rmwdum

trSmpm
1 attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g aemufcHordkif; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm

2 a&m*gydk;&JUobm0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm 11
3 a&m*gydk;ul;pufjcif; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -pmrsufESm 14
4 a&m*gydk;SdrSdaoG;ppfjcif; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm 27
5 tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;Sdae&if - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -pmrsufESm 29
6 a&m*gvuPmrsm; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -pmrsufESm

31

7 ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;ynmay;jcif; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm

35

8 uGef'Hk; eJY attdkif'Dtufpf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -pmrsufESm 37

usef;rma&;OD;pD;XmeESifh urmhukvor*uav;rsm;&efyHkaiGtzGJY (jrefrm) wdkYyl;aygif;

umvom;a&m*g eJY attdkif'Dtufpf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm 40

10 wDbDa&m*g eJY attdkif'Dtufpf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm

43

11 aq;ukorI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm

45

12 tdrfrSm attdkif'Dtufpf vlemSd&if - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm

47

13 attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*geJY ao&if - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm

49

14 vkyfief;cGif eJY attdkif'Dtufpf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm

51

15 c&D;oGm;vmrI eJY attdkif'Dtufpf - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm 54

16 b,fvdkumuG,fMurvJ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - pmrsufESm

58

pDrHcsufe,fajrrsm;odkY tcrJhjzefYa0&ef 2000 jynfhESp?f atmufwdkbmv wGif 'kwd,tBudrf

yHkESdyfxkwfa0ygonf/

trSmpm

,cka&;om;jyKpkxm;aom tdwfcsftdkifADG?attdkif'Dtufpf}tar;tajzrsm;
pmtkyif ,fonf vli,ftrsm;pkuodvo
kd nht
f csurf sm;? ar;cGe;f rsm;udpk pk nf;ajzMum;xm;
jcif;jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdik if t
H ESt
YH jym;&Sd vli,frsm;tm; tdwcf st
f ikd Af ?GD attdik 'f t
D ufpf ESiYf
ywfoufonfh oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;? A[kow
k tcsut
f vufrsm;jzefaY 0jcif;rsm;aqmif&u
G f
&mwGif tar;trsm;qH;k ar;cGe;f rsm;udk pkaqmif;xm;cJyh gonf/ ,if;ar;cGe;f rsm;udu
k se;f rm
a&;XmerS wm0ef&o
dS rl sm;? uGsr;f usio
f yl nm&Sirf sm;ESiw
Yf ikd yf ifaqG;aEG;jy;D a&;om;ajzqdx
k m;
jcif;jzpfygonf/
tdwfcsftdkifADG? attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gonf ,cktcgurmw0Srf;ysHUESHYvQuf&Sdaeyg
onf/ txl;ojzifh vli,fv&l ,
G rf sm;tMum;wGi,
f cktcgydrk akd wG&Y v
dS mojzifh tem*gwft
wGupf ;kd &drpf &mjzpfygonf/ a&m*gumuG,af q;a&m? aysmufuif;atmifuo
k Edik o
f nfah q;

0g;ygray:aygufao;ojzifh MuKd wifumuG,af &;onf ta&;tMu;D qH;k wm0efwpfcjk zpfvm

ygonf/ pmtkyif ,fukd a&m*gumuG,af &;twGuv
f ufpw
JG pfct
k jzpf vnf;oH;k pGEJ ikd yf g
onf/
pmtkyfi,fwGif tcef; 16 cef;yg0ifjyD; a&m*gtaMumif;tcsuftvufrsm;?
ul;pufEikd af omenf;vrf;rsm;? rul;pufEikd af omenf;vrf;rsm;? umuG,ef nf;rsm;? a0'em
&Sirf sm;tm;jyKpak pmifah &Smufjcif;? a0'em&Sirf sm;tm; ud,
k jf cif;pmemwwf&efEiS hf MuifempGm
qufqw
H wf&ef tjyiftjcm;tcsut
f vufrsm;pGmyg0ifygonf/ txl;rSmMum;vdo
k nfrmS
rdro
d &d x
dS m;aom A[kow
k rsm;tm; wwfEikd o
f rQ vufqifu
h rf;jzefaY 0ay;jcif;jzifh a&m*g
tE&m,fu0kd ikd ;f 0efumuG,o
f mG ;Muyg&efwu
kd w
f eG ;f tyfygonf/
/
l

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g aemufcHordkif;

1/

attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gbmaMumifhjzpf&wmvJ/

]tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd } aMumifjh zpf&wmyg/ attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*g jzpfapwJh a&m*g
yd;k udt
k *Fvyd v
f t
kd wkad umuf tdwfcsftdkifAGD vkaYd c:ygw,f/ jrefrmvdk vlUudk,fcHpGrf;
7

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

tm;usul;pufa&m*gydk;vkYd t"dyg ,f&ygw,f/ tdwcf st

f ikd Af yDG ;kd [mtvGeaf o;i,fEk
e,fygw,f/ omrefrsufpdeJYrjrif&ygbl;/ tifrweftm;aumif;wJh acwfrDtPk
Munhrf eS b
f v
D ;l awGeMYJ unfrh S jrifEikd yf gw,f/
2/

A-I-D-S qdkwJhpum;vkH;awGu bmudkukd,fpm;jyKwmygvJ/

A = Acquired
= arG;&mygr[kw?f ul;pufjcif;jzif&h &Sv
d maom
I = Immune
= ckct
H m;(ud,
k cf t
H m;)
D = Deficincy
= avQmeh nf;usqif;rI
S = Syndrome
= a&m*gvuPmpk
'gaMumifh AIDSudk Armvd]k ckct
H m;usqif;rIu;l pufa&m*g} vkaYd c:ygw,f/ wcsKUd
a'oawGrmS awmh 'Da&m*gudk ]av;vk;H a&m*g} ( odrYk [kwf ) at0rf;'Dzu
kd v
f Ydk t&yfac:

ac:Muygw,f/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gvdkYajymMua&;Muayr,fh EdkifiHwumrSmpmvkH;

av;vk;H udak ygif;pyjyf ;D ] ath'pf }f a&m*gvdYk toHxu
G af c:a0:Muygw,f/
3/

a&m*gydk;ub,fuay:vmwmvJ? b,fvkdaMumifh urmay:rSm'Davmuful;

puf jref&wmygvJ/
urmavmurSma&m*gyd;k rsK;d pk&H ydS gw,f/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd [mvnf; tmz&duwdu
k f
awmawmifawGxu
J vl0?H arsmuftp&Sw
d o
hJ w0gawGqrD mS &Scd w
hJ ,fvdYk ,lqMuygw,f/
tJ'o
D w0gawGqu
D a&m*gyd;k [mtoGiu
f ;l ajymif;jy;D vlawGqu
D akd &mufv
dS myk&H w,f
vdYk tcsKd UodyyH nm&Sirf sm;ua&;om;azmfjyMuygw,f/ vloel nf;wJah wmawmifawGxJ
rSmtdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;dk [m vlwpfO;D uaewpfO;D udk tvG,w
f ulu;l pufzt
Ydk cGit
hf a&;r&cJh
bl;/ wjznf;jznf;eJYenf;ynmawGwkd;wufvmjyD; qufoG,foGm;vmrIawGtifrwef
vsijf refv,
G u
f v
l mwJt
h cgrSmawmh vlawG[mwpfae&muwpfae&m wpfEikd if u
H ae
wpfEikd if u
H kd aeYcsi;f ncsi;f ta&muf ul;vl;oGm;vmEkid Mf uygw,f/ wpfcsed w
f nf;rSmyJ
vlawGaeykx
H idk yf aHk jymif;vJvmygMuw,f/ vdirf q
I ikd &f mtrltusiahf wGvnf;yJ ajymif;
vJvmygw,f/ bde;f jzLay:vmwJt
h cg bde;f jzLudak oG;aMumxJx;kd oGi;f ok;H pJMG uygw,f/

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

tJ'v
D b
dk ed ;f jzLxk;d wJt
h cg aq;xk;d tyf
awGudktwlwlrQokH;wJhtwGuf aq;
xd;k tyfaq;xd;k >yefawGrmS uyfusew
f hJ
aoG;uaewpfqifh tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd [m
tvG,w
f ulu;l pufysUH ESu
Y H ek af wmhw,f/
aq;pGJolrsm;rSwqifh 4if;wdkY&JUZeD;
r,m;awG? vdifqufqHbufawG?
jynfhwefqmawGqDudk ul;pufMuyg
w,f/ aq;pGJolawGxJrSmjynfhwef
qmtvkyv
f yk af eMuolawG &Sad ejyef
awmhow
l u
Ydk aewqifh vltrsm;Mu;D
udak &m*gul;Ekid jf yefw,f/ 'Da&m*g&JUul;pufenf;[mwpfenf;wnf;r[kwyf J wpfenf;
eJYwpfenf;qufEG,fjyD;vnf;ul;pufEkdifw,fqkdawmh ul;pufrI[mydkrdkwGifus,fvm
ygw,f/ 'Dvdkenf;eJYwpfae&mrSm&SdwJha&m*gydk;[m ae&mtESHUtjym;a&muf&SdoGm;jyD;
tcktcgrSmawmhurmay:rSm&Sw
d EhJ ikd if t
H m;vk;H udk tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd ul;pufysUH ESUH vsu&f ydS g
w,f/
4/

attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gudk b,fEdkifiHrSmpawGUcJhwmygvJ/
attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*gudk 1981 ckEpS u
f tar&duefEikd if H u,fvzD ;dk eD;,m;jynfe,frmS
pwifawGU&Sad zmfxw
k cf yhJ gw,f/ rSwo
f m;oifw
h t
hJ csuw
f pfcu
k awmh 1981 ckEpS rf wdik f
rDwnf;u 'Da&m*g[murmay:&Sad e&ma'otESUH tjym;rSm &Sad ecJjh y;D aemufyikd ;f ESpaf wGrmS
uyfa&m*gtoGief t
YJ mz&du? tar&duEdik if t
H ygt0if Edik if t
H awmf rsm;rsm;rSm jzpfymG ;
cJyh gw,f/

5/

b,folawGrSm'Da&m*gydk; pawGUcJhwmygvJ/
a&m*gay:umptcsdefu taemufEdkifiHom;a,musFm;csif;vdifwlqufqHwJhvl
9

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

awGrmS trsm;qk;H awGUcJyh gw,f/ aemufyikd ;f rSmawmh zkrd qufq&H muae? rl;,pfaq;ok;H pGJ
&muaeul;pufuek Mf uw,f/ tm&SEikd if aH wGrmS awmh rl;,pfaq;taMumxJx;dk ok;H wJh
vlawGxJrSm a&m*gydk;pawGYcJhygw,f/ a&m*gydk;[mpawGYcJhwJhvlawGqDrSmyJ &Sdaewm
r[kwfygbl;/ tJ'DuaewpfqifhjynfhwefqmtrsKd;orD;awG? jynfhwefqmtrsdK;
orD;awGuwpfqifh vdiftaysmftyg;vkdufpm;wJhtrsKd;om;awG? vdiftaysmftyg;
vku
d pf m;wJt
h rsK;d om;awGuwpfqifh olw&Ydk UJ ZeD;awGqu
D ;l pufcyhJ gw,f/ trsK;d orD;awG
qDa&m*gyd;k ul;oGm;awmh olwu
Ydk ,
kd 0f ef&v
dS mwJt
h cg oaEom;udyk gwqifu
h ;l pujyf ef
w,f/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;ESpfrsKd;&Sdw,fqdkwm [kwfygovm;/

6/

[kwfygw,f/ urmay:rSmt"duul;pufjyefYESHUaewmu tdwfcsftdkifAGD -1

jzpfygw,f/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af DG -1 tjyif tdwcf st
f ikd Af DG -2 vnf;&Syd gw,f/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af DG 2
udk 1986ckEpS rf mS pwifprf;oyfawGU&Scd yhJ gw,f/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af DG -1eJUykpH q
H ifwal yr,fh
f ikd Af DG -1 avmuf
tao;pdwrf mS uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygw,f/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af DG -2 [m tdwcf st
ul;pufrIEIef;rjrefygbl;/ a&m*gvuPmawGuvnf; tdwfcsftdkifAGD -1 avmuf
rjyif;xefygbl;/ tdwfcsftdkifAGD -2 u jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh rawGU&Sdao;yg/ taemuf
tmz&durSm&Sw
d hJ Edik if t
H csKUd rSmom awGU&S&d ygw,f/
jrefrmEdkifiH&JUb,ft&yfa'orSm attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gtjzpfrsm;ygovJ/

7/

b,ft&yfb,fa'orSm a&m*gtjzpfrsm;ovJqdkwm wdwdususajymvkUd

r&ygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gjzpfaeayr,fh aq;kHwufjyD;
rukowJholawGvnf;&Sdygw,f/ aq;kHwufukoayr,fhvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;
aMumifh pm&if;r0ifwmawGvnf;&Sdygr,f/ 'Da&m*geJYaoqHk;ayr,fhvnf; ukkoay;ol
rsm;upm&if;ray;ydkYEkdifwmawGvnf;&Sdygw,f/ 'Da&m*g[m vlwpfa,muf&JUtaet
xkid ?f trltusiahf y:rSmrlwnfaeygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a&m*g&Edik w
f t
hJ rltusi&hf w
dS hJ vl
awGrsm;wJh ae&mawGrSm a&m*gtjzpfrsm;ygw,f/
10

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

a&m*gydk;&JUobm0

8/

'Da&m*gjzpf&ifb,fvkdaMumifh ukd,fcHtm;awGusqif;oGm;&wmygvJ/
vlawG&JUywf0ef;usifrSm vlawGudk'kuay;EkdifwJha&m*gydk;trsKd;rsKd;
&Sdaeygw,f/ aeYpOfoGm;vmvIyf&Sm;&if;? pm;&if;aomuf&if;uae tJ'Da&m*gydk;awG
11

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

cEmudk,fxJa&mufvmwwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fhudk,fcHtm;aumif;ae&ifvlawGrSm
bma&m*grSjzpfrvmygbl;/ zsm;wm? emwm? tat;rdacsmif;qkd;wmawG[m cP
omjzpfwwfjyD; &ufydkif;twGif;
aysmufuif;oGm;wmrsm;ygw,f/
bmjzpfvkYdvJqdkawmh aoG;xJrSm
&SdwJhaoG;jzLOawGu tjyifu0if
vmwJ h a&m*gyd k ; awG u d k z suf q D ;
wkdufzsufay;aevkdYyJjzpfygw,f/
aoG;jzLOawGeJY zGJYpnf;xm;wJhckcHrI
pGr;f tm;pepfaMumifh ud,
k cf t
H m;awG
&Sad eNy;D vlawGrmS awmfw
Hk efHk a&m*g
rjzpfEdkifygbl;/ tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[m
aoG;jzLOxJu0kd if? rsK;d wltw
d cf st
f ikd Af GD
yd;k awGymG ;rsm;xkwv
f yk jf y;D aoG;jzLO
awGudkysufpD;apygw,f/ aoG;jzLO awGysufpD;wmrsm;vmwJhtcgrSmawmh 0ifvmwJh
tjcm;a&m*gyd;k awGuw
kd u
dk zf suEf ikd pf rG ;f rSad wmhygbl;/ ckcrH pI rG ;f tm;pepfysupf ;D oGm;jy;D
ud k , f c H t m;awG v nf ; avQmh u soG m ;ygw,f / ud k , f c H t m;avQmh u swJ h v l a wG r S m
tqkww
f b
D aD &m*g? 0rf;ysuf 0rf;avQma&m*g? tjyif;pm;a&,ke?f OD;aESmufa,mifa&m*g
pwJh pd;k &drpf &maumif;whahJ &m*gawGtvG,w
f uljzpfvmygw,f/
9/ td w f c sf t d k i f A G D y d k ; uaoG ; jzLOud k z suf q D ; w,f q k d a wmh 'D y d k ; [maoG ; xJ r S m yJ & S d a e
wmvm;? wjcm;ae&mawGrSma&m&SdEdkifygao;vm;/
aoG;jzLOawG[m udk,fwGif;&Sdt&nftm;vkH;rSmSdMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
ud,
k w
f iG ;f &Sd t&nftm;vk;H qDukd tdwcf st
f idk Af yGD ;kd tenf;eJt
Y rsm;a&mufomG ;Ekid yf gw,f/
Oyrmtm;jzifh rsu&f nf? acGs;? qD;wdu
Yk akd wmh a&mufEdS ild rf t
I ifrwefenf;yg;ygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh tJ'cD Emud,
k x
f u
G t
f &nfawGraS wmh wqifu
h ;l qufrrI Syd gbl;/ okawoe
jyKcsufawGt&awmh tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[maoG;? okuf&nfeJY rdef;rvdift*FguxGufwJh
12

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

t&nfawGrmS t"dutrsm;qk;H &Syd gw,f/

10/

td w f c sf t d k i f A G D y d k ; [mvl Y c E m ud k , f & J U jyif y rS m b,f a vmuf M umMum

touf&SifEdkifygovJ/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[m vlYcEmudk,f&JUjyifyrSm MumMumtoufr&SifEdkifygbl;/
jyifyu aea&mifw?Ykd avwdeYk x
YJ &d ifaooGm;ygw,f/ cEmud,
k t
f jyifbufa&muf vmwJh
aoG;awG? t&nfawGajcmufcef;oGm;csed rf mS yd;k vnf;aooGm;ygjy/D tjyifrmS b,favmuf
touf&iS af ervJqw
dk m t&nfusomG ;wJah e&m&JUpGwpf rdk ?I aea&mifxad wGrY eI YJ t&nf
yrmP tenf;trsm; (Oyrm- aoG;ykvif;? aoG;uGuf? aoG;puf) ay:rSm rlwnfjyD;
puefYydkif;? rdepfydkif;? em&Dydkif;? &ufydkif; ponfjzifhuGmjcm;oGm;Ekdifygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh
tjyifa&muf jy;D b,favmufMumwJh aoG; ('grSr[kw)f t&nfyjJ zpfjzpf tvG,w
f ul
rudik w
f ,
G o
f ifh ygbl;/ udik w
f ,
G &f ifumuG,rf ,
I &l ygr,f/ owdjyK&r,ft
h csuu
f awmh
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[m tvG,fwulrul;pufEkdifygbl;/ vdifqufqHwm? aoG;oGif;wm?
ydk;rowfxm;wJh aq;xkd;tyfawGeJY aq;xkd;wmawGqDuom t"duul;pufrSm jzpf
ygw,f/

11/ a&m*gydk;&SdwJhvlwpfa,muf[m b,fvdkykHpH&SdEdkifygovJ/

vlwpfa,muf&UJ ky&f nfuMkd unfjh y;D awmh tJ'v
D rl mS tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Srd &Srd ajymEdik f
ygbl;/ a&m*gyd;k So
d t
l rsm;tjym;[m tay:,HMunf&h if ykrH eS u
f se;f rmaew,fvYdk xif
&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh vl&UJ cEmud,
k x
f rJ mS tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd [m vuPmrjybJEpS af ygif;rsm;
pGm&SdaeEdkifygw,f/ ESpfaygif;tawmMfumjyD; aoG;jzLOawGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;ysufpD;
oGm;awmhrS pzsm;wwfygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefusrS a&m*gvuPmawG ay:vmygr,f/
owdjyK&rSmuawmh tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Srd &Sd vluMu
kd nfh eHk YJ rajymEdik yf gbl;l / use;f use;f rmrm?
acsmacsmvSv?S oefprG ;f w,fvx
Ykd if&wJv
h al wGqrD mS vnf; a&m*gyd;k &Sad eEdik jf y;D tjcm;vl
awGqu
D kd tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;dk ul;pufEikd yf gw,f/

13

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

a&m*gydk;ul;pufjcif;

12/ b,fvkdenf;awGeJY a&m*gul;EdkifygovJ/

a&m*gydk;ygwJhaoG;? okuf&nf? rdef;rt*FguxGufwJh t&nfawG[m udk,fh&JU
cEmuk,
d x
f 0J if&if a&m*gul;pufEidk yf gw,f/
1/ 'gaMumifh a&m*gyd;k &Sw
d o
hJ el zYJ rdk qufq&H ifvnf;ul;w,f/ a,musmf ;csi;f vdiw
f l
14

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

qufq&H ifvnf;ul;w,f/ vdiq

f ufqw
H t
hJ azmfrsm;av tdwcf st
f ikd Af yGD ;kd ul;pufzYkd
tajctaersm;avyJ jzpfygw,f/
2/ a&m*gyd;k ygwJh aoG;oGi;f rd&ifvnf; ul;w,f/ rawmfwq tMu;D tus,x
f cd u
kd f
'Pf&m&wmwk?Yd aoG;oGi;f ukozkv
Yd w
kd ahJ &m*gwdYk MuKH vmwJt
h cg a&m*gyd;k ul;pufrmS
pd;k &dr&f w,f/
3/ wpfa,mufa,mufux
kd ;dk jy;D wJah q;xk;d tyfeaYJ q;xk;d >yefukd aoaocsmcsma&aEG;
qlqel rYJ jyKwb
f J aemufwpfa,mufux
kd ;dk &ifvnf; a&m*gyd;k ul;Edik w
f ,f/ rl;,pfaq;
aoG;aMumxJx;kd wJo
h al wG a&m*gul;w,fqw
kd m'Dvekd nf;eJu
Y ;l wmyJjzpfygw,f/
4/ a&m*gydk;SdaewJh udk,f0efaqmifrdcifuae olY&JUoaEom;udkul;ygw,f/
'ghaMumifah rG;cgpuav;rSm 'Da&m*gyd;k ygvmjcif;yJjzpfygw,f/

Mu
trsm;qkH;ul;pufwJhenf;awGuawmh
Mumm
q;taMu
uawmh vdifqufqHwmeJY rl;,pfaq;ta
xJxkd;o
ygw,f
wmuaejjzpfyg
oGG i f ;wmuae
y gw,f/
13/ b,fvdkvlrsKd;awGrSm 'Da&m*gtjzpfrsm;ygovJ/
tumtuG,frygbJ vdiftaysmftyg;vkdufpm;wJholawG? rl;,pfaq;aoG;aMum
xJx;kd oGi;f wJo
h al w?G umvom;a&m*g&So
d al wGrmS tjzpfrsm;ygw,f/ vdit
f aysmt
f yg;
vku
d pf m;w,fqw
dk ahJ e&mrSm jynfw
h efqmawGq
G o
D mG ;vmaysmyf g;wJo
h al wG? vdiq
f ufqH
zufrsm;wJo
h al wGrmS tE&m,ftrsm;qk;H &Syd gw,f/ 'gayr,fv
h nf; tdraf xmifjyifyrSm
oGm;&if;vm&if; wpfcgwpf&q
H ufqrH w
d ,fq&kd ifvnf; a&m*gyd;k ul;pufvmEdik yf gw,f/
aemuftjzpfrsm;wJholawGuawmh vdiftaysmftyg;vkdufpm;wJholawG? rl;,pfaq;
aoG;aMumxJx;dk oGi;f wJo
h al wG? umvom;a&m*g&So
d al wGpwJh a&m*gul;zdYk tE&m,frsm;
olw&Ykd UJ ZeD;r,m;awG? vdiq
f ufqzH ufawGyjJ zpfygw,f/

15

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

14/ bdef;jzLxkd;olawG
G
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;
b,fv&dk &Syd govJ/
vlwpfa,muf[m
bd e f ; jzLud k a oG ;
aMumxJx;d k wJt
h cg
aoG;paoG;eawG
[maq;xkd;tyf
eJUaq;xdk;>yefrSm
uyf j yD ; usef a e
wwfw,f/ tJ'D vlrSmtdwfcsftdkifAGD ydk;&Sdae&if? attdkif'Dtufpf a&m*g&Sdae&if
tJ'DaoG;paoG;eawGrSmtdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;awG&Sdaer,f/ tjcm;wpfa,mufu rl;,pf
aq;xkd;zkdY 'Dypnf;awGudkyJtvG,fwulxyfjyD;okH;cJh&if tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;ul;oGm;r,f/
aq;xkd;tyfeJYaq;xkd;>yefudkomrefaq;aMumkHeJY tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[mraoEdkifygbl;/
'gaMumifh aq;xk;d tyfeaYJ q;xk;kd >yefwpfpw
kH nf;udt
k wlo;Hk jy;D bded ;f jzLxd;k MuolawG[m
wpfa,mufuaewpfa,muf a&m*gyd;k ul;pufuek Mf ujcif;yJjzpfygw,f/
15/ a,mufsm;csif;vdifwlqufqH&muae a&m*gb,fvkdul;pufwmygvJ/
a,muFsm;csi;f vdiw
f q
l ufqw
H t
hJ cgrSm ptdv
k rf;aMumif;udt
k ok;H jyKMuygw,f/
ptd[
k mobm0tm;jzifh vdiq
f ufqzH Ydk zefw;D xm;wJah e&mr[kwyf gbl;/ ptdv
k rf;aMumif;
udt
k ok;H jyKjy;D vdiq
f ufqw
H t
hJ cg ptd&k UJ twGi;f om;eH&t
H arS;yg;awG[mtufuo
JG mG ;
w,f/ pkwfjyJoGm;w,f/ a&m*gydk;ygwJhokuf&nf[m tJ'DpkwfjyJoGm;wJh'Pf&muae
wpfqifh tvG,w
f ultajrmuftrsm;0ifa&mufjy;D a&m*gul;pufomG ;jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/
a,mufsm;csi;f vdiw
f q
l ufqw
H o
hJ al wG[m tumtuG,rf ygbJvid q
f ufq
f w
H t
hJ wGuf
aMumifv
h nf;aumif;? vdiq
f ufqb
H ufrsm;wJt
h wGuaf Mumifv
h nf;aumif; ydjk y;D ul;puf
vG,fygw,f/
16

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

16/ yg;pyfeJYvdifqufqH&ifb,fvkdb,fykHpHrsKd;eJYul;EdkifygovJ/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[m vdift*FguxGufwJht&nfrSm trsm;qkH;&Sdygw,f/ yg;pyfeJY
vdifqufqHwJhtcgrSm vdift*Fgut&nfawG[m cHwGif;xJ? tmacgifxJudka&muf
vmr,f/ cHwiG ;f xJ? tmacgifxrJ mS temSad e&if tJ't
D emaygufuae wqifah &m*g
ydk;awG tvG,fwul0ifoGm;jyD;a&m*gul;r,f/ temr&Sdayr,fhvnf; a&m*grul;
Edik b
f ;l qdjk y;D pdwcf saevkrYd &ygbl;/ cHwiG ;f &JUeH&aH wGukd Eke,fyg;vTmwJt
h ajr;S yg;eJY zk;H tkyf
xm;w,f/ tJ't
D ajr;S yg;[m rmwJt
h pmawG? td;k awGuu
kd 0f g;xm;wJ'h Pf? oGm;wdu
k f
&if;oGm;yGww
f eH YJ yGwrf x
d m;wJ'h PfawGaMumif o
h mrefrsupf ed YJ rjrifEikd w
f hJ yGe;f yJrh I awG&dS
aer,f/ a&m*gyd;k awG[m yGe;f yJah ewJh tajr;S yg;uwqifh cEmud,
k x
f aJ &mufjy;D a&m*g
ul;pufEdkifw,f/ tJ'gaMumif hb,fykHpHeJYyJ vdifqufqHqufqH a&m*grul;atmif
uGef'kH; (tufzft,fvf / F.L) udkokH;yg/
17/ tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[m wpfMudrfwpfcgwnf; vdifqufqHwmeJYul;Edkifygovm;/
a&m*gyd;k &Sw
d o
hJ el YJ vdiq
f ufqrH ,fq&dk if wpfMurd w
f pfcgwnf; qufqH rHk Qev
YJ nf;
ul;Edik yf gw,f/ a&m*gyd;k &Srd &Sq
d w
kd m vlypHk u
H Mkd unfNh y;D rodEidk w
f t
hJ wGuf wpfMurd w
f pfcg
[mvnf;tE&m,f jzpfvmEkid yf gw,f/
18/
vd i f t *F g rS m tem&S d o l e J Y v d i f q uf q H & if
attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g&&SdEdkifygovm;/
vdift*FgrSmtem&Sdwm[m umvom;
a&m*g &JUvuPmwpfcjk zpfygw,f/ umvom;a&m*g
ydk;[m tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;vkdyJ vdifqufqH&muaeul;
pufygw,f/ vdit
f *FgrSmtem&Sw
d v
hJ [
l m tdycf st
f ikd Af DG
ydk;ul;pufcH&zdkYtcGifhtvrf;ydkrsm;ygw,f/ tdyfcsf
td k i f A D G y d k ; &S d o l e J Y v d i f q uf q H & if vd i f t *F g rS m &S d w J h
17

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

temaygufuae tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd ul;Ekid w
f t
hJ E&m,f[m omreftajctaexuf 9q
ydkrsm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vdift*FgrSmtem&SdoleJYvdifqufqH&if tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;0ifjyD;
attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*g&zkt
Yd E&m,fyMkd u;D ygw,f/ ud,
k rhf mS umvom;a&m*gSad e&ifvnf;
vdifqufqH&muaeudk,fhqDudktdwfcsftdkifADGydk;ul;puf0ifa&mufvmzdkY tE&m,f
ydrk sm;ygw,f/
19/

vdifudp?bdef;jzLudpuif;&Sif;w,fqkd&ifaum tdwfcsftdkifADG(odkY)attkdif
'Dtufpf a&m*gjzpfEdkifygovm;/
jzpfEikd yf gw,f/ a&m*gyk;d ygwJah oG;oGi;f rd&ifjzpfEikd yf gw,f/ a&m*gyd;k ygwJrh oef&Y iS ;f wJh
aq;xkd;tyfaq;xkd;>yefawGeJY tom;aq;? taMumaq; txkd;cH&&ifvnf; a&m*g
jzpfvmEkid yf gw,f/

20/ aeraumif;vkdY aq;cef;rSmaq;oGm;xkd;&ifaum a&m*gul;pufEkdifygovm;/

wpfcgokH;aq;xkd;tyf aq;xkd;>yefeJY aq;xdk;wmqkd&ifawmh a&m*grul;puf
Edik yf gbl;/ wpfcgok;H aq;xk;d tyf aq;xd;k >yefr&Scd &hJ if yGuyf u
G q
f al ewJh a&aEG;rSm rdepf20

MumjyKwx
f m;wJh aq;xd;k u&d,meJt
Y xk;d cHygu a&m*grul;ygbl;/aq;xk;d wJu
h &d,m
udk "gwfbl;xJua&aEG;eJYpdrfjyD; wpfa,mufjyD;wpfa,mufxkd;ae&ifawmh a&m*gydk;
ul;Edik yf gw,f/

18

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

21/ acgif;&dwfwJh"g;uae a&m*gydk;ul;pufEdkifygovm;/

"g;wpfacsmif;wnf;eJY wpfa,mufjy;D wpfa,muf qHyifqufwu
kd f &dwo
f mG ;r,f?
rawmfwqaoG;xGufcJhr,fqdk&if "g;rSmayaewJhaoG;uaewpfqifh aemufwpf
a,mufukd ul;Ekid yf gw,f/ vlwpfa,mufpt
D wGuf "g;wpfacsmif;pD oD;oefo
Y ;Hk r,fq&dk if
a&m*grul;Edik af wmhygbl;/
22/ aoG;uaeul;w,fqkdawmh trsKd;orD;awG &moDvmwJh aoG;ua&mul;pufEdkifyg
ovm;/
ul;Edkifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh &moDaoG;vmaewJhtcsdefrSmvdifqufqH&if
omreftcsdefxufydkjyD;tE&m,frsm;ygw,f/ a&m*gydk;&SdwJhvlrrm&JU &moDaoG;ay
usefaewJht0wfawGudk oD;oefYxm;jyD;? a&aEG;jzifhjyKwfavQmfjyD;rS jyefvnf
tokH;jyK&ygr,f/ pGefYypfoifhwJh trsKd;orD;tokH;taqmifrsm;udk wGif;wl;jrKyfESHjcif;?
rD;dUI jcif;rsm;jyKvyk &f ygr,f/
23/ tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&SdwJhol temw&jzpfjyD;xGufvmwJhaoG;udk rawmfwqxdrd
oGm;&ifa&m*gul;Ekdifygovm;/

vl&JUta&jym;[m tjyifua&m*gydk;awGr0ifEdkifatmif obm0uzef

wD;ay;xm;wJhtumtuG,fckjzpfygw,f/ tdwfcsftkdifAGDydk;[mta&jym;udkazmufjyD;
cEmud,
k x
f u
J kd r0ifEikd yf gbl;/ 'ghaMumifh aoG;xdrw
d ahJ e&mrSm ta&jym;yGe;f yJw
h mr&S&d if
a&m*gyd;k r0ifEikd yf gbl;/ ta&jym;yGe;f yJw
h m&Sad e&if xdrw
d ahJ e&mudck sucf si;f qyfjymeJpY if
atmifaq;vku
d &f if a&m*gul;r,ft
h E&m,ftvGeef nf;oGm;ygw,f/
24/ aoG;vSL&ifaum a&m*gydk;ul;Edkifygovm;/
wcskKdUua&m*gydk;ul;rSmaMumufvkdY aoG;rvSLwJhvlawG&Sdygw,f/ 'Dt,ltq
19

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

[mvk;H 0rrSeyf gbl;/ aoG;vSLwJt

h cg aoG;vSL&Siq
f u
D aoG;udk pepfwusy;kd rTm;oefpY if
xm;wJh wpfcgokH;aq;xkd;tyfaq;xkd;>yefawGokH;jyD;azmuf,lwmyg/ a&m*gydk;ul;Edkif
zkdYtE&m,f vkH;0r&Sdygbl;/
25/ a&m*gydk;&SdwJholeJYtwlwlausmif;wuf&if a&m*gul;ygovm;/
rul;Edkifygbl;/ tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[m aeYpOfvlrIqufqHa&;udpawGjzpfwJh
vufqEJG w
I q
f ufjcif;? zuf&rf;EIwq
f ufjcif;? twlxidk jf cif;? twlwpl m;jcif;? twlwl
upm; jcif;rSwqifhrul;pufEkdifovkd tpm;tpm? a&? ydk;aumifrTm;aumif? tdrfom?
wHcg;vufuikd ?f ZGe;f ? yef;uefcu
G af ,muf? trsm;ok;H w,fvzD ek ;f ? trsm;ok;H a&ul;uef?
cEmudk,fxGuft&nfrsm;xJrS wHawG;? acGs;? rsuf&nf? qD;? rpif rsm;rSwqifhvnf;
rul;Ekid w
f t
hJ wGuf twlwal usmif;wuf&ifa&m*grul;Ekid yf gbl;/
26/ taemufwdkif;kyfSifawGxJuvdkyg;pyfcsif;erf;&if ul;ygovm;/
oGm;zkH;aoG;,dkvkdYjzpfjzpf? Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;erf;vkdYyGef;yJhjyD; aoG;xGufvm
&ifjzpfjzpf? tJ'aD oG;uaewqifh ul;pufEikd w
f t
hJ E&m,fydS gw,f/ yg;pyfrmS temS&d if
ul;pufEikd af csydS gw,f/ 'gayr,fh omreferf;keH aYJ wmhrul;ygbl;/
27/ a&m*gydk;Sdol? a&m*gjzpfaewJholeJh wpftdrfxJtwlae&iful;Edkifygovm;/
rul;Edkifygbl;/ wpftdrfwnf;aejyD; vdifqufqHrISdwJh olawGtcsif;csif;yJ
ul;Edkifygw,f/ twlaewJhwpfjcm;olawGudk rul;Edkifygbl;/
28/ a&m*gonfvlrrmudkjyKpkay;ae&wJholawGrSmaum a&m*gjzpfvmEdkifygovm;/
vlem&JUcEmudk,fuxGufwJht&nfawG (Oyrm-temuxGufwJh om;iH&nf?
cGsJ? ovdyf) xJrSm a&m*gydk;tenf;tusOf;ygygw,f/ 'gayr,fhvlemudk ukdifwG,f
20

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

jyKpk&vkdY a&m*gul;rSmodyfpdk;&drfp&mrvdkygbl;/ a&m*gydk;[m yGef;yJh'Pf&mr&SdwJh

ta&jym;udak zmufjy;D r0ifEikd yf gbl;/ vufrmS yGe;f yJ'h Pf&m&Srd ,f? tem&Srd ,fq&dk i f vlem
&JUcEmud,
k u
f xGuv
f mwJt
h &nfawG? temawG? tJ't
D &nfawG pGe;f ayaew hJ tdy,
f m
cif;awG? t0wfawGukd ukid w
f ,
G w
f t
hJ cg yvyfpwpfvuftw
d u
f o
kd ;Hk yg/ ukid w
f ,
G jyf ;D &if
vuftw
d u
f ckd sG wjf y;D vufuakd & ? qyfjymeJpY ifatmifaq;yg/ 'gqk&d ifrul;Edik af wmhygbl;/

29/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g&SdaewJhol&JU tdrfucsufjyKwfa&mif;cswJhtpm;tpmudk

pm;rd&ifa&m*gul;pufEdkifovm;/
vkH;0udkrul;Edkifygbl;/ 'Da&m*gydk;[m vlYcEmudk,ftjyifrSmtouf
&SiEf ikd cf iG ehf nf;yg;ygw,f/ tjyifupm;aomufqikd af wGrmS b,fqikd rf mS jzifah &m*gyd;k Sw
d hJ
olSdw,f? a&m*gjzpfaewJholawGSdw,fqdkwmrodEldifygbl;/ tpm;taomuf
uaeul;r,fqdk&if tjyifuxrif;? [if;? rkefYyJoa&pmawG0,fpm;wJholtm;vkH;
a&m*g&ukefMurSmaygh/ vltrsm;[m a&m*gjzpfaewJholawGqDua&m*gul;rSmudk
aMumufMuygw,f/ wu,fawmh a&m*gray:ao;yJa&m*gydk;&SdaewJholawGqDu
ul;rSmydak wmifaMumufp&maumif;ygw,f/ bmaMumifv
h nf;qdak wmh olwu
Ydk omref
vlaumif;wpfa,mufvkdyJ ykHyef;rysufoefoefrmrmSd
aeMuao;vdjYk zpfygw,f/
30/ a&m*gSdwJhrdcifuae oaEom;udkb,fvkdul;
pufwmygvJ/
udk,f0efaqmifwJhtcsdefrSm a&m*gydk;[m
tcsif;uaewqifhoaEom;udkul;pufygw,f/ rdcif
&JhaoG;xJrSm&SdaewJh tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;tenf;trsm;ay:rl
wnfjyD; oaEom;udkul;pufygw,f/ rD;zGm;wJhtcsdefrSm
rdcif&ahJ oG;? arG;vrf;aMumif;ut&nfawGex
YJ d awGUNy;D vnf;
21

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

a&m*gydk;ul;pufEdkifygw,f/ a&m*gydk;&SdwJh rdcifuaeuav;udkul;pufrIEIef;uawmh

uav; 3 a,mufrSm 1 a,mufElef;avmufyJ a&m*gul;pufygw,f/
31/ rdcifEdkUuae uav;udkul;Edkifygovm;/
rdcifE&Ykd nfxrJ mS tdwcf st
f idk Af yDG ;kd tenf;tusO;f &Syd gw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh a&m*gyd;k &Sw
d hJ
rdcif&JUEdkYpdkY&wJhuav;ckESpfa,mufrSm wpfa,muf[ma&m*gul;pufcH&zkdY&Sdygw,f/
txl;ojzifh rdcifrSma&m*gydk;ul;pufjzpfyGm;cgptcsdef&,f? attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g
vuPmawGpay:wJt
h csed &f ,f? 'DEpS cf sed rf mS uav;udk ul;pufrEI eI ;f ydjk rifyh gw,f/
32/ 'gqdk&if uav;udk rdcifEdkYwkdufoifhygovm;/
EdkYrlefY? EdkYbl;udk vkHvkHavmufavmufeJYoefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;rwdkufEdkif&if
uav;i,f[m 0rf;avQma&m*g? tm[m&csKUd wJah &m*gawG jzpfjy;D toufq;Hk I;H wwf
ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk0rf;avQma&m*g? tm[m&csKdUwJha&m*gawGaMumifh uav;ao
aysmufEeI ;f [m rdcifEw
Ykd u
dk v
f t
Ydk w
d cf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd ul;jy;D uav;ao EIe;f xufyrkd sm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh rdcifrSm tdwfcsftdkifAGD ydk;SdaejyD;
EdrYk el ?Yf Edb
Yk ;l udpk cH sed f rD oefo
Y ef&Y iS ;f &Si;f wku
d f
zkdYrwwfEkdif&if rdcif EdkYwpfrsKd;wnf; udkyJ
oD;oef4Y vrS 6v cefx
Y d wku
d o
f ifyh gw,f/
'Dtjyif tdwfcsftdkifADG ydk;r&Sdolrdcifrsm;
uvnf; oHo,pdwf0ifjyD; rdrduav;udk
EdkYrwdkufjzpfrSmvnf;pdk;&drf&ygao;w,f/
'gaMumifh zGHUjzdK;qJEdkifiHawGrSm rdcifEkdYwpf
rsKd;wnf;udkomoD;oefYwdkufzdkY tm;ay;
oifyh gw,f/

22

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

33/ taza&mtaryg tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&Sdae&if arG;vmwJhuav;rSm tdwfcsftdkifAGD

ydk;&SdEdkifygovm;/
&SdEdkifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh arG;vmwJh uav;wkdif; tarqDutdwfcsftdkifADGydk;&r,f
vdkYawmh wpfxpfcsrajymEdkifygbl;/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqdkawmh a&m*gydk;&SdwJhtaruarG;wJh
uav; 3 a,mufrSm 1a,muf EIef;avmufyJ ul;pufEdkifjcif;aMumifhjzpfygw,f/
34/ a&m*gr&Sdayr,fh vdifqufqHrlrsm;ygu attdkif'DtufpfjzpfEdkifygovm;/
vdifqufqHzuf rsm;avav
'Da&m*gjzpfEkdifzkdY tE&m,frsm;avavygyJ/
attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g[m tumtuG,f
rygbJ vd i f q uf q H r l a Mumif h t rsm;qk H ; ul ;
pufjzpfymG ; wmyg/ ud,
k ef v
YJ id q
f ufqw
H o
hJ [
l m
a&m*gydk;&Sdr&Sdaoaocsmcsm b,fvkdrSrod
Ekid yf gbl;/ a&m*g vuPmray:ao;cif a&m*g
r&Sdbl;vkdYtxifrSm;aeMuwmyg/ tdwfcsftdkif
ADGydk;&SdwJhol[m omrefvlaumif;twdkif; &Sdae
Edik w
f ,fqw
dk mtjro
J wd&yg/
35/ oGm;EIwfu&d,mawGuaewqifh ul;pufEdkifygovm;/
tokH;jyKwJhoGm;Ekwfu&d,mawGudk ydk;owfaq;&nf? "gwkaA'aq;&nf? 'grSr
[kwf a&aEG;qlqleJY rdepf20 jyKwfjyD;ydk;oefYpifxm;&if a&m*grul;Edkifygbl;/
36/ a&m*gydk;&Sdr&SdrodbJeJY oGm;wkdufwHtwlokH;&ifa&m*gul;Edkifygovm;/
a&m*gydk;&Sdolt&ifwdkufjyD;om; aoG;pawGayusHaewJhoGm;wdkufwHudk
23

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

qufwu
kd rf ,fq&dk if a&m*gul;pufEikd yf gw,f/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd rul;pufatmif? taxG
axGusef;rma&;ESihfvnf;nDnGwfatmif oGm;wkdufwHtwlrokH;wmtaumif;qkH;jzpf
ygw,f/
37/ a&m*g&SdwJhvlxkdifjyD;wJhae&mrSm? tdyfjyD;wJhae&mrSm xkdif&if? tdyf&if ul;pufEdkifyg
ovm;/
rul;ygbl;/ 'Da&m*g[m omrefaeYpOftjyKtrlawGuwqifhrul;pufEdkifyg
bl;/ a&m*gul;pufwmu t"duvdiu
f pd e YJ rl;,pfaq;xk;d wJu
h pd a Mumifh jzpfwmyg/

38/ t0wfawmh twlr0wfygbl;? 'gayr,fh t0wfawGudkbD'dkwpfckxJrSmyJ twlwl

xm;w,fqkd&ifaum ul;pufEdkifygovm;/
t0wftpm; twlwl0wf&ifawmif rul;Edkifwm? bD'dkwpfckxJrSm xm;wJht0wf
aMumifh rul;Edkifygbl;/
39/ 'D a &m*g[mbmaMumif h v l a wG y J u l ; Ed k i f w mvJ ? wd & p m ef a wG r S m bmaMumif h
rul;wmygvJ/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;[m vlawG&JUcEmudk,fxJrSmyJ &SifoefjyefYyGm;Edkifygw,f/ wd&pmef
awG&JUcEmudk,fxJrSmtoufr&SifEdkifygbl;/ 'gaMumifh vltcsif;csif;yJa&m*gul;Ekdifyg
w,f/ tdraf rG; wd&pmefawG? jcif? ,if? Murf;yd;k awGuaewqifh a&m*grul;Ekid yf gbl;/
40/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g &SdwJholudkukdufxm;wJhjcifu omrefvlaumif;udkudkuf
&if a&m*gul;Edlifygovm;/
vkH;0rul;Edkifygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh24

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

1/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd [m jcifxrJ mS ? jcif&UJ aoG;xJrmS toufr&SiEf ikd yf gbl;/
2/ jcifuu
kd v
f Ydk tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd ul;w,fq&dk if wpftrd x
f t
J wlwal ewJt
h rd o
f m;awG?
tdref ;D em;csi;f awGyga&m*gjzpfvmrSmaygh/ a&m*gul;Edil w
f o
hJ al wG[m vdiq
f ufqzH uf
rsm;wJholawG? rl;,pfaq; taMumxJxkd;wJholawG&,f? tJ'DolawG&JU tdrfaxmifzuf
ZeD;r,m; (odrYk [kw)f vdiq
f ufqaH zmf awGomjzpfygw,f/ olweYdk jYJ ciftwlwl tudu
k cf H
&olawGtm;vk;H a&m*grjzpfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh jcifuu
kd v
f Ykd a&m*grul;Edik yf gbl;/
41/ a,muFsm;uae rdef;r? rdef;ruae a,muFsm; b,f[muydkjyD; ul;pufvG,f
ygovJ/
a,muFsm;uaerde;f rudu
k ;l wm ydv
k ,
G yf gw,f/ bmaMumifv
h q
J adk wmh rde;f r&JU
rsKd;yGm;t*FgwnfaqmufykHt&udku a&m*gydk;eJYxdawGYEdkifwJhrsufESmjyif{&d,mydkus,f
vkdYyg/ jyD;awmh tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&SdwJha,musfm;wpfa,muf&JUokuf&nfrSmygwJhydk;u
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&SdwJhrdef;rwpfa,muf&JUrdef;rt*Fgt&nfrSm
ygwJyh ;kd ta&twGux
f ufyrkd sm;vkyYd gyJ/ aemufwpfcsuu
f awmh
trsKd;orD;trsm;pk[m'Da&m*gtaMumif;rodMuygbl;/ vdif
qufqrH eI yJ wfoufwhJ A[kow
k rSMd uygbl;/ 'DtaMumif;awG
udkaqG;aEG&rSm&SufMuygw,f/ a,musfm;awG&JUtvkdqEudk
vnf;rvGeq
f efEidl Mf uSmygbl;/ olwu
Ydk ,
kd o
f w
l u
Ydk muG,Ef ikd pf rG ;f
vnf;r&SdSmwJhtwGufaMumifhvnf; a,musfm;awGqDuaerdef;rawGqDudk a&m
*gtvG,w
f ulyjkd y;D ul; pufMuygw,f/
42/ &dk;om;wJh awmifoltrsKd;orD;MuD;wpfa,mufrSm bmjzpfvkdYattdkif'Dtufpf
a&m*gjzpf&wmygvJ/ olUrSmtdrfaxmifvJr&Sdbl;/ a&m*gul;EdkifwJhtE&m,fqkd
vkdh aq;&kHwufjyD;om;tdrfcGJwkef;u aoG;oGif;zl;wmyJ&Sdygw,f/ bmaMumifh'D
vdkjzpf&wmygvJ/
aq;krH mS aoG;oGi;f &if tdwcf st
f ikd Af yGD ;kd &Srd &Spd pfjy;D rS a&m*gyd;k r&Sw
d hJ aoG;udyk J
25

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

oGif;ay;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh aoG;ppMfunfhvdkY tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;r&Sdbl;qdkwJhaoG;wpfcsKdU

[mpdwfrcs&ao;ygbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmhaoG;ppfw,f? qkdwm a&m*gydk;udkppf
wmr[kwyf gbl;/ a&m*gyd;k aMumifh xGuv
f mwJyh #dypn;f udpk pfwmyg/ tJ'yD #dypn;f
awGxGufvmzkdY 3 vavmufapmifh&ygw,f/ a&m*gydk;ul;cH&jyD;wmodyfrMumao;
&ifaoG;ppfayr,fhvnf; a&m*gydk;r&Sdbl;vkdYyJtajzxGufw,f/ tJ'DvdkaoG;rsKd;udk
oGif;rdwJhtwGufawmifoltrsKd;orD;MuD;rSm at
tdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gjzpfvmEdkifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
aoG ; vS L &S i f r sm;[mvnf ; a&m*gyd k ; vk H ; 0uif ; jyD ;
pdwfcs&wJhaoG;vSL&SifawGjzpfaezkdY tifrwefta&;
Mu;D ygw,f/
43/ 'gqdk&if udk,frodwJhvlqDuaoG;udkoGif;
csif&if a&m*gydk;&Sdr&SdppfjyD;ayr,fhvnf;pdwf
rcs&bl;aygh/ 'Dvdkenf;eJha&m*gydk;rul;puf
atmif b,fvkdpDpOf&ygrvJ/
'D e nf ; eJ Y a &m*grul ; puf a tmif a&m*gyd k ; uif ; pif w J h a oG ; oef Y o ef Y &
&S d t ok H ; jyKEk d i f z d k Y a qmif & G u f & ygr,f / td w f c sf t d k i f A G D a &m*gyd k ; ul ; puf E d k i f w J h ?
trltusifhvkH;0r&SdwhJ apwemoefYoefYaoG;vSLSifawGudkpnf;&kH;a[m ajymjyD;
]apwemaoG; vSL&Sit
Yd ydk gw,f/ t&yfxrJ mS aoG;oGi;f ukozkaYd oG;vkcd &hJ if
f oif;}zGUJ xm;zkv
] apwemaoG;vSL&Siftoif;} udk qufoG,ftultnDawmif;EkdifaMumif; t&yfom;
awGudkBuKdwiftoday;zkdYvnf;vkdygw,f/ aoG;vSLbPfawG?aq;kHBuD;awGrSm
,ck t cgaoG ; vS L S i f r sm;tm;ynmay;pnf ; k H ; jcif ; ? tE & m,f r sm;aom
tjyKtrlrsm;udkaSmifSm;apjcif;jzifha&m*gydk;uif;pifwJh aoG;oefYrsm;&Sda&;udk
aqmif&u
G v
f Quf ydS gw,f/

26

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

a&m*gydk;&Sdr&Sd aoG;ppfjcif;

44/ a&m*gydk;&Sdr&Sdb,fvkdod&SdEdkifygrvJ/
a&m*gyd;k &Srd &So
d Ed ikd w
f hJ wpfcak omenf;vrf;rSm q&m0efeaYJ qG;aEG;jy;D aoG;tppfcH
jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ vlwpfa,muf&UJ kyf
&nfudkMunfhjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
a,muFsm; t*Fg (odkYr[kwf) rdef;r
t*Fgudpk pfaq;jcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/
qD;ppfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? a&m*g
toGifvuPmudkMunfhSkjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? a&m*gydk;&Sdr&SdrodEdkif
ygbl;/ aoG;rppfcifrmS aoG;ppfwmeJY
ywfoufwt
hJ csut
f vufawGukd ESpf
odrahf qG;aEG;ynmay;tzGeYJ jYJ zpfap? q
&m0efejYJ zpfapaqG;aEG;wkid yf if&ygr,f/
45/ vlwpfa,mufudk tdwfcsf
tdkifAGDydk;&Sdr&SdaoG;ppfMunfhvYkdydk;r
&Sdbl;qkd&ifpdwfcs&jyDvm;/
vkH;0pdwfrcs&ao;ygbl;/
bmjzpfvv
Ykd q
J akd wmh 'DaeYtw
d cf st
f idk f
ADGydk;r&Sdayr,fh aemufwpfaeYtaysmf
tyg;vkdufpm;&if a&m*gydk;ul;puf
27

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

Edik af o;wmaMumifjh zpfygw,f/ tJ'v

D &l UJ tjyKtrlay:rSmrlwnfaeygw,f/ aemufwpf
csufuawmhudk,fxJudka&m*gydk;0ifcgprSm aoG;ppf&ifcsufcsif;ray:ygbl;/ 3 v
avmufapmif&h ygw,f/ aoG;tajz[mvGecf w
hJ hJ 3 vrwdik cf ifutajctaeudyk J jyyg
w,f/ Oyrm-Zlvkdifv 1 &ufaeYrSmaoG;tajzua&m*gydk;r&Sdbl;vkdYjy&if t"dyg,fu
rwfv 31 &ufaeYtxd 'Dvrl mS a&m*gyd;k r&Sb
d ;l vkYd qdv
k ydk gw,f/ {jy?D ar? ZGev
f wpfvv
rSm a&m*gyd;k &Sw
d o
hJ el v
YJ id q
f ufqcH &hJ i?f a&m*gyd;k roefpY ifxm;wJah q;xk;d tyfuo
kd ;Hk cJ&h if?
a&m*gyd;k &Sw
d ahJ oG;udo
k iG ;f rdc&hJ if Zlvidk f 1 &ufaeYrmS aoG;ppfvrYdk ay:Ekid af o;ygbl;/
46/ tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&Sdaeayr,fhaoG;ppfwJhtcg bmjzpfvkdYcsufcsif;rodEdkifwmygvJ/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&jyD;olawG&JUaoG;xJrSm 'Dydk;udkwefjyefwkdufzsufzkdYxkwf
xm;wJyh pn;f wpfrsK;d &Syd gw,f/ tJ'gudk ]y#dypn;f } vkaYd c:ygw,f/ 'Dy#dypn;f [m a&m*g
yd;k udu
k ,
dk pf m;jyKwo
hJ auFwyJjzpfygw,f/ tdycf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Srd &Sad oG;ppfw,fqw
dk m 'Dy#d
ypn;f udpk pfaq;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'yD #dypn;f [m a&m*gyd;k ud,
k cf EmxJ a&mujyf ;D ok;H v
avmufMumrSaoG;rSmay:ygw,f/'gaMumifh a&m*gyd;k 0ijyf ;D jy;D csi;f aoG;ppf&if a&m*gyd;k &Sd
r&Sd rodEikd w
f myg/
47/ trsKd;om;eJhtrsKd;orD;tdrfaxmifrjyKcifESpfa,mufpvkH;aoG;ppfoifhygovm;/
wpfa,mufrmS a&m*gyd;k &Sad e&if aemuf
wpfa,mufurkd ul;atmif MuKd wifumuG,Ef idk f
rSmrkdYaoG;ppfoifhygw,f/ aoG;ppjfyD;wJhtcgrSm
rvkv
d m;tyfwjhJ yemawGray:&atmif aoG;
rppfcifrSm wwfuGsrf;em;vnfwJhq&m0efeJY
aomf 4 if ; ? ES p f o d r f h a qG ; aEG ; ynmay;tzG J Y e J Y
aomf4if;? taMutvnfwidk yf ifaqG;aEG;jy;D aoG;tppfcMH uzkYd ta&;Mu;D ygw,f/

28

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

tdyfcsftdkifAGDydk;&Sdae&if

48/ aoG;ppfMunfhjyD; tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&Sdaewmod&ifbmqufvkyf&ygrvJ/

- tdycf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Sad ejyv
D o
Ydk v
d u
dk w
f meJY xdwv
f efrY oGm;ygeJ/Y rMumcifao&awmhrmS yJvYdk
awG;jy;D pdw"f gwfrusygeJ/Y tdwcf st
f idk Af yDG ;kd &Sw
d meJY csucf si;f attkid 'f t
D ufprf jzpfygbl;/
29

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

- a&m*gydk;&Sdaewmudk vlwumajymjyzkdYvnf;rvkdygbl;/ rdom;pkxJujzpfjzpf?

rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;xJujzpfjzpf ,HkMunfpdwfcs&wJholwpfa,mufudk&ifzGifhyg?
aqG;aEG;wkdifyifyg/ olY&JUESpfodrfhtm;ay;rI
udck ,
H yl g/
-q&m0ef? q&mrawGeJYaqG;aEG;wkdifyifyg/
tdwcf st
f ikd Af DG attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*g taMumif;
ydek m;vnfatmif MuKd ;pm;yg/
49/

tdwfcsftdkifAGDykd;&SdwJholudkattdkif
'Dtufpfa&m*gjzpfaejyDvkdYajymvkdY&yg
ovm;/

tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Sw
d o
hJ u
l kd attdik 'f t
D ufpf
a&m*gjzpfaejyv
D aYdk jymvdrYk &ao;ygbl;/ bmjzpfvv
Ydk q
J akd wmh vl&UJ cEmud,
k x
f rJ mS tdwcf sf
tdkifAGDydk;&Sdaeayr,fh a&m*gvuPmrjyao;awmh vlaumif;wpfa,mufvkdygyJ/
zsm;wJeh mwJh vuPmvk;H 0r&Syd J omrefval umif;wpfa,mufvdk oGm;vmvIy&f mS ;tvkyf
vkyEf ikd yf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Sad ewJt
h wGuf oluaewqifah &m*gyd;k awG
f ikd Af yDG ;kd o,faqmif
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &So
d }l 'grSr[kwf ] tdwcf st
ul;Ekid yf gw,f/ tJ'v
D u
l kd ]]tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Sad eayr,fh csucf si;f attdik 'f t
D ufprf jzpfygbl;/
ol} vkaYd c:ygw,f/ tdwcf st
ydk;0ifjyD;ESpfawmfawmfMumrS aoG;jzLOawGysufpD;? udk,fcHtm;awGusqif;vmjyD;
wjcm;a&m*gydk;awGcEmudk,fudk0ifa&muf'kuay;wJhtcgusrSom a&m*gvuPm
awGay:vmygw,f/ tJ'Dtqifhudka&mufrSom ] attkdif'Dtufp}f vkdYac:ygw,f/

30

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

a&m*gvuPmrsm;

50/ attdkif'DtufpfjzpfaewJhol&JUa&m*gvuPmubmawGygvJ/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;ul;pufcH&jyD;ol 60%-80% [m 5ESpfrS 10ESpf twGif; qdk;0g;wJh
attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*gjzpfvmjy;D toufq;Hk I;H &avh&ydS gw,f/ attdik 'f t
D ufp&f UJ t"du
31

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

vuPmawGuawmh ud,
k t
f av;csed f
10% xufydkavsmhusjcif;? ydefus
oGm;r,faygh? (Oyrm- tpu aygif
100 &S d w J h v l [ m tck a ygif 90
atmufy&J rdS ,f)?
- wpf v xuf y d k j yD ; 0rf ; quf w d k u f
oGm;jcif;?
- wpfvxufydkjyD;tzsm;qufwdkuf
wuf a ejcif ; wd k U jzpf j yD ; attd k i f ' D
tufp&f o
hJ mrn vuPmawGuawmh
- wpfvxufyjkd y;D acsmif;qk;d jcif;?
- a&,kerf sm;cEmud,
k t
f ESUH aygufjcif;?
- tMudwfrsm;wpfudk,fvkH;tEHSYtjym;
xGujf cif;?
- yg;pyfxJrSmrSukrsm;xGufjcif;? wpfudk,fvHk;ta&jym;,m;,Ha,mif,rf;jcif;?
wkjYd zpfygw,f/
51/ uav;awGrSma&m*gjzpf&ifb,fvkdvuPmrsKd;awGawGU&ygovJ/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh uav;touf 8 vcefYrS a&m*gvuPmawGpay:vm
ygw,f/ wpfcgwavvnf; arG;ptcsdefuwnf;upwifay:wwfygw,f/
- uav;Mu;D xGm;rIr&djS cif;? Mu;D xGm;rIaES;auG;jcif;?
- tonf;? abvkH;? tMudwfrsm; MuD;xGm;aejcif;?
- rMumcPzsm;emjcif;? ul;pufa&m*grsm;cHpm;&jcif;pwJv
h uPmawGawG&Y ygw,f/
52/ tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&SdrSef;od&if bmawGudka&SmifoihfygovJ/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;Sdw,fvkdYaocsm&ifjzpfjzpf? a&m*gydk;&EdkifwJhtjyKtrl
32

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

vkyfcJhrdvkdYudk,fhrSm tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&Sdw,fvkdYoHo,0ifae&ifjzpfjzpf? olrsm;qDu

wjcm;a&m*gawGukd,fhqDra&mufatmif*kpdkufaexdkifovkd rdrd&JUtdwfcsftdkifADG
a&m*gyd;k [molwpfyg;qDukd xyfru
H ;l pufroGm;atmifjyKral exdik &f ygr,f/ vdiq
f ufqH
wkdif;uGef'kH;okH;yg/ aq;xkd;tyfaq;xkd;>yefeJYta&jym;azmufwJhypnf;awGudkwjcm;
oleJYrQa0okH;wmudka&Smifyg/ aoG;rvSLygeJY/ rsufMunfvTmvSLwm? wjcm;udk,ft*Fg
tpdwt
f ydik ;f vSLwmudv
k nf;a&Smif&ygr,f/
53/

tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&Sdolwpfa,muftaeeJh bmawGudkvkdufemaqmif&Guf&ygrvJ/
tm[m&jynfh0wJhtpm;tpm? vwfqwfwJhtpmawGudkpm;yg/ ig;? tom;?
tonf;pwJt
h om;"gwfawG? xrif;? *sK?H aygifrek pYf wJu
h pD"gwfawG toD;t&Gupf wJh
ADwmrif"gwfygwJhtpm;taomufawGudktav;xm;jyD;pm;yg/ aq;vdyf? t&uf
a&Smifyg/ arQmfvifhcsufxm;yg/ taumif;bufudkawG;yg/ pdwf"gwfrusygeJY/
pd w f a ysmf a tmif a eyg/
yifyifyef;yef;vky&f wJt
h vkyf
f u d k r vk y f y geJ Y / td y f a &;
0atmiftyd yf g/oifah wmf
wJu
h ,
kd u
f m,avhusichf ef;
r eS rf eS v
f yk yf g/ bmoma&;
udik ;f Iid ;f yg/ w&m;xkid yf g/
trsm;tusK;d &Srd ,ft
h vkyf
awG v k y f y g/ rd o m;pk ?
oli,fcsi;f awGerYJ eS rf eS af wGU
qkHjyD;pum;ajymyg/
olw&Ykd UJ tm;ay; rIud ck ,
H l
yg/ usef;rma&;ppfaq;rI
udkykHrSefcH,lyg/ q&m0ef
vrf; nTew
f t
hJ wdik ;f vku
d f
33

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

emyg/ tJ ' D v k d a er,f q k d & if wjcm;aemuf q uf w G J a&m*gawG t jzpf e nf ; jyD ;

touf&n
S &f n
S af eEdik yf g vdrrfh ,f/
54/ attkdif'DtufpfjzpfaewJholi,fcsif;udkoem;ygw,f/ olhudktm;wufatmif
b,fvdkb,fykH tm;ay;ulnD&ygrvJ/
avhvmcsufawGt&rdom;pk? aqGrsKd;? rdwfaqGawG&JUyHhydk;rIeJYtm;ay;rIudk
jynfhjynfh00&wJholawG[mydkjyD;aeaumif;Muygw,f/ oli,fcsif;tdrfudkrMum
cPoGm;vnfyg/ vl
rrmtaeeJ Y p um;
ajymzk?dY &ifziG zhf ?Ykd tjyif
oGm;zkdY? aq;cef;jyzdkY?
tazmf v d k & if t csd e f
ay;ulnyD g/ arQmv
f ifh
csuf xm;zd?Yk pdw"f gwf
rusz?Ydk vkypf &m&Sw
d m
vkyfoifhwm awGudk
qufvyk zf Ydk tm;ay;
yg/ ESpfodrfhyg/ wwfEdkifwJhtultnDay;yg/ 'DvdkvlemawGu udk,fhudk,fudkwkd;wuf
atmifMudK;yrf;&m rSmvG,fulatmif? vkyfcsifpdwfawGt&Sdefrusatmif? pdwf"gwfus
jy;D a&m*geJaY vmuudk tS;Hk ay;csiw
f phJ w
d af wGvrT ;f rd;k roGm;&atmif ywf0ef;usi&f UJ yhyH ;kd
tm;ay;rItifrwefvkdygw,f/ vlrrm&JUylyefaomuawG[mrsm;jym;IyfaxG;vGef;vdkY
wpfcgw&Homrefval wG uESpo
f rd ahf jz&Si;f ray;Ekid w
f mawG&ydS gw,f/ tJ't
D cgESpo
f rd hf
aqG;aEG;ynmay;tzGJY&SdwJhae&mudk ac:oGm;ay;yg/

34

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;ynmay;jcif;

55/ ES p f o d r f h a qG ; aEG ;
ynmay;tzG J Y a wG u b,f
rSm&SdygovJ/
ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;ynmay;
tzGUJ ( A[dk ) uawmh&efuek f
jynfolYaq;kHMuD;wkd;csJU0if;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;rSm
&Syd gw,f/ jrefrmjynfwpf0rS ;f
rSm&SdwJhjynfe,fwkdif;aq;&kH
MuD;awG? umvom;a&m*g
wkdufzsufa&;XmeawGrl;,pf
aq;pGJukoa&;XmeawGrSm
vnf;ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;ynm
ay;rI a wG u d k j yKvk y f a eyg
w,f/ 'ghtjyifjrefrmEkdifiH
q&m0eftoif;? MuufajceD?
rdcifeJYuav;apmifha&Smuf
a&;toif ; pwJ h v l r I a &;t
oif ; eJ Y b moma&;toif ;
awG r S m ES p f o d r f h a qG ; aEG ;
ynmay;oifwef;wufjy;D wJh
35

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

toif;om;awGvnf; trsm;tjym;&Syd gw,f/

56/ b,folawG? b,fvdkvlrsKd;awG[m ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;ynmay;jcif;udkcH,loifh
ygovJ/
- tdwcf st
f idk Af yDG ;kd ul;pufcaH e&olawG? attkid 'f t
D ufpaf 0'em&Siaf wG? 4if;wk&Yd UJ rdom;pk
0ifawG? rdwfaqGawG? ESD;EG,fqufpyfolawG? tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&Sdr&dSaoG;ppfvkdolawG
[maoG;rppfcifa&m? aoG;ppfjyD;wJhtcgrSmyg ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;ynmay;oleJYawGUqkH
aqG;aEG;zkv
Yd t
dk yfygw,f/
- tdwfcsftkdifAGDydk;ul;EdkifwJh tjyKtrlawGudkt&ifujzpfjzpf? vwfwavmjzpfjzpf
vk y f r d x m;jyD ; aemif r S m b,f v k d u sef ; rmatmif f a exk d i f o G m ;&r,f q d k w mod c sif
wJo
h al wG[m ESpo
f rd ahf qG;aEG;ynmay;olawGeYJ awGq
Y aHk qG;aEG;oifyh gw,f/
57/

ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;ynmay;olxHrS b,fvdktultnDrsKd;awG&EdkifygovJ/
attkdif'Dtufpfa0'em&SifwpfOD;[m rMumcPrrmrusef;jzpfwm? pdwfrcsrf;
omwm? pdwfnpfwm? 0rf;enf;tm;i,fwmawGudk MuHKawGU&wwfygw,f/ txl;o
jzifrh o
d m;pkeyYJ wf0ef;usit
f odik ;f t0dik ;f &UJMuifemrIurkd &&ifjzpfjzpf? pHepfwusuo
k wm
udrk cH&&ifjzpfjzpf? ud,
k pf w
d Ef pS yf g;vk;H ydrk ckd pH m;&wwfygw,f/ tJ't
D cgrsK;d rSmESpo
f rd hf
aqG;aEG;ynmay;olew
YJ idk yf ifaqG;aEG;vdu
k &f if pdwcf pH m;&wmawGavsmo
h mG ;jy;D vkyo
f ifh
wmawGudk qufvkyfoGm;zkdYtiftm;&Sdvmygr,f/ 'gaMumifh vlemudk,fwkdifyJjzpfjzpf?
tjcm;tdrfom;? rdwfaqGwpfa,mufa,mufujzpfjzpf ESpfodrfhaqG;aEG;ynmay;oleJY
qufo,
G w
f idk yf ifaqG;aEG;jy;D jyemt&yf&yftwGuf toifah wmfq;Hk tajz&atmif
0dik ;f 0ef;MuKd ;pm;ay;zkv
Yd t
dk yfygw,f/ ESpo
f rd ahf qG;aEG;ynmay;ol[m vlem&JUuse;f rma&;
eJYudk,fa&;udk,fwmudpawGraygufMum;atmif xdef;odrf;&r,fhwm0ef&Sdygw,f/ 'g
aMumifhvlemeJY rdom;pk,MkHunftm;udk;pdwfcs&wJholjzpfzkdY ta&;MuD;ygw,f/

36

7 8

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

uGef'kH;eJY attdkif'Dtufpf

58/ uGef'kH;wpfckudkb,fESpfcgokH;vkdY&ovJ/
wpfcgyJo;Hk vk&Yd ygw,f/ wpfcgok;H jy;D &ifpepfwuspeG jYf ypf&ygr,f/
37

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

59/ uG e f ' H k ; uwpf c goH k ; jzpf w J h t wG u f v l w d k i f ; 0,f

oHk;Edkifyghrvm;/
aq;qdkif? pwdk;qdkifeJYtcsdKUqdkifi,fawGrSm
vlwef;pm;ra&G;0,fo;kH Edik w
f hJ uGe'f ;kH awG&Edik yf gw,f/
t&nftaoG;aumif;jyD;aps;vnf;oufomwJh uGef'Hk;
ukda&G;0,fyg/ wpfcsdkKUuGef'Hk;awGrSmukefqHk;&ufpGJ
ygwJhtwGuf&ufvGefrvGefMunfh&ygr,f/ ukefqHk;
&ufpGJrygwJhuGef'Hk;awGqdk&if xkwfvkyfwJh&ufpGJudk
Munfhyg/ 5 ESpfausmf&ifroHk;ygeJY/ attdkif'Dtufpf
a&m*gr&atmifumuG,fzdkYtwGuf uGef'Hk;udkrjzpf
raeBuKd ;pm;jy;D oH;k &ygr,f/
60/ uG e f ' k H ; ud k a &m*gumuG , f z k d Y t jyif wjcm;b,f
twGufokH;csif&ifokH;Ekdifao;ovJ/
om;orD;a0;csif&if? om;orD;rvkdcsifao;&if uGef'kH;udkokH;vkdY&ygw,f/
vdifqufqHwJhtcg a,musfm;&JUokwf&nf[muGef'kH;xJrSmyJ&SdaejyD; rdef;rt*Fgu
aewqifhom;tdrfxJudkr0ifEdkifawmhygbl;/ 'gaMumifh uGef'kH;udkpepfwus aoao
csmcsmok;H &if rdr&d UJ vdiq
f ufqzH uftrsK;d orD;rSmud,
k 0f efr&Ekid yf gbl;/
38

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

61/ uGef'kH;udktokH;jyK&if a&m*gvkH;0rul;pufEdkifbl;vm;/

t&nftaoG;aumif;wJu
h eG 'f ;Hk udk tjrw
J rf;enf;pepfreS rf eS o
f ;Hk wwf&if a&m*gyd;k
rul;atmif umuG,fEdkifygw,f/
62/ vlwpfa,muf[mvdifqufqHwJhtcgrSm uGef'kH;okH;vkduf? rokH;vkdufjyKvkyf&if
a&m*gydk;ul;pufEdkifovm;/
uGe'f ;Hk ok;H wJt
h cgrSm a&m*gyd;k r&atmifumuG,Ef ikd yf gr,f/ uGe'f ;kH rok;H &ifawmh
umuG,fEdkifrSmr[kwfygbl;/ uGef'kH;tjrJoHk;rSpdwfcs&ygw,f/ t"dutcsufuawmh
b,folhUqDrSma&m*g&Sdr&SdqdkwmudkrodEkdifvdkYyg/ 'gaMumifh vlwkdif;rSma&m*g&SdEdkifw,f
vkdY,lqjyD; vdifqufqHwkdif;uGef'kH;udkokH;yg/
63/ ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;pvkH;rSm tdwfcsftdkifADG ydk;&Sdae&ifaum uGef'kH;okH;zkdhvdkygovm;/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;ta&twGufrsm;av
aoG ; jzLOawG r sm;rsm; ysuf p D ; avjzpf j yD ;
tcsed w
f w
dk t
dk wGi;f rSm attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*g
vuPmawGjzpfay:cHpm;&rSmyg/ 'gYaMumifh
td w f c sf t d k i f A G D y d k ; &S d j yD ; xm;ol [ m rd r d c E m
udk,fxJudk tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;awGxyfNyD;0if
rvmatmif u muG , f z k d Y t a&;MuD ; ygw,f /
ZeD;armifESHESpfOD;pvHk;rSmattdkif'Dtufpf
ydk;&SdaeNyD;ayr,fhvnf; vdifqufqH&mu
wqifhtdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;awGxyfjyD;cEmudk,f
xJra&mufatmif uGef'kH;tjrJokH;zkdYvdktyf
ygw,f/

39

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

umvom;a&m*g eJY attdkif'Dtufpf

64/ umvom;a&m*gqdkwmbmudkac:wmygvJ/
vdifwlvdifuGJqufqH&muul;pufwJha&m*gawGudk ] vdifqufqHrIaMumifh
ul;pufwJha&m*grsm;} vdkY ac:ygw,f/ a&S;,cifuawmh ]umvom; a&m*g} vkdY
40

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

ac:ygw,f/ umvom;a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d &Syd gw,f/ qpfzvpfa&m*g? *Edak &m*g? &Seu

f GKd u?f
vifu
h sw
d af &mifa&m*g? vdit
f *Fga&,ke?f vdit
f *Fgrufck? vdit
f *Fg0J? &DjzLqif;a&m*geJY
attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*g tygt0if a&m*g trsK;d aygif; ESpq
f ,fausm&f ydS gw,f/ vdif
t*FgwefqmteD;w0dkufrSm vIdufpm;em? yGef;yJhem? tzk? tydefY? tusdwf? tvkH; awG
jzpfwm/qD;oGm;&if ylwm? emusOfudkufcJwm? qD;vrf;aMumif;? ptdk? rdef;rudk,fu
anmif;uswm? &djzL&deD qif;wm? vdit
f *FgteD;w0du
k rf mS a&mif&rf;emusif udu
k cf w
J m
awG[m umvom;a&m*gvuPm awGyJ jzpfygw,f/
65/ umvom;a&m*geJY attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g b,fvdkqufpyfaeygovJ/
- a&m*gES p f c k p vk H ; [m vd i f q uf q H & muaet"d u ul ; ygw,f / a&m*gyd k ; &S d w J h
aoG;oGi;f rd&ifu;l w,f/ a&m*g&Srd cd ifuaeoaEom;udu
k ;l w,f/
- vd i f t *F g rS m tem&S d a ewk e f ; ? qD ; yl a nmif ; usjzpf a ewk e f ; vd i f q uf q H & if
tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd [m ydNk y;D tvG,w
f ulu;l pufEikd w
f ,f/
- umvom;a&m*g&Sw
d o
hJ [
l m attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*gvnf;&Sv
d mzkYd tcGit
hf vrf;rsm;
ygw,f/
66/ umvom;a&m*gudk aysmufatmif ukEdkifygovm;/
umvom;a&m*gawmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk aysmufuif;atmif ukoEdkifygw,f/
udk,fhbmomaq;0,faomufwmwkdY? aq;NrD;wdkokH;NyD; udk,fh[mudk,fukwmwkdY? rvkyfygeJY/
aiG v J u k e f t E & m,f v J & S d y gw,f / q&m0ef e J Y jyyg/ q&m0ef T e f M um;wJ h t wk d i f ;
aq;ywfvnfatmifaomufyg/
67/ a&m*gvuPmay:vm&if bmvkyf&ygrvJ/
- a&m*gvuPmay:vm&ifjzpfjzpfa&m*g&Sdw,fvkdY oHo,&Sd&ifjzpfjzpf?
usef;rma&;0efxrf;eJY tjrefjyyg/
41

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

- a&m*graysmufrcsif; vdifqufqHjcif; rjyKygeJY/ udk,fh&JUtdrfaxmifzuf

(odkYr[kwf) vdifqufqHzuftazmfudkvnf;aq;ukozkdYvkdygw,f/ 'grSolYqD
ua&m*gjyefrul;rSmjzpfygw,f/
68/ umvom;a&m*gudk pepfwusruk&ifbmjzpfygrvJ/
umvom;a&m*g&Sw
d t
hJ rsK;d om;? trsK;d orD;awG[m tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd ul;pufc&H zkYd
tE&m,ftvGefrsm;wJhtwGuf olrsm;awGxufattdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gydkNyD;jzpf
vG,fMuw,f/ udk,f0efaqmifrdcifawGrSm om;ysufom;avsmwmtjyifuav;
taoarG;Edkifw,f/ uav;t&SifarG;cJh&ifvnf; a&m*gydk;awG[m uav;rsufvkH;xJ
0ifNyD;rsufpduG,foGm;Ekdifw,f/ om;tdrfxJydk;0ifNyD;om;orD;r&Edkifjzpfwwfovkd
om;tdru
f ifqmvnf;jzpfwwfygw,f/ trsK;d om;awGrmS vnf; qD;vrf;aMumif;ydwNf y;D
qD;roGm;Ekdifatmifjzpfwwfygw,f/ a&m*gydk;awGaMumifh okwfrxkwfEdkifwJhtwGuf
om;orD;r&EdkifwmrsKd;vnf; jzpfwwfygw,f/ wpfcsKdUrSm vdifwHuifqmjzpfwJhtxd
cHpm;&ygw,f/ a&m*gyd;k OD;aPSmufxaJ &mufomG ;&ifvnf; l;oGww
f wfygw,f/
69/ umvom;a&m*grjzpfatmif b,fvkdumuG,f&ygrvJ/
vdiftaysmftyg;a&Smifyg/ vdifqufqHbuftazmfrsm;wm? vdifqufqH
bufwpfa,mufjyD;wpfa,mufajymif;wm? aiGaMu;twGufvdifqufqHwmawG[m
a&m*gtvG,fwul&apEkdifw,f/ 'gawGraSmifEdkif&if vdifqufqHwdkif;uGef'kH;okH;NyD; ;
umuG,fEdkifygw,f/

42

10

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

wDbDa&m*g eJY attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g

70/ wD b D a &m*geJ Y
attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g
b,fvq
kd ufE,
G af eovJ/
attdkif'Dtufpf
a&m*gjzpfyGm;aeolawG
rSmwDbaD &m*g[mt"du
use;f rma&;jyemwpfck
jzpfygw,f/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af DG
ydk;&SdwJholawGrSm ckcHpGrf;
tm;usvmwJ h t wG u f
wDbDa&m*gul;zdkYtcGihf
tvrf;ydrk sm;ygw,f/ ol
wkdYrSmjzpfwJhwDbDa&m*g
uvnf; omrefxufyjkd y;D
jyif;xefEidk yf gw,f/ pHepf
wusaq;ukorIcH,ljyD;
tcsed rf eS rf eS af q;aomuf
zdkYaq;ywfvnfatmif
aomuf z k d Y t a&;MuD ; yg
w,f/

43

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

71/ wDbDjzpfaewJhattdkif'DtufpfvlemudkjyKpkuko&if; xdkvlemxHrS wDbDa&m*gul;

Ekdifygovm;/
wDbDa&m*gudkrukobJxm;&if vlemacsmif;qkd;wJhavuwqifh tem;rSm
&Sw
d v
hJ al wGuw
kd b
D aD &m*gul;Ekid yf gw,f/ tdwcf st
f idk Af yDG ;kd uawmh avxJuwqifrh ul;
pufEkdifwJhtwGuf vlemacsmif;qkd;ayr,fhattdkif'Dtufpfa&m*grul;Edkifygbl;/
72/ wDbDa&m*grul;atmif
b,fvdkvkyf&ygrvJ/
wDbaD &m*grul;pufatmifvel m
rSm wDbDa&m*g&Sdw,fvkdYoHo,
&Sdygu oufqkdif&mq&m0efawGeJY
jyojyD;xdxda&mufa&muf aq;
ukyg/ vlemacsmif;qk;d wkid ;f yg;pyf
eJEY mS acgif;udk vufuikd yf 0k geJt
Y yk jf y;D
acsmif;qkd;ygap/ vlem&JUaxG;cH
udkvnf; uwfxljym; (odkYr[kwf)
tzkH;wpfckckeJYzkH;xm;&ygr,f/ axG;cHudkoGefwJhtcg tdrfomusif;xJudkoGefyg/
vlemudx
k m;wJt
h cef;? ae&m[m av0ifavxGuaf umif;zkv
Yd w
dk t
hJ wGujf ywif;ayguf
awGziG x
hf m;zkYd ta&;Mu;D ygw,f/

44

11

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

aq;uk o rI

73/ jrefrmjynfrSm attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gonfawGudkjyKpkukoay;wJhaq;kH&Sdae

ygjyDvm;/
&Sad eygjy/D jrefrmEdik if w
H pf0rS ;f rSm&Sw
d hJ jynfe,fEiS w
Yf idk ;f aq;kMH u;D rsm;eJjY rKd Ue,f

45

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

aq;kHawGrSmckcHtm;usqif;vkdYjzpfay:vmwJhaemufqufwGJa&m*ga0'emtrsKd;rsKd;
(Oyrm-wDbDtqkwfa&m*g? tla&mifa&m*g? OD;aESmufa&mifa&m*g) udkaysmufuif;
oufomatmifuo
k ay;vsu&f ydS gw,f/ &efuek rf mS &Sw
d ahJ q;kw
H idk ;f rSmattdik 'f t
D ufpf
a&m*gonfawGudkjyKpkukoay;ygw,f/ ajrmufOuvmyjrKd Ue,f a0bm*Dtxl;uk
aq;&kHMuD;rSmvnf; attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gtjyif tjcm;ul;pufa&m*grsm;udk uko
ay;vsuf&Sdygw,f/
74/ 'Da&m*gukozdkYtwGuf bmjzpfvkdYaq;r&Sdao;wmygvJ/
tdwcf st
f ikd Af aDG &m*gyd;k udak oatmifowfEikd w
f hJ aq;rawGUao;vkt
Yd aysmufuk
oEdkifwJhaq;r&Sdao;bl;vkdYajymwmyg/ 'gayr,fh ckcHtm;usoGm;vkdYay:vmwJha&m*g
a0'emtrsKd;rsKd;udk aysmufuif;oufomatmif ukoay;EkdifwJhaq;awG&Sdygw,f/
Oyrm-wDbaD &m*g? 0rf;avQma&m*g? OD;aESmufa&mifa&m*g? rufck pwJh a&m*gawGukd
ukoEdik w
f ahJ q;awG&ydS gw,f/ tJ'aD q;awGtjyif tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd awGcEmud,
k t
f wGi;f
rSmrysUH yGm;atmifxed ;f xm;Edik w
f hJ aq;awGvnf;&Syd gw,f/ a&m*gyd;k awGxyfryGm;awmh
vlem&JUtajctaeudo
k ufomapw,f/ a&m*gvuPmawGay:vmwm aESmifah ES;oGm;
r,f/ wjcm;a&m*gyd;k awG0ifvmr,fh tE&m,fuv
kd nf;umuG,af y;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
attdik 'f t
D ufpjf zpfwmeJb
Y 0qk;H jyv
D rYdk qdEk ikd yf gbl;/ use;f rma&;0efxrf;awGutwkid ;f
twmwpfcktxdulnDEkdifygw,f/
75/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gjzpfjyD;b,favmuftouf&Snf&SnfaeEdkifygovJ/
a&m*g&JUobm0jzpfpOfudkMunfhr,fqkd&if tddwfcsftdkifAGDydk;cEmudk,fxJa&mufjyD;
5 ESpaf usmf 10 ESpt
f xda&m*gvuPmrjyao;ygbl;/ tJ't
D csed rf mS vlaumif;twdik ;f &Sd
aeygr,f/ tJ'Daemufydkif;a&m*gvuPmay:vmygr,f/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g
vuPmay:jy;D &if 6 v rS 2 ESpt
f wGi;f aoqk;H Edik yf gw,f/ a&m*gyd;k &Srd eS ;f odocd si;f
pepfwus aq;ukorIc,
H rl ,?f taetxkid q
f ifjcifr,?f ud,
k af &mpdwyf guse;f rmatmif
MuKd ;pm;r,fq&kd if toufy&kd n
S w
f wfygw,f/
46

12

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

td r f r S m attd k i f ' D t uf p f v l e m&S d & if

76/ a&m*gjzpfwJholwkdif;udk aq;kHwifjyD;ukozkdYvkdygovm;/

attkdif'Dtufpfa&m*ga0'em&SifawGudk aq;kHrSmtjrJxm;jyD;ukozkdYrvkdyg
47

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

bl;/ a0'em jyif;xefaewJh tcsdeftcgrSmom aq;kHwifzkdYvkdygw,f/ usefwJhtcsdef

awGrSm udk,fhtdrfrSmyJaejyD; twlaerdom;pkawGu jyKpkapmifha&Smufay;vkdYvnf;&yg
w,f/
77/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gjzpfaewJhtdrfom;wpfOD;&JUt0wftpm;udk b,fvkdavQmf
zGwf&ygrvJ/
vlem&JUaoG;? tnpftaMu;aywJh t0wfawGeJY tjcm;tokH;taqmifawGudk
cGJjyD;avQmfzGwfyg/ rayao;wJhtpae&mrSudkifjyD; aoG;awGtnpftaMu;awGudk
a&eJt
Y &ifaq;yg/ ykrH eS v
f yk af eustwkid ;f qyfjym&nfeYJ avQm?f aeylveS ;f ? rD;ylwu
kd yf g/
qyfjym&nftpm; ta&mifcsG waf q;rIet
Yf &nfo;Hk Ekid &f ifawmh ydak umif;ygw,f/
78/ ta&mifcRwfaq;&nfeJhavQmfr,fqdk&ifaq;rIefhudkb,fvdktcsKd;tqeJh t&nf
azsmf&ygrvJ/
a&yk;H xJrmS a&oefAY ;l ( wpfvw
D mAl; )wpfA;l pma&xnfyh g/ ta&mifcsG waf q;rIeYf
xrif;pm;ZGe;f (pwD;ZGe;f t&G,)f wpfZeG ;f udak &xJxnfah rTjy;D aq;rIeaYf wGaysmo
f mG ;wJt
h cg
cefY rSef;ajc 5 &mcdkifEIef;ygwJh tdrfokH;ta&mifcGswfaq;rIefYt&nftjzpfokH;vkdY&ygjyD/
ta&mifcsG waf q;rIet
Yf &nf[mazsmjf y;D &if tmedoifawGavsmo
h mG ;wwfwmrkYd ok;H cgeD;rS
azsmjf y;D ok;H wm ydak umif;ygw,f/
79/ vlem&JhaoG;awG t&dt&GJawGayoGm;wJhae&mudkb,fvdkaq;aMumoefYpif&ygrvJ/
vlem&JUcEmudk,frSxGufwJht&nfrsm;udkrxdrdatmifumuG,f&ygr,f/vlem&JU
aoG;awG? t&dt&GJawGudk udkifwG,fwJhtcg udk,fh&JU vufrSmyGef;yJh'Pf&m&Sd&if? tem?
ESi;f cl &S&d if vufrpdak tmif vufrayatmif vuftw
d f (odrYk [kw)f yvyfpwpftw
d u
f kd
ok;H yg/ aoG;? t&dt&GaJ yaewJah e&mudk qyfjym&nf (odrYk [kw)f ta&mifcRwaf q;&nfeYJ
oefpY ifatmif aq;yg/
48

13

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*geJY ao&if

80/ attkdif'Dtufpfa&m*geJY aoqHk;wJhtcg a&csKd;ay;oifhygovm;/ csufcsif;jrKyf&

rvm;/ tdrfrSm b,fESpf&ufxm;&ygovJ/
attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*geJY aowJhtcg tjcm;a&m*geJY aowJhvlawGvdkyJ
49

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

tokbudp aqmif&u
G v
f &Ydk ygw,f/ a&csK;d ay;vkv
Yd nf;&ygw,f/ csucf si;f jrK yv
f nf;&
w,f/ &ufMumMumxm;csiv
f nf;xm;vk&Yd ygw,f/ wpfco
k wdxm;&rSmu aoqH;k ol
&JUcEmud,
k u
f xGuv
f mwJt
h &nfawGuu
kd ,
kd w
f ,
G &f wJt
h cg rawmfwq ul;Edik w
f ,f/
aoqH;k ol&UJ cEmud,
k t
f aygufawGu*kd rG ;f eJq
Y yYdk g/ udik w
f ,
G w
f t
hJ cgrSmvnf; wpfcgok;H
vuftdwfokH;yg/ udkifNyD;&if qyfjymeJYvufaq;yg/
81/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gaMumifh ZeD; (odkYr[kwf) cifyGef;aooGm;cJh&if usefcJhwJh
ol u aemuf x yf t d r f a xmif j yK
oifhrjyKoifhodcsifygw,f/
um,uH&SifawG
qEtwdkif; qkH;jzwfEdkifygw,f/
ta&;Bu;D wmu aemuftrd af xmif
jyKcJhvkdY&Sd&ifudk,fhrSm tdwfcsftdkifAGD
yd;k &Sad e&if BuKd BuKd wifwif zGiahf jymzkYd
oif h y gw,f / wpf a ,muf u ae
wpf a ,muf a&m*gxyf N yD ; rul ;
atmif v nf ; tumtuG , f , l z k d Y
vkdygw,f/

50

14

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

vkyfief;cGifeJY attdkif'Dtufpf

82/

tdwfcsftkdifAGDydk;&SdoleJY twlwl tvkyfvkyf&if tE&m,f&SdEdkifygovm;/

twlwltvkyfvkyfvdkY a&m*gydk;ul;zkdY tE&m,fr&Sdygbl;/ pufkHwpfckwnf;?
kH;|me? pmoifausmif; wpfckwnf;rSm tvkyftwlwlvkyf&if; a&m*grul;Edkifygbl;/
51

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

83/

bmjzpf v d k Y tvk y f t wl w l v k y f & if

a&m*grul; EkdifygwmvJ/
vkyfief;cGifrSmtvkyfvkyf&if;
a&m*gyd;k ygwJah oG;? vdit
f *FgxGuf t&nfawGeYJ
xdawGUul;pufzq
Ydk w
dk mtvGecf ,
J Of;ygw,f/

84/

pufkHxJrSm wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf eD;eD;uyfuyfaeNyD; tvkyfvkyf&wmrsKd;qdk

&ifaumrpdk;&drf&bl;vm;/
'gvnful;pufzkdY tE&m,fr&Sdygbl;/ eD;eD;uyfuyftvkyftwlvkyf&NyD;
tom;csif;xdkHeJYrul;ygbl;/ acR;uaewqifh rul;Edkifygbl;/ zefcGufwpfckwnf;eJY
a&twlaomufwm? xrif;twlxidk pf m;wm? tdro
f mtwlwo
l ;Hk wm? awG[mvnf;
a&m*gul;EdkifwJhtjyKtrlawG r[kwfygbl;/

85/

vkyfief;cGifrSm tvkyfvkyf&if; a&m*gtul;cHEdkifzG,f&SdwJh vlawGu b,fvdk

vlrsKd;awG jzpfEdkifygovJ/
a&m*gyd;k ygwJah oG;awGukd udik w
f ,
G &f wJu
h se;f rma&;0efxrf;awGrmS ul;pufc&H zkYd
tE&m,f&Sdygw,f/ q&m0ef? olemjyK? oGm;q&m0ef? "gwfcGJcef;0efxrf;awG?
0rf;qGJq&mrawGvnf;ygygr,f/ usef;rma&;0efxrf;awG a&m*gydk;rul;atmif
vku
d ef m&r,fh tajccHumuG,rf aI wGukd vku
d ef musio
hf ;Hk r,fq&dk if a&m*gyd;k ul;pufr,fh
tE&m,fu vGwu
f if;MurSmyg/

86/ wu,f v k d Y tvk y f o rm;wpf a ,muf r S m td w f c sf t d k i f A G D y d k ; &S d a e&if ol Y u d k

tvkyfqufvkyfcGifhay;oifhygovm;/
vkycf iG ahf y;oifyh gw,f/ tvkyo
f rm;wpfa,mufrmS tdwcf st
f idk Af yDG ;kd &Sad eayr,fh
52

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

usef;rmoef;pGrf;w,f? tvkyfvkyfEkdifw,fqkd&if tvkyfvkyfcGifhjyKoifhygw,f/

attdik 'f t
D ufpef q
YJ ufE,
G w
f ahJ &m*gawGjzpfvmcJ&h ifvnf;yJ tjcm;a&m*gjzpfwwfwhJ
tvkyo
f rm;awGvydk J &oifw
h w
hJ ef;wlcpH m;cGiahf wGay;oifyh gw,f/ tdwcf st
f idk Af yDG ;kd &Sd aevdYk
tvkyx
f w
k jyf pfwmrjzpfoifyh gbl;/
87/ q&m0efawGrSma&mattdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gjzpfEdkifygovm;/
vlwef;pm;ra&G;jzpfEdkifygw,f/ q&m0efawGrSmvnf;jzpfEdkifygw,f/
aq;kHapmifhtvkyform;vnf;jzpfEdkifygw,f/ tm;upm;orm;awGrSmvnf;jzpfEdkif
ygw,f/ &mxl;? tqifhtwef;eJYrqdkifygbl;/ qif;&Jcsrf;omeJYrqdkifygbl;/attdkif
'Dtufpaf &m*gjzpfwm[m vlwpfa,muf&UJ trltusiehf yYJ q
J idk yf gw,f/ a&m*gyd;k &Sw
d o
hJ l
eJv
Y id q
f ufq&H if? aq;xd;k tyfaq;xk;d >yefawGurkd Qa0ok;H &if? 'grSr[kwaf &m*gyd;k &Sw
d hJ
aoG;udt
k oGi;f cH&&if rnforl qdak &m*gyd;k ul;pufNy;D attdik 'f t
D ufpaf &m*gjzpfvmygr,f/
88/ usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; (txl;ojzifh olemjyKrsm;[m) tvkyfvkyf&if; tdwfcsf
tdkifAGDydk;ul;puf&efaocsmEdlifygovm;/
omreftaetxm;t&awmhul;pufEdkifwJhtE&m,fenf;ygw,f/
use;f rma&;0efxrf;awGtaeeJv
Y el mudjk yKpu
k o
k &if; tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd ygwJah oG; (odrYk [kw)f
aoG;pGe;f aewJt
h &nfawGex
YJ rd w
d wfygw,f/ xdrw
d ahJ e&mrSm ta&jym;yGe;f yJh x
S m;wJyh eG ;f
yJh'Pf&mr&Sd&ifbmrSrjzpfEdkifygbl;/ tufuGJaewJhtem&Sd&ifawmhul;pufEdkifygw,f/
tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Sad ewJh vlemudak q;xd;k aoG;azmufwt
hJ cgok;H pJNG y;D wJt
h yfeu
YJ se;f rma&;
0efxrf;awGurkd awmfwqxk;d rdwwfygw,f/ use;f rma&;0efxrf;awGtvkyv
f yk &f if;
tdwcf st
f ikd Af yGD ;kd tygt0ifwjcm;a&m*gyd;k awGrul;atmif vku
d ef m&r,ft
h ajccHumuG,rf I
awG&ydS gw,f/ tJ'gawGut
kd Nrw
J rf;usio
hf ;Hk r,fq&dk if ul;pufrmS udrk pd;k &dr&f awmhygbl;/

53

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

15

c&D;oGm;vmrIeJY attdkif'Dtufpf

89/

jynfwGif;jynfyc&D;oGm;vmwJholawG[m attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gjzpfrSmudk
ylyefoifhygovm;/
'DaeY't
D csed t
f cgrSmurmay:&SEd idk if w
H ikd ;f rSm tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd a&muf&v
dS aYdk eygNy/D

54

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

'gaMumifh c&D;oGm;rsm;[m attkid 'f t

D ufpt
f aMumif;odxm;oifyh gw,f/ tdwcf st
f idk f
AGyD ;kd ul;rul;qkw
d mae&ma'oeJrY qkid yf gbl;/ vlwpfa,muf&UJ tjyKtrlay:rSmyJ qkid yf g
w,f/ c&D;yJomG ;oGm;? ud,
k t
hf rd rf mS yJaeae? attkid 'f t
D ufpaf &m*grjzpfatmifa&Smif&
r,ft
h jyKtrluawmhtwlwyl jJ zpfygw,f/ a&m*g&Edik w
f t
hJ jyKtrlawGurkd a&SmifEikd o
f l
awG uawmha&m*g&rSmygyJ/
90/ c&D;oGm;wpfa,muf[m attdkif'Dtufpftjzpfrsm;wJha'oudk a&mufzl;HkeJY
a&m*gydk;ul;pufvmEkdifygovm;/
rul;pufEidk yf gbl;/ tdwcf st
f ikd Af yGD ;kd [m omrefvyI &f mS ;oGm;vmwmuaerul;Ekid yf g
bl;/ tpm;tpm? a&? av? ydk;rTm;rsm;? ywf0ef;usifrSm&SdwJhtokH;taqmifypnf;awG
uaewqifh rul;pufEkdifygbl;/
91/ c&D;oGm;wpfa,muf[m b,fvkdenf;eJYtdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&EdkifygovJ/
c&D;oGm;wpfa,muf[m udk,fa&mufwJhae&ma'otopfrSma&m*gydk;&EdkifwJh
tjyKtrlawGvkyf&ifa&m*gydk;ul;pufvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ t"duuawmha&m*gydk;
&Sw
d o
hJ w
l pfa,mufeYJ tumtuG,rf ygbJvid q
f ufqrH &d muul;Muwmyg/ c&D;oGm;
vk d Y a e&mtopf
a&mufwJhtcgvlrIa&;
txdef;tuGyfawG
r&Sad wmhygbl;/ ywf0ef;
usifrSmvnf;rsuf
ESmpdrf;awGcsnf;yJ/ pdwf
vufayghyg; vGwf
vyf N yD ; aomuf p m;
aysmyf g;wwf Muyg
w,f u d k , h f t &yf a 'o
rSm vlodrSmpdk;vkdY
rvkyfjzpfwJh tjyKtrl
awGudkvG,fvG,f
vkyjf zpfomG ; w,f/ ud,
k hf
vk y f & yf a Mumif h
a&m*gydk;ul;vmwmyg/
'gaMumif h c&D ;
oGm;vmwJo
h al wG tcsKUd
[mjyefvm&if a&m
*gyd k ; ygvuf a qmif y g
55

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

vmwwf M u yg
w,f / c&D ; oG m ;
wk d i f ; a&m*g&r,f
vdkYrqkdvkd ygbl;/
udk,fh&JU tjyKtrl
ay:rSm rlwnfyg
w,f/
92/ c&D ; oG m ;vm&if ; vd i f q uf q H & muaewpf q if h td w f c sf t k d i f A D G y d k ; rul ; atmif
b,fvdkumuG,f&ygrvJ/
vdiq
f ufq&H muaewqifh a&m*gyd;k rul;atmif umuG,&f r,feh nf;vrf;awGukd
odvnf; od? vku
d v
f nf; vku
d ef mr,fq&dk if a&m*gudk umuG,Ef ikd yf gNy/D c&D;oGm;awGrmS
bmjzpfwwfovJqakd wmh a&m*gul;Ekid rf ,feh nf;vrf;awGukd Mum;zl;w,f/ odw,f/
em;vnfw,f/ 'gayr,fh udk,fvkyfvkdufwJhtjyKtrludka&m*g&Ekdifr,fhtjyKtrlvkdY
rxifMuygbl;/ Oyrmajym&&if taysmftyg;vkdufpm;&if;a&m*gul;r,fqkdwm
odMuygw,f/ c&D;xGuv
f Ydk BuKH wke;f BuKd uw
f ek ;f aysmyf g;rdwmudt
k aysmt
f yg;vku
d pf m;
wm vkdYolwkdY rowf rSwfMu ygbl;/ wpf a,muf wnf; eJYyJ quf qH wm? vdifquf
qHzufrsm;ol? vdiftazmfrsm; wJholrSmyJa&m*gul;wm? wkdYuwpfa,mufwnf;eYJyJ
qufqHwmrkdY a&m
*grul;Edik b
f ;l vkYd ,l
qMuygw,f / t
rSef awmh wpfEpS rf S
wpfcgqufqv
H nf;
tE&m,f&Sdwmyg
bJ/ wpfcgwav
qufqHvnf;
tE&m,f&dS wm yg
56

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

yJ/ wpfoufrw
S pfcg taMumif;rodwo
hJ w
l pfa,mufeYJ uGe'f ;Hk rok;H bJqufqrH &d ifawmif
ul;zkdYtvm;tvm&Sdw,fqkdwm c&D;oGm;awGodxm;oifhygw,f/ vlwpfa,muf&JU
ky&f nfuMkd unfNh y;D tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd &Srd &Srd odEikd b
f ;l qdw
k t
hJ csuu
f kd tNro
J wd&zkv
Yd ydk gw,f/
'gaMumifh c&D;oGm;awGtaeeJY b,fae&m b,ftcsdeftcgrSmrqdkjzpfEkdif&if vdifr
aysmyf g;ygeJ/Y aysmyf g;r,fq&dk ifvnf; uGe'f ;Hk udk pepfwuso;Hk pJyG g/
93/ EdkifiHjcm;jyefawGrSm tdwfcsftkdifAGDydk;ygwwfw,fqkdwm[kwfygovm;/
tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&Sdr&Sdqdkwm vlwpfa,muf&JUtjyKtrleJYyJoufqkdifygw,f/
Ekid if jH cm;rSmaeae? ud,
k jhf ynfwiG ;f rSmaeae a&m*gul;Edik w
f hJ enf;vrf;awG? tjyKtrlawGu
twlwyl gyJ/ jrefrmjynfrmS 1988 ckEpS u
f tdwcf st
f idk Af yDG ;kd udEk idk if jH cm;jyef oabFmom;
wpfa,mufrSmpawGYcJhvdkY wpfcsKdUuEdkifiHjcm;jyefawGrSmrStdwfcsftkdifAGDydk;&Sdw,fvkdY
xif M uygw,f / 'D x if j rif c suf [ mtck v k H ; 0rrS e f a wmh y gbl ; / Ed k i f i H j cm;jyef
a,musfm;uwpfqifh olwkdYZeD;onfawGqDudkul;pufygr,f/ EkdifiHjcm;ujyefvmwJh
jynfw
h efqmtrsK;d orD;awGqu
D ae tjcm;a,musmf ;awGuu
kd ;l pufygr,f/ cktcsed rf mS
EdkifiHjcm;jyefrSr[kwfawmhygbl;/ udk,fht&yfudk,fha'orSmvnf; tdwfcsftkdifAGDydk;
a&muf&adS eNy;D omreft&yfom;tcsi;f csi;f ul;pufaeMuygjy/D

57

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

16

b,fvdkumuG,fMurvJ

94/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gumuG,fzkdY bmaMumifhta&;BuD;wmvJ/

tjcm;ul ; puf a &m*gawG v d k a&m*gyd k ; &S d a ewJ h o l a wG ?
a&m*gjzefYa0EdkifwJholawG udkMudKwifrodEdkifvdkYyg/ tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;&SdaewJhvlawG[m
oleY *dt
k wdik ;f use;f rmwJh yko
H Pet
f wdik ;f yJ&adS ewwfygw,f/
58

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

a&m*gyd k ; &S d a eayr,f h a&m*gvu P mrjyawmh a&m*gyd k ; &S d w J h v l a wG [ m

b,folb,f0gqdkwm b,fvkdrS rodEdkifygbl;/ rodawmh ra&SmifEdkifygbl;/
a&m*gvuPmrjywJh umvuvJ 5 ESp?f 10 ESpf qdak wmht'J D 5 ESp?f 10 ESpt
f wGi;f rSm
vltrsm;Bu;D udk ul;pufuek jf yefw,f/ ,aeYurmrSm aeYpOf vlaygif; 16000 avmuf
tdwcf st
f ikd Af yGD ;kd ul;pufcaH e&ygw,f/
a&m*gjzpfot
l rsm;pk[m touf20-40 Mum;uvli,fawG? tvkyv
f yk Ef ikd u
f ikd Ef ikd f
wJo
h al wGjzpfw,f/ rdom;pkwpfcv
k ;Hk udk &SmazGauR;arG;aewJo
h rl Ykd olwaYdk oqH;k wJt
h cg
olwkdYudkrSDcdkaewJh rdom;pkwpfckvkH; 'kua&mufMu&w,f/ tdrfaxmifOD;pD;wif
r[kwyf gbl;? ZeD;r,m; udu
k ;l puf vkt
Yd rd &f iS rf yg aooGm;cJ&h if usecf w
hJ hJ taztd?k
tartdek YJ t&G,rf a&mufao;wJh uav;awGukd jyKpak pmifah &Smufro
hJ rl &Sad wmhygbl;/
pD;yGm;a&;'ku? vlraI &;'ku? pdw'f u
k tMuyftwnf;rsK;d pku
H kd BuKH awGMY u&w,f/

- a&m*gaysmufuif;atmifukoEdkifwJhaq;a&m? umuG,faq;ygr&Sdao;ygbl;/
vl r sKd ; ra&G ; ? usm;rra&G ; ? vl w ef ; pm; ra&G ; ? tcsd e f r a&G ; ? ae&mra&G ; ?
touft&G,rf a&G; jzpfEikd w
f mrdYk vlrodorl odbJ w&dy&f yd f jyefyY mG ;aewJh 'Da&m*g
tE&m,fq;kd Bu;D udk rjzpfcifu BuKd wifumuG,zf Ydk ta&;Bu;D vSygw,f/
95/ attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*grjzpfatmifumuG,fzkdYvG,fulayr,fhvnf; bmaMumifh
attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g jzpfaeMuwmygvJ/
a&m*gul;pufvG,fwJh tjyKtrlawG[m qGJaqmifrI&SdwJh? pdwfvIyf&Sm;apwJh
t&mawGjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh'DtjyKtrlawGudktNrJa&SmifMuOfzdkY qkH;jzwfcsufrSefrSef
rcsEdkif&if? pdwf"gwfckdifrmrIr&Sd&if attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*gjzpfukefMuwmygyJ/
a&m*gydk;ul;EdkifwJhenf;vrf;awG? a&m*gtaMumif;awGudkodkHeJYrumuG,fEdkifygbl;/
'Da&m*g[muk,
d ef v
YJ nf;qkid w
f ,fqw
dk mvufc,
H MHk unf&r,f/ vufc,
H MHk unfwt
hJ wkid ;f
umuG,fzkdY0D&d,vnf;&Sd&r,f/ umuG,fzkdYenf;vrf;awGudkvnf; rSefrSefuefuef
59

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

em;vnfoabmayguf zkdYvkdygw,f/
96/ 'Da&m*gtaMumif; b,folawGodxm; oifhygovJ/
vl w ef ; pm;ra&G ; jzpf E d k i f w mrd k Y vl w d k i f ; od x m;oif h y gw,f /
attkid 'f t
D ufpyf sUH yGm;rI[mvlwpfa,mufp?D wpfa,mufp&D UJ t jyKtrl? pnf;urf;&Srd ?I
pnf ; apmif h r I ? op m &S d r I awG t ay:rS m rl w nf a eygw,f / wpf c sKd U qk d & if
udk,fhrSma&m*gydk;&Sdw,fqkdwmukdukd,fwkdifrodbl;/udk,fhqDub,folawGul;oGm;
NyD q d k w m vnf ; rod b l ; / 'gaMumif h v l w k d i f ; vl w k d i f ; [mbmud k v k y f o if h w ,f ?
bmudkrvkyfoifhbl;?bmawGa&Smif&r,fqdkwmjywfjywfom;om;&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
odxm;zkv
Yd ydk gw,f/
97/ jynfhwefqmawGqDurul;atmif a&m*gydk;&SdwJhjynfhwefqmawGudk oD;jcm;xm;
vkduf&if raumif;bl;vm;/
jynfhwefqmawGtm;vkH;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfzkdYcufygw,f/ t"dua&m*g
jzefYaewJholawGtxJrSm
jynfw
h efqmawGeq
Y J ufqw
H hJ
trsKd;om;awGygygw,f/
olwkdYudkaum b,fvkd &Sm
azGazmfxkwfrvJ/ jynfh
wefqmawmhr[kwfbl;?
'gayr,fh vdiftazmfrsm;
w,f? taysmftazmfyJ
xm; w,fqw
dk v
hJ al wGukd
vnf; csex
f m;vkrYd &ygbl;/
'gaMumifh jynfhwefqm
awGudkyJ oD;jcm;xm;vkdY
60

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

a&m*grumuG,Ef idk yf gbl;/ wu,fawmh a&m*gyd;k &Sw

d o
hJ al wGukd &SmazGazmfxw
k zf rYdk vkd
ygbl;/ tusKd;vnf;r&Sdygbl;/ a&m*g&w,fqkdwmb,folYaMumifhrSr[kwfygbl;/
udk,fhaMumifhygbJ/ ukd,fua&m*g &EdkifwJh tjyKtrlawGvkyf&if? 'grSr[kwfMuHK&&if
a&m*g&rS m ygbJ / a&m*gr&atmif v l w k d i f ; qif j cif a pmif h x d e f ; NyD ; aexd k i f z k d Y o m
ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ a&m*gumuG,fwJhenf;vrf;awGudk vlwkdif;rSefrSefuefuef
em;vnfoabmaygufxm;zko
Yd m ta&;Mu;D ygw,f/
98/ rdcifuae uav;udk rul;atmif umuG,fzkdY enf;vrf;rsm;&Sdygovm;/
a&m*gydk;&SdwJh rdcifuae? uav;udk udk,f0efaqmifwJhtcsdef? rD;zGm;csdef?
Edw
Yk u
dk w
f t
hJ csed af wGrmS ul;Ekid yf gw,f/ ud,
k 0f efaqmifrcd ifrS uav;udu
k ;l pufEeI ;f [m
3 a,mufarG;&if 1 a,mufudkul;Edkifygw,f/ ,ckacwfay:ukxHk;wpfcsKdUu
a&m*gul;pufrEI eI ;f udk wpf0ufausmaf usmaf vQmch sEild yf gw,f? ul;pufrEI eI ;f avsmah tmif
rd c if e J Y u av;ud k atZuf w D aq;wd k u f v k d Y & ygw,f / rMumao;rD u
aq;odyHynm&SifawG[m atZufwD aq;xufaps;EIef;oufomNyD;tmedoifvnf;
ydkxda&mufwJh ]]eDAGD&myif;}} vkdYac:wJh aq;wpfrsKd;udk&SmazGawGU&SdcJhygw,f/ ,cktcg
wcsKUd Ekid if aH wGrmS prf;oyfo;Hk pGv
J suf &Syd gw,f/
99/ vdifqufqH&muae a&m*gydk;rul;atmifb,fvkdae&ygrvJ/
vufrxyfcif zdkrqufqHwm? vdifwlqufqHwm a&Smifyg/
vufxyfNyD; wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf opm&Sd&Sdaeayr,fhvnf; vufrxyfcifu
ygvmwJh a&m*gyd;k aMumifEh pS af ,mufpvk;H 'kua &mufEidk yf gw,f/aoG;ppfjy;D rS tdraf xmif
jyKwmydkaumif;ygw,f/vufxyfNyD;&if wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf tjyeftvSef
opm&Sdyg/ tdrfaxmifjyifyrSm vdifqufqHwmudka&Smifyg/ ZeD;r,m;uopm&Sd&Sd?
tdrf&Sifr0w&m;ausatmif aeayr,fhvnf; vifa,musfm;u azmufjyef&if
a&m*gydk;awGul;vmtkH;rSmyg/'gaMumifhtaysmftazmfrxm;ygeJY/ aysmfyg;csif&if
uGe;f 'H;k oH;k yg/
61

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

wpfcsKdUu jynfhwefqm eJYqufqHrSa&m*gul; r,f/ udk,fhtwGuf oD; oefYxm;wJh

taysmftazmfeJYqufqH&ifa&m*grul;Ekdifbl;vkdYxifMuygw,f/ tdwfcsftdkifAGDydk;
&S d w J h o l a wG [ m a&m*gvu P mrjyao;wJ h t csd e f r S m ]]oef Y o ef Y a v;}} yk H p H r sKd ; yJ
&Sdr,fqkdwmoabmaygufyg/ vdiftaysmftyg;vkdufpm;wma&Smifyg/ 'DudpeJY
ywfoufNyD;&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;em;vnfzkdYvkdygw,f/ OyrmeJYajym&r,fqkd&if awmu
awmifoOl ;D Bu;D wpfa,muf[m NrKd UwufNy;D yJa&mif;w,f/ aiG&iT af wmh AG'D ,
D kd Hk oGm;w,f/
Ny;D awmh t qG,af umif;vkaYd ysmyf g; rdw,f/ 'Dvdk yJay:wke;f ? aiG&iT w
f ek ;f jzpfomG ;wJu
h pd u
kd
OD;BuD;u taysmftyg;vkdufpm;wm r[kwfvkdY olYrSma&m*grul;Ekdif bl;vkdYxifw,f/
wu,fa&m*gjzpfvm
awmh r S wpf B ud r f
wpf c g [mvnf ;
tE&m,fyJqkdNyD; o
abmayguf awmh
w,f/ tJ'g aMumifh
vdiq
f ufq&H mu ae
a&m*gydk;rul;&
atmif t d r f a xmif
jyifyrSmvdifqufqH
wk d i f ; uG e f ' k H ; ok H ; yg/
a&m*g&EkdifwJhtrlt usifh&SdolawG? a&m*g ydk;&SdaeolawG[m rdrd&JUtdrfaxmifzuf
udrk ul;pufatmif tdraf xmifzufev
YJ id q
f ufqw
H t
hJ cgrSmvnf; uGe'f ;Hk udo
k ;Hk &ygr,f/
100/ q,fausmfouft&G,fawGudk attkdif'Dtufpfa&m*gtaMumif;ynmay;oifh
ygovm;/
ynmay;oifyh gw,f/,aeYurmay:rSm tdwcf st
f ikd Af yDG ;kd ul;pufc&H olawG&UJ
50% [m touf 10 ESpfrS 24 ESpf Mum;u vli,fvl&G,fawGjzpfygw,f/
vli,fvl&G,frSm tjzpfrsm;&wmuvnf; vli,fobm0eJY qufEG,faeygw,f/
62

tdwfcsftdkifAGD attdkif'Dtufpf tar;tajzrsm;

vli,fobm0upl;prf;w,f? pGefYpm;csif
w,f? vlBu;D rdbajympum;xuf oli,fcsi;f
taygif;toif;ajympum;udk ydk,kHw,f?
taygif;toif;rifw,f? raumif;rSef;
od&ufeJYtaygif;toif;awGu ajrmufyifh
ay;&if aomufpm;aysmyf g;wm? rl;,pfaq;
okH;wm vkyfrdwwfMuygw,f/ q,fausmf
ouft&G,frSmvkyfrdwJhtrSm;wpfckaMumifh
b0wpfckvkH;tGefYwkH;oGm;Ekdifygw,f/
q,fausmo
f uft&G,u
f wnf;u a&m*g r&atmif b,fvadk exdik jf yKr&l r,fqw
dk m
odem;vnf oGm;&if tJ't
D odPfeYJ olw&Ydk UJ taygif;toif;awGuo
kd mru olw&dYk UJ
tdrfaxmifzufeJYom;orD;awGudkyg a&m*gtE&m,fab;uqufvufumuG,f
oGm;EkdifrSmyg/ 'gaMumifh q,fausmfouft&G,fawGudk attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g
taMumif;ynmay;zkYd odyt
f a&;Bu;D ygw,f/

63