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L THUYT M THANH V TING NI

2.1 Ngun gc m thanh:

m thanh l do vt th dao ng c hc m pht ra. m thanh pht ra di dng sng m. Sng m l s bin i cc tnh cht ca mi trng n hi khi nng lng m truyn qua. m thanh truyn c n tai ngi l do mi trng dn m. Sng m c th truyn c trong cht rn ,cht lng, khng kh. C cht dn m rt km gi l cht ht m nh: len,da, cht xp Sng m khng th truyn trong mi trng chn khng. Khi kch thch dao ng m trong mi trng khng kh th nhng lp kh s b nn v dn.Trng thi nn dn ln lt c lan truyn t ngun m di dng sng dc ti ni thu m. Nu cng ngun m cng ln th m thanh truyn i cng xa.

2.2 Cc i lng c trng cho m thanh:

a/ Tn s ca m thanh: l s ln dao ng ca phn t kh trong mt giy . n v l Hz , k hiu : f b/ Chu k ca m thanh: l thi gian m m thanh thc hin mt dao ng hon ton. n v l thi gian, k hiu l T . c/ Tc truyn m: l tc truyn nng lng m t ngun ti ni thu. 0 n v m/s. Tc truyn m trong khng kh nhit t 0- 20 C thng l 331 340 m/s. d/ Cng m thanh: l nng lng c sng m truyn trong mt n v thi gian qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi phng truyn m. e/ Thanh p: l lc tc dng vo tai ngi nghe hoc ti mt im no 2 2 ca trng m thanh. n v : 1pa=1 N/m hoc 1bar = 1dyn/cm . f/ m sc: Trong thnh phn ca m thanh, ngoi tn s c bn cn c cc sng hi ,s lng sng hi biu din sc thi ca m. m sc l mt c tnh ca m nh m ta phn bit c ting trm, bng khc nhau, phn bit c ting nhc c, ting nam n ,ting ngi ny vi ngi khc. k/ m lng: l mc to nh ca ngun. n v l W .

Chng 2: L thuyt m thanh v ting ni

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2.3 Cc tn s ca m thanh: F0 gi l tn s c bn ca m thanh. Nam gii f0 = 150 Hz. N gii : f0 = 250 Hz.
Ging nam trm 80 320 Hz Ging nam trung 100 400 Hz Ging nam cao 130 480 Hz Ging n thp 160 600 Hz Ging n cao 260 1200 Hz Cng sut ca ting ni , khi ni to nh cng khc nhau.Khi ni thm cng sut 10 mW 3 , ni bnh thng 10 mW , ni to 10 mW .
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2.4 C ch to lp ting ni ca con ngi:

Cc c quan pht m ca con ngi ch yu gm phi, kh qun, thanh qun, b phn mi v ming.Thanh qun c hai np gp gi l dy thanh m, dy thanh m s rung khi lung khng kh i qua khe thanh mn l khe gia hai dy thanh m.B phn ming l mt ng m khng u.B phn mi cng l mt ng m hc khng u c din tch v chiu di c nh, bt u t l mi n vm ming mm. Qu trnh to ra m phi mi: vm ming mm ngn chn b phn mi v m thanh pht ra thng qua mi.i vi qu trnh to ra m mi :vm ming mm h xung v b phn mi lin kt b phn ming, lc ny pha trc ca b phn ming khp li hon ton v m thanh ra thng qua mi.i vi m thanh ni ging mi, m thanh pht ra c mi v mi. m thanh ca ting ni c th chia lm ba loi khc nhau: m hu thanh: ging nh m khi chng ta ni a hay e, c to ra khi dy thanh m cng ln v rung khi p sut khng kh tng ln, lm thanh mm m ra ri ng li khi lung khng kh i qua.Nhng dy thanh m rung to ra dng sng ca lung khng kh c dng xp x tam gic.Chu k cao m thanh ca n ng trng thnh thng t 50Hz n 250Hz, gi tr trung bnh khong 120Hz.i vi ph n trng thnh, gii hn trn cao hn nhiu, c th ln n 500Hz. m v thanh: c to ra khi dy thannh m khng rung.C hai loi m v thanh c bn: m xt v m hi.i vi m xt nh khi ta ni ch s, mt s im trn b phn pht m co li khi lung khng kh ngang qua n , hn lon xy ra to nn nhiu ngu nhin. i vi m bt hi, nh khi ta ni ch h , hn lon xy ra gn thanh mn khi dy thannh m b gi nh mt phn. Ngoi hai loi m c bn ni trn ,cn c mt loi m trung gian va mang tnh cht nguyn m, va mang tnh cht ph m, c gi l bn nguyn m hay bn ph m. V d nh i,u trong t ai v u.

Chng 2: L thuyt m thanh v ting ni

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Ph m n: v d nh m p, t,k hay , b, g trong ting V it c to ra do loi kch thch khc. 2.5 M hnh lc ngun to ting ni:
Qu trnh to ting ni l b lc ngun, trong tn hiu t ngun m thanh ( cng c th l c chu k hay nhiu ) c lc bng b lc bin thin theo thi gian c tnh cht cng hng tng t vi b phn pht m.Nh vy c th thu c ph tn s ca tn hiu ting ni bng cch nhn ph ca ngun m thanh vi c tnh tn s ca b lc. Hnh bn di minh ha ting ni hu thanh v v thanh.Cc li A v v AN xc nh cng ca ngun to m hu thanh v v thanh.

AV B to xung thanh m
X

Tham s b lc

B lc b phn pht m

Ting ni

B to nhiu ngu nhin

AN
M hnh lc ngun cho qu trnh to ting ni kh n gin nhng khng th lc cm xt bng cch nh cng hng ca b phn pht m nh m hu thanh hay m bt hi,v vy m hnh lc ngun hon ton khng chnh xc cho m xt.

2.6 H thng nghe ca ngi:

Qu trnh nghe ca ngi nh sau: sng p sut m thanh tc ng n tai ngi, sng ny c chuyn thnh chui xung in, chui nay c truyn ti no b thng qua h thn kinh, no chui c x l v gii m.

Chng 2: L thuyt m thanh v ting ni

Khi nghe mt sng m thun ty tc m n (sng sine),nhng im khc nhau trn mng y s rung ng theo tn s ca m n i vo tai.im lch ln nht trn mng y ph thuc vo tn s ca m n. Tn s cao to ra im lch ln nht pha y v tn s thp to ra im lch ln nht pha nh. Nh vy mng y lm nhim v phn tch tn s tn hiu vo phc tp thnh nhng tn s khc nhau nhng im khc nhau dc theo chiu di ca n. Nh vy c th xem mi im l b lc thng di v c tn s trung tm v bng thng xc nh. Ngng nghe ca mt m n tng ln khi c s hin din ca nhng m n ln cn khc ( m mt n ) v ch c bng tn hp xung quanh m n mi tham gia vo hiu ng mt n, bng tn ny thng gi l m tn ti hn. Gi tr ca bng tn ti hn ph thuc vo tn s ca m n cn th. Tm li qu trnh nghe ca h thnh gic l mt dy cc b lc bng thng , c p ng ph lp ln nhau v bng thng hiu qu ca chng xp x vi cc gi tr ca bng tn ti hn.

2.7 Qu trnh sn xut ting ni v thu nhn ting ni ca con ngi: S biu din qu trnh thu nhn ting ni ca con ngi
NHN DNG TING NI Hiu thng ip

SN XUT TING NI To thng ip

M ngn ng

M ngn ng

Cc lnh thn kinh vn ng ng dn m Dy thanh NGI NI

Qu trnh thn kinh

Sng m thanh

Tai trong

NGI NGHE

Qu trnh sn xut ting ni bt u khi ngi ni mun chuyn ti thng ip ca mnh cho ngi nghe thng qua ting ni.T chc thn kinh s chu trch nhim chuyn i thng ip sang dng m ngn ng.Khi mt m ngn ng c chn la,cc lnh thn kinh vn ng iu khin ng b cc khu vn ng nhm pht ra chui m thanh.Vy u ra cui cng ca qu trnh l mt tn hiu m hc. i vi qu trnh thu nhn ting ni, ngi nghe x l tn hiu m thanh thng qua mng tai trong; n c kh nng cung cp mt phn tch ph cho tn hiu ti. Qu trnh thn kinh s chuyn i tn hiu ph thnh cc tn hiu hot ng vi thn kinh thnh gic ;c th coi y l qu trnh ly ra cc c trng.Cui cng cc tn hiu c chuyn thnh m ngn ng v hiu c thng ip.

2.8 Cc m thanh ting ni v cc c trng:

2.8.1 Nguyn m: Cc nguyn m c tm rt quan trng trong nhn dng ting ni; hu ht cc h thng nhn dng da trn c s nhn dng nguyn m u c tnh nng tt. Cc nguyn m ni chung l c thi gian tn ti di (so vi cc ph m) v d xc nh ph.Chnh v th d dng cho vic nhn dng ting ni, c i vi con ngi v my mc. V mt l thuyt, cc cc i ca biu din ph ca tn hiu nguyn m chnh l cc tn s cng hng(formants) to nn nguyn m. Gi tr ca cc formant u tin (2 hoc 3 formant u tin) l yu t quyt nh cho php chng ta nhn dng c nguyn m. Do nhiu yu t bin thin nh s khc nhau v gii tnh, v tui, tnh trng tinh thn ca ngi ni v nhiu yu t ngoi cnh khc, i vi mt nguyn m xc nnh cc gi tr formant cng c s bin thin nht nh.Tuy nhin s khc bit v cc gi tr cc formant gia cc nguyn m khc nhau ln hn nhiu; v trong khng gian formant chng ta c th xc nh mt cch tng i cc vng ring bit cho tng nguyn m. 2.8.2 Cc m v khc: Nguyn m i th c s bin thin mt cch lin tc cc formant ca biu din ph theo thi gian. i vi m v loi ny,cn phi c bit ch n vic phn on theo thi gian khi nhn dng. Cc bn nguyn m nh /l/, /r/ v /y/ l tng i kh trong vic biu din c trng. Cc m thanh ny khng c coi l nguyn m nhng gi l bn nguyn m do bn cht ta nguyn m ca chng. Cc c trng m hc ca cc m thanh ny chu nh hng rt mnh ca ng cnh m trong chng xut hin. i vi cc m mi th ming ng vai tr nh mt khong cng hng c tc dng by nng lng m ti mt vi tn s t nhin. Cc tn s cng hng ny ca khoang ming

xut

hin nh cc phn cng hng, hay cc im khng ca hm truyn t. Ngoi ra, cc ph m mi cn c c trng bi nhng s cng hng mnh hn v ph so vi cc nguyn m. Cc ph m xc v thanh nh /s/, /sh/. H thng to ra cc ph m xc v thanh bao gm mt ngun nhiu ti mt im tht m chia ng dn m thnh hai khoang. m thanhc bc x ti khoang trc. Khoang sau c tc dng by nng lng nh trong tr ng hp ph m mi, v nh vy l a cc phn cng hng vo m thanh u ra. Bn cht khng tun hon l c trng c bn nht ca ngun kch thch xc v thanh. im khc bit ca cc m xc hu thanh nh /v/, /th/ so vi cc ph m xc v thanh l ch c hai ngun kch thch lin quan ti vic to ra chng. Nh vy c trng ca ph m xc hu thanh l bao gm c hai thnh phn kch thch tun hon v nhiu. Cc m dng l cc ph m /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/ v /k/ chng c th i gian tn ti rt ngn.Cc m dng c tnh cht ng v th cc thuc tnh ca chng chu nh hng rt nhiu bi nguyn m i sau n.

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