bnh nhn hp hi, lc h khng cn kp thi
gian lm tt c cc xt nghim cn thit. Khi thiu thng tin nh vy h nh tin
hnh nhng cch c l nht theo h. Chng ta cng c th hin thc ES c tnh
cht bng cch a vo nhng lut tng ng vi tnh hung thiu thng tin
ng c suy din vn dng.
B gii hn vo vn gii quyt.
Khng phi mi vn u c th gii quyt bi ES. C th, nu lnh vc
chng mun xy dng ES hin ti cha c, cha cn mt chuyn gia con ngi th
vic xy dng ES kh m thnh cng.
Gii quyt cc vn c phc tp va phi.
Nu vn qu kh, yu cu chuyn gia con ngi n vi gi, cn thit ngh
n kh nng chia thnh nhiu bi ton con tng ng mi ES.
139
C kh nng b li.
Ging nh chuyn gia con ngi ES c kh nng b li. Chnh v vy, cn thit a
vo kh nng phc hi li li cho ES ES c kh nng lu vt qu trnh suy lun, nu
n a ra mt kt lun m ngi dng kim nghim vi thc t c sai v bo cho ES,
lc n phi c kh nng ghi nhn v theo ui mt hng suy lun khc.
c im ny khng xut hin trong cc chng trnh truyn thng, nhng
ng vi kt lun loi chng trnh tt hn. Mi loi c nhng c im ring nh
bng so snh sau:
CT truyn thng ES
X l s X l k hiu.
Gii thut Heuristic
Tch hp thng tin+ iu khin Tch bch thng tin+ iu khin
Kh thay i d thay i.
Thng tin chnh xc Thng tin khng chc chn.
Giao din lnh iu khin Hi thoi + gii thch.
Kt qu cui cng ngh + gii thch
Ti u C th chp nhn.
140
Cng ngh tri thc.
Qu trnh gm cc
giai on nh hnh
bn.
Mt s nh ngha:
+ Cng ngh tri
thc: L qu trnh
xy dng ES.
+ Thu thp tri
thc: L qu trnh
thu thp, t chc v
nghin cu tri thc.
1. nh gi
2. Thu thp tri thc
3. Thit k
4. Kim tra
5. Lp ti liu
6. Bo tr
Cc yu cu
Tri thc
Kin trc
S nh gi
Sn phm
Cc tinh chnh
Cc kho st khc
nh ngha li
141
Cc nhn t trong mt d n ES
Cc nhn t chnh:
Chuyn gia lnh
vc.
K s tri thc
Ngi dng sn
phm
Cc yu cu cho mi nhn t:
Chuyn gia lnh vc:
C tri thc chuyn gia
C k nng gii quyt vn hiu qu
C th chuyn giao tri thc
Khng chng i (thn thin).
K s tri thc:
C k nng v cng ngh tri thc
C k nng giao tip tt.
C th lm cho vn c gii quyt bi
phn mm.
C k nng lp trnh h chuyn gia.
Ngi dng sn phm:
C th tr gip thit k giao din cho ES.
C th tr gip vic thu thp tri thc.
C th tr gip trong qu trnh pht trin ES.

142
Cc k thut suy lun
Suy lun: l qu trnh lm vic vi tri thc, s kin,
chin lc gii ton dn ra kt lun.
Bn suy lun nh th no?
Cc hnh thc c bn:
+ Suy lun din dch.
+ Suy lun quy np.
+ Suy lun tng t.
+ Suy lun kh sai.
+ Suy lun common-sense.
+ Suy lun n iu
+ Suy lun khng n iu.

Cc k thut c bn:
+ Suy lun tin (forward-chaing)
+ Suy lun li (backward-chaining)
143
u nhc im ca mi k thut
u im:
+ Lm vic tt vi bi ton c
bn cht: gm thng tin v sau
tm xem c th suy ra ci g
t thng tin .
+ C th dn ra rt nhiu thng
tin ch t mt t s kin ban
u.
+ Thch hp cho mt s vn
nh: hoch nh, gim st, iu
khin, din dch.

Nhc im:
+ Khng c cch nhn thy
tnh quan trng ca tng s
kin. Hi nhiu cu hi tha, v
i lc ch cn mt vi s kin
l cho ra kt lun.
+ C th hi nhng cu hi
khng lin quan g nhau chui
cu hi khng n nhp nhau.
VD:- Bn c thn nhit cao ?
- Bn n VN lu ri ?
Suy lun tin forward chaining
144
u nhc im ca mi k thut
u im:
+ Lm vic tt vi bi ton c
bn cht: thnh lp gi thit , sau
tm xem c th chng minh
c khng.
+ Hng n mt goal no, nn
hi nhng cu hi c lin quan
nhau.
+ Ch kho st CSTT trn nhnh
vn ang quan tm.
+ Tt cho cc vn : chun
on, k toa, g ri.
Nhc im:
+ Lun hng theo dng suy
lun nh trc thm ch c th
dng v r sang mt goal khc.
Gii quyt: dng meta-rule
khc phc.
Meta-rule: dng hng
khng gian tri thc c kho
st sang mt vng khc.
Suy lun li backward chaining
145
Kho st ES: MYCIN
Gii thiu:
+ L ES v lnh vc chun on
bnh nhim trng mu.
+ c pht trin vo khong nm
1970, ti i hc Standford
+ L thc o cho nhiu ES da
trn lut sau ny.
+ c vit trn ngn ng
INTERLISP, mt nhnh ca LISP.
+ Ngi ta t MYCIN, tc b phn
CSTT ca n c mt h thng
EMYCIN (empty MYCIN), dng
pht trin cc ES khc.
Cc c im chnh:
+ S dng k thut suy lun li.
+ C kh nng phn tch tri thc v
iu khin.
+ C tch hp Meta-rule.
+ C th dng khi thiu thng tin
hay thng tin khng chnh xc.
+ C kh nng nh c cc thng
tin trong mt phin lm vic vi
ngi bnh c th.
+ D s dng giao tip vi bc s
qua ting anh.
+ Cung cp cc chc nng gii
thch: WHY, HOW.
146
Kho st ES: MYCIN
Mt phin lm vic c th vi MYCIN
(Expert System. Author: John
Durkin)
--- c Vit ha.
Mt vi thng tin v bnh nhn:
1. MYCIN: H tn ?
USER: Jack Durkin.
2. MYCIN: Tui ?
USER: 24
3. MYCIN: Gii tnh ?
USER: Nam
4. MYCIN: Chng tc?
USER: CAUCASIAN
MYCIN c gng xc nh bn cht ly
nhim.
5. MYCIN: C bt k php cy vi khun
cho Jack Durkin lin qua n bnh
hin ti?
USER: C
6. MYCIN: Mu vt ly t u?
USER: CSF
7. MYCIN: Ngy, gi thc hin cy?
USER: 7- July-7:00
.
MYCIN: Gn y Jack Durkin c cc
triu chng nh: chong vn, hn m
khng?
USER: C.
147
Kho st ES: XCON
Gii thiu:
+ L ES v lnh vc hng dn cu hnh cc h thng my
tnh ca DEC trc khi xut xng.
+ c pht trin vo khong nm 1980, ti i hc CMU
+ c cng b gim thi gian cu hnh cho mi h thng
xung cn 2 pht (so vi 25 pht bng tay.). Tit kim vo
khong 25 triu $ cho mi nm.
(Theo Expert System J ohn Durkin)

148
H chuyn gia da trn lut
nh ngha:
L mt chng trnh my tnh, x l cc thng tin c th ca bi ton
c cha trong b nh lm vic v tp cc lut c cha trong CSTT, s
dng ng c suy lun suy ra thng tin mi.
ES da trn lut: c nn tng xy dng l h lut sinh chng trc.
ES da trn lut cng c nhng c trng c bn nh nu trong
phn trc cho cc ES tng qut, mt vi c im:
+ C CSTT cha cc lut.
+ C b nh lm vic tm thi.
+ C ng c suy lun.
+ C mt giao din giao tip vi ngi dng, ngi pht trin.
+ C tin ch gii thch.
+ C kh nng giao tip vi chng trnh ngoi nh: cc DBMS, x l
bng tnh,
149
Kin trc: (nh hnh sau)
Nguyn l hot ng tng t h lut sinh gii thiu.
Giao dien
ngi dung
Giao dien
Ngi phat trien
ong c
suy luan
Bo giai thch
Bo giao tiep
chng trnh
ngoai
Bo nh
lam viec
C s tri thc
Ngi dung
Ngi phat trien
150
u im
+ Biu din tri thc t nhin: IF
THEN.
+ Phn tch tri thc iu khin.
+ Tri thc l tp cc lut c tnh c
lp cao -> d thay i, chnh sa.
+ D m rng.
+ Tn dng c tri thc heuristic.
+ C th dng bin trong lut, tri
xut chng trnh ngoi.
Nhc im
+ Cc fact mun ng nht nhau, phi
khp nhau hon ton Cc facts
cng mt ngha phi ging nhau v
c php, ngn ng t nhin khng
nh vy.
+ kh tm mi qua h gia cc lut
trong mt chui suy lun, v chng c
th nm ri rc trong CSTT.
+ C th hot ng chm.
+ Lm cho nh pht trin phi hnh
chung mi ci dng lut - khng
phi bi ton no cng c th lm
c nh th ny.
151

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