unicef ျမန္မာ့သတင္းေထာက္မ်ားလက္စြဲစာေစာင္

ukvor*uav;rsm;&efyakH iGtzGUJ
owif;ESipfh me,fZif;oifwef;
Ed0k ifbmv? 2004
=refrmhowif;axmufrsm;
vufpGJpmapmif
rmwdum
tydki;f (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'u
f kd }udKwif=yifqif=cif;ESihzf efwD;=cif;
Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'u
f kd }udKwif=yifqif=cif;
1/ 'g owif;vm; ...................................
2/ ajzqdk&rnfh tajccHar;cGef;rsm;um; tb,fwdkYenf; .............
3
4
3/ Zmwfvrf;u bmtaMumif;vJ ..........................
4/ Zmwfvrf;twGufjzpfEdkifaom owif;ZmpfjrpfawGu b,folawGvJ ...
5/ owif;Zmwfvrf;u EdkifiHwumpHrsm;udk b,fvdkrDEdkifygovJ .......
6/ tifwmeufxJwGif okawoejyKvkyfjcif; ..................... 10
Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'u
f kd zefwD;=cif;
1/ awGUqHkar;jref;csufrsm; ............................... 13
2/ a&;om;jcif; ...................................... 17
3/ pma&;aumif;vmapa&;twGuf taxGaxGodaumif;p&mrsm; ........ 19
4/ rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;oifhaom ar;cGef;rsm; .................... 22
t+yD;owfrmS p7mtenf;tyg; ......................... 25
tydki;f (2) uav;rsm;ESihf owif;=yefjum;r_

1/ uav;rsm;ESihfywfoufaeonfh jyemrsm;udk owif;xkwfjyefjcif;
wpfckvHk;udkjcHKMunfhIjcif; ............................. 30
2/ uav;rsm;udk ajymqdkcGifhay;jcif; ......................... 32
3/ uav;rsm;udk owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;jcif; ................ 35
4/ usifh0wfqdkif&m vdkufemp&mrsm; ......................... 36
tydki;f (3) aemufqufwGJrsm;

1/ jrefrmhowif;pmq&mrsm;\ usifh0wfqdkif&mvrf;Tef ............. 47
2/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m a0g[m&pm&if; ............. 49
tydki;f (1)
Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk
}udKwif=yifqif=cif;ESihf
zefwD;=cif;
owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004
Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk}udKwif=yifqif=cif;
1?
'g owif;vm;?
Zmwfvrf;wpfy'k t
f m; ]]owif;}} jzpfatmif vkyEf ikd af om t&mrsm;udk pm&if;csazmfjyxm;ygonf/
tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;onf tom;ay;azmfjycsuf (0g) owif;aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk
a&;om;&mwGifvnf; toHk;jyKtyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfygonf/ Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'ftm;
a&;om;&ef MunfhIaeonfjzpfvQif aqmif&Guf&rnfhpm&if;udk wpfckcsif; Munfhyg/ yg0ifaom
pm&if;rS ar;cGef;rsm;teuf wpfckESpfckudk ]]tif;}} [k ajzEdkifaeoifhygonf/ Zmwfvrf;aumif;
wpfyk'fwGif ]]tif;}}[k ajzEdkifaom ar;cGef;rSm oHk;ck? odkYr[kwf oHk;ckxuf ydkaeygvdrfhrnf/
udk,hfuk,
d u
f k,
d af r;junfhyg/
1/
omrefvw
l \
Ykd b0rsm;udk xdu
k pd u
dkufcwfrI &dyS govm;/ onfupd u
kd b,fopl w
d 0f ifpm;
ygovJ/ rnfonfah e&mrS vlrnfrQu pdw0f ifpm;ygovJ/ owif;u olw\
Ykd b0rsm;udk
rnfodkY jzpfoGm;aprnfvJ/
2/
xdkudponf wpf r l x l ; jcm;

jcm;aeygovm;/ xdkudprsdK; cPcPjzpfwwfygovm;/
b,favmufaevQif wpfcg jzpfwwfygovJ/ vlawG ajymqdkaeMuaom udprsdK;vm;/
3/
xifay:ausmfMum;aom vlyk*dKvf? odkYr[kwf taMumif;t&mwpfckck yg0ifywfouf

aeygovm;/ vlord sm;aom vly*k Kd vrf sm;? odrYk [kwf tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;onf Zmwfvrf;xJwiG f
yg0ifaeMuygovm;/
4/
xd p yf r Ia&m&dSygovm;/ jzpf&yfonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif;ygavm/ odkYr[kwf

xdkif;EdkifiH? tm&SwdkufwdkYuJhodkY pmzwfolrsm;twGuf pdwf0ifpm;Edkifaom a'orsdK;wGif
jzpfymG ;cJyh govm;/
5/
tcsdefrDyg&JUvm;/ ,aeYjzpfoGm;wmvm;? raeYujzpfcJhwmvm;/ t&ifwpfywfu jzpfcJh

wmvm;/
6/
tifwdkuftm;wdkufjzpfomG ;cJw
h m [kwyf g&JUvm;/ tkypf rk sm;? odrYk [kwf vly*k Kd vrf sm;Mum;
wGif vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfap? wif;rmrIjzpfap? oabm xm;uGJvGJrIjzpfap jzpfyGm;cJhygovm;/
vQdKU0SufaxGjym;aom udpvm;/ odkYr[kwf onf;xdwf&ifzdkp&m rxdwfomrvefYom
udpr sKd ;vm;/
7/
ajzazsmfrIay;EdkifpGrf;yg&JUvm;/ xdu
k pd u
vlwt
Ykd wGupf w
d 0f ifpm;p&maomfvnf;aumif;?
tysif;ajyp&maomfvnf;aumif;? jyHK;&,fp&maomfvnf;aumif;jzpfaeygovm;/
tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESihf zefwD;jcif;
owif;ydkY? owif;a&;awmhrnfqdkvQif ar;cGef;rsm;udk ESvHk;oGif;xm;yg/ owif;wefzdk;&dSaom

tydik ;f tprsm;udk awGU&dv
S monfEiS t
hf rQ Zmwfvrf;aumif;wpfy'k o
f nf ydak umif;vmwwfygonf/
2?
a=zqdk7rnfh ta=ccHar;cGe;f rsm;um; tb,fwkd]enf;?
rnfonfh Zmwfvrf;twGufrqdk tajccHar;cGef;rsm;um; twlwlyifjzpfonf/ b,fol? bm?

b,fae&m? b,fwkef;u? bmhaMumifh? b,fvdk? b,fa&GUb,frQ? b,favmufrsm;rsm; ponf
wdkYyifjzpfonf/ pme,fZif;ynmwGif ]]bukef; ajcmufvHk;}} [k vlodrsm;ayonf/
tqdyk g a0g[m&wpfv;kH wnf;yg ar;cGe;f wpfcpk rD mS axmifah ygif;rsm;pGm yg&daS eygonf/ txif&mS ;qH;k
ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ajzqdEk ikd f rkH Qjzifh owif;ydjYk cif;? owif;a&;jcif;tvkyf txajrmufatmifjrifavNy[
D k
r,lqygESifh/ tajccHar;cGef;rsm;onf rdrd\acgif;xJwGif tacGvdkuf? tacGvdkuf txyfxyf
ay:aeoifyh gonf/ tajzwpfcpk \
D aemufxyf ar;p&mawG xyf? xyfay:vmaumif; ay:vmEdik f
ygao;onf/
bm ? ar;cGe;f Bu,
d mwpfcck k yg0ifywfoufaeavh&aSd yonf/ wpfa,mufa,muf Edik o
f mG ;
wm? aooGm;wm? a&mif;vdkufwm? tcdkiftrmajymvdkufwm? wpfckckudk oabmwlvdkufwm
ponfwyYkd ifjzpfonf/ Zmwfvrf;tm; armif;ESiv
f su&f aSd om A[dt
k csut
f csmyifjzpfonf/ xdt
Yk jyif
tjzpftysuu
f bmudq
k v
kd akd eygovJ? bmu t"dutaMumif;udp? odrYk [kwf t"du jyem
vJ? aemuf b,ftqifu
h csucf si;f qufjzpfrmS vJ? jzpfEikd af omtajzawGeYJ &vm'fawGu bmawGvJ
ponfh ar;cGef;rsm;udkvnf; qifhar;Edkifygao;onf/ ]]bm}} [laom tpdwftydkif;um; rnfonfh
owif;Zmwfvrf;rsdK;twGufrqdk yxrpmydk'f? odkYr[kwf tzGifh0gusom tjrJwrf; jzpfaeavh&dS
ayonf/
b,fol ? owif;rsm;xJwiG f vly*k Kd vrf sm;om yg0ifaeonfr[kwaf y/ tkypf rk sm;? tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;?
EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? at*sifpDrsm;? Hk;Xmersm;omru EdkifiHawmfrsm;yif yg0ifaewwfygonf/
xdt
k &mrsm;tm; ]]b,fo}l } [k rnforl nf0gazmfjyay;&mwGif emrnfrQjzifh rNy;D bJ &mxl;? touf?
tcef;u@? aexdkif&ma'oponfwdkYyg yg0iftyfayonf/ ]]b,fol}} [kqdk&m owif;wGif
wdkufdkufywfoufaeorQjzifhomrubJ tqdkygtjzpftysuf\ oufa&mufrIudk cH&olyg yg0if
onfukd rarhygESi/hf w&m;0if H;k Xmeowif;Zmpfjrpfwikd ;f twGuf tqdyk gyk*Kd v\
f emrnf tjynft
h pH?k
&mxl;twdtusEiS w
hf uG aemufxyfar;vdu
k ar;Edik &f ef zke;f eHygwfuykd g &,lxm;oifo
h nfuv
kd nf;
rarhygESi/hf
b,frmS ? ae&m[kqdk&mwGif &Gmwpf&Gm? NrdKUwpfNrdKU jzpfaeEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrQjzifh rvHk

avmufao;bJ rnfonfv
h rf;? rnfonf&h yfuu
G ?f H;k taqmufttH\
k rnfonft
h xyf ponfjzifh
a&a&&m&m&dSaezdkYvnf; vdkygonf/
b,fwek ;f u ? owif;[lonf rMumao;cifurS jzpfymG ;cJo

h nft
h ay:wGif tajcwnfEikd yf gonf/
qdv
k o
kd nfrmS raeYu? odrYk [kwf uaeYjzpfaom udpu
om owif;jzpfEikd yf gonf/ twdwu
f v
kd nf;
aqmifEdkifygonf/ ,cifvujzpfyGm;cJhonfh jzpf&yfudk pl;prf;onfrsdK;jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf
tem*wftwGuv
f nf; jzpfEikd yf gonf/ a[mude;f xkwjf cif;? bmawGjzpfvmrnf[k aMunmjcif;rsKd ;
rsm;jzpfonf/ jyem b,fwkef;u pjzpfovJ/ pDrHudef;u b,fawmh vufpowfrSmvJ/
bmhajumifh ?pme,fZif;q&mwpfa,muftwGuf tcufcJqHk;ESifh ta&;tBuD;qHk; tvkyfrSm

owif;jzpf&yfrsm;udk &Sif;jy&efyifjzpfavonf/ rnfonfh taMumif;&if;cHrsm;? aphaqmfrIrsm;?
tiftm;pkrsm;aMumifh jzpf&onfukd vltrsm;u odvMkd uayonf/ Edik if o
H m;rsm;tm; ynmay;&ef
tvdkYiSm bmhaMumifhjzpf&onfudk pl;prf;avhvmazmfxkwfay;&ef vdktyfayonf/
b,fvkd ? ]]b,fvdk}} [laom ar;cGef;tm; ajzqdk&mwGif ]]bm}} [laom ar;cGef;ESifh qufpyfae

ayonf/ rD;u b,fvpkd avmifwmvJqw
kd mrsKd ;yifjzpfonf/ tem*wfuv
kd nf; ]]b,fv}kd } ar;cGe;f
u rSe;f qygonf/ onfupd ? onfjyemudk b,fvkd udik w
f ,
G af jz&Si;f Edik o
f vJqw
kd mrsKd ;? pDru
H ed ;f udk
b,fvakd zmfaqmifrvJqw
kd mrsKd ;rsm;jzpfygonf/ ar;cGe;f trsKd ;tpm;xJwiG f b,fa&GUb,frQ?
odkYr[kwf b,favmufrsm;rsm;
sm;rsm;wdv
Yk nf; yg0ifaeygao;onf/ owif; Zmwfvrf;wdik ;f vdv
k w
kd iG f
ude;f *Pef;u wGzJ uf yg0ifaewwfavonf/ rD;avmifysupf ;D oGm;aom tdrw
f efz;kd ? aumfaZmrsm;
EdkifiHjcm;odkY wdk;jrifhwifydkYaeonfh &mcdkifEIef;? opfckwfrnfh {uta& twGuf? pDrHudef;wpf&yf\
ukefusp&dwf ponfrsdK;rsm;yif jzpfavonf/ udef;*Pef;rsm;u jyem\ twdkif;tqudka&m
dkufcwfrIudkyg azmfusL;avh&dSygonf/ udef;*Pef;rsm;u owif;Zmwfvrf;udk rvIyfEdkifatmif
csKyfvdkufEdkifNyD; a,bk,sa&;om;csufrsm;tm; tcsuftvufrsm;tjzpfodkY a&muf&dSoGm;apEdkif
ygonf/
3?
Zmwfvrf;ubmtajumif;vJ?
owif;orm;rsm;pGm MuKH &wwfaom jyemu pdwu

f ;l wpfck ay:vmNy;D aemuf ,if;udk Zmwfvrf;
[k xifrdjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ pdwful;onf Zmwfvrf;r[kwfjcif;udk rarhtyfay/ t,ltq?
tawG;tjrifonf a,bk,s taMumif;t&m acgif;pOfomjzpfavonf/ Oyrm - jrefrmEdkifiHrS
aetdrfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk a&;&ef rdrdwGif pdwful;ay:vmEdkifayonf/
xdt
k cg rdr\
d pmwnf;u ]]tJawmh bmvky&f rSmvJ/ tdraf wGeYJ ywfoufvYkd bmtaMumif; ajymrSm
vJ/ owif;u bmowif;vJ}}[k ar;vmEdkifp&m taMumif;rsm;vSayonf/
rdrd\ pdwful;udk jyefvSefoHk;oyfNyD; bmu pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;aeonfudk wGufqyg/ Oyrm
- &efuek u
f uGe'f w
kd u
kd cf ef;rsm;\ aps;EIe;f rSm tqrwef jrifw
h ufuek Nf yv
D m;/ ordik ;f wGif ta&;yg
aomtdrfawG &efukefrSmenf;yg;ukefNyDvm;/ ae&mwGif Zmwfvrf;tm; pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;
vmapNyD; owif;wefzdk;&dSaeaprnfh oD;jcm; tqmyvm

tqmyvmudk &SmazGazmfxkwf&efrSm t"dujzpfyg
onf/
rSwcf suf - rdr\

d pl;pdu
k rf rI mS odyu
f sO;f ajrmif;vGe;f aeonfjzpfvQiv
f nf; rpd;k &dryf gESi/hf tmHpk u
kd pf &m
tcsuftcsmvnf; ryg? pdwf0ifpm;p&m vnf;raumif;? a&;p&mvnf; taMumif;r&dSvSaom
jrefrmEdkifiHrS aetdrfrsm;taMumif;tm; a&;&ef BudK;pm;onfxuf wuf<updkvGifNyD; pdwf0ifpm;
p&mvnf;aumif;aeum tmHkpdkufp&mvnf; tjynfh&dSaeaom &efukefNrdKUrS uGef'dkwdkufcef;rsm;
aps;wufonfhtaMumif;udk a&;om;jcif;u ydkaumif;ygonf/
Zmwfvrf;&dSonf[k qHk;jzwfvdkufNyD;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf xdkZmwfvrf;taMumif;udk tESpfcsKyfzdkY
BuKd ;pm;oifyh gonf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS Zmwfvrf;\ r&drS jzpfvt
kd yfaom ausmd;k udk azmfaqmifvsuf
&dSaom? odkYr[kwf Zmwfvrf;u BudK;pm;ajzqdkay;avrnfh t"duar;cGef;jzpfaom 0guswpf
aMumif;jzpfap? ESpaf Mumif;jzpfapudk csa&;&efjzpfygonf/ ,if;odcYk sa&;xm;onftm; rnfou
Yl rkd Q
jy&ef rvdkyg/ tmHkpdkufrdvmap&ef rdrdbmom avhusifhcef;vkyfMunfhjcif;omjzpfygonf/
rdrd\ pmwnf;rsm;ESifhjzpfap? rdrdxuftawGUtMuHK&ifhusufaom pme,fZif;q&mrsm;ESifh jzpfap
pum;ajymcsifpdwfrsm;vnf; aygufvmEdkifNyD; olwdkY\ Zmwfvrf;rsm;udkjzpfap? tjcm; owif;
axmufrsm;\ Zmwfvrf;rsm;udkjzpfap rnfodkYtmHkpdkufum rnfodkY yHkazmfonfudk ar;csifvnf;
ar;Edkifygonf/ xdkodkY ajymqdkar;jref;MunfhrnfqdkvQif rdrd\ Zmwfvrf;BudKwifjyifqifrItwGuf
pdwful;opfrsm; xyfrH&&dSvmEdkifygonf/
Zmwfvrf;tm; trSefwu,f owif;ydkY? owif;a&;onfhtcgwGif Zmwfvrf;\ tmHkpdkufrIu
ajymif;aumif; ajymif;oGm;Edkifonfudk rarhygESifh/ rdrdu xifwpfvHk;ESifh owif;aemufvdkufae
onfw
h ikd f tcsut
f vufrsm;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D oabmxm;Bu;D Bu;D xm;rnfqv
kd Qif rdr\
d xifxm;orQ
wufwufpifatmif vGJaeonfESifhvnf; MuHK&aumif; MuHKEdkifygonf/
4?
Zmwfvrf;twGuf =zpfEkdiaf omowif;Zmpf=rpfawGu b,folawGvJ?
A[dpk epfusio
hf ;kH onhEf ikd if rH sm;wGif owif;Zmwfvrf;trsm;pkrmS wm0ef&o
Sd rl sm;? odrYk [kwf w&m;0if
owif;Zmpfjrpfrsm;u ajymonfhtay:wGif tajccHMu&ayonf/ vrf;pOfrsdK;udk rvdkufbJ
pdw0f ifpm;p&mvnf;aumif;? yg;vnf; yg;eyfvo
S nfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazGazmfxw
k Nf y;D owif;
ZmpfjrpftrsdK;rsKd;ay:wGif tajccHowif;Zmwfvrf;rsm;udka&;yg/
awGUqHk ar;jref;jcif;rsm;jyKvyk &f ef pdwu
f ;l onft
h cg toH;k jyKEikd o
f nfh aqmif&u
G &f rnfph m&if;tjzpf
toHk;jyKEdkifaom owif;ZmpfjrpftcsdKUudk atmufwGif trsdK;tpm;cGJvsuf azmfjyxm;ygonf/
tpdk;7 owif;Zmpf=rpfrsm; - &efukefNrdKUrS 0efBuD;rsm;udkom rpOf;pm;ygESifh/ Xmersm;? wuodkvf

rsm;ESihf w&m;H;k rsm;onfvnf; tpd;k &owif; Zmpfjrpfrsm;yifjzpfygonf/ xdt
Yk jyif toH;k t0ifq;kH
owif;tcsuftvufudk udkifaqmifxm;Muolrsm;rSm xdyfwef;t&m&dSBuD;rsm; r[kwfbJ tpdk;&
tvkyrf sm;udk ud,
k w
f ikd u
f ,
kd u
f s xrf;aqmifaeaomynm&Sirf sm; jzpfaep&m taMumif;rsm;ygonf/
Oyrm - vlxkusef;rma&;umuG,fapmifha&SmufrIudk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeonfh t&m&dSonf
usef;rma&; 0efBuD;xuf vrf;ab; pm;aomufqdkifrsm;\ usef;rma&;ESifhnDGwfpGm oefY&Sif;rI
&dS? r&dSudk ydkodaeEdkifygonf/
EdkifiH=cm;owif;Zmpf=rpfrsm; - oHHk;rsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&rsm; yg0ifywfoufaeaom
owif;Zmwfvrf;rsm;wGif rSwfcsufay;Edkifonfh ajyma&;qdkcGifh&dSolrsm; xm;&dSwwfMuygonf/
xdkYtjyif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aqmif&Gufvsuf&dSaom tpDtpOfrsm;twGuf EdkifiHjcm;rS b@maiG
axmufyHhxm;onfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf; &dSygonf/ xdkrQruao; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aexdkifum
tvkyv
f yk v
f su&f MSd uol Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;onfvnf; olw\
Ykd oabmxm;tjrifuv
kd nf;aumif;?
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfcsdefxdk;vsufuvnf;aumif; rdrdudk ajymjyEdkifMuygvdrfhrnf/
tpd;k 7r[kwaf omtzG]J tpnf;rsm; (NGOs) - trsKd ;tpm;wGif tpd;k &ESirhf oufqikd b
f J tpDtpOf
rsm;udk aqmif&u
G v
f su&f o
Sd nfh Edik if jH cm;rSa&m? jynfwiG ;f rSygrusef tm;vH;k aom tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
yg0ifvsu&f ySd gonf/ erlemjy&vQif ukvor*uav;rsm; &efyakH iGtzGUJ (,leq
D uf) ESifh ukvor*
zGHUNzdK;rItpDtpOfwdkYjzpfonf/ &efukef&dS ukvor*tzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkrSm tvGeftultnDay;
wwfMu onf/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;vnf; txl;yifaumif;rGeMf uonf/ xdt
Yk jyif xdt
k zGUJ tpnf;rsm;rS
vly*k Kd vrf sm;uvnf; ulnv
D pkd w
d &f MSd uygonf/ ,leq
D ufryS *k Kd vrf sm;onf owif;Zwfvrf;twGuf
qdkvQif txl;ulnDwwfMuygonf/ aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;&mwGif rdrdtm; ulnDvdkpdwftjynfh&dS
onfh tjcm;tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;pGmvnf; &dSaeygao;onf/
pD;yGm;a7;avmurS owif;Zmpf=rpfrsm; - yk*vdupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; ta&;ygvSyg
onf/ olwdkYudkjzpfap? olwdkY\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udkjzpfap rsufpdrvQrf;ygapESifh/
ynm7yfqkdi7f mu|r;f usifol owif;Zmpf=rpfrsm; - wuodkvf ygarmursm;? tjcm;ynm&Sifrsm;?
tNird ;f pm; ynm&Sirf sm;? aq;Hrk sm;rS txl;uk q&m0efrsm;uJo
h Ykd tjcm;e,fy,ftoD;oD;rS ynm&yf
qdkif&m uRrf;usifolrsm; yg0ifygonf/
vlr_a7;tkypf krsm; - udk,fa&;udk,fwmudptwGufa&m toufarG;rItwGufyg vlwdkYonf tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;udk zGJUpnf;avh&dSwwfMuygonf/ OyrmtcsdKUrSm roefpGrf;olrsm; tzGJUtpnf;? pma&;
q&mor*rsm;? ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qdkif&m tkyfpkrsm;? trsdK;orD;tzGJUrsm;? a'oqdkif&m
AvDrsm;? c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;rsm;? Ak'bmom bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;jzpfygonf/
rsu=f rifoufaorsm; - taqmufttHk NyKd usjcif;? bwf(pf)um; wdu

k jf cif;uJo
h Ykd jzpf&yfukd jrifvu
kd f
olrsm;? &mZ0wfrw
I pfcck w
k iG f om;aumifjzpfomG ;&olrsm;rSm owif;tcsut
f vuftwGuf ta&;
BuD;aom Zmpfjrpfrsm;jzpfygonf/
H m;rsm;tm; rdr\
d owif;Zmwfvrf;wGif xnfo
h iG ;f
vrf;ay:tqifhômrefvrl sm; - omrefEikd if o
oifh? roifhudk tjrJwrf; pOf;pm;yg/
wdku&f kduaf vhvmpl;prf;=cif; - wpfckckjzpfyGm;onfudk owif;axmufudk,fwkdif rsuf0g; xifxif
jrif&onfjzpfvQif xdo
k wif;axmufu,
kd w
f ikd rf mS owif;tcsut
f vuf ZmpfjrpfjzpfomG ;ygonf/
Oyrm - aq;0g;topfjzifhjzpfap? enf;ynmtopfjzifhjzpfap q&m0efu aq;ukoay;onfudk
apmifhMunfhjcif;rsdK; ponfwdkYyg0ifygonf/
rD',
D mZmpf=rpfrsm; - yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh tjcm;owif;pmrsm;? r*Zif;rsm;? toHviT hf owif;tzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wdkufdkuf,loHk;rdrnfawmh r[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif xdkrD'D,m
rsm;wGiyf g&daS om Zmwfvrf;rsm;u rdr\
d awGUqHak r;jref;jcif;rsm;twGuf toH;k jyKEikd af om aemufcH
Zmwfvrf;rsm;udkjzpfap? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkjzpfap &&dSvmEdkifa&;twGuf rdrdudk,fwdkif
rnfolYtm;qufoG,f&rnfudk pdwful;ay:vmapEdkifygonf/ jzpfawmifhjzpfcJ tajctaersm;
vnf; rdrt
d aejzifh owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk tjcm;enf;jzifh rnforYkd Q r&&dES ikd af wmhvQijf zpfap?
rdrw
d iG f owif;tcsut
f vuftrsm;qH;k &daS eaom owif;Zmwfvrf;twGuf vdt
k yfaom owif;
tcsut
f vufukd xyfrjH znfph u
G f &mwGif jzpfap? tjcm;rD',
D mrsm;\ tqd?k odrYk [kwf ude;f *Pef;udk
toHk;jyKaumif; jyK&zG,f&dSygonf/ odkYjzpfonfhtcg xdkowif;tcsuftvufudk &&dSvmcJhaom
rD'D,mZmpfjrpfudk t&if;twdkif; jyefvnfazmfxkwfjyMu&rnfomjzpfonf/
5?
owif;Zmwfvrf;u Edkiif w
H umpHrsm;udk b,fvkdrDEkdiyf govJ?
1/
cdik v
f rkH _ - taMumif;t&mudk aumif;pGmod&x
Sd m;avonfh owif;Zmpfjrpfrsm;udk toH;k jyK
yg/ rdrd\ ar;cGef;twGuf tajzrsm;&vmonfhtcg xdktajzrsm;udk rdrd aocsmem;vnf
oabmaygufatmif vky,
f yl g/ t"du tcsut
f vufrsm;udk aemufxyf owif;Zmpfjrpf
wpfckESifh wdkufqdkifppfaq;yg/ aeYpGJrsm;? trnfemrrsm;ESifh &mxl;tqifhrsm;udk ESpfcg
jyefppfyg/ udef;*Pef;rsm;vnf; rSefuefwdusaeygap/
ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd f ar;Munfyh g - pmzwfou
l onfowif;Zmwfvrf;udk ,HMk unfomG ;rSmvm;
2/
r#wr_ - rnfonfhZmwfvrf;rS wpfzufowfr[kwfyg/ Zmwfvrf;trsm;tjym;wGif

bufESpfzufru &dSaewwfygonf/ Zmwfvrf;\ buftm;vHk;udk yg&dSaeap&rnfom
jzpfonf/ rdrd\ oabmxm;t,ltqrSm owif;Zmwfvrf;\ tpdwftydkif; r[kwfyg/

rdrdtaejzifh oabmrwlEdkifaomolrsm; jzpfaevifhupm; bufaygif;pHktm; nDnDrQrQ
azmfjya&;om;Edkifatmif tm;xkwf&ygrnf/
udk,fhudk,fudk,f ar;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu owif;pmq&mudk ,HkMunfudk;pm;rSmvm;

3/
pdw0f ifpm;p7maumif;aer_ - vlwdkY\ pdwf0ifpm;rIudk zrf;pm;Edkifrnfh Zmwfvrf;qdkif

onfhtydkif;udkjzpfap? y#dyuudkjzpfap&SmazGyg/ tajymif;tvJudkjzpfap? vIyf&Sm;rIudk
jzpfap jyvdu
k jf cif;tm;jzifh Zmwfvrf;xJoYkd cGet
f m;udx
k nfah y;yg/ vlraI &;udpw
pf&yfwiG f
jyemjzpfyGm;&jcif; taMumif;&if;rsm;? jyem\ yrmPESifhtwdkif;tq? ajz&Sif;Edkif
aomenf;vrf;rsm;ponfwu
Ykd kd &Si;f vif;zGiq
hf jkd cif;tm;jzifh vIy&f mS ;rIt&omudk jznf;jznf;
csif; oGyfoGif;oGm;Edkifygonf/
udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu owif;Zmwfvrf;udk pdwf0ifpm;rSmvm;

4/
tcsdefrD=cif; - owif;a[mif;rsm;onf owif;r[kwfyg/ owif;Zmwfvrf;onf

vwfwavm jzpfymG ;aeaomt&mwpfcck ?k odrYk [kwf rMumao;cifurS jzpfymG ;oGm;aom
t&mwpfckck jzpfaeoifhygonf/
udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - owif;Zmwfvrf;u pmzwfoltwGuf odp&m topf

wpfckckudk ay;EdkifrSmvm;
5/
tzGihf - yxrqHk; pmydk'f wpfydk'f? ESpfydk'fu pmzwfol\ pdwf0ifpm;rIudk zrf;pm;ae

oifhygonf/ owif;Zmwfvrf;qDodkY qGJaqmifaeoifhygonf/ xdkYaemuf ]]tJawmh
bmjzpfvJ}} [laom ar;cGef;udk ajzaeoifhygonf/
udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu bmtaMumif; owif;ay;xm;rSef; odaeNyD;

usefwmawGudk qufzwfcsifpdwfa&m quf&dSaerSmvm;
6/
zGJ]pnf;yHk - owif;Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fwGif ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsuftvufrsm;udk

OD;pGmazmfjyoifyh gonf/ aemufyikd ;f wGiv
f nf; ta&;Bu;D yHu
k kd vdu
k Nf y;D txufrS atmufoYkd
tqifq
h ifh azmfjyoGm;&ygrnf/ owif;pmynmwGif ]]yd&rpf apmufx;kd }} [ef[ak c:ygonf/
owif;Zmwfvrf;wGif &Sif;vif;jywfom;aom tmHkpdkufrIwpfck yg&dS&ygrnf/
udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu owif;Zmwfvrf;tprS tqHk;twdkif

vG,fulacsmarGUpGm zwfoGm;EdkifrSmvm;
7/
tudk;tum;rsm; - owif;Zmpfjrpfu ajymonfhpum;vHk;twdkif; twdtus jzpfae

atmif txl;*kpu
kd yf g/ pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;aom tud;k tum;rsm;? owif;Zmwfvrf;
tm; xl;jcm;vmapaom tudk;tum;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg/ wm0ef&dSolrsm;udkomruyJ

omrefvlrsm;udkvnf; udk;um;yg/
ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd af r;Munfyh g - pmzwfou
l vlawG&UJ toHukd ]]Mum;a,mif}} oGm;rSmvm;
8/
tao;pdwf - owif;tjzpftysuu
f jkd zpfap? owif;Zmwfvrf;wGif t"duyg0ifaeaom
Zmwfaumifrsm;udjk zpfap? ESprf sKd ;pvH;k udjk zpfap pmzwfo\
l pdwx
f w
J iG f yHak y:vmatmif
vkyfyg/ wpfckcktm; rnfodkYcHpm;vdkuf&onfudk okyfay:atmif tmHkig;yg;pvHk;udk
toHk;jyKyg/ toHrsm;? teHYrsm;? tawGUtxdrsm;? t&omrsm;omrubJ ta&mifrsm;? yHk
oPmefrsm;udyk g azmfjyyg/ a,bk,s ajymaeonfrsm;udk ude;f *Pef;rsm;? tcsut
f vuf
rsm;? yHkwdkywfprsm;jzifh tm;jznfhyg/
ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd af r;Munfyh g - pmzwfou
l jzpf&yfrsm;? vly*k Kd vrf sm;? ae&mrsm;udk MunfMunf
vifvif jrifoGm;rSmvm;
9/
aemufcZH mwfajumif; - owif;tjzpftysufwpfcktwGufjzpfap? tom;ay; azmfjy

csufwpfyk'ftwGufjzpfap tquftpyfudk azmfjyay;Edkifaom owif;tcsuftvufudk
ay;yg/ ordik ;f ? jzpfymG ;&jcif;taMumif;&if;udk &Si;f jyjcif;? ,Ofaus;rI "avhx;kH wrf;qdik &f m
tcsut
f vufrsm;udk qdv
k ykd gonf/ a'oqdik &f mudpr sm;udk wpfEikd if v
H ;kH qdik &f m Iaxmifh
tjrifjzpfoGm;atmif azmfjyyg/
ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd af r;Munfyh g - owif;Zmwfvrf;\ xl;jcm;rIukd pmzwfou
l oabmayguf
oGm;rSmvm;
10/
&Si;f vif;r_ - omrefvNl yed ;f rsm; em;vnfEikd rf nfh pum;vH;k rsm;udk toH;k jyKyg/ 0gusrsm;udk
wdw
k o
kd ma&;yg/ rnforl qdk tvG,w
f ul vdu
k Ef ikd af p&eftvdiYk mS Iyaf xG;aom t,ltq
rsm;udk vG,ful&Sif;vif;acsmarGUaeatmif vkyf,lyg/
udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu owif;Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fvHk;udk oabm

aygufomG ;rSmvm;
6?
tifwmeufxJwGif okawoe=yKvky=f cif;
tifwmeufonf owif;Zmwfvrf;rsm;twGuf okawoejyK&mwGif tvGefaumif;vSaom

ud&,
d m wefqmyvm jzpfygonf/ od&Yk mwGif tifwmeuf udk owdBu;D Bu;D xm;Ny;D rS oH;k oifyh gonf/
tifwmeufxw
J iG f awGU&orQ tm;vH;k rrSeyf g/ rcdik v
f ykH g/ csed cf iG v
f Qm rnDyg/ tifwmeufxw
J iG f
okawoevkyaf epOftawmtwGi;f ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd f ar;cGe;f d;k d;k pif;pif;rsm; ar;oGm;yg/ xdt
k cg
trSm;vkyfrdoGm;rnfhta&;rS rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
10
ae7mrSew
f Gif a7muf&aSd eygap/
owif;tcsut
f vufukd &SmazGonft
h cgrsm;wGif &SmazGa&;tif*sif (search engine) (Oyrm google, yahoo) rSwpfqifh &SmazG&avh &dSygonf/ oufqdkif&m tifwmeufa'o (website)
odkYa&mufonfhtcgwGif rdrdar;vdkaom ar;cGef;rsm;? rdrdokawoejyKvdkaom tcsuftvufrsm;
tqdkyg tifwmeufa'ou ay;tyfEdkifonfrSm aocsmaeygap/
owif;tcsuftvufu joZm&daS eygap/

tifwmeufa'owGif azmfjyxm;aom owif;tcsuftvufonf cdkifvHkonf[k ,HkMunf&ef
rdrdrSm cdkifvHkaomtaMumif;&dSygovm;/ pma&;ol rsm;u olwdkY\ aumufcsufrsm;udk axmufcH
vsuf&dSaom oufaocHcsufwpfpHkwpf&mudk ay;tyfxm;ygovm;/ tifwmeufpmrsufESmudk
a&;om;xm;onfh pma&;olrsm;um; rnfolwdkYygenf;/ xdkodkYa&;om;&ef MoZm? odkYr[kwf
uRr;f usirf u
I kd olwt
Ykd m; bmuay;tyfxm;ygoenf/ tifwmeufa'otwGuf rnfou
l wm0ef
&dyS goenf;/ tifwmeufa'oonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;oH;k vm;? tpd;k &vm;? yk*v
u
d vm;? ynm
&yfqikd &f mvm;/ xyfro
H &d v
Sd akd omtcsurf sm;twGujf zpfap? tifwmeufa'owGif azmfjyxm;aom
tcsut
f vufrsm;udk qef;ppf&eftwGujf zpfap toH;k jyKEikd af om oufqikd &f m tD;ar;(vf) vdypf m
yg&dyS govm;/
xdktifwmeufa'o bmajumifh&aSd erSe;f odaeygap/

xdt
k ifwmeufa'o\ &nf&,
G cf suu
f bmvJ/ t"du&nf&,
G cf surf mS owif;ay;&efvm;? azsmif;zs
&efvm;? odrYk [kwf rdrt
d m; wpfcck k a&mif;csay;&efvm;/ tifwmeufa'oxJrS ajymvdu
k o
f nfrsm;
udk rdrd em;vnfygovm;/ rajymbJxm;wm wpfckckrsm; &dSygovm;/ xdktifwmeuf a'oudk
xkwaf 0xm;olrsm;u oD;jcm;tjrifwpfct
k wGuf rdru
d kd odr;f oGi;f pnf;H;k zdYk tm;xkwaf eygovm;/
tao;pdwrf sm;udk junfhyg/

tifwmeufa'oudk ususee pkppk nf;pnf; xm;&dyS govm;/ pmvH;k aygif;trSm;rsm;? nHzh si;f vSaom
o'gtoH;k tEIe;f rsm; yg&daS eygovm;/ csw
d q
f uf (links) rsm;a&m tvkyv
f yk &f UJ vm;/ xdck sw
d q
f uf
rsm;udk tuJjzwfxm;? rSwcf suaf y;xm;ovm;/ xdck sw
d q
f ufrsm;tm; rdr\
d xdt
k ifwmeufa'oudk
ausmfvGefa&muf&dSoGm;apNyD; tjcm;cdkifvHkaom owif;Zmpfjrpfrsm;qDodkY ydkYaqmifay;ygovm;/
twkr&daS om t&mwpfcck u
k kd xdt
k ifwmeufa'ou rdrt
d m; ay;tyfEikd yf govm;/ odw
Yk nf;r[kwf
pG,fpHkusrf;xJwGif rdrd&SmazGawGU&dSEdkifonfhtcsuftvufomomrQudkom ay;tyfEdkifygovm;/
tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS ay:rSm yHrk sm;rSm &Si;f vif;Ny;D taxmuftuljzpfaeygovm;/ odw
Yk nf;r[kwf
tmHkaemufp&m? pdwfIyfp&m aumif;aeygovm;/
11
tifwmeufpmrsufEmS rsm;ESihf tifwmeufxJrmS awG]7aom pmrsufEmS rsm;jum;wGif

uGJ=ym;ygap
tifwmeufpmrsufESmonf tifwmeuftwGuf &nfpl;NyD; a&;qGJxm;aom pmrsufESmvm;/
odw
Yk nf;r[kwf rl&if;rSm tjcm;wpfcck jk zpfaeygovm;/ rl&if;u tjcm;wpfcck jk zpfaevQif xdt
k jcm;
wpfckckrSm tb,fenf;/
owif;tcsuftvuf. vwfwavmta=ctae/
tifwmeufxw
J iG f awGUvdu
k &f onfh 1994 ckEpS rf S tcsut
f vuftm; vuf&aSd eYpEJG iS t
hf nD jyKjyif
rGr;f rHxm;jcif;r&dv
S Qif xdo
k wif;tcsut
f vufukd oH;k p&m taMumif;odyrf &dyS g/ aeYprJG sm;udk ppfaq;
yg/ owif;tcsuftvufu tdkrif;a[mif;EGrf;aeyHk&vQif olYxufydkNyD; acwfrDaom owif;
tcsuftvufudk &SmazGyg/
12
Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudkzefwD;=cif;
1?
awG]qHkar;=ref;csufrsm;
awGUqHkar;jref;csufrsm;udk rpwifrD rdrdtaejzifh xdkawGUqHkar;jref;jcif;twGuf BudKwifjyifqif

xm;&ygrnf/ xdo
k jYkd yifqifxm;rSomvQif tajctaewpf&yfukd zefw;D vdu
k Ef ikd rf nfjzpfum ar;cGe;f
rsm;udv
k nf; xda&mufpmG ar;jref;Edik rf nfjzpfygonf/ tqH;k wGif tem;zGmaeonfrsm;udk jyefvnf
pkpnf;,l&ygrnf/
judKwif=yifqif=cif;
w,fvDzkef;udk aumufrudkifrDjzpfap? wHcg;rS xGufroGm;rDjzpfap owif;Zmwfvrf;u bm
taMumif;vJqw
kd mudk odaeoifyh gonf/ odrYk [kwv
f nf; bmawGjzpfaeEdik o
f vJqw
kd mudk odae
&ygrnf/
aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;
sm;udk pkaqmif;yg/ owif;Zmwfvrf;\ taMumif;t&mESifh
ywfoufNy;D jzpfap? rdrad wGUqHak r;jref;awmhrnfh vly*k Kd vEf iS yhf wfoufNy;D jzpfap odEikd o
f rQox
d m;
atmifvyk yf g/
ar;cGef;pm&if;udk csa&;xm;yg/ rdrd&SmazGvsuf&dSaom tao;pdwfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD;vnf; rdrd
bmomrSwpf w
k rkd sm;xkwx
f m;yg/
yxrqHk; ar;cGef;udkom razG&SmygESifh/ tajzrsm;udk BudKwGufxm;yg/ xdkYaemuf qifhar;&rnfh
ar;cGef;rsm;udk BudKwifjyifqifyg/
rdrd\ ypnf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh vdktyfaomypnf;rsm;udk tjrJwap ppfaq;yg/ rdrd\rSwfpk
pmtkyrf mS pmrsuEf mS tvGwrf sm; vHv
k akH vmufavmuf yg&JUvm;/ rifwt
H ydak &myg&JUvm;/ toHzrf;
pufxJu bufx&DawGua&m opfvGif&JUvm;/
cif;usif;=cif;
awGUqHkar;jref;rnfhae&modkY rdepftenf;i,frQ BudKa&mufaeatmifvkyfNyD;aemuf rd r d \ ab;
ywfvnfudk Munfhyg/ rdrpd w
d 0f ifpm;Edik af om tpD&ifcpH mawGrsm; &daS eovm;/ pm;yGu
J oef&Y iS ;f
NyD; pmyGJay:wGif bmrSr&dSbl;vm;/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf; pm;yGJwpfckvHk; IyfyGaeygovm;/ xdk
tcsuftvufrsm;u owif;ZmpfjrpfESifhywfoufNyD; rdrdudk bmawGajymjyaeygovJ/
13
rdrdudk,fwdkifa&m owif;Zmpfjrpfyg oufaomifhoufom&dSaeap&ef rdrd\taetxm;udk *k

wpdkuf a&G;cs,fNyD;rS ae&m,lyg/ ar;cGef;tMurf;pm;rsm;udk ar;rnf[k MuHpnfxm;vQif rdrd
taejzifh owif;ZmpfjrpfESifh cyfcGmcGmae&mwGif xdkifaumif;xdkif&ygrnf/
wHcg;zGifhoH? ydwfoH? oDcsif;oHtp&dSonfh rdrd\ toHzrf;csufudk IyfaxG;apEdkifaom? odkYr[kwf
rdrdtm; tmHkysufapaom ab;yef;toH taESmifht,Sufrsm;udk owdxm;yg/
oufqdkif&myk*dKvftm; rdrdrnfolrnf0gjzpfaMumif;ESifh owif;Zmwfvrf;u bmtaMumif;
qdkwmudk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;ajymjyyg/ rdro
d nf rnfonfrh 'D ,
D mtzGUJ tpnf;rS vmcJo
h nfukd cdik v
f pkH mG
od&dSaeoifhygonf/ xdkYtjyif owif;Zmpfjrpftaejzifh rdrda&;om;rnfh owif;Zmwfvrf;\
taMumif;t&mudk a,bk,stm;jzifh od&dSxm;oifhygonf/
olt
Y m; oufaomifo
h ufom&daS eapNy;D tayguftvrf;wnfhatmifvkyfygg/ owif;ZmpfjrpfEiS hf
cifrif&if;ES;D oGm;atmif vky&f rnf[k qdv
k jkd cif; r[kwyf g/ od&Yk mwGif vltrsm;pkrmS pum;ajymvdYk
aumif;onf[k ,lqolEiS jhf zpfap? olEiS u
hf ,
kd Ef iS Mhf um;rSm wlnw
D mawG &do
S nf[k ,lqolEiS jhf zpfap
pdwfygvufyg ajymwwfqdkwwfMuygonf/
ypfrw
S rf vGJatmif aqmif&Gu=f cif;
owif;Zmpfjrpf\ pdwx
f w
J iG f oufaomifo
h ufom &daS eap&efEiS hf rdrt
d wGuf cdik v
f w
kH u
d sro
I nf
ta&;BuD;vSaMumif; olod&dSoGm;ap&ef vG , f u l a omar;cG e f ; rsm;jzif h pwif y g/
pwifNy;D onfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf aMumif;usdK;qDavsmfaom tawG;? odkYr[kwf pdwful;pdwfoef;
rsm;jzif h quf a r;oG m ;yg
;yg/ ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif rdrd\awGUqHkar;jref;csufu rdrdbmudk
OD;wnfar;jref;aeaMumif; xif&Sm;atmif vkyfoifhygonf/
tzGifhar;cGef;rsm;
rsm;udk ar;yg/ olpY w
d u
f ;l rsm;udk ajymjzpfaprnfh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;yg/ ]]onfenf;u
aumif;w,fvdkY bmvdkY twwfajymEdkifwmvJ}} qdkwmrsdK;? ]]onfudpeJYywfoufNyD; vlawGu
wdkifwef;vmMur,fqdk&if cifAsm;b,fvdkvkyfrvJ}} qdkwmrsdK;rsm;jzpfygonf/
rdrdBudKwifjyifqifvmaom ar;cGef;pm&if;rsm;udkom rJNyD;rar;rdygapESifh/ tajzrsm;udk tmHk
pd k u f y g/ owif;Zmpfjrpfu rdrdtm;ajymjyaeorQudk aocsm*kpdkufem;axmifyg/ owif;tcsuf
tvuftptersm;udk ajc&mcHNy;D aemuf owif;Zmwfvrf;udk csUJ ,lyg/ ar;cGe;f pm&if;udk ,lomG ;Ny;D
pm&if;ygtwdik ;f ar;jref;aeonfqv
kd Qif rdrt
d vkyu
f Rr;f usirf rI &S[
d ek m;vnfyg/ xdt
k vkyaf vmuf
awmh ajcmufESpfom;av;awmif vkyfwwfygonf/
14
rsufvHk;csif; qdkifxm;yg/ awGUqHak r;jref;aecsed w

f pfavQmufv;kH wGif acgif;Bu;D iHNYk y;D rSwpf k pmtkyf
xJwGifom rJNyD;a&;raeygESifh/ vlwpfa,muftm; olYpdwf&if;twdkif; ajymapvdkygovm;/
rsufvHk;csif;qdkifxm;NyD; bmrSrjzpfonfh rsufESmrsdK;ESifhaerSom olajymvmygvdrfhrnf/
awGUqHkar;jref;jcif;tay:wGif oabmrwlrdatmif a&SmifMuOfyg/ bmrS r jzpf o vd k a eyg/
]][kwu
f ?hJ uReaf wmfoyd gw,f?}} ]]pdwrf aumif;p&myJaemf?}} ]]'gaygh? uReaf wmfvnf; onftwdik ;f yJ
jrifygw,f}} ponfhpum;rsdK;rsm;udk rajymrdygapESifh/ em;om axmifaevdkufyg/ rSwfp&m&dSonf
rsm;udk rSwaf evdu
k yf g/ toHzrf;p&m&dw
S mudk zrf;aevdu
k yf g/ rdrt
d vkyrf mS rdrad wGUqHak r;jref;aeol\
tjrifrsm;udk &,l&efomjzpfygonf/
awGUqHkar;jref;csuftm; toHzrf;aeonfhwdkif rSwfpkaumif;aumif; vdkufrSwfyg/ aocsm
*kpdkuf em;axmifNyD; ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh tudk;tum;rsm;udk a&;rSwfyg/
tcsdef,lyg/ ravmygES i f h / tMumBuD; wdwfqdwfoGm;onfudk rpdk;&drfygESifh/ wdwfoGm;vQif
ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;twGuf pOf;pm;zdkYawmif tcsdef&oGm;Edkifygonf/ wpfcgw&Hrsm;wGif tcsdef,l
pOf;pm;cGiahf y;vdu
k o
f nfEiS w
hf pfNyKd ief uf owif;Zmpfjrpfrsm;u jynfjh ynfph pkH kH ydak jymEdik o
f mG ;wwfjrJ
vnf; jzpfygonf/
em;axmifaecdu
k w
f iG f owif;Zmwfvrf;twGuf tzGifhudk &SmazGyg/ owif;Zmwfvrf;\ tmHpk u
kd f
p&m tcsuftvufudk pOf;pm;yg/ odxm;ESifh NyD;jzpfvQif rdrdudk,frdrd xdktmHkpdkufp&mtcsufudk
tzefzef owday;aeyg/
rdru
d om awGUqHkar;jref;csufudk xdef;csKyfEikd yf gap/ owif;Zmpfjrpfonf rdro
d v
d akd om tcsuf
tay:wGio
f m wpdu
k rf wfrwfajymjzpfaeygap/ olwYkd ajymcsi&f mavQmufajymaeonfrsKd ; rjzpfyg
apESi/hf ]]uReaf wmf jzwfajymyg&apvm;cifAsm?}} ]]cifAsm;ajymwm odypf w
d 0f ifpm;zdaYk umif; w,faemf/
'gayonfh uReaf wmfwYkd [du
k pd u
kd jyefajymMu&atmif?}} ]]uReaf wmf onfx
h ufyNkd y;D em;axmifcsiyf g
ao;w,f/ 'gayr,fh uReaf wmfrh mS tcsed ef nf;aevd?Yk }} ]]'grSr[kwv
f nf; uReaf wmfrh mS wjcm;csed ;f xm;
wmav;&dSvdkY}} pojzifh ajymvdkufEdkifygonf/
awGUqHkar;jref;csuftm; rSwfwrf;wifxm;yg/ owif;Zmpfjrpftm; trnfrazmfbJ xm;ay;
rnf[k oGm;apwemraumif;ygESi/hf oufqikd &f myk*Kd vu
f roufromjzpfaeonfqv
kd Qif owif;
tcsuftvuf wcsdKUwavtm; olwdkY\emrnfESifhwGJNyD;oHk;vdkY&atmif aps;qpf,lyg/
owd&dSyg/ tMurf;pm; ar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;yg/ vlxkudk udk,fpm;jyKNyD; xdkae&modkY a&muf&dSae
onfudk rarhygESifh/ rdrd\ar;cGef;rsm;onf rdrd\ tvkyfobm0aMumifh ar;&onfhoabmom
jzpfygonf/
15
tjyif;xefqHk; ar;cGef;rsm;udk aemufqHk;rS ar;oifhygonf/ enf;tm;jzifh rdrd\ owif;

Zmpfjrpf pdwfqdk;oGm;onfhwdkif rdrdtwGufvdktyfaom tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkawmh
&&dSxm;ESifhNyD; jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf/
vufpowf=cif;
rnfonfh owif;ZmpfjrpfxHrSrqdk w,f v D z k e f ; eH y gwf r sm; &Ed k i f o rQ&atmif vk y f x m;yg/
xdkodkYvkyfxm;ygu pmwnf;taejzifh aemufxyf ar;csifwmawG xyfrHay:aygufvmonfhtcg
olYHk;? olYqdkifodkY jyefoGm;&rnfh tcsdefESifh p&dwfudk oufomoGm;apEdkifygonf/ xdkolrsm;wGif
w,fvzD ek ;f r&db
S ;l [k r,lqygESi/hf vufuikd zf ek ;f rsm;oH;k olawG wpfaeYwjcm; rsm;jym;vmaeygonf/
0efBu;D Xmersm;wGif tzsO;f qH;k awmh 'pf*spw
f ,f BuKd ;zke;f avmufawmh &dyS gonf/ rke[
Yf if;cg;onf
yifjzpfapOD;awmh olYtpfudk\ vufudkifzkef;rS wpfqifhjzpfap? olYom;\ tvkyfrSwpfqifhjzpfap
qufoG,fEdkifaeygNyD/
olzY ek ;f eHygwfuakd wmif;&jcif; taMumif;&if;rSm owif;cdik v
f w
kH u
d srEI iS hf rQwrI[al om pme,fZif;
usi0hf wfrsm;udk xde;f odr;f &ef &nf&,
G af omaMumifjh zpfaMumif;? rdru
d jzpfap? rdr\
d pmwnf;ujzpfap
tjcm;olrsm;u qefYusifuGJvGJaom oabmxm;tjrifrsm;? rSwfcsufrsm;ay;vmonfh tcgwGif
jzpfap? tao;pdwx
f yfro
H &d v
Sd o
kd nft
h cgwGijf zpfap? aocsmwdusatmif jyefvnfar;jref; vdo
k nfh
tcgwGijf zpfap qufo,
G Ef ikd &f efjzpfaMumif;wdu
Yk kd owif;Zmpfjrpftm; &Si;f jyyg/ qufo,
G &f rnfh
w,fvDzkef;eHygwf? vdyfpmwdkYomr&dSvQif owif;Zmwfvrf;udk vufcHvdrfhrnfr[kwfaMumif;udk
vnf; ajymjyyg/
Edik if jH cm; owif;Zmpfjrpf\ pum;rsm;udk xnfo

h iG ;f ud;k um;vdo
k nft
h cg rdr\
d rSwpf pk mtkyx
f w
J iG f
trnf? &mxl;ESifh zkef;eHygwfwdkYudk olwdkYtm; a&;cdkif;yg/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf; olwdkY\ vdyfpm
u'fjym;udk awmif;,lyg/
rdrd\ rSwfpkrsm;udk jyefvSefNyD; trnfemrrsm;? udef;*Pef;rsm;? r&Sif;vif;aom rSwfpkrsm;udk
ESpfcgjyef ppfyg/ t"dutcsut
f vufrsm;udk rdrd em;vnfoabmaygufxm;onft
h wdik ;f owif;
Zmpfjrpftm; jyef&Gwfjy&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfygvdrfhrnf/
rdrt
d aejzifh rar;rjzpf ar;tyfaom ar;cGe;f wpfceG ;f &dyS gao;onf/ ,if;rSm ]]uRefawmf ar;oifh
ar;xdkufvsufeJY rar;jzpfcJhwJh ar;cGef;rsm; usefygao;vm;}}
gao;vm;}}[ljzpfonf/ xdkar;cGef;jzifh
rdrd rar;vdkufrdaom ar;cGef;twGuf aemufqufwGJar;cGef;rsm;udk zrf;rdoGm;apEdkifygonf/
wpfzufrSvnf; rdrda&;om;rnfh owif;Zmwfvrf;twGuf wpfpdwfwpfydkif; wm0ef&dSoGm;atmif
vkyfvdkuf&mvnf; a&mufygonf/
16
wpfcgw&H ]]onfowif;twGufwjcm;uRefawmfoGm;ar;MunfhoifhwJholrsm; &dSao;vm;}}

[laom ar;cGef;onfvnf; tvkyfjzpfEdkifygonf/ xdkar;cGef;udk ar;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdonf
xdkudpudk tjynfht0em;vnfoabmaygufvdkaMumif;? axmifhaygif;pHk? bufaygif;pHkodkY vdkufvdk
aMumif;udk azmfjyvdu
k &f ma&mufygonf/ xdt
Yk jyif aemiftcgwGiaf &;jzpfavrnfh owif;Zmwfvrf;
rsm;twGufvnf; xdktquftoGufudk qufvuftoHk;jyKEdkifoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
rdrdtaejzif od&dSxm;vQif olwdkYtm; rnfonfhrD'D,mxJwGif rnfonfhtcg azmfjyrnfudk
ajymjyvdkufyg/ rajymrjzpf ajym&rnf[k rqdkvdkyg/ odkY&mwGif xdkodkY ajymjyjcif;onf vkyfief;
oabmt& rdrdawGUqHkar;jref;cJholtay: av;pm;orIudk jyqdkjcif;jzpfygonf/
tdr?f odrYk [kwf H;k odYk tjyefwiG f awGUqHak r;jref;csurf S bmudk toHk;jyKrnfqdkjcif;udk awG;vmyg/
pdwu
f ;l xJwiG f rdr\
d owif;Zmwfvrf;udk yHak zmfMunfyh g/ rdr\
d rSwpf rk sm;udk jyefMunfyh g/ ,if;rSm
wu,fhowif;Zmwfvrf;udkcsa&;&ef BudKwifjyifqifrI\ tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
2?
a7;om;=cif;
owif;Zmwfvrf;udk a&;onft
h cg Edik if w
H umpHrsm;udk ESv;kH oGi;f yg/ xdaYk emuf owif;Zmwfvrf;
a&;om;jcif;ESifhywfoufaom atmufygtaxGaxGodaumif;p&mrsm;udk jyefvSefoHk;oyfyg/
tqufrjywfavhusifhoGm;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pmwnf;rsm;? avhusifhoifMum; ay;olrsm;ESifh
jyefveS o
f ;kH oyfjcif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; a&;om;jcif;twwfynmudk taumif;qH;k wwfuRr;f vmEdik f
ygonf/ od&Yk mwGif ta&;aumif;aumif;jzifh a&;xm;onfeh rlemrsm;udk zwfjI cif;jzifv
h nf; oif,l
wwfajrmufEdkifjyefygao;onf/ rdrd\ pdwf0ifpm;rIudk trSefwu,f zrf;pm;xm;Edkifaom
Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk zwf&onfhtcgwdkif; pma&;q&mu bmudktaumif;qHk; vkyfoGm;onfudk
avhvmpl;prf;yg/
owif;Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'.
f zGJ]pnf;yHk
owif;Zmwfvrf;wpfy'k \
f yxrqH;k pmyd'k w
f iG f ta&;tBu;D qH;k ESihf tajccHtusq;kH tcsut
f vuf
rsm; yg0ifaeoifhygonf/ aemufcHtaMumif;rsm;ESifh tao;pdwfrsm;udk aemufydkif;rSmrS azmfjyyg
onf/
zGJUpnf;yHkudk ]]yd&rpf apmufxdk;}} [k ac:ygonf/ Bwd*Htm; xdyfcRefonfhzufrS axmifxm;
ovdyk ifjzpfonf/ (uawmhyv
kH ykd ifjzpfonf/) ta&;tBu;D qH;k ESihf tBu;D qH;k tcsut
f vufrsm;udk
xdyq
f ;kH rSmxm;Ny;D olaY tmuf wpfqifph rD mS tav;csed ?f odrYk [kwf xda&mufru
I avsmah vsmh oGm;ap
&rnfjzpfonf/
17
od&Yk mwGif rnfonft

h csuu
f ta&;tBu;D qH;k jzpfonfukd rdrrd nfoYkd od&ESd ikd yf goenf;/ trsm;tm;
jzifh owif;Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'ftwGuf tvdktyfqHk;tcsuftvufrSm ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsuf
jzpfavh&dSygonf/ xdkYtjyif topfvGifqHk;tcsuftvufrSm t"dutcsufjzpfaewwfygonf/
rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;yg/ b,ftcsuftay:rSm tjcm;tcsufawGu rSDcdkaeMuygovJ[k/
ta&;BuD;qHk; aemufcHowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifhwGJNyD; owif;udk xdkYaemufwGifuyfvsuf
azmfjy&ygonf/ useaf omtydik ;f rSmrl owif;Zmwfvrf;tm; yHyh ;kd ay;aeaom tao;pdwrf sm;jzpfNy;D
vlwdkYtm; pOf;pm;p&m? awG;p&mwpfckck ay;&efjzpfavonf/
tom;ay;azmf=ycsuf (owif;aqmif;yg;) a7;om;enf;rsm;

tom;ay;azmfjyonfh owif;aqmif;yg;wpfy'k o
f nfvnf; cdik rf maomZmwfaumifrsm;? xif&mS ;
aomtcif;tusif;rsm;? jyZmwfqefaom pD;qif;rIESifh pum;ajymcef;rsm;uJhodkY pdwful;,Of
Zmwfvrf;udk a&;onfhenf;pepfwcsdKUudk toHk;jyKavh&dSygonf/ odkYjzpfay&m owif;Zmwfvrf;
(0g) owif;wpfy'k x
f uf ]]yHak jymonfo
h abm}} ydq
k efaeygonf/ od&Yk mwGif cdik v
f w
kH u
d sr?I csed cf iG v
f Qm
nDrQrI? &Sif;vif;rI? tao;pdwfESifh tmHkpkdufp&mtcsufwdkYudkrl owif;Zmwfvrf;udka&;onfh
tcgwGif &daS e&rnft
h wdik ;f tom;ay;azmfjyonfo
h wif;aqmif;yg;wGiv
f nf; yg&daS e&rnfomjzpf
avonf/
tom;ay;azmfjyonfh owif;aqmif;yg;wpfy'k u
f kd a&;onft
h cg txl;*kpu
kd af om tcsurf sm;udk
atmufwGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/
1/
tao;pdwrf sm;udk aocsm *kpu

kd yf g/ vlwpfa,muf\ 0wfypkH m;yH?k ajymyHq
k v
kd uf? tcef;\
ta&mifrsm;ponfh t&mtm;vHk;rSm tom;ay;azmfjyonfh owif;Zmwfvrf;yg
]]Zmwfaumif}} tm; ydkrdk kyfvHk;<uvmatmif zefwD;ay;wwfygonf/
2/
pum;vHk;rsm;udk txl;*kpdkufNyD; a&G;cs,fyg/ vlYabmifavmuwGif trSefwu,f

jzpfysufaeaom Zmwfvrf;xJwGif ]]Zmwfaumif}} ESifh ]]Zmwfvrf;ausmdk;}} udk azmfusL;
Edkifonfhtcg tom;ay;azmfjyonfh Zmwfvrf;udk ydkrdk yDjyifvmapEdkifygonf/
3/
]]Zmwfaumif}} tm; ydrk akd v;eufvmap&ef ajympum;rsm;udk t&if;twdik ;f jyefu;kd um;yg/

rkqdk;r\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI? vk,ufcH&ol\ a'go ponfrsm;udk pmzwfolu jyufjyuf
xifxif Mum;a,mifoGm;ygap/
4/
Zmwfvrf;udk kyf&Sifum;wpfum;vdk jrifMunfhyg/ kyf&Sifrsm;wGif Zmwfvrf;touf0if

vmap&ef teD;? ta0; trsKd ;rsKd ;rS jywwfygonf/ wpfcgw&H tcif;tusi;f udk uREykf w
f Ykd
18
cHpm;Edik &f ef jrifuiG ;f udk tus,Bf u;D jyNy;D wpfcgw&HwiG rf l rsuEf mS ay:rS trlt&mudjk zpfap?
vufwkefaeonfudkjzpfap uyfuyfowfowfjrifvm&ap&ef teD;uyfjywwfygonf/
tom;ay;azmfjyonfh owif;aqmif;yg;udk a&;om;onfhtcgwGifvnf; tvm;wl
enf;pepfudk toHk;jyKEdkifMuygonf/
3?
pma7;aumif;vmapa7;twGuf taxGaxGoad umif;p7mrsm;
1?
0guswdkrsm;/ pmydk'w
f kdrsm;om a7;yg?
0gustrsm;pkrmS pum;vH;k 15vH;k ? tvH;k ESpq

f ,fjzpfap? xkx
Yd ufenf;Ny;D jzpfapom yg&do
S ifyh gonf/
tcsKd U0gusrsm;qdv
k Qif q,fv;kH xufyif enf;aeoifo
h nf/ toufwpfcgdu
I Nf y;D aemuf wpf0gusv;kH
udk zwfEdkifaeoifhygonf/
0gus&Snfrsm;onf pmzwfol vdyfywfvnfzdkY cJ,Of;aewwfygonf/ tvm;wlyif em;axmifol
twGuv
f nf; em;vnf&cufomG ;apwwfygonf/ 0gusuody&f n
S v
f eG ;f aevQif jynfph akH om 0gus
ESpfaMumif;jzpfatmif cGJxkwfyg/ ta&;rBuD;aom pum;vHk;rsm;udkvnf; oefYxkwfyg/
2?
uwWm;a[m 0gusrsm;udkoma7;yg? uHa[m0gusrsm;udk ra7;rdygapESihf?
uwm;a[m0gusrsm;rSm wdkufdkufoabmydkaqmifNyD; pum;ajymvnf; ydkqefygonf/ 0gus

trsm;pkonf ]]vlwpfa,mufu wpfcck u
k kd vkyv
f u
kd f ygonf}} [laom yHpk rH sKd ;omjzpfoifyh gonf/
]]wpfckckudk vlwpfa,mufu vkyfvkdufonf}} [k ra&;ygESifh/
3?
v_y&f mS ;r_ukdazmfaqmifaom }ud,mrsm;udkokH;yg/
]]vlwpfa,mufu wpfcck u
k kd vkyv
f u
kd o
f nf}} [laom yHpk u
H kd vdu
k ef myg/ Oyrm - ]]ydu
Yk ek w
f ifoiG ;f rI
onf ,refEpS u
f 15&mcdik Ef eI ;f txd wd;k wufvmcJyh gonf}} [ka&;yg/ ]],refEpS u
f ydu
Yk ek w
f ifoiG ;f rI
wdk;yGm;EIef;rSm 15&mcdkifEIef;jzpfygonf}} [k ra&;ygESifh/
4?
vlwkdi;f em;vnfEkdio
f nfh trsm;oHk;aeus pum;vHk;rsm;udkomoHk;yg?
Oyrm - ]]ay;tyfonf}} u ]]xnfh0ifonf}} xufvG,fuldk;pif;yg;onf/ ]]<uonf}} xuf

]]oGm;onf}} u ydkNyD;tqifajyygonf/ ESvHk;oGif;tyfonfrSm rdrd\ pmzwfoltrsm;pkonf rdrd
avmuf ynmt&nftcsi;f odyrf &dES ikd Mf uaomtcsuu
f ykd ifjzpfonf/ vG,u
f l ;kd pif;aom pum;vH;k
rsm;udk toHk;jyKvQif vlwdkif;u rdrdajymwmudk em;vnfygvdfrfhrnf/
19
5?
enf;ynma0g[m7rsm;/ ynm&Siq
f efaom pum;}uD;pum;us,frsm;/
&Hk;oHk;Aef;pum;rsm;udk a&SmifjuOfyg?
rdrdudk,f rdrdjyefar;yg/ ]]xdef;xm;Edkifaom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqdkwJhpum;vHk;&JUt"dym,fu bmvJ}}

vdkY vrf;rSmawGUwJholq,fa,mufudk ar;Munfhr,fqdk&if olwdkYajzEdkifMurSmvm;}} [lyif/
odrYk [kwyf guvnf; rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d jyefar;Munfyh gOD;/ igom &Gmwpf&mG rSm aexdik af eNy;D ]]1964ckEpS f
zGUJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' yk'rf 14}} qdw
k mudk Mum;vdu
k w
f t
hJ cg ]]yk'rf 14}} u bmudk qdx
k m;w,f
qdkwm odEdkifyghrvm;[laom ar;cGef;rsdK;jzpfonf/
6?
]]tJawmh bm=zpfvJ}} [laomar;cGe;f udk ar;=zpfatmifar;yg?
rdru
d ,
kd rf rd d jyefar;yg/ vlawGu onfupd u
kd bmjzpfvYkd pdw0f ifpm;rSmvJ[jk zpfonf/ owif;u
vlwt
Ykd m; b,fvpkd w
d 0f ifpm;oGm;aprSmvJ? odrYk [kwf b,fvt
kd usKd ;oufa&mufomG ;rSmvJ/ rdru
d
pmzwfou
l jkd zpfap? aomw&Siu
f jkd zpfap rdrt
d wGuf tcsed af y;cdik ;f aeygonf/ olwt
Ykd wGuf rdru
d kd
tcsdefay;&jcif;udku tvkyfBuD;wpfck jzpfoGm;ygNyD/ xdktcsdefudk rjzKef;ygESifh/
7?
ab;uxdkiaf =ymaeaomavoHukd toHk;=yKyg?
yHkESdyfpmtwGufa&;aeonfjzpfjim; rdrda&;vdkufaom Zmwfvrf;udk toHxGufNyD; zwfMunfhoifh

ygonf/ yHrk eS t
f wdik ;f em;axmifaumif;aeNy;D zwfvv
Ykd nf; vG,af eoifyh gonf/ ud,
k af &;xm;aom
0gusrsm;udk ud,
k w
f ikd x
f pfxpfaighaighzwfae&onfqv
kd Qif pmzwfot
l wGuf zwf&cufaeavawmh
rnfrSm aocsmaeygonf/
8?
0guswdki;f onf Zmwfvrf;twGuf wpfckr[kww

f pfckukd =znfhpGuaf y;ae
oifhygonf?
rdrda&;xm;orQudk jzwfxkwfvdkpdwf &dSaeygap/ pmydk'fwpfydk'fa&;NyD;wdkif; ]]onfowif;tcsuf

tvufu Zmwfvrf;twGuf vdkvdkYvm;}} [k rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;yg/ rdrdxHwGif xdkowif;tcsuf
tvuf &daS eonft
h wGuf oufoufaMumifx
h nfo
h iG ;f xm;rdjcif;vm;/ yg&dNS y;D om; owif;tcsuf
tvufudk xyfajymovdkrsm;jzpfaeovm;/
9?
pmydk'w
f pfyk'd pf Du aemufpmydk'x
f Jokd] pD;0ifaeygap?
rdrdudk,frdrd jyefar;yg/ ]]t,ltqtawG;tac:rsm; rnfodkYrnfyHk qufpyfvsuf&dSygovJ/}}

tawG;wpfckonf a&SUrStawG;wpfckESifh usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfpGm qufpyfvsuf&dSyg&JUvm;/
20
ull;jymif;csdwfquf a0g[m&rsm;udk oHk;jcif;u wpfcgw&H taxmuftuljyKwwfygonf/ Oyrm

- xdkYaemuf? vnf;? aomfjim;vnf;? rwdkifrD? odkYaomf? rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl? pOftwGif;?
xdktawmtwGif; ponfrsm;jzpfonf/
10?
pum;ydkrsm;ESihf vGeu
f Jaoma0g[m7rsm;udk a&SmifjuOfyg?
]]trSefpifppf}}? ]]pum;rpyf}}? ]]odawmfrlMuonfhtwdkif;}} paom pum;rsdK;udk qdkvdkygonf/
11?
tudk;tum;rsm;udk toHk;=yK=cif;
vlwu
Ykd Zmwfvrf;udk touf0ifvmapygonf/ xdaYk Mumifv
h nf; ajympum;rsm;udk ud;k um;&jcif;
jzpfonf/ toHwpfoH xyfrHjznfhpGufay;jcif;? vludk,fwdkif yg0ifvmatmif kyfvHk;azmfay;jcif;
jzpfavonf/
12?
wduscdkiv
f kHr_u txl;ta7;}uD;vSygonf?
olwdkY\ ajympum;rsm;udk yHkESdyfpmvHk;jzifh azmfjyonfhtcgwGif vltawmfrsm;rsm;u trSm;rcH

vdkwwfMuyg/ udk,fwdkifajymvdkufaom pum;yif jzpfvifhupm; vltrsm;a&SUwGifrl xdkpum;udk
ud,
k w
f ikd yf if rESpo
f ufEikd o
f vdk jzpfomG ;&wwfygonf/ vlwpfa,mufu ajymvdu
k af om pum;vH;k
twdkif; twdtus jyefvnfazmfjy&ef rpGrf;omawmhygu rdrdpum;ESifh rdrd jyefa&;? jyefajymjyzdkY
vdyk gonf/
13?
tudk;tum;rsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfaom pum;pyfwGix

f nfhoGi;f yg?
wduscdkifvHkrI\ wpfpdwfwpfydkif;rSm pum;pyfjzpfonf/ taqmufttHka[mif;wpfcktm;

ysufpD;oGm;apaom rD;taMumif; wpfa,mufa,mufu ajymjyonfhtcg ]]onfrD;uawmh
pdwfraumif;p&mwpfckjzpfovdk &mZ0wfrIqdk&ifvnf;rrSm;bl;}} [k ajymvdkufonfqdkygpdkY/
rdrdjyefa&;onfh pum;pyfwGif ]]onfrD;}} [laom pum;vHk;\ teufudk rysufr,Gif;&Sif;vif;pGm
&dSaeatmif tm;xkwf&efvdktyfygonf/
14?
tudk;tum;rsm;udk 7nf&G,cf sufaumif;=zifhtoHk;=yKyg?
tudk;tum;wpf&yfonf udpwpfckudk ydkrdkav;eufoGm;apoifhygonf? odkYr[kwfyguvnf; ydkrdk

&Si;f vif;oGm;apoifyh gonf/ a,bk,soabm ajymqdv
k u
kd jf cif;udjk zpfap? wpfcck t
k m; tao;pdwf
azmfjyjcif;udkjzpfap tudk;tum;jzifh erlemay;Edkifygonf/ tudk;tum;wpfckonf yk*dKvfa&;
qdik &f m rSwcf suw
f pf&yfukd ay;Edik yf gonf/ xdt
Yk jyif rdrad zmfusL;Edik o
f nfxuf cHpm;csuw
f pf&yfukd
ydkNyD; jyqdkEdkifygonf/ tajccHtaMumif;tcsufudk ay;&efrQtwGuf tudk;tum;udk roHk;oifhyg/
21
odkYwnf;r[kwf ajymNyD;om;owif;tcsuftvufudk xyfajym&ma&mufonfh tudk;tum;rsdK;

jzpfaevQifvnf; roHk;oifhyg/ xdkodkYoHk;rdoGm;wwfjcif;rSm pme,fZif;q&mrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf
jyemBu;D yifjzpfygonf/ ]]oifwef;u t*FgaeYus&ifpr,f}} [k ajymvdu
k af om pum;udk bmvkyzf Ykd
xnfu
h ;kd um;aernfenf;/ xdt
k pm; tud;k tum;jzifh Zmwfvrf;udk qufazmfomG ;Hyk if jzpfygonf/
4?
rdru
d kd,rf rd d =yefar;oifhaom ar;cGe;f rsm;
rdrZd mwfvrf;udk tqDtai:wnfah tmifppD Ofjcif;ESihf rdr\

d tjyKtrl? rdr\
d aqmif&u
G cf suw
f EYkd iS hf
ywfoufNyD; rnfodkYrnfyHkvkyfaqmif&rnfqdkjcif;twGuf tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/
Zmwfvrf;udk a&;om;NyD;pD;oGm;onfhtcg rdrdudk,frdrd rnmygESifh/ udk,fa&;xm;onfudk udk,fh
bmom jyefppfNyD;aemuf atmufygwdkYudk udk,fhbmomjyefar;Munfhyg/
1?
cdkiv
f kHr_
rdrd\aqmif;yg;xJu t&mtm;vHk; vHk;0 wdus&JUvm;/
rdrdtoHk;jyKxm;aom owif;Zmpfjrpfrsm; cdkifvHkNyD; ,HkMunfpdwfcsxdkuf&JUvm;/
ar;cGef;rsm;ar;onfhtcg tajzrsm;udk rdrd em;vnfatmif vkyfyg/
aeYprJG sm;? trnfrsm;? &mxl;rsm;? ae&ma'o pmvH;k aygif;rsm; ponfwu
Ykd kd ESpcf gjyefppfyg/
udef;*Pef;rsm;udk aygif;xm;NyD;aemuf ocsFmtwGuftcsufvnf; rSefuefaeygap/
udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu onfZmwfvrf;udk ,HkrSmvm;/ pmzwfolu ighudk

,HMk unfu;kd pm;rSmvm;/
2?
r#wr_
rnfonfhZmwfvrf;rS wpfzufowfr[kwfyg/ bufaygif;pHkrS pOf;pm;cJhNyD;NyDvm;/ tydkif;onf

tjynft
h 0owdxm;rd&efEiS hf rdru
d ,
kd rf rd jd yefppf&ef tcufcq
J ;kH tydik ;f wpfyidk ;f jzpfygonf/ vlwikd ;f
vlwdkif;rSm tpGJav;awG? bufvdkufrIav;awG &dSaewwfygonf/
odkY&mwGif rdrd\t,ltqonf Zmwfvrf;ESifh bmrSrqdkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh csefxm;vdkufyg/
bufaygif;pHkudk rQwpGm udkifwG,fyg/
udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu ighudk ,HkMunfudk;pm;rSmvm;/ pmzwfolu igbuf

vdkufwwfw,fvdkYrsm; xifoGm;rvm;/
22
3?
pdw0f ifpm;r_
Zmwfvrf;udk &Smyg/ tm;NyKd irf I y#dyuu b,frmS vJ/ Zmwfvrf;xJwiG f cGet

f m;awG zefw;D ay;yg/
uHa[m0gusrsm;jzifhom tjrJwef;a&;yg/
udk,fhudk,fudk,fjyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu pdwf0ifpm;rSmvm;/
4?
tcsderf D=cif;
'gu tck pdw0f ifpm;zdaYk umif;ae&JUvm;/ owif;a[mif;onf owif;r[kwyf g/ owif;Zmwfvrf;

onf vwfwavmjzpf&ygrnf/ vGefcJhonfh ajcmufvujzpfyGm;cJhwmrsdK; rjzpf&yg/
udk,fhudk,fudk,fjyefar;Munfhyg/ topfwpfckudk igajymaewm [kwf&JUvm;/
5?
tzGihf
yxrqHk;pmydk'fonf tzGihjf zpfonf/ tzGifhu pmzwfol\ tmHkudk zrf;qkyfEdkfif&rnf/ odkYrSom

ol qufzwfayvdrfhrnf/ pmzwfoltaejzifh ]]tJawmhbmjzpfao;vJ}} [k rawG;rdoGm;apcsifyg/
ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd f jyefar;Munfyh g/ pmzwfou
l pdw0f ifpm;aeNy;D tmHpk u
kd af erSmvm;/ pmzwfou
l
tqHk;txd qufzwfcsifyghrvm;/
6?
zGJ]pnf;yHk
rdr\
d aqmif;yg;u t"dym ,f&&Sd UJ vm;/ vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l l zwfv&Ykd um vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l l oabmayguf
Edkifygovm;/ IyfaxG;aeovm;/ ta&;BuD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk a&SUqHk;rSm azmfjyxm;&JU
vm;/ tmHkpdkufp&m tcsufa&myg&JUvm;/ &Sif;vif;aom taMumif;jycsufa&myg&JUvm;/
ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd jf yefar;Munfyh g/ pmzwfol vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l l vdu
k Ef ikd &f UJ vm;/ qH;k wJt
h xd pmzwfol
awGtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;ae&JUvm;/
7?
tudk;tum;rsm;
vlawGukd ig rSerf eS u
f efuef ud;k um;xm;rd&UJ vm;/ tud;k tum;awG vHak vmuf&UJ vm;/ qDavsmaf om
tud;k tum;rsm;udk iga&G;xm;rd&UJ vm;/ tud;k tum;awGu pdw0f ifpm;p&ma&m aumif;&JUvm;/
ig udk;um;xm;wJhtxJrSm vlyk*dKvftrsdK;rsdK; vdkoavmufyg&JUvm;/ ESpfzufpvHk;udk rQrQww
udk,fpm;jyKaeyg&JUvm;/ tjzwftawmuf? yk'fjzwf? yk'f&yfawGudka&m rSefrSefuefuef oHk;xm;yg
&JUvm;/
23
ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f ,
kd f jyefar;Munfyh g/ bufaygif;pHrk S pum;awGukd pmzwfol Mum;vdu
k rf mS vm;/ wcsKd U
pum;awGu udk;um;xm;wmawGrSef; pmzwfolu odaeyghrvm;/
8?
tao;pdwf
tao;pdwfawG vdkoavmuf yg&JUvm;/ kyfyHkvTmudk ta&mifjc,fNyD;NyDvm;/ teHHY? txdtawGU?

t&om? ywf0ef;usif? ta&mif? yHkoPmefawG yg&JUvm;/ a,bk,sajymqdkxm;jcif;rsm;udk
udef;*Pef;awG? tcsuftvufawGjzifh yHhydk;ay;xm;&JUvm;/ pm&if;tif;awGa&m ygovm;/
udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;Munfhyg/ pmzwfolu tjzpftysufudk rsufvHk;xJrSm jrifa,mifMunfhEdkif

oGm;rSmvm;/ pmzwfoltwGuf onfudpudk em;vnfoabmaygufavmufwJh owif;tcsuf
tvufawGa&m jynfhjynfhpHkpHkyg&JUvm;/
9?
aemufajumif;
oifhavsmfaom aemufcHZmwfaMumif;udk ay;yg/ ordkif;? pum;pyf (Zmwfvrf;jzpfay:vmyHk)?

taMumif;&if;rsm;tm; &Sif;vif;csuf? ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&m taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
qdv
k ykd gonf/ a'oqdik &f m udpu
kd wpfEikd if v
H ;kH twdik ;f twmjzifh jrifjyEdik &f UJ vm;/ wpfEikd if v
H ;kH udp
udka&m a'oqdkif&mtjrifjzifh jrifjyEdkfif&JUvm;/
udk,fhudk,fudk,fjyefar;yg/ pmzwfolu onfZmwfvrf;&JU xl;jcm;rIudk em;vnfoabmayguf

oGm;rSmvm;/
10?
&Si;f vif;r_
omrefpmzwfolrsm; em;vnfavmufonfh a0g[m&rsm;udk oHk;yg/ 0gusrsm;udk wdkwdkyJ a&;yg/

pdw0f ifpm;p&mtcsuu
f kd wef;ceJaeatmifjyyg/ Iyaf xG;ayGvaD om t,ltq oabmw&m;rsm;
udk &Sif;vif;vG,fuloGm;atmifvkyfyg/
udk,fhudk,fudk,f jyefar;yg/ pmzwfolu onfZmwfvrf;wpfyk'fvHk;udk em;vnfoabmayguf

oGm;rSmvm;/
24
t+yD;owfrSmp7mtenf;tyg;
zGix
hf m;yg/ tawGUtMuKH rsm;aom pme,fZif;q&mrsm;yifvQif tjcm;olrsm;\ a0zefcsuf
rsm;rS tjrwfxGufvmEdkifygonf/
pdw&f n
S yf g/ Edik if w
H um pHcsed pf
H eT ;f rsm;ESit
hf nD owif;ay;ydjYk cif;ESihf Zmwfvrf;a&;om;jcif;
rSm tcsdef,l&ygonf/ tyifyef;cH&ygonf/
pdwfa&mudk,fyg ESpfjrKyfxm;yg/
ZG&J ySd g/
rdrdonf EdkifiHwumpHcsdefpHTef;rsm;udk ,HkMunfaom pme,fZif;q&mwpfa,mufjzpfyg

onf/ rdrdtvkyfudk? rdrd\owif;tcsuftvufudk? rdrdudk,fudk *kPf,lyg/
usifh0wfrsm;udk vdkufemapmifhxdef;&rnfhwm0efudk rarhygESifh/ ajzmifhrwfwnfMunfyg/

wduscdkifvHkygap/ csdefcGifvQm nDrQygap/ rQwygap/ cdk;rcsygESifh/
rdrdudk,frdrd opm&dSyg/
tpDt&ifcHpm\ tydkif;udk jyKpkcJhonfh ppfESihfNidrf;csrf;a&;qdkif&mowif;xkwfjyefjcif; tzGJUtpnf; (Institute of War

and Peace Reporting) tm; txl;aus;Zl; wif&Sdygonf/ Website address: www.iwpr.net
tydkif; (2) uav;rsm;ESihf owif;jyefMum;rI
25
tydki;f (2)
uav;rsm;ESifh
owif;=yefjum;r_
28 owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004
uav;rsm;ESihfowif;=yefjum;r_
,cktcg owif;a&;om;ay;ydrYk t
I wwfynmwwfajrmufcNhJ y;D jzpfygonf/ rnfoaYdk wGUqHak r;jref;&
rnf? rnfodkYaxmufvSrf;&SmazG&rnf? tcsuftvuf rSef-rrSefrnfodkYppfaq;&rnf? owif;ukd
rnfoaYdk &;om;&rnf ponfwu
Ykd w
dk wfajrmufcNhJ y;D jzpfygonf/ aemufwpfqifw
h ufvrS ;f &ef tcsed u
f s
vmNyDjzpfygonf/ tusdK;oufa&mufrI&Sd&ef jyKvkyfa&;yifjzpfygonf/
owif;axmufrsm;onf vlxk\ em;? rsufaphyifjzpfygonf/ tajctae? tjzpftysufukd vlwdkY
em;vnfEikd af tmifvnf; owif;axmufrsm;u jyKvyk Ef ikd o
f nf/ xdt
k ajctaersm;ESihf rnfo&Ykd ifqikd f
&rnfqo
kd nfuv
kd nf; jyKvyk Ef ikd o
f nf/ vlrsm;rnfot
Ykd ouf&iS f &yfwnf&ef rnfov
Ykd yk af qmif&rnf
udkvnf; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/
owif;qufo,
G af &;\tcef;u@onf MoZmvTr;f rd;k rI&ydS gonf/ xdaYk Mumifu
h av;oli,frsm;\
tcGit
hf a&;rsm;jri w
hf if&m aqmif&u
G Ef ikd o
f nfh tiftm;jynf0h aom pGr;f yum;wpf&yfjzpfvmEdik f
ygonf/
tcef;u@onf uav;rsm;ta&;ESifhywfoufaom taMumif;tcsufrsm;ukd us,fjyefYpGm
jzefYcsdEdkifonfh oifESihfowif;jyefMum;rIqdkif&m tcef;u@jzpfygonf/ owif;qufoG,fa&;
vrf;aMumif;rS wqifu
h av;rsm;\ yJw
h iforH sm;ukd azmfMuL;Edik &f eftcGit
hf vrf;rsm; zefw;D ay;&m
u@vnf; jzpfygonf/ uav;rsm;ukd ta&;ygonfh owif;tcsut
f vufrsm; ay;Edik Nf y;D rdrw
d Ykd
vkyif ef;aqmif&u
G rf cI iG t
f wGi;f rS uav;rsm;\tcGit
hf a&;rsm;ukd trSew
f u,f umuG,rf v
I nf;
ay;Edkifygonf/
owif;pmq&mrsm;\ tajccHwm0ef0w&m;rSm jzpf&yfwpfcu
k dk w&m;rQwpGmESihf wduspmG azmfjyNy;D ?
pdw0f ifpm;rI&&dS ef wifjyEdik af &;jzpfonfu,
kd el q
D ufuod&ydS gonf/ owif;orm;taejzifh vGwv
f yf
cGifhudk *kPf,laMumif;ukdvnf; od&SdNyD;jzpfygonf/ vGwfvyfcGifhvnf; &Sdoifhygonf/
oif\vGwv
f yfciG ?hf ,xmblwusonft
h cef;u@ESihf uav;rsm;\tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,rf I
ay;Ny;D wd;k wufr&I v
dS m&ef BuKd ;yrf;onfh vkyif ef;&yfrsm;Mum;wGif y#dyursm;&Srd nfr[kwq
f o
kd nfudk
,leDqufu ,HkMunfNyD;jzpfygonf/ rdrdwdkYvkyfief;ukd vkyfaeNyD; aocsmaumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmif
cJv
h Qif uav;rsm;ESihf if;wd\
Yk jyemt&yf&yfudk vlxt
k mHpk ;l pdu
k v
f mapEdik o
f nfh tajctae
rsm;ukd rvGJraoGazmfxkwfvmEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ BudK;yrf;rIukd ,leDqufu axmufcHyHhydk;rI
ay;ygonf/
29
1?
uav;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaeonfh =y\emrsm;udk owif;xkw=f yef=cif;

- wpfckvkH;ukd =cHKIjunf>&LS =cif;
uav;rsm;taMumif;azmfjyjcif;ESifh uav;rsm;ESihfywfoufaeonhf jyemrsm;ukd owif;

xkwfjyefjcif;onf owif;axmufrsm;vkyfaqmifonfhudp&yfrsm;teuf ta&;BuD;onfh tcsuf
wpfcsuyf ifjzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdik if EH iS hf wpfurmvH;k wGif uav;rsm;taMumif;ESihf uav;rsm;ta&;
ESifhywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;onf owif;avmuwpfckvHk;\ ao;Ekwfaom
tpdwftydkif; wpf&yftjzpfom yg0ifae&onfukd awGUjrifae&ygonf/
uav;rsm;ESihfywfoufaeonhftaMumif;t&mrsm;onf vlBuD;rsm;\jyemrsm;ESifh tjrJ
rwlnED ikd yf g/ uav;rsm;udk xdyg;aponfh jyemrsm;ukd t&nftaoG;aumif;rGeo
f nhf owif;
Zmwfvrf;rsm;jzifh az:jyEdkifygu vlxk\ pdwf0ifpm;rIudk &&SdEdkifonfomru jrefrmh uav;
oli,frsm;qdkif&m aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;jzifh az:aqmifEdkifonfhtwGuf tusdK;&Sd&Sd
ajymif;vJvmEdkifa&;twGuf tvm;tvmaumif;rsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
uav;rsm;ta7;ESihfywfoufonfh ta7;juD;aomtcsufrsm;ukd rD;armif;xdk;=y=cif;

owif;axmufwpfO;D taejzifh ta&;Bu;D aom aqmif&u
G Ef ikd o
f nfh vkyif ef;wpf&yfrmS uav;rsm;
tm; xdyg;rI&Sdaeonfh tajctaersm;ukd xif&Sm;odjrifvmap&ef az:xkwfEdkifjcif;jzpfygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtESHYwGif roefrpGrf;jzpfaeaomuav;rsm;onftjcm;uav;rsm;ESifh wef;wl tcGifh
ta&;rsm;r&&Sdyg/ rdef;uav;rsm;onf cGJjcm;qufqHrIcHae&ygonf/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIaMumifh
vlukeful;cH&rIrsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf/ tjcm;acgif;yHkjzwfrIyHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;vnf; cHpm;ae&ygonf/
uav;rsm; odkYr[kwf vli,frsm;taejzifh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh jyKrIaqmif&Gufjcif;vnf; cHae&yg
onf/ (Oyrm - acgif;yHjk zwfjcif;? odrYk [kwf rw&m;jyKusicfh &H jcif;)? ypfy,fjcif; (Oyrm - vpfvsLI
jcif;) odrYk [kwf uav;odrYk [kwf rdom;pkrsm; pGr;f aqmifEikd pf rG ;f r&So
d nft
h ajctaersKd ;jzpfygonf/
(Oyrm- qif;&JraJG wrI) tjcm;ormd;k us uav;rsm;tay: tusKd ;oufa&mufaponfh tcsurf sm;
vnf; &Syd gao;onf/ Oyrm- use;f rma&;ESihf ynma&;wdjYk zpfygonf/ vlxq
k ufo,
G af &;taejzifh
,if;tcsufrsm;ukd tjrJazmfxkwfjyoEdkifpGrf; r&Sdyg/
jzpf&yfrsm;azmfjyay;&ef vdak eonfrmS wd;k wd;k omvmygonf/ odaYk omf ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;onf
owif;xkwfjyefa&;wGiftenf;i,fom tav;ay;cH&ygonf/ uav;rsm;tajctaewdk;wuf
vmapEdkifonfhtajctaersm;ukd azmfxkwfjyojcif;jzifh oifuJhodkYowif;orm;wpfOD;taejzifh
ta&;ygaom tcef;u@wGif yg0ifumjyEdik yf gonf/ &Hzef&cH gjrefrmEdik if rH S uav;rsm;\ b0tajc
tae wdk;wufvma&;twGuf ulnDaqmif&Gufonfhta&;ygaom tcef;u@yg0ifEdkifygonf/
tcsKd Utajctaersm;ukd xifay:odjrifvmatmif vkyaf qmifEikd af &;twGuf jyefMum;qufo,

G af &;
vkyfief;rsm;ukd pdefac:onfh Oya'rsm;ESifh jy|mef;csuftcsdKU&Sdaeonfukd ,leDqufu em;vnf
oabmaygufygonf/ odaYk omfusKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f efomvdyk gonf/ vlxt
k aejzifh odjrif oabm
aygufvm&ef uav;rsm;ESihf ywfoufaeonft
h csurf sm;ukd usKd ;yrf;&SmazG&mwGif qef;opfr&I &dS ef
usKd ;yrf;&ygrnf/
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f rSeu
f efaumif;rGeo
f nfh owif;tcsut
f vufudk &SmazGazmfxw
k &f efrmS aemufxyf
pdefac:rIBuD;wpf&yfyifjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh uav;rsm;ta&;udk owif;a&;om;&ef &SmazG
usKd ;yrf;onft
h cgrsKd ;jzpfygonf/ ,if;wdu
Yk dk tjrw
J rf;tvG,w
f ulr&Edik yf g/ tu,f oift
h aejzifh
owif;wpfy'k t
f wGuf cdik v
f o
kH nfh aemufco
H wif;tcsut
f vuf&mS azG&ef tcuftcJjzpfaecJv
h Qif
,leDqufodkY qufoG,fEdkifygonf/ wwfEdkiforQ uREfkyfwdkYtpGrf;ukef usdK;yrf;ulnDay;ygrnf/
uREfkyfwdkYtaeESifh vufavsmhjcif;rjyK&ef wdkufwGef;tm;ay;vdkygonf/
tajctaewpf&yfukd vlxkod&Sdvmap&ef owif;axmuf wpfOD;taejzifh usdK;yrf;&mwGif
pdwx
f cd u
kd b
f ,
G &f m owif;wpfy'k t
f aejzifh yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0Hjk zifh rjynfph ykH g/ yd
k cdik rf monfh tcsuf
tvufrsdK;&&Sd&ef usdK;yrf;jcif;? aocsmpGm pl;prf;avhvmrIjyKjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkpGm a&;om;azmfjyjcif;
wdkYvdkygao;onf/ t,ltqESifh ta&;,lrItydkif;rsm;udk ajymif;vJjzpfay:aprnfh owif;rsdK;rSm
uspfvpfckdifrmonfh owif;rsdK;udk rSefrSefxkwfjyefjcif;yifjzpfonf/
owif;axmufrsm;taeESifh MuHKawGUae&onfhtcuftcJrsm;rSm BuD;rm;onfrSm ,HkrSm; oHo,
jzpfb,
G rf &Syd g/ rnfoq
Ykd akd poifwt
Ykd aejzifh uav;rsm;ESihf if;wdEYk iS q
hf ikd af om ta&;taMumif;
rsm;ukd wufwuf<u<uazmfxw
k af evdrrhf nf[k arQmv
f ifyh gonf/ qef;opfwx
D iG rf &I &dS ef vdyk gonf/
owfrSwfonfh abmiftjyifbufodkY pOf;pm;arQmfMunhf&efvdkygonf/ odkYjyKvkyfcJhvQif uGJjym;
jcm;em;rIrsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifatmif vkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfukd owd&aebdkYvdkygonf/
uav;rsm;tajumif; rSerf eS u
f efuefo&kyaf zmf=cif;
uav;rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;ta&;owif;a&;om;ay;ydo
Yk nft
h cgwGif xdyw
f ef;owif;axmufrsm;
onf if;wdkYowif;a&;aeonfh uav;tajctaeukd ormorwfususESifh rQrQwwa&;om;
azmfjyEdik &f ef txl;*kpu
kd yf gonf/ odaYk omfvnf; owif;axmufwikd ;f xdyw
f ef;owif;axmufrsm;
r[kwfyg/ xdkYaMumifh xdkodkYtjrJrjzpfEdkifcJhyg/ wpfcgwpf&HwGif acgif;yHkjzwfcHae&aom uav;ukd
&mZ0wfaumiftjzpf azmfjywwfygonf/ wpfcgwpf&u
H av;rsm;ESihf vli,frsm;onf tajctae
t&yf&yfukd oHk;oyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdatmif r&ifhusufao;olrsm;tjzpf azmfjyMuygonf/
uav;rsm;ukd azmfjyonfhtajctaeonf if;wdkYtay: vlxk\ xifjrifoHk;oyfrSlukd tusdK;
oufa&mufapygonf/ xdkoHk;oyfcsuft&uav;rsm;ukd qufqHvmMuygonf/ uav;rsm;ESifh
31
ywfoufonfh owif;ukd a&;om;jyifqifonft

h cg? tay:,Hpdu
k v
f uPmrsm;ukd a&Smif&mS ;&ef
vdyk gonf/ ,Hw
k rf; pum;yHjk yifrsm;ESihf if;wdMYk uKH awGUae&onfh jyemrsm;ukd cGjJ crf;azmfjy&ygrnf/
owif;xJrS uav;oli,frsm;ESifh vli,frsm;ukd xGef;awmufaom yk*dKvfrsm;tjzpf Ijrifazmfjy
&ygrnf/ if;wdkYonf tav;xm;avmufaom yk*dKvfrsm;jzpfonfukd azmfjy&ygrnf/
rdrad &;om;owif;ay;ydaYk eonfh uav;rsm;onf av;pm;orI&adS vmuforl sm;jzpfonfudk azmfjy
Edkifonfhenf;wpfckrSm if;wdkYajympum;ukd em;axmifjcif;jzpfygonf/ if;wdkYESifh awGUqHkar;jref;
&ygrnf/ if;wdaYk zmfxw
k jf yoaom t,ltqrsm;ukd wHjYk yef&ygrnf/ if;wd\
Yk tjrifaI xmifrh aS e
jyem&yfukd Munfhwwf&efvdkygonf/
2?
uav;rsm;ukd a=ymqdkcGihfay;=cif;
vlYtcGifhta&;ordkif;wGif uav;oli,ftcGifhta&;qdkif&mukvor*nDvmcHoabmwlpmcsKyf
(CRC) ukd vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;onf trsm;qHk;yg0ifvufrSwfxdk;MuonfhpmcsKyfjzpfygonf/
jrefrmEdik if u
H 1991 ckEpS w
f iG f vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJo
h nfh ,if;oabmwlpmcsKyo
f nf uav;rsm;ESihf
vli,frsm;wGif if;wdkY\ tjrift,ltqukd azmfxkwfcGifh&Sdonfukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; azmfjy
xm;ygonf/
CRC
tydk'f 12
rdrw
d t
Ykd a&;ESihf ywfoufr&I o
dS nfu
h pd & yfrsm;wGif uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrw
d \
Ykd tjrift,ltqukd
azmfjyEdik pf rG ;f &Scd v
hJ Qif xdt
k jrift,ltqudk vGwv
f yfpmG azmfxw
k cf iG &hf ydS gonf/ uav;\ touf
t&G,fESifh qifjcifwHkEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh tajctaeay:rlwnf uav;\ tjrift,ltqukd
tav;ay;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/
CRC
tydk'f 13
uav;wGif vGwfvGwfvyfvyfazmfxkwfajymqdkcGifh&Sdap&ygrnf/ ,if;odkYajymqdkcGifhwGif owif;

tcsuftvufESifh pdwful;trsdK;rsdK;ukd vGwfvyfpGm a0rQEdkifcGifh&Sdjcif;yg0ifygonf/ EIwfajym
pum;jzifjh zpfap? a&;om;jzpfap? tEkynm&oyHpk rH sKd ;jzifjh zpfap? uav;oabmusaom tjcm;
vlxkqufoG,fa&; vrf;aMumif;rsm;rSjzpfap ajymqdkcGifh&Sdap&ygrnf/
,leq
D uftaejzifh uav;rsm;ESihf vli,frsm;tm; if;wd\
Yk t,ltqrsm;ukd vlxq
k ufo,
G af &;
vrf;aMumif;rS wqifhazmfxkwfjycGifhjyKEdkif&ef tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&ef owif;axmufrsm;ukd
wdkufwGef;tm;ay;ygonf/ odkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf uav;rsm;tcGifhta&;rsm;&&SdapHk oufouf
r[kwfbJ owif;rsm;ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmapEdkif&efvnf; jzpfygonf/ uav;rsm;odxm;onfh
taMumif;t&mtrsm;tjym;&Syd gonf/ oifwaYkd &;rnfo
h wif;twGuf tcsut
f vuftrsm;tjym;
ay;Edik yf gonf/ uav;rsm;onf if;wdEYk iS q

hf ikd o
f nfu
h pd & yfrsm;ESihf ywfoufvmvQif tzd;k wefaom
tcsut
f vufrsm;udk az:jyEdik yf gonf/ Oyrm - ynma&;? upm;jcif;? uav;rsm;ukd ravQmrf uef
toHk;csjcif;ESifh tjcm;taMumif;t&m trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf/ uav;rsm;yg0ifonfh owif;
wpfy'k u
f adk &;onft
h cg uav;rsm;ukd awGUqHak r;jref;cJjh cif;r&Sb
d J a&;cJv
h Qif rdrt
d vkyu
f dk ausyeG pf mG
aqmif&GufcJhjcif;r&Sd[k qdk&ygrnf/ xdkYtjyif rdrd\owif;ukd ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm;bG,fESifh tcsuf
tvufjynfhpHkpGm azmfjyEdkifpGrf;vnf;r&Sdawmh[k qdk&rnfjzpfygonf/
uav;rsm;\ajymjycsufrsm;udk az:jy&ef cufcJonf[k tcsdKUowif;axmufrsm;u vGJrSm;pGm
,lqMuonf/ xdkt,ltqukd r,HkygESifh/ uav;xHrS tzdk;weftcsuftvuf&&ef cufcJrI&Sd
aejcif;onf? uav;taejzifh pdw0f ifpm;bG,&f mtcsuu
f dk ajymjyEdik pf rG ;f r&Sad ejcif; vH;k 0r[kwyf g/
uav;\,HkMunfpdwfcsrIESifh pdwfvufayghyg;pGm ajymqdkvmEdkif&ef ar;jref;olu rpGrf;aqmifEdkif
aomaMumifhomjzpfEdkifygonf/
uav;rsm;wGif pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m tcsufrsm;ajymjyp&mtrsm;tjym;&Sdygonf/ vlBuD;rsm;xuf
d;k d;k om;om;ESihf yd
k ppfreS af om ajzMum;rIrsKd ;ay;Edik yf gonf/ tjrif&iS ;f &Si;f vif;vif;ESihf ydrk t
kd wGi;f
usaom owif;rsm;ukdvnf; uav;rsm;u ay;Edkifygonf/
rnfojYkd zpfap jrefrmEdik if t
H ygt0if urmtESw
YH iG f uav;rsm;ajymqdck surf sm;onf owif;pmrsm;
odrYk [kwf AD'G ,
D rkd w
S w
f rf;wifjcif;rsm;rS az:jyjcif; tvGeyf ifenf;ygonf/ owif;rsm;onf uav;
rsm;yJw
h ifox
H uf ynm&Sirf sm;\ t,ltquko
d m yd
k ,HMk unftm;ud;k MuonfrmS urmtESUH jzpf
ygonf/ vlBuD;rsm;csKyfukdifvnfywfaeaom qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;rsm;onf uav;rsm;
yg0ifywfoufaeaom jyemrsm;uko
d m azmfjyNy;D tqH;k owfavh&ydS gonf/ uav;rsm; &ifqikd f
ae&onfh jyemrsm;ESihf taMumif;&if;rsm;ukd azmfjyMujcif;r&Sdyg/ ,if;odkYjzpfap&onfh
taMumif;tcsuf trsdK;rsdK; &Sdygonf/ vTJrSm;pGm cefYrSef;jcif;rsm;? pdwfr&SnfrIrsm;? tysif;BuD;rIESifh
uav;rsm;ukd owif;xJrS jzwfxw
k v
f u
kd v
f Qif rnfonft
h ydik ;f rsm; vpf[moGm;rnfudk em;vnf
Edik pf rG ;f r&Srd rI sm; yg0ifygonf/ t&nftaoG;jynf0h aom tqifrh sKd ;a&muf&&dS ef usKd ;yrf;&ef uREykf w
f Ykd
wdu
k w
f eG ;f vdyk gonf/
uav;rsm;udo
k yGwt
f w
l iG f yg0ifywfoufw
I af xG;rI&v
dS matmif vkyjf cif;onf if;wdt
Yk aMumif;
ta&;w,lazmfjyonfhtcGifhtvrf;enf;yg;jcif; odkYr[kwf yHkaoum;csyfowfrSwfxm;onfh
toGifom aqmifaernfjzpfygonf/ ,if;tcsufudkuav;rsm;ESifh vli,frsm;\ owif;
xkwfjyefrItay: urmhtESHY rMumcP apm'uwufaeygonf/ uav;rsm;ukd owif;rsm;wGif
yg0ifywfoufapjcif;onf if;wdkYtajctaeukd ydkaumif;atmif jyKvkyfay;jcif;jzpfygonf/
uav;rsm;udak jymqdck iG ahf y;cJv
h Qif if;wdu
Yk dk oem;pzG,af umif;aom odrYk [kwf roefrpGr;f aom
uav;tjzpfazmfjyaejcif;xuf? uav;onf rpkwrf epfusKd ;yrf;rI&adS eonfph rG ;f aqmif&nf&adS om
vlom;wpfa,muftjzpf odjrifvmMurnf jzpfygonf/
33
uav;i,fwpfO;D ukd awGUqHak r;jref;jcif;onf tcsed ,

f Nl y;D pdw&f n
S &f onfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifhawGUqHkar;jref;&efBudKwifjyifqifonfhtcg odxm;&efvdktyfygonf/ uav;rsm;ukd
twif;tMuyf ajzqdkapjcif; odkYr[kwf vHIYaqmfaejcif;jyKvkyfvQif pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m tcsuf
enf;enf;om&ygrnf/ uav;rsm;ukd if;wdaYk jymaeustwdik ;f if;wdaYk jymMum;vdo
k nft
h csed w
f iG f
ajymqdkcGifhay;cJhvQif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;bG,f&mtcsufrsm;&&SdEdkifonfukd tHhMobG,fawGUjrifvm
ygvdrrhf nf/
awGUqHkar;jref;onfhtcg pdwfwGif;pGJrSwfxm;&rnfhtcsuftcsdKUrSm
uav;rsm;udk tcGit
hf a&;ay;yg/ vlxq
k ufo,
G af &;wGif uav;rsm;taejzifh rdrw
d \
Ykd
yJhwifoHazmfxkwf yg0ifcGifh&&ef cufcJvSygonf/ xdkYaMumifh if;wdkYukd ajymqdkcGifhay;&
ygrnf/
uav;rsm;ukd tav;xm;yg/ uav;rsm;onf twGi;f ususjI rifwwfNy;D av;pm;tyf

olrsm;jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh if;wdkYukd av;pm;rIjyo&efvdkygonf/
em;axmifyg/ owif;axmufwpfOD;taejzifh em;axmifwwfonfh pGrf;&nf&Sd&ef

vdkygonf/ xdkYaMumifh uav;rsm;taMumif;owif;a&;rnfholtaejzifh em;axmif
wwfonfh ynm&yf&SdbdkY vdkygonf/
uav;udk udk,fajymapcsif&m rajymcdkif;ygESifh/ uav;rsm;ukd vGwfvGwfvyfvyfjzifh

ajymcGifhay;&ygrnf/ rdrdajymapvdkonfht&mukd ajym&ef rwdkufwGef;ygESifh/ if;wdkY
ajymvdk&m ajymygap/
pdw&f n
S yf g/ vlBu;D rsm;taejzifh wufow
k f u
kd af om awGUar;jrif;rsKd ;ukd ajzqdEk ikd yf gonf/
uav;rsm;ESirhf l odrYk jyKvyk o
f ifyh g/ uav;rsm;ukd if;wdaYk jymaeustwdik ;f tcsed ,
f l
ajymMum;apcJv
h Qif if;wdx
Yk rH S yd
k wdusaom owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;&&SEd ikd yf gonf/
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;&Sdyg/ ar;cGef;rsm;ar;vQif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ar;yg/ rdrdar;aom

ar;cGef;ukd uav;oli,ftaeESihf em;vnfrI &Sdap&ygrnf/
zdtm;ray;ygESifh/ rnfonfhuav;rS if;wdkY\ xifjrif,lqcsufESifh ZmwfaMumif;

ajymqdk&ef rvdkyg/ uav;wdkYwGif jiif;qdkcGifh&Sdonfukd av;pm;&ygrnf/
uav;rsm;ESifh wajy;nDxdkifyg/ uav;ukd tay:rSrwfwyf&yfNyD; awGUar;jcif;

rjyKvyk &f yg/ uav;ESihf wajy;nDxikd v
f u
kd xdik ?f rwfwyf&yfvu
kd &yfNy;D ar;cGe;f ar;yg/
odkYjyKvkyfvQif uav;rsm;ydk oufawmifhoufom&SdNyD; ydktESpfom&&Sdaom
awGUar;jcif;jyKvkyfEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
ukd,fcsif;;pmyg/ wpfcsdefu uREfkyfwdkYtm;vHk;vnf; uav;rsm;jzpfonfukd rarhygESifh/
3?
uav;rsm;ukd owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;=cif;
uav;rsm;ESifh vli,frsm;onf owif;tcsuftvuftrsm;tjym;ukd vufvSrf;rDcGifh&SdaMumif;

CRC wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
CRC tydk'f
17
Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm;onf vlxq
k ufo,
G af &;\ ta&;ygaom aqmif&u
G Ef ikd o
f nft
h cef;u@ukd tod
trSwfjyKygonf/ uav;taejzifh jynfwGif;jynfyrS owif;xkwfjyefcsuftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh owif;
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh xdawGUrI&Sdap&ef aqmif&Gufay;&rnfjzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh uav;\ vlrIa&;?
,HMk unfu;dk uG,rf EI iS hf usi0hf wfqikd &f mtcsurf sm;? uk,
d pf w
d u
f se;f rma&;wdEYk iS q
hf ikd af om taMumif;
tcsufrsm;wdk;wufrI&Sdaponfh owif;rsdK;ukd vufvSrf;rDap&ygrnf/
CRC tydk'f
13
uav;wGif vGwv
f yfpmG azmfxw
k af jymqdck iG &hf ydS gonf/ owif;tcsut
f vufEiS hf pdwu
f ;l trsKd ;rsKd ;
ukd vGwv
f yfpmG &SmazGjcif;? vufc&H ,ljcif;ESihf jzefaY 0jcif;wdu
Yk dk vkyaf qmif&mwGif vGwv
f yfr&I adS p
&ygrnf/ rnfonfhtaMumif;tcsufukdrqdkEIwfjzifhvnf;aumif;? a&;om;jcif; odkYr[kwf yHkESdyf
vnf;aumif;? tEkynm&ojzihfaomfvnf;aumif;? uav;pdwfwdkif;us ESpfouf&m vlxk
qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;rS &,ljzefYa0EdkifcGifh &Sd&ygrnf/
vufpGJonf uav;ESihfvli,fwdkYudk tav;ay;onhf vlxkqufoG,fa&; ay:xGuf

vmatmif rnfodkY aqmif&Guf&rnfudk azmfjyonhfpmtkyfr[kwfyg/ ,leDquftaejzihf
oifwdkYuJhodkYaom jrefrmowif; orm;rsm;\ uav;rsm;ta&;ESihfywfouf ulnD
aqmif&u
G &f mwGif ta&;ygonft
h cef;u@udk tusO;f csKy&f iS ;f vif; azmfjy&efta&;Bu;D
onf[k ,lqvufcHygonf/ uav;rsm;ESihf vli,frsm;taejzihf owif;tcsuftvuf
rsm;udk vlxkqufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;rSwpfqihf &,lod&SdydkifcGifh&Sdonfudk od&Sdvm&ef
oifwdkYulnDaqmif&Guf&ygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ,aeYtcsdeftcg uav;rsm;onf yHkESdyfypnf;rsm;? vQyfppf tultnD

jzihfoHk;pGJ&onhfypnf;rsm; odkYr[kwf qufoG,fa&;vrf;prsm; tenf;i,fom &&Sdygao;
onf/ ,leq
D uftaejzihf vdt
k yfaeaomtcsuu
f kd jznfq
h nf;&ef owif;orm;rsm;ukd
wdkufwGef;ygonf/ rdrdwdkY wwfEdkifonfhbufu &yfwnfulnD&eftpOfoifh&Sdaeygonf/
uav;rsm;ESiv
fh il ,frsm;udk owif;ay;aejcif;onf tcsut
f vufrsm; a0rQaejcif;xuf
yd
k omygonf/ onfrmS touftvdu
k rf rd w
d pYkd w
d 0f ifpm;rnfh t&nftaoG;jynh0f onfh
owif;rsm; ay;ae&jcif;jzpfygonf/ if;owif;rsm;onf uav;wdkYzGHUNzdK;BuD;xGm;rI
usef;rma&;ESihf b0csrf;ajrUaysmf&Gif a&;wdkYudk jzpfay:apygonf/
35
rdrdwdkYvkyfief;rsm; uav;ESihfvli,fxk vuf0,fa&muf&Sdatmif aqmif&Guf&mwGif

atmufygtcsuf ESpfckudk odxm;&efvdkygonf/
jyojcif;jyKyg-ajymqdkjcif;rjyKygESihf/ vli,fy&dowftwGufa&;om;onftcg rdrd\
tpGr;f tpudk rjyrd&efta&;Bu;D ygonf/ vli,frsm;udk if;wdt
Yk aejzihf bmvkyo
f iho
f nf?
rnfodkYpOf;pm;oifhonf[k ajym,HkoufoufrQqdkvQif oihfy&dowf avsmhenf;oGm;rnf
jzpfygonf/ vli,frsm;onf if;wdYk toH;k tEI;H ajympum;rsKd ;jzihf if;wd\
Yk jyemrsm;udk
&Sif;vif;ajymjyrIrsdK;udk ykdvufcHwkefYjyefMuygonf/ if;wdkY\b0wdk;wufa&;twGuf
tjyKoabmaqmifonfh a&G;p&menf;vrf;rsm;ay;NyD; tb,faMumifh ESpfNcdKufvufcH
oiho
f nf[k wifjycJv
h Qif vli,frsm;yd
k vufcyH gonf/ odjYk yKvyk Ef ikd o
f nfeh nf;aumif;
wpfckrSm if;wdkYt&G,fvli,frsm;\ pHerlemxm;avmufonfhowif;rsdK; azmfjyjcif;
jzpfygonf/ tcuftcJjyemrsm; MuHKawGUae&aomfvnf; tudsK;&Sd&Sd ausmfvTm;EdkifNyD;
tcuftcJrsm;Mum;rS yef;wdkifodkY a&muf&Sdvm&ef udsK;yrf;cJhonfh uav;rsm;ESihf
vli,frsm;taMumif; azmfjyEdkifygonf/
uav;rsm;ESifhvli,frsm;onf rnfrQpGrf;aqmif&nf&Sdonfudk rarhtyfygonf/ oif\
uav;ESifh vli,f y&dowfw\
Ykd Pfynmxufrsurf EI iS fh pGr;f aqmif&nfwu
Ykd kd rarhygESi/fh
if;wdt
Yk wGuf Zmwfvrf;rsm; a&;aomtcg if;wd\
Yk Pf&nftqihEf iS fh pdw0f ifpm;rIwu
Ykd kd
avsmrh wGuyf gESi/fh y&dowfEiS &fh if;ES;D <urf;0ifaom toH;k tEI;H rsKd ; oH;k cJv
h Qif Iyaf xG;cufcJ
onfhtajctaersm;udk enf;vnfEdkifpGrf;&SdvmNyD; ,if;&&Sdonfh owif;tcsuftvuf
ay:rlwnf ta&;,lvkyfudkifrIrsm;jyKvkyfvmEdkifygonf/ t&nftaoG;jynhf0onfh
taxmuftulESihf yHhydk;rIudk rnfodkYESihf rnfonfhae&mwGif &SmazGawGU&SdEdkif onfudk
vli,frsm;odvmonfhtcg if;wdkY\ b0wdk;wufvma&;twGuf ajymif;vJrIrsm;
jyKvkyfvmrnf jzpfygonf/
4?
usihf0wfqdkif7mvdkufemp7mrsm;
uav;rsm;uku
d muG,rf aI y;jcif;? uav;rsm;taMumif; owif;a&;om;onft
h cg oifwt
Ykd aejzihf
[kwfrSef&mudkomajymqdkygrnf[kusdefqdkxm;onfudkpdwfxJtjrJpGJrSwfNyD; vufcHusifhoHk;&ef
,leDqufu wdkufwGef;tyfygonf/ OD;pGmtaejzihf uav;rsm;xdcdkufepfemrI&Sdap&ef rjyKvkyf
jcif;yifjzpfygonf/
oifa&;om;onfo
h wif;onf uav;udx
k cd u
kd rf I &SEd ikd -f r&SEd ikd f raocsmcJv
h Qif trSm;t,Gi;f
r&Sdap&ef txl;*kpdkuf&efvdkygrnf/ vlBuD;rsm;taejzihf yxrqHk;,l&rnfhwm0efrSm
uav;rsm;tusdK;udk arQmfudk;aqmif&Guf&efyifjzpfygonf/
,leq
D ufEiS t
fh jcm;tzGUJ rsm;onf uav;rsm;taMumif; owif;a&;&mwGif vdu
k ef m&rnfh
usi0hf wfqikd &f m pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk azmfxw
k x
f m;ygonf/ tb,faMumifq
h akd omf uav;rsm;
onfvlBuD;rsm;&&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;twdkif; r&&SdEdkifjzpfygonf/ uav;rsm;udk
txl;umuG,frIay;jcif;jzihf if;wdkY\tcGifhta&;rsm;udk av;pm;rI&Sdap&efvnf;
aqmif&Guf&efvdkygonf/ vdkufemp&musihf0wfrsm;onf oif\pme,fZif;orm;
wpfa,mufvkyfaqmifbG,f&mrsm;udk abmifcwfonfh ud&d,mwpfckr[kwfyg/ oif
a&;om;aeonfh uav;rsm;ESihfqdkifaom owif;rsm;wGif uav;wdkY\tcGihfta&;udk
umuG,frI ay;&mwGif toHk;0ifonfhud&d,mwpfckom jzpfygonf/
rdrdvkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifaepOf pdwfxJwGiftjrJpGJrSwfxm;&rnfhrl0g'rsm;rSm
today;oabmwlnDcsuf,lyg/ uav;rsm;ESihfvli,frsm;onf owif;Zmwfvrf;

wpfy'k af &;&eftwGuf oifEiS yfh ;l aygif;aqmif&u
G jf cif;jzihf xGuaf y:vmrnfh tusKd ;quf
rsm;udk tjrJwrf; tjynhft0 vufcHtodtrSwfjyKEdkifrnfr[kwfay/ xkdYaMumifh
uav;\tusKd ;udk a&SUIum umuG,af pmihaf &SmufraI y;aeonfh rdbrsm;? tkyx
f ed ;f
olrsm; odkYr[kwf vlBuD;rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;udk if;wdkY\ oabmwlnDrIjzihfom
awGUqHak r;jref;jcif;? "mwfykH u
kd cf jH cif; ponfwu
Ykd kd jyKvyk
f &ygonf/ aemufqufwJG
jzpfvmEdik o
f nfh tusKd ;qufrsm;udk vufcEH ikd pf rG ;f &So
d nfukd aocsmatmif jyKvyk x
f m;
&ygrnf/
Zmwfwu
kd x
f m;jcif;rjyK&yg/ uav;rsm;udk bmvky&f rnf? bmajym&rnf[k rajym&yg/
owif; axmufaumif;wpfa,mufonf ta,mifaqmiftjzpfrsKd ;udk azmfjyavhr&Syd g/
dk;om;NyD; wdusrI &Sdap&ygrnf/
zdtm;ray;ygESihf/ oifawGUar;vdkol uav;rsm;tm; awGUqHkar;jref;cH&ef odkYr[kwf

"mwfyHkdkufcH&ef twif;tMuyfrjyKvkyf&yg/ olwdkY\oabmqEudk av;pm;rI
jyK&ygrnf/ uav;rsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G jf cif; rjyKEikd [
f k jiif;qdEk ikd cf iG &hf ydS gonf/
txl;vQdKU0Sufxm;jcif;/ uav;rsm;\ yJhwifoHudkMum;atmif jyKvkyf&efvdkouJhodkY

if;wdkY rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfqdkonfudk tjcm;olrsm;rodap&ef vQdKU0SufumuG,frI
ay;&efvo
kd nft
h cgrsm;vnf; &Syd gonf/ vdiq
f ikd &f mrw&m;usiMfh ucH &H jcif; odrYk [kwf
acgif;yHjk zwfc&H aom uav;wpfO;D udk rnfonft
h cgrQ azmfxw
k rf jy&[k ,leq
D ufu
wdkufwGef;tyfygonf/ kyfydkif;ESihf vdifydkif;qdkif&m rawmfrw&m;jyKusihfonfh jypfrI
usL;vGeaf om uav;rsm;udv
k nf; azmfjyjcif;rjyK&yg/ jypfru
I sL;vGeo
f nfu
h av;rsm;?
tdyfcsftdkifAGDâttkdif'Dtufpf cHpm;ae&aom uav;rsm; rnfolrnf0g jzpfonf
qdo
k nfuv
kd nf; vQKd U0Suu
f muG,rf aI y;&ef vdyk gonf/ uav;rnforl nf0gjzpfonf[k
37
azmfxkwfjyvdkufonfESihf uav;twGuf xdcdkufrIjzpf? tcuftcJMuHKawGU&onfh

om"ursm;&Syd gonf/ jrefrmEdik if rH sKd ;wGif uav;rsm;rnforl nf0gjzpfonfqo
kd nfukd
azmfxw
k jf yvdu
k o
f nfEiS fh xdu
k av; odrYk [kwf vli,ftaejzihf &ifqikd &f rnft
h cuftcJ
'kuu
kd pdwx
f pJ rJG w
S x
f m;&ef ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ if;wdu
Yk kd bufaygif;pHrk S wdu
k cf u
kd v
f mEdik f
rnfh&efrS tjynhft0 tumtuG,fay;&rnf jzpfygonf/
umuG,frIay;jcif;/ uav;odumESihfywfouf owdxm;&rnfhuav;rsdK;udk

awGUar;onft
h cg if;udt
k rsm;rjrif&efEiS hf xdcu
kd rf rI &Sad pEdik af om vHjk cKH onhf ae&mrsKd ;
wGif awGUar;&ygrnf/ wpm;cH uav;rsm;jzpfae&ojzihf ,if;tcsuaf y:vGiaf tmif
owif;a&;om;azmfjy&efvdkygonf/
rsufESmomay;jcif;/ bufvdkufrIuif;&Sif;&ef usdK;pm;&ygrnf/ uav;rsm;\ vlrsdK;?

vdif? vlaerI tqihftwef;? EdkifiHa&;tjrif Ia'gifh odkYr[kwf taMumif;tcsufrsm;
aMumihf uav;rsm;udk cGjJ cm;qufqjH cif; rjyK&yg/ rdro
d wif;a&;aeonfh uav;rsm;
odkYr[kwf vli,frsm;udk yHkao worwfwnf; owfrSwfrxm;&yg/
usifh0wfqkdi7f m vrf;!$ecf sufrsm; - ukvor*~u

~ av;rsm;7efykHaiGtzGJ]
uav;oli,frsm;ESihfywfouf+yD; usifh0wfEiS hftnD owif;ay;ydkh=cif;twGut
f a=ccHrlrsm;
uav;oli,frsm;? vli,fvl&G,frsm;ESifh pyfvsOf; owif;ay;ydkYMu&wGif oD;jcm;pdefac:rIrsm;
&daS eygonf/ tcsKd Uaomudpr sm;wGif uav;oli,frsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f owif;ay;ydv
Yk u
kd jf cif;aMumifh
xdkuav;oli,frsm;wGifjzpfap? tjcm;aomuav;rsm;wGifjzpfap 'PfcwfcH&rnfh tE&m,f?
trnf;pufpGef;xif;rnfhtE&m,frsm; ay:aygufvm&wwfayonf/
uav;oli,frsm;tay: du
k cf wfvsu&f o
Sd nfh ta&;udpr sm;ESihf pyfvsO;f Ny;D pme,fZif;q&mrsm;u
owif;ay;ydkYMu&mwGif taxmuftuljyK&ef ukvor*uav;rsm; &efyHkaiGtzGJU (,leDquf) u
tajccHrrl sm;udk a&;qGx
J m;ygonf/ tajccHrrl sm;onf uav;rsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f owif;ay;ydYk
Mu&mwGif uav;rsm;\touft&G,Ef iS hf avsmn
f ND y;D [D&Md owy w&m;vufuikd x
f m;vsuf wifjy
Edkifa&;twGuf taxmuftyHhjzpfaprnf[k ,leDqufu,HkMunfxm;aom vrf;Tefcsufrsm;[k
vnf; qdkEdkifygonf/ vrf;Tefcsufrsm;onf uav;oli,frsm;\ tcGifhta&;udk paw;jcif;
tvsOf;r&dSbJ vltrsm;\ pdwf0ifpm;rIvdktifudk jznfhqnf;ay;a&;[laom usifh0wfapmifhxdef;
onfh owif;axmufrsm;\ taumif;jrwfq;kH &nf&,
G cf surf sm;udk ulnyD yhH ;kd ay;&efomjzpfygonf/
1?
ta=ccHrrl sm;
1/
uav;oli,fwdkif;\ *kPfodumESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk rnfonfhtajctaersdK;rqdk

av;pm;dkaoMu&rnf/
2/
uav;oli,frsm;tm; awGUqHkar;jref;&mwGifjzpfap? olwdkYESifhpyfvsOf;NyD; owif;ay;ydkY

&mwGifjzpfap oD;oefYaeydkifcGifh? aygufMum;rI r&dSapa&; olwdkY\oabmxm;t,ltq
rsm;udkazmfxkwfcGifh? olwdkYtm;dkufcwfvsuf&dSaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif yg0if
aqmif&u
G cf iG ?hf jzpfvmEdik zf ,
G &f o
Sd nfh temw&ESihf 'Pfcwfc&H rnfh tE&m,fwt
Ykd ygt0if
temw&jzpfjcif;ESifh 'PfcwfcH&jcif;wdkYrS tumuG,fay;rI &,lcHpm;cGifhwnf;[laom
uav;oli,fwpfOD;pD\ tcGifhta&;rsm; txl;tav;ay;NyD;rS aqmif&GufMu&rnf/
3/
rnfonfu
h pd u
rkd qdk aqmif&u
G o
f nft
h cg uav;oli,frsm;\ ta&;udpr sm;udk axmufcH
tm;ay;jcif;ESifh uav;oli,ftcGifhta&;rsm;udk jrifhwifazmfaqmifjcif;wdkY tygt0if
uav;oli,fwpfOD;pDtwGuf tusdK;udk twwfEdkifqHk; a&SUIaqmif&GufMu&rnf/
4/
uav;oli,fwpfOD;\tusdK;udk pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfonfhtcgwGif uav;\touft&G,f

ESifh &ifhusufrItay:rlwnfNyD; xm;&dStyfaom av;eufrIudkwGufcsufNyD;rSomvQif xdk
uav;oli,f\ xifjrif,lqcsuftm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;Mu&rnf/
5/
Edik if aH &;? vlraI &;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIqikd &f m taMumif;csi;f &mrsm;ESihf ywfoufNy;D uav;i,f
wpfO;D \ xifjrif,q
l csut
f m; owif;a&;&mwGif xdu
k av;oli,fEiS hf teD;pyfq;kH vnf;
jzpfum olEiS t
hf xdtawGUtrsm;qH;k vnf;jzpforl sm;tm; wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;Ny;D rSom owif;
a&;Mu&rnf/
6/
trnfemrrsm;udk vSD;vTJvnf;aumif;? zHk;zdvnf;aumif;? razmfjybJvnf;aumif;

owif;ay;ydkYonfhwdkif uav;oli,fwpfOD;wpfa,mufudk jzpfap? olYarG;csif;aygufazmf
rsm;udkjzpfap? olESifh&G,fwlrsm;udkjzpfap tE&m,fjzpfaeapEdkifaom owif;? odkYr[kwf
owif;"mwfyHkudk razmfjy&/
2?
uav;oli,frsm;tm; awG]qHkar;=ref;=cif;twGuf vrf;!$ecf sufrsm;
1/
rnfonfhuav;oli,fudkrQ 'kuray;&/ ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m wefzdk;xm;rIrsm;tm;

a0zefwdujyKaom? pmemaxmufxm;jcif;r&dSaom ar;cGef;rsm;? oabmxm;rsm;?
rSwfcsufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? uav;i,fwpfa,muftm; tE&m,fjzpfapEdkifaom?
t&SufwuGJtusdK;enf; jzpfapEdkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;? oabmxm;rsm;? rSwfcsufrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? pdwfxdcdkufp&mtjzpftysufrsm;aMumifh uav;i,fwGif emusifrIrsm;?
ylaqG;aMuuGJrIrsm; topfwpfzefjyefcHpm;ap&Edkifaom ar;cGef;rsm;? oabmxm;rsm;?
rSwfcsufrsm;udkvnf;aumif; a&SmifMuOfMu&rnf/
39
2/
uav;oli,frsm;tm; awGUqHkar;jref;&eftwGuf a&G;cs,f&mwGif usm;-r? vlrsdK;?

touft&G,?f bmoma&;? tqift
h wef;? ynma&; tajctae? kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m t&nf
taoG;rsm; ponfwdkYtay:wGif vdkufNyD; cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;rjyK&/
3/
xd;k Zmwfrcif;&/ olw\

Ykd wu,fb
h 0ZmwfaMumif; r[kwaf om tcef;u@wpfcck w
k iG f
yg0if toHk;awmfcH&efaomfvnf;aumif;? ajymjyap&efaomfvnf;aumif; uav;i,f
rsm;tm; rawmif;qdk&/
4/
owif;axmufwpfOD;ESifhpum;ajymaeonfudk uav;oli,fujzpfap? uav;oli,f

tm; tkyx
f ed ;f olujzpfap aumif;pGmod&aSd eap&ef aqmif&u
G &f rnf/ awGUqHak r;jref;csuf
\ &nf&G,fcsufESifhwuG tqdkygawGUqHkar;jref;csuftm; rnfodkYrnfyHktoHk;jyKrnfudkyg
&Sif;vif;ajymjy&rnf/
5/
awGUqHkar;jref;jcif;rsm; tm;vHk;twGufvnf;aumif;? AD'D,dkdkuful;jcif;twGuf

vnf;aumif;? jzpfEdkifvQif owif;"mwfyHkrsm;twGufvnf;aumif; uav;i,fESifhwuG
olYtm; tkyfxdef;olwdkYxHrS cGifhjyKcsufudk&,l&rnf/ vdktyfonfhtcgrsm;wGif jzpfEdkifvQif
tqdyk g cGijhf yKcsuo
f nf pmESiahf &;om;xm;aom cGijhf yKcsuo
f mjzpfoifo
h nf/ xdo
k Ykd cGijhf yKcsuf
ud&k ,l&mwGif rnfonfeh nf;rsKd ;ESirhf Q twif;tusyaf pcdik ;f Ny;D &,lxm;jcif;rsKd ; rjzpfap&/
xdt
Yk jyif a'owGi;f wGijf zpfap? urmtESo
YH jYkd zpfap jzefaY 0rnfh owif;xJwiG f olwYkd yg0ifae
rnfukd aumif;pGmoabmayguf em;vnfNy;D rS cGijhf yKaom cGijhf yKcsurf sKd ; omjzpfap&rnf/
cGifhjyKcsufudk uav;\bmompum;jzifh&,lEdkifNyD; uav;u ,HkMunfaom vlBuD;wpf
a,mufESifh ndEdIif;qHk;jzwfNyDrSom tqdkygcGifhjyKcsufudk &,loifhygonf/
6/
uav;tm; rnfonfah e&mwGif rnforYkd nfykH awGUqHak r;jref;rnfukd aumif;pGm *kpu

kd yf g/
awGUqHk;ar;jref;rnfholrsm;ESifh "mwfyHkq&mrsm;\ ta&twGufudkvnf; uefYowfyg/
uav;taeESifh oufaomifhoufom &dSaeNyD; awGUqHkar;jref;oludk,fwdkiftygt0if
rnfonfh jyify ya,m*rS ryg&dSapbJ olwdkY\tjzpftysufudk ajymjyEdkifaeap&ef zdzd
pD;pD; BudK;pm;aqmif&Gufyg/ kyf&Sif? AD'D,dkESifh a&'D,dk awGUqHkar;jref;cef;rsm;wGif tkyf
toH aemufcHaMumifh uav;\b0udkjzpfap? Zmwfvrf;udkjzpfap apmif;yg;&dyfjcnf
azmfjy&m a&mufaewwfonfudk owdcsyfyg/ uav;\ aetdrf? &yfuGuf? a,bk,s
oGm;vmwwfonfhae&mrsm;udk jyovdkufjcif;tm;jzifh uav;wGif &efjyKjcif; rcH&ap&ef
aomfvnf;aumif;? rvdkvm;tyfaom tusdK;qufrsm; ray:aygufvmap&efaomf
vnf;aumif; *kwpdkuf aqmif&GufMu&rnf/
3?
uav;oli,frsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;I owif;a7;=cif;twGuf

vrf;!$ecf sufrsm;
1/
uav;i,ftm; aemufxyftrnf;puf xyfrHrpGef;xif;ygapESifh/ olwdkYaexdkif&m

&yfuGufrsm;rS olwdkYtay:wGif kyfydkif;t&jzpfap? pdwfydkif;udkjzpfapxyfrH xdcdkufepfem
aprnfh tjzpfrsdK;? wpfoufvHk; ESdyfpufnOf;yrf;cHoGm;EdkifbG,f&dSonfhtjzpfrsdK;? cGJjcm;
qufqHrnfh tjzpfrsdK;? 0dkif;y,foGm;aprnfhtjzpfrsdK;rsm;tygt0if uav;i,ftwGuf
rvdkvm;tyf aom wHkYjyefrIrsm;ay:aygufvmEdkifapaom twef;tpm;cGJjcm;jcif;?
trsdK;trnfcGJjcm;jcif; rsm;udk a&SmifMuOfMu&rnf/
2/
uav;i,f\ Zmwfvrf;udkjzpfap? kyfyHkvTmudkjzpfap azmfjyonfhtcgwGif wdusrSefuef

aom tcsuftvufrsm;udkom tjrJwef;azmfjy&rnf/
3/
uav;i,fonf
(u) vdifrIudptwGuf nOf;yrf;ESdyfpufcHvdkuf&aom? odkYr[kwf rw&m;tjrwfxkwf
cHvdkuf&aom om;aumifjzpfaevQifaomfvnf;aumif;?
(c) kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mt&jzpfap? vdirf u
I pd w
iG jf zpfap jypfru
I sL;vGeo
f l w&m;cHjzpfaevQif
aomfvnf;aumif;?
(*) tdy(f cs)f tdik Af aGD &m*gyd;k &daS eol? odrYk [kwf attdik 'f t
D uf(pf)a&m*gjzifh aexdik v
f suf
&dSoljzpfaeNyD; tqdkygudptm; owif;ay;ydkYjcif;tm; uav;oli,fudk,fwdkifu
jzpfap? olrY b
d ujzpfap? tkyx
f ed ;f olujzpfap aumif;pGmoabmaygufem;vnfNy;D
tjynfht0oabmwlcGifhjyKjcif; r&dSygvQifaomfvnf;aumif;?
(C) &mZ0wfjypfrIwpfckcktwGuf pGJcsufwifcHxm;&ol? odkYr[kwf jypf'PfcsrSwfjcif;
cHxm;&oljzpfaevQifaomfvnf;aumif;?
tqdyk g uav;i,f\ trnfukd vS;D vTJ azmfjy&rnfjzpfNy;D rsupf jd zifjh rifomaom kyyf v
kH mT
wpfckckudk azmfjy&mwGifvnf; rnfolrnf0grSef; rodomatmif zHk;zHk;zdzdazmfjyMu&rnf/
4/
tE&m,f&dSaom? odkYwnf;r[kwf xdcdkufepfemEdkifbG,f? 'PfcwfcH&bG,f tE&m,f&dSae

aom tajctaersdK; rnfonfhuav;i,frqdk
(u) vwfwavmjzpfap? ,cifujzpfap wdu
k yf 0JG ifppfonfjzpfonf[v
k nf;aumif;?
(c) cdv
k cIH iG ahf wmif;cHo?l odrYk [kwf 'kuo
nf? odrYk [kwf jynfwiG ;f wGif ae&ma&TUajymif;cH
xm;&oljzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;?
owfrSwfcHxm;&onfjzpfvQif xdkuav;i,f\trnfudk vSD;vTJazmfjy&rnfjzpfNyD;
rsufpdjzifhjrifomaom kyfyHkvTmwpfckckudk azmfjy&mwGifvnf; rnfolrnf0grSef; rodom
atmif zHk;zHk;zdzdazmfjyMu&rnf/
41
5/
tcsKd Uaom udpr sm;wGif uav;rSm rnforl nf0gjzpfonfukd azmfjyaomtrnfujkd zpfap?

rSwrf v
d ,
G af om kyyf v
kH mT udjk zpfap? ESprf sKd ;pvH;k udjk zpfap toH;k jyKjcif;onf uav;twGuf
tvGet
f usKd ;&daS eEdik yf gonf/ odw
Yk ikd af tmif uav;rnforl nf0gjzpfaMumif;udk azmfxw
k f
vdkufjcif;aMumifh uav;tay:usa&mufvmEdkifbG,f&dSaom ab;tE&m,frS umuG,f
ay;&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif trnf;pufpGef;xif;jcif;ESifh vufwHkYjyefrIcH&jcif;wdkYrcH&atmif
vnf; az;rapmifha&Smufay;Mu&rnf/
xl;jcm;aom xdktajctaersdK;rsm;twGuf OyrmwcsdKUrSm (u) vGwv
f yfpmG ajymqdck iG Ehf iS hf olw\
Ykd oabmxm;t,ltqrsm;udk ajymMum;cGirhf sm;
udk toHk;jyKvdkonfhtwGuf owif;axmufESifh qufoG,fjcif;udk uav;i,f
wpfa,mufu pwifaqmif&GufonfhtcgrsdK;?
(c) jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGujf zpfap? vlrI aI &; vIy&f mS ;rIwpf&yftwGujf zpfap a&&Snf
vkyu
f ikd af eaom tpDtpOfwpf&yfwiG f uav;i,fu yg0ifaqmif&u
G v
f Qu&f NSd y;D
,if;odkYaqmif&Gufvsuf&dSonfudkvnf; today;vdkonfhtcgrsdK;ESifh
(*) uav;i,fonf vlrpI w
d yf nmtpDtpOfwpf&yfwiG f yg0ifaeNy;D ol\trnfEiS hf
olrnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudk azmfjyjcif;aMumif;wdkYaMumifh usef;rmMuHUcdkifpGm
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmEdkifonf[k wifjyvmonfhtcgrsdK;wdkYjzpfygonf/
6/
uav;i,f ajymjyonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;\ cdkifvHkwdusrIudk tjcm;uav;i,frsm;

jzifjh zpfap? t&G,af &mufaeolwpfO;D jzifjh zpfap twnfjyKMu&ygrnf/ tjcm;uav;i,f
rsm;a&m t&G,fa&mufaeolwpfOD;uyg twnfjyKay;EdkifvQif ydkaumif;ygonf/
7/
uav;i,fwpfa,mufwiG f tE&m,f&ESd ikd o

f nf[k oHo,jzpfz,
G &f aSd eygu uav;i,f
ajymjyaom Zmwfvrf;u owif;wefz;kd rnfrQyif &daS eapumrl xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ
uav;oli,frsm;twGuf a,bk,stajctaeudkom owif;ydkYMu&rnfjzpfonf/
4?
,leDquf pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;tm; toHk;=yK=cif;
pmom;rsm;? "mwfyHkrsm;? kyfyHkvTmrsm;ESifh AD'D,dkwdwfacGrsm;tygt0if ,leDquf pm&Gufpmwrf;

rsm;tm;vHk;udk rlydkifcGifhjzifh umuG,fxm;ygonf/ rnfonfh ,leDqufpm&Gufpmwrf;rsdK;udkrqdk
jyefvnfazmfjyjcif;twGuf ,if;pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; jrpfzsm;cH&m ,leq
D uf;kH rS cGijhf yKcsuaf wmif;cH
&ygrnf/ pmcRefyg tajccHrlrsm;ESifh vrf;Tefcsufrsm;tm; vdkufemrSomvQif cGifhjyKcsuf
&&dES ikd yf gvdrrhf nf/
ud;k um;csurf sm; - uav;oli,frsm;tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m y#dOfpmwrf;? uav;oli,ftcGit
hf a&;rsm;ESihf rD',
D m - pme,fZif;q&mrsm;twGuf
vrf;Tefcsufrsm;? EdkifiHwum; pme,fZif;tzGJUcsKyf/ txl;umuG,fapmifha&SmufrIudk vdktyfvsuf&dSaom uav;i,frsm;ESifh rD'D,m (XmewGif;
pmcRef)? ,leDquf qufoG,fa&; XmecGJ? tdyf(csf)tdkifAGDâttdkif'Dtuf(pf)ESifh vlYtcGifhta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ? ukvor*
taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf/
pme,fZif;orm;rsm;ESihq
f ufoG,af 7;orm;rsm;twGuv
f kduef mp7mtcsufrsm;
(tjynfjynfqdkif&mowif;pmq&mrsm;tzGJUrSaumufEIwfcsuf)
owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh vlxq
k ufo,
G af &;tzGUJ rsm;onf uav;rsm;taMumif; owif;ay;ydo
Yk nfh
tcg vdkufemtyfonfh usifh0wfudkapmifhxdef;Mu&ygonf/ txl;ojzihfatmufygwdkYudk vdkufem
apmifx
h ed ;f &ygrnf/
1/
uav;rsm;yg0ifywfoufEdkifrI&Sdonfhjzpf&yfrsm;udk owif;a&;om;onfhtcg wdusrIESihf

vlwdkYpdwfudk nKdU,lEdkifpGrf;&Sdatmif usdK;yrf;&ygrnf/
2/
uav;rsm;tm; ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif;jzpfapEdkifaom owif;tcsuftvufrsdK; pDpOf

xkwfvTihfjcif; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;rsdK; a&Smif&Sm;&ygrnf/
3/
xkwaf 0aompmapmif r*Zif;udk a&mif;tm;jrihw

f ufap&eftwGuf uav;rsm;tm; tjypf
wif tykycf s jcif;? cHpm;rIyikd ;f qdik &f mtom;ay;rIrsKd ;jzihf azmfjyjcif;wdu
Yk kd a&Smif&mS ;&ygrnf/
4/
uav;rsm;ESihfqdkifaom rnfonfhyHkESdyfxkwfa0rIudkrqdk aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmrnfh

tcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ygrnf/ uav;wdkYudk xdcdkufrIenf;EdkiforQ enf;ap&
ygrnf/
5/
vlxt
k usKd ;twGuf azmfxw
k jf yo&efrvdt
k yfcv
hJ Qif uav;rsmudk azmfjyjcif;? azmfxw
k jf cif;
rjyKvkyf &ef tumtuG,fay;&ygrnf/
6/
rnfonfhaoG;aqmifzsm;a,mif;jcif;rsdK;rS ryg0ifbJ uav;rsm;taejzihf rdrdwdkY t,l

tqudk azmfjyEdkif&ef owif;qufoG,fa&;jzihf qufpyfawGU&SdcGihf&Sdatmif vkyfaqmif
ay;&ygrnf/
7/
uav;rsm;ay;onfh owif;udk oD;jcm;vGwfuif;pGm&Sif;vif;rI&Sdatmif vkyf&rnfjzpfNyD;

,if;odkYjyKvkyfonfhtcg owif;ay;ydkYonfhuav;udk tE&m,fjzpfapjcif;rsdK;r&Sdap&yg/
8/
uav;rsm;\ vdifydkif;qdkif&myg0ifywfoufrI kyfyHkrsm;udk roHk;qGJ&yg/
9/
"mwfyHkrsm;udk yGifhvif;? dk;om;pGmjzihf ormorwfusus&,l&ygrnf/ jzpfEdkifvQif

uav;rsm;ud,
k w
f ikd f odrYk [kwf wm0efcv
H Bl u;D ? tkyx
f ed ;f ol? apmihaf &Smufol wdu
Yk kd today;
oabmwlnDrIjzihf &,l&ygrnf/
43
10/
uav;rsm;ta&; ajymqdjk cif; odrYk [kwf uav;rsm;tusKd ;twGuf ud,

k pf m;jyKaqmif&u
G af e
aom rnfonfhtzGJUudkrqdk if;wdkY\cdkifvHkrSefuefrItajctaeudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
odatmifvkyfxm;&rnf jzpfygonf/
11/
uav;rsm;\tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf trSefwu,fvkyfaqmifrIrsdK;udk rjyoEdkifcJhvQif

uav;tkyx
f ed ;f olEiS fh rdbrsm;udk aiGaMu;ray;&yg/ uav;rsm;udk if;wdyYk g0ifrI twGuf
vnf; aiGaMu;ray;&yg/
wifjyvmaomtpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk pme,fZif;orm;rsm;u aocsmpGmpdppfydkif;jcm;

ppfaq;&ygrnf/ EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;u if;wdkY\EdkifiHwGif CRC taumiftxnf
azmfaeonf[k aMunmcsufudkvnf; ppfaq;&ygrnf/
vlxkqufoG,fa&;taejzihf uav;rsm;\tajctaeudk jzpf&yfrsm;taeESihfom

pOf;pm;owif; ay;ydkYjcif;rjyK&yg/ odkYaomf ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;jzpfay:aponfh
tajctaejzpfpOfrsm;udk pOfqufrjywf owif;ay;ydkYae&rnf jzpfygonf/
tydki;f (3)
aemufqufwGJrsm;
45
=refrmhowif;pmq7mrsm;.
usih0f wfqkdi7f mvrf;!$ef
]]jrefrmhowif;pmq&mrsm;\apmihfxdrf;tyfaom usihf0wfqdkif&mvrf;Tef}} udk jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd
ukvor*uav;rsm;&efyHkaiGtzGJU\ jyefMum;a&;ESihf vlxkqufoG,fa&;XmerS pnf;kH;usif;yonfh
owif;ESihf pme,fZif;oifwef;udk wufa&mufaeonfh owif;pmq&mtzGJUrS 2004 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv
24? Ak'[l;aeYwGif azmfxkwftwnfjyKcJhonf/
1/
owif;pmq&monf owif;rsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;onfhtcgwGif kd;om;ajzmifhrwf

rSeu
f efonfh enf;vrf;rsm;udo
k m usio
hf ;kH rnf/ owif;rsm;udk k;d om;ajzmifrh wfNy;D wdus
rSeu
f efpmG bufrvdu
k b
f J rQwpGm xkwrf nf/ owif;rsm;udk teuf t"dyg ,fajymif;vJjcif;?
vdkovdkajymif;vJjcif;ESihf t"dutcsuftvufrsm;udk y,fzsufjcif; r&Sdap&/
2/
owif;pmq&monf &&Sdonfhowif;tcsuftvuftm;vHk;udk cdkifvHkrI&Sd^r&Sd ppfaq;

&rnf/ owif;ay;ol odrYk [kwf tzGUJ tpnf;tm;vH;k onf pdwcf s&aMumif;udv
k nf; ppfaq;
twnfjyKrnf/
3/
owif;pkaqmif;onfhtcgjzpfap? awGUqHkar;jref;onfhtcgjzpfap? owif;pmq&monf

rdrdudk,fudk owif;pmq&mtjzpfazmfjy&rnf/ vQdKU0Sufowif;rsm; pkaqmif;onfh
tcgrsdK;rSvGJ rnfonfhtcgrQ rdrdonf rnfolrnf0gjzpfaMumif;udk vdrfvnfjcif;?
[efaqmifjcif; rjyK&/ uJYodkYjyKvkyf&onfhtajctaersdK;onf tvGef&Sm;ygonf/
4/
owif;pmq&m\ a&S;OD;uwdu0wfonf owif;pmzwfolrsm;yifjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh

olonf vGwv
f yfpmG aqmif&u
G &f rnf/ owif;rsm;udk xkwjf yef&m rnfonft
h zGUJ tpnf;?
odkYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;ESihfqufpyfrIrsdK;rS zdtm;ay;rI r&Sdap&/
5/
owif;pmq&monf ol\vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&GufrIudk xdyg;aprnfh v'fay;jcif;rsm;?

wpdk;vufaqmifrsm;ESihf aiGrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrS vufcHjcif;rjyK&/
6/
owif;pmq&monf trSm;t,Gi;f rsm;? rwdusrrI sm;udk wwfEikd pf rG ;f &So

d rQ a&Smif&mS ;rnf/
odkYaomfvnf; jzpfay:vmygu aqmvQifpGm jyifqifrIrsm;jyKvkyfrnf/
tydkif; (3) aemufqufwGJrsm;
47
7/
owif;pmq&monf owif;rsm;udk pkaqmif;&SmazG&mwGif ywfoufaeoltm;vHk;udk

av;pm;rnf/ xdkolrsm;tm; Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;? t"rjyKjcif;ESifh tmPmudk oHk;pGJjcif;jzifh
owif;rsm;&,ljcif; rjyKvkyf&/
8/
owif;pmq&monf rdrd\owif;aMumifh wdkif;&if;om;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifjzpfap?

vlrsdK;a&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifjzpfap? bmoma&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifjzpfap? odkYr[kwf
,HkMunfrI wpfckckwGifjzpfap? awG;ac:qifjcifrIrjyKEdkifolrsm;wGifjzpfap? trsdK;om;^
trsdK;orD; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGifjzpfap? toufydkif;jcm; tkyfpkrsm;wGifjzpfap rkef;wD;rI
odkYr[kwf cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;rIrsm; rjzpfap&/
9/
owif;pmq&monf olwyg;a&;om;xm;onfrsm;udk ,l owif;Zmwfvrf;wGifaomf

vnf;aumif;? pdwu
f ;l jzifah &;om;rIrsm;wGiaf omfvnf;aumif; rnfonft
h cgrQ rjyKvyk &f /
10/
owif;pmq&monf olwyg;? txl;ojzifh omrefy*k Kd vrf sm;\ ud,

k af &;ud,
k w
f mqdik &f m
tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk av;pm;vdu
k ef m&rnf/ pdwaf MuuGaJ eolrsm;? tMurf;zufjcif; odrYk [kwf
vdiu
f pd j zifah pmfum;jcif;cHc&hJ olrsm;ESifh 'kua &mufaeolrsm;\ ud,
k af &;ud,
k w
f m qdik &f m
tcGifhta&;rsm;udk txl;av;pm;vdkufem&rnf/
11/
owif;pmq&monf olwyg;\ vlYtcGifhta&;ESihf odumudk apmfum;xdcdkufjcif;rjyK&/
12/
owif;pmq&monf vufpm;acsvdkjcif;? t&GJUwdkufjcif;? jzpfpOfa[mif;rsm;udk jyefvnf

acsyjcif;? rdrdudk,fudk jrifhwifjcif;? rdrdtwGuf tusdK;tjrwfrsm; &&Sdjcif;ESihf rdrd\
BudKufESpfoufrI ponfwdkYudk &nf&G,fNyD; owif;xkwfjyefjcif;rjyKvkyf&/
13/
owif;pmq&mtcsi;f csi;f twwfynm odrYk [kwf uRr;f usirf u

I kd rxdcu
kd af p&/ owif;pm
q&mwdik ;f onf Ncrd ;f ajcmufrt
I rsKd ;rsKd ;rS uif;&Si;f pGm vkyu
f ikd Ef ikd o
f nfh tcGit
fh a&;&So
d nfukd
tcsi;f csi;f yHyh ;kd uln&D rnf/ xdt
Yk jyif owif;pmq&mwdik ;f \ vGwv
f yfpmG owif;xkwjf yef
EdkifcGihfjzpfonfh r&SdrjzpftcGihfta&;udkvnf; tcsif;csif;apmifha&SmufumuG,f&rnf/
pD;yGm;a7;ESihfzG]H +zdK;wdk;wufr_qkdi7f m
a0g[m7pm7if;
jynfyaiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf; vufusef ((Balance of Payments))
jynfyaiGay;aiG,l &Sif;wrf;vufusefpm&if;onf wdkif;jynfwpfjynftwGif;odkYjzpfap? tjyifodkYjzpfap
pD;qif;vsuf&dSaom aiGaMu;rsm;tm;vHk;udk rSwfwrf;a&;om;xm;ygonf/ tqdkyg aiGaMu;pD;qif;rIrsm;
onf jynfyydkYukefrsm;rS (0ifaiGtjzpfvnf;aumif;? &&efaiGtjzpfvnf;aumif;) &&dSaom&vm'f?
odkYr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;rS wifoGif;rIrsm;rS (xGufaiGtjzpfvnf;aumif;? ay;&efaiGtjzpfvnf;aumif;)
&&dSaom &vm'fjzpfygonf/ xdkvufusefpm&if;xJwGif tqdkygEdkifiHtwGif; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\ &if;ESD;
jrKyfESH&mrS (twGif;odkY &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI? &&efaiG) jzpfap? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u edkifiH&yfjcm;wGif
&if;ESD;jrKyfESH&mrS (ay;&efaiG) jzpfapay:aygufvmEdkifygonf/ aiGaMu;pD;qif;rIrsm;tm;vHk;udkaygif;
vdkufNyD;aemuf tm;vHk;jcHKiHkay:aygufvmaom pm&if;tif;udk jynfyaiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf; vufusef[k
ac:onf/
arG;zGm;EIef; ((Birth Rate))
vlOD;a& 1000wGif wpfESpftwGif; arG;zGm;aom uav;ta&twGufudk ac:onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh
zGHUNzdKqJEdkifiHrsm;rS arG;zGm;EIef;onf pufrIEdkifiHrsm;xuf jrifhrm;avh&dSygonf/
arSmifcdkaps;uGuf ((Black Market))
wm;jrpfxm;aom? odkYr[kwf w&m;Oya'ESifh rnDaom ukefypnf;rsm;udk a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;udk
qdkvdkonf/ xdkokdY jzpf&jcif;rSm bdef;? bdef;jzLwdkYuJhodkY xkwfukefudk,fu w&m;Oya'ESifh rnDGwfaom
aMumifv
h nf; jzpfEikd o
f nf/ odrYk [kwf a&mif;cs&aom tajctaersm;u w&m;Oya'ESihf rnDw
G af om
aMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ Oyrm - aps;onfwGif a&mif;cscGifhvdkufpifr&dSjcif;? odkYr[kwf a&mif;cGef
ay;aqmifrI r&dSjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif arSmifcdkaps;uGufu us,fjyefY BuD;rm;vSayonf/
b@ma&; vdkaiGjyrI ((Budget Deficit))
tpdk;&u &&dSxm;aom tcGeftaumufxuf ydkrdkoHk;pGJaomtcgwGif ay:aygufonf/ tpdk;&\
0ifaiGonf 0ifaiGcGef pnf;MuyfrI? taumufcGefESifh tjcm;aomtcGeftcrsm;rSm &&dSvm&pjrJjzpfonf/
tqdkyg aumufcH&&dSaiGrsm;onf umuG,fa&;? usef;rma&;? om,ma&; tp&dSaom udprsm;twGuf
tpdk;&u toHk;jyKaeaom yrmPxuf enf;yg;oGm;ygu ,if;udkb@ma&;vdkaiGjyrI[kac:onf/
b@ma&;vdkaiGjyrIrSm aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI\ t"dutaMumif;&if;cH jzpfavonf/ taMumif;um;
tpdk;&rsm;u vdkaiGudkaxrdap&ef aiGaMu;rsm;udkydk yHkESdyfxkwfa0wwfaomaMumifhwnf;/
49
t&if;tESD; ((Capital))
pufrsm;? pufrHk smESihf H;k rsm;uJo
h Ykd vlvyk x
f m;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ac:onf/ t&if;onf ukex
f w
k f
vkyfrI\ t"du tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ tpOftvmt& t&if;tESD;udk aiGaMu;? odkYr[kwf
ydkifqdkifrIrsm;uJhodkY aiGjzifh 0,fEdkif? a&mif;Edkifaom tzdk;wefypnf;rsm;oufouf[k ,lqcJhMuygonf/
odyfrMumao;cifurl ypnf;rsm;udk jyKvkyfEdkifonfh olYajray:wGif tyifrsm;pdkufysdK;wwfonfh
v,form;wpfO;D \ todPf? wHwm;wpfpif;udk wnfaqmufEikd o
f nfh tif*sief ,
D mwpfO;D \ pGr;f &nf
ponfh vlwdkY\pGrf;&nfudkvnf; <u,f0rItm; armif;ESifay;aeonfh ta&;BuD;qHk; tif*sifpufBuD;rsm;
tjzpf pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sifrsm;u xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;vmMuygonf/ tqdkygpGrf;&nfrsm;udk ]]vl o m;
t&if;tESD;}} [k olwdkYu ac:qdkMuavonf/
A[dkbPf ((Central Bank))
aiGaMu;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJaom tpdk;&at*sifpDtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfudk ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/
A[dkbPf\ ta&;tygqHk;tvkyfrSm jynfwGif;oHk;aiGudk xkwfa0&efESifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&efjzpf
onf/ A[dkbPfrsm;onf EdkifiHwpf EdkifiHtwGif;&dS yk*vdu u@ESifh pD;yGm;a&;bPfrsm;udkvnf;
pnf;MuyfuGyfuJygonf/ A[dkbPfudk ]]bPfwumhbk&if}} [k ,lqEdkifygonf/
EdIif;& tompD;&rI ((Comparative Advantage))
vlrsm;? ukrPDrsm;ESifh wdkif;jynfrsm;onf olwdkYwwfyGeftuRrf;usifqHk;t&mrsm;udk vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf
cGifh&onfhtcgwGif txda&mufqHk;pGrf;aqmifEdkifMuonf[laom oabmw&m;yifjzpfonf/ EdIif;&
tompD;&rIonf obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh vlom;pGrf;&nfrsm;udk aygif;pyfvdkufonfhtcgwGif
ay:aygufvmwwfygonf/ wdik ;f jynfrsm;taejzifh ukeyf pn;f rsm;? ydu
Yk ek rf sm;? 0efaqmifrv
I yk if ef;rsm;udk
tjcm;ukefypnf;rsm;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;xuf (um,tm;? vlom;t&if;tESD;ESifh obm0t&if;tESD;rsm;
udk toHk;jyKvsuf) ydkrdkxda&mufpGm xkwfvkyfjcif;jzifh tusdK;tjrwftrsm;qHk;&&dSaeaom urmhukefoG,f
a&;wGif EdIif;&tompD;&rIu txl;ta&;ygvSayonf/
pm;oHk;rI toHk;p&dwf ((Consumption Expenditure))
vwfwavm vdt
k yfcsurf sm;udk jznfq
h nf;ay;aeaom ukeyf pn;f ESihf 0efaqmifrrI sm; pm;oH;k rI (oH;k pGrJ )I
toHk;p&dwfudk ac:qdkygonf/ pm;oHk;rItoHk;p&dwfonf 0,fvdktm;\ t"dutpdwftydkif;yif jzpfav
onf/
p&dwfpursm;? taoESifh t&Sif ((Costs, fixed and variable))
aps;uGuftwGif; ukefypnf;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xkwfvkyfaeMuolwdkif; p&dwfpuESifh &ifqdkif&pjrJ
jzpfonf/ yrmaqmifaomf v,form;onf rsdK;aphrsm;twGuf ydkufqHay;&onf/ q&m0efuvnf;
cGJpdwfud&d,mrsm;twGuf ydkufqHay;&onf/ p&dwfpursm;udk taoESifht&Sif[k ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;xm;
ygonf/ p&dwfputao[lonfrSm pwiftvkyfrvkyfrDuwnf;u vdktyfaom ypnf;rsm;twGuf
ukefusaomp&dwfjzpfonf/ Oyrm - v,form;twGuf p&dwfaoonf ajrjzpfNyD; q&m0eftwGuf
p&dwfaoonfynmoifp&dwfjzpfonf/ p&dwfput&Sif (p&dwf&Sif) rSmrl oD;jcm;ypnf;yp,rsm;udk
xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf ypnf;yp,rsm; 0,f,l&mwGif ay;acs&aom yrmPjzpfygonf/ qkwf,kwfvm

aom &if;pm;jyefrIrsm; (diminishing returns) ESifh wGufajcudkufonfqdkHkrQ p&dwfpu (marginal cost) wdkYudkvnf; I/
aoEHI; ((Death Rate))
vlOD;a& 1000 twGuf ESpfpOfaoqHk;ol ta&twGufudk ac:onf/
a<u;NrDESifh a<u;NrDvnfywfjcif; ((Debt and Debt Servicing))
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHu ay;qyf&ef&dSaom aiGaMu;yrmPudk a<u;NrD[k ac:onf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHtrsm;tjym;
wGif ,cktcgay;qyf&rnfh a<u;NrDyrmPu rsm;jym;vGef;onfhtwGuf rqyfEdkifatmif jzpfaeMu&
onf/ a<u;NrDvnfywfjcif;u tqdkygEdkifiHrsm; &SmazG&&dSorQ 0ifaiGtrsm;pkudk 0g;rsdKavh&dSayonf/
ta<u;rnfrQudk avQmfypfoifhonf? odkYr[kwf y,fzsufoifhonf[laomudprSm urmwpfvTm;wGif
tjiif;yGm;vsuf&dSonfh ta&;t&myifjzpfaeygonf/
0,fvdktm; ((Demand))
ay;EdkifonfhtpGrf;u axmufrxm;vsuf xkwfukefwpfcktm; vdkcsifjcif;? vdktyfjcif;udk 0,fvdktm;[k
ac:ygonf/ 0ifaiG? tBuKd uEf iS hf tjznfh tzufuek yf pn;f ? tpm;xd;k ukeyf pn;f wdt
Yk ygt0if taMumif;
rsm;pGmaMumifh 0,fvt
kd m;ay:aygufvm&jcif;jzpfonf/ ukeyf pn;f wpfcck t
k wGuf 0,fvt
kd m; wd;k wuf
vmvQif aps;EIef;vnf;wufvmygvdrfhrnf/
aiGwefzdk;csjcif; ((Devaluation))
Edik if jH cm;aiGEiS hf vJv,
S o
f nfah iGvEJ eI ;f wGif tpd;k &u olEY ikd if o
H ;kH ydu
k q
f \
H wefz;kd udk wrifuvm avQmch s
vdu
k o
f nft
h cgwGif ay:aygufvmonfh jzpf&yfuq
kd v
kd o
kd nf/ aiGvEJ eI ;f (exchange rate) udv
k nf;I/
qkwf,kwfvmaom &if;pm;jyefrI? Oya' ((Diminishing Returns, law of))
ypnf;wpfckckudk xkwfvkyf&mwGif rSefuefaom ukefxkwfvkyfrIjzpfap? vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfap ay:aygufaom
tqifhwpfqifh&dSonf[laom t,ltqjzpfonf/ Oyrm - v,form;wpfOD;onf olYtwGuf pyg;
pdkufysdK;&ef v,f,mvkyfom;rsm; iSm;aumif;iSm;&ygrnf/ yxr v,f,mvkyfom;q,fOD;onf
wpfa,mufvQif pyg;wpfwefEIef;jzifh vlq,fa,muf pyg;q,fwef pdkufysdK;Edkifonf/ v,form;u
aemufxyf vlq,fa,muf xyfiSm;vdkufonfhtcg wdk;&vmaompyg;rSm ig;wefomjzpfae&m
vlwpfa,mufvQif wefwpf0ufom pdkufysdK;Edkifovdkjzpfaeawmhonf/ taMumif;rSm xdkq,fa,muf
onf a0;vHvo
S nfh v,fuiG ;f rsm;wGif tvkyv
f yk af eMuaomaMumifjh zpfrnf/ odw
Yk nf;r[kwf pdu
k yf sKd ;a&;
ypnf;ud&d,m aumif;aumif;rsm; r&dSEdkifaomaMumifhvnf; jzpfrnf/ rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl v,form;
BuD;twGufrl 'kwd, q,fa,muftkyfpkxHrS qkwf,kwfvmaom &if;pm;jyefrIudkom &&dSayawmhonf/
51
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI ((Econcomic Development))

pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rIonf pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI (economic growth) xuf ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom oabm
w&m;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rIonf vlaerItqifhrsm; wdk;wufvmjcif;ESifh wGJzufvsuf&dSayonf/
jynfwiG ;f tom;wifuek x
f w
k v
f yk rf I (GDP) tm;rnfocYkd aJG 0onf? odrYk [kwf qif;&JErG ;f yg;rI yrmPu
rnfrQ&dSaeonf? ausmif;? usef;rma&;ESifh vlrIa&; 0efaqmifrIrsm;uJhodkY tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;tm;
vlwdkYrnfrQ&&dSaeonfudk pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIu xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&dSay/ odkY&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;
zGHUNzdK;rIurl xdkt&mrsm;udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ygonf/ wpfcg w&H pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rIudk ydkrdk us,fjyefYaom
teuft"dym ,fjzifh azmfjy&mwGif ]]vlom; zGUH NzKd ;rI}} [laoma0g[m&tm; toH;k jyKavh&o
Sd nf/ wd;k wufrI
ESizhf UHG NzKd ;rIMum;wGif uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rIukd xif&mS ;odomvmonfah emufwiG f jynfwiG ;f tom;wif ukex
f w
k f
vkyrf u
I o
hJ Ykd d;k pif;aom wd;k wuf rI vuPmrsm;rSm Edik if w
H pfEikd if \
H taxGaxGzUHG NzKd ;rItajctaetwGuf
oifhavsmfonf? roifhavsmfonfudk pOf;pm;Mu&ayvdrfhrnf/
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI ((Economic Growth))
tpOftvmt& EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ ukefypnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; xGuf&dSrI wdk;jrifhvmjcif;udk
ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI[lonfrSm trnfcHrQomvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm
ukefypnf;xkwfvkyfrIyrmPrSm twlwlyif jzpfaomfvnf; aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIaMumifh aps;EIef;rsm;u
wGef;wifvdkufaomaMumifh udef;*Pef;t& wdk;wufvmaomfvnf; trSefwu,f wdk;wufrIr&dSjcif;
aMumifhjzpfonf/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf; EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifh wdkif;xGmaom ukefypnf;rsm;\ wefzdk;trSefjzifhf
trSew
f u,f ukeyf pn;f rsm; ydrk x
kd w
k v
f yk Ef ikd v
f maomaMumifh trSew
f u,f pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufrI &&dv
S m
onfrsdK;vnf;jzpfEdkfifygonf/ ]]pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;rI}} udkvnf;I/
Z,m;udkuf pD;yGm;a&; ((Economies of Scale))
ypnf;wpfckpD\ wefzdk;udk trsm;tjym;xkwfvkyfjcif;jzifh p&dwfpu avQmhcsjcif;udk ac:onf/ Oyrm
- qef ig; uDvdk*&rftwGuf wpfa':vmay;&aomfvnf; uDvdk 50twGufrl 6a':vmom usoifh
jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf/ rsm;rsm;a&mif;&onfhtwGuf a&mif;oluaps;avQmhay;jcif;rsdK;jzpfavonf/
pGefYpm; vkyfudkifjcif; ((Entrepreneurship))
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;topfrsm;udk vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufvdkaom tpGrf;tpESifh qEudk ac:onf/ pdwfcs&
aompufrIvkyfief;? odkYr[kwf wdkif;jynfwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;vkyfonfhtcg tajccH pDrHcefYcGJa&;
ynmudo
k mtoH;k jyK&efvt
kd yfonf/ od&Yk mwGif pGepYf m;vkyu
f ikd o
f nft
h cgwGirf l wDxiG rf aI &m pGepYf m;jcif;yg
wGJzufaeavh&dSwwfayonf/ pGefYOD;wDxGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;
twGuf toufaoG;aMumrsm;jzpfavonf/ taMumif;um; xdkolrsm;atmifjrifoGm;vQif tajcus
NyD;om; ukrPDa[mif;BuD;rsm;xuf t&dSeft[kefjyif;pGm wdk;wufvmEdkifaomaMumifhyif jzpfavonf/
&S,f,mwefzdk; ((Equity))
tpk&S,f,myHkpHjzifhjzpfaeavh&dSaom tpk&S,f,mwpfck? odkYr[kwf ydkifqdkifrI tpdwftydkif;wpfckudk
ac:onf/ ukrP
w
D pfcu
k tpk&,
S ,
f m 100 xkwv
f u
kd o
f nfqykd gu &S,,
f mwpfcpk o
D nf ukrP
w
D efz;kd
\ 1%udk udk,fpm;jyKvsuf&dSayonf/
aiGvJEIef; ((Exchange Rate))

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;tm; tjcm;wpfEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;jzifh jzwfxm;aom wefzdk;jzpfonf/ Oyrm
tar&duefa':vm wpfa':vmonf *syef,ef;aiG 120 cefYudk 0,f,lEdkifygonf/
rdom;pk pDrHudef; ((Family Planning))
rdom;pkrsm;taejzifh uav;b,fESa,mufudk b,ftcsdeftwGif;,lrnf[k qHk;jzwf&mwGif ulnDyHhydk;
ay;aom usef;rma&;0efaqmifrI vkyfief;wpfckjzpfonf/
rsdK;atmifEIef; ((Fertility Rate))
trsdK;orD;wpfa,muftaeESifh olYb0wpfoufwmwGif&Edkifaom ysrf;rQuav;ta&twGufudk qdkvdk
onf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;rS rsdK;atmifEIef;rSm oHk;rSav;twGif;&dSNyD; pufrIEdkifiHrsm;wGifrl ESpfxufenf;
avonf/
b@ma&; rl0g' ((Fiscal Policy))
wpfEikd if v
H ;kH twdik ;f twmjzifh &daS eaom 0ifaiGtqifu
h kd vTr;f rd;k &eftwGuf tpd;k &wpf&yf\ 0efaqmifrI
ESifh ukefypnf;rsm;twGuf toHk;p&dwfudk vnf;aumif;? tcGefaumufcHrIudkvnf;aumif;? ESpfrsdK;
pvHk;udkvnf;aumif; toHk;jyKjcif;udk ac:qdkonf/ EdkifiHwdkif; EdkifiHwdkif;wGif pD;yGm;a&;udk tBuD;tus,f
qHk; xdef;csKyfvsuf&dSonfrS tpdk;&omjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf&m tpdk;&wpf&yfu rnfrQ0,f,l&ef? odkYr[kwf
rnfrQoHk;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;u pD;yGm;a&;tay:wGif tBuD;tus,f oufa&mufaeayvdrfhrnf/
EdkifiHjcm;taxmuftyHh ((Foreign Aid))
yk*vduESifh trsm;ydkifb@maiGrsm;tm; a<u;NrDrsm;tjzpfjzpfap? tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;rS vufcHEdkifiH
rsm;qDodkY axmufyHhaMu;tjzpfjzpfap EdkifiHwum aiGvTJjcif;udk ac:qdkonf/ axmufyHhaMu;
Mu;rSm jyefay;
&efrvdkaomaiGjzpfonf/ a<u;NrD r sm;
sm;rSmrl jyefay;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ay;&rnfhtaetxm;
rsm;rSm wpfrsdK;ESifhwpfrsdK; rwlMuay/ tmz&duwdkufESifh tm&Swdkuf&dS EdkifiHtrsm;tjym; yxrqHk;
tBudrftjzpf vGwfvyfa&;&ukefMuonfh 1960jynfhvGefESpfrsm;twGif;wGif EdkifiHjcm; taxmuftyHhrSm
EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwGif BuD;rm;vSaom tcef;uPrSae&m,lcJhzl;avonf/
vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; ((Free Market Economy))
uGejf rLepfpepf AH;k AH;k vJomG ;Ny;D onfah emufwiG af y:aygufvmaom urmh t"du pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfonf/
vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufpD;yGm;wGif ydkifqdkifrItrsm;pkudk tpdk;&urydkifqdkifawmhyJ yk*vdu vlrsm;u
ydkifqdkif qkyfudkifxm;Muonf/ xdkYtjyif aps;EIef;rSmvnf; tpdk;&uowfrSwf onfh aps;EIef;r[kwfbJ
0,folESifh a&mif;olwkdY oabmwlaom aps;EIef;jzpfavonf/
jynfwGif; tom;wif ukefxkwfvkyfrI ((Gross Domestic Product - GDP))
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtaejzifh pD;yGm;a&;t& rnfodkYaqmif&Gufvsuf&dSonfudk wdkif;xGm&ef pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif
rsm;u toHk;jyKonfh t"dutwdkif;txGm wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ ay;xm;aomtcsdef (trsm;tm;jzifh
wpfESpf) umvtwGif; EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS tom;wif ydkifqdkifrI 0ifaiGryg0ifbJ ukefypnf;ESifh 0efaqmifrI
53
rsm;tm;vHk;\ wefzdk;rSm jynfwGif; tom;wifukefxkwfvkyfrIyifjzpfonf/ ,if;udk pkpkaygif; 0ifaiGjzifh

vnf;aumif;? toH;k p&dwjf zifv
h nf;aumif;? xGuaf iGjzifv
h nf;aumif; wdik ;f wmEdik o
f nf/ ]]wpfrsKd ;om;vH;k
tom;wif0ifaiG}}udkvnf;I/
wpfrsdK;om;vHk; tom;wif xkwfvkyfrI ((Gross National Product))
wpfrsdK;om;vHk;tom;wifxkwfvkyfrIonf pD;yGm;a&;vIyf&Sm;rItm; wdkif;wmaom pepfwpfckjzpfonf/
ay;xm;aomtcsdef (trsm;tm;jzifh wpfESpf) umvtwGif; EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS tom;wifydkifqdkifrI 0ifaiG
tygt0if ukefypnf;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; tm;vHk;\wefzdk;rSm wpfrsdK;om;vHk; tom;wif xkwfvkyfrI
yifjzpfonf/ ,if;udk pkpkaygif;0ifaiGjzifhvnf;aumif;? toHk;p&dwfjzifhvnf;aumif;? xGufaiGjzifh
vnf;aumif; wdkif;wmEdkifonf/
aiG r m ((Hard Currency))
rnfonfhaiGaMu;ESifhrqdk vJvS,fEdkifaom pufrIEdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ aiGaMu;udkac:onf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiH
trsm;tjym;wGif tpdk;&rsm;u EdkifiHoHk;aiGESifh EdkifiHjcm;aiGwdkYtMum; aiGvJEIef;udk rlaoowfrSwf&ef
tm;xkwfavh&dSMuayonf/
tdyf(csf)tdkifAGD ((HIV))
vlom;\ udk,fcHpGrf;tm; usqif;apaom Adkif;&yf(pf)ydk;jzpfonf/ xdkAdkif;&yf(pf)ydk;onf attdkif'D
tuf(pf)a&m*gudk jzpfyGm;aponf/
pmrwwfrI ((Illiteracy))
aeYpOfb0wGif toHk;jyKaeaom ajympum; dk;dk;wpfckudkyif em;vnfpGm zwfEdkifa&;Edkifjcif;vnf;r&dS?
dk;pif;vG,fulaom *Pef;ocsFmudkvnf; wGufcsufEdkifpGrf;r&dSaom toufwpfq,hfig;ESpftxuf
t&G,f vlOD;a&tcsdK;udk ac:qdkygonf/
pufrIEdkifiHjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; ((Industrialisation))
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ 'kwd,wef;pm; ukefypnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk xkwfvkyfEdkifatmif wdk;csJUonfh
vkyfief;pOfudk ac:qdkonf/ LDC [k ac:onfh zGHUNzdK;rIenf;yg;aom EdkifiHtrsm;tjym; (lessdeveloped countries) onf Oa&myESifh ajrmuftar&duwdkYwGif pufrIvkyfief;aMumifh <u,f0
vmonfudk owdxm;rdvmMuaomaMumifh pdkufysdK;a&;EdkifiHb0rS pufrIEdkifiHb0odkY tjrefqHk; a&muf&dS
atmif BudK;yrf;cJhMuavonf/
uav;aoqHk;rIEIef; ((Infant Mortality Rate))
toufig;ESpfatmuf aoqkH;ukefaom uav;ta&twGufudk ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ tpOftvm
tm;jzifh t&SifarG;onfhuav; 1000 vQif ig;ESpfrjynfhrD aoqHk;onfh uav;ta&twGufjzpfonf/
w&m;r0if u@ ((Informal Sector))

tpdk;& udef;*Pef;rsm;ESifh pm&if;Z,m;rsm;twGif; twdtus rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;r&dSaom
ukefypnf;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;zvS,fjcif;udk ac:qdkonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh tcGefaumufcHjcif; rjyKEdkif
aom w&m;r0ifu@wGif a,bk,stm;jzifh aeYuav;xdef;ay;jcif;? usL&Sifoifjcif;ESifh arSmifcdk
aps;uGufwGif a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;wdkY yg0ifaeavh&dSayonf/ w&m;r0ifu@onf ukrPDi,f
av;rsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;avh&dSNyD; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;wGif tifwdkuftm;wdkuf&dSvSaom
tcef;u@rS yg0ifvsuf&dSwwfjrJvnf;jzpfonf/
aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI ((Inflation))
taxGaxGaps;EIef;rsm; BuD;jrifhvmjcif;ESifh aiGwefzdk;usqif;vmjcif;udkac:onf/ taxGaxG
ukefaps;EIef;rsm; t&Snfojzifhwufaejcif;rSm aiGaMu;azmif;yGjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ wpfenf;qdkaom
ukefaps;EIef;rsm; wufaeaomEIef;udk ac:onf/ aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIudk vpOfjzpfap? oHk;v wpfBudrf
jzpfap? ESpfpOfjzpfap wdkif;xGmEdkifonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif ,if;udk vloHk;ukefypnf;Tef;udef;
(Consumer Price Index) jzifh wdkif;xGmavh&dSonf/ vloHk;ukefypnf;Tef;udef;qdkonfrSm yHkao
owfrSwfxm;aom yHkrSef tdrfoHk;ypnf;rsm;\ aps;EIef;udk EdIif;,SOfjcif;jzpfonf/ aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIu
wpfvvQif 50%ausmfvmonfhtcgwGifrl w&m;vGefaiGaMu;azmif;yGjcif; (hyperinflation)[k
ac:onf/ aiGaMu; azmif;yGrIonf pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf t[efYtwm;yifjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm
aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIaMumifh pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwf&ef cufcJoGm;apNyD; vltrsm;pktwGuf pm;0wfaea&;
twGuf wpfcsdefvHk;kef;uefae&aomaMumifhyif jzpfavonf/
tajccH taqmufttHk ((Infrastructure))
pD;yGm;a&;vIyf&Sm;rItwGuf tajccHtjzpf omreftaetxm;wGif tvG,fwul&&dSaeaom EdkifiH
wpfEdkifiH\ tzdk;wefypnf;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ Oyrm - vrf;rsm;? vQyfppf"mwftm;ESifh a&ay;a0rI
uGef,ufpepf/
twdk; ((Interest))
t&if;tESD; ukefypnf;rsm; zefwD;&eftoHk;jyKaom b@maiGtwGufay;&aom aiGaMu;yrmPudk
ac:onf/
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI ((Investment))
pufypnf;rsm;ESifh ud&d,mrsm;uJhodkY t&if;tESD;BuD;rm;aom ukefypnf;rsm;twGuf oHk;&aom aiGudk
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI[kac:onf/ xdkYtjyif ukrPDwpfck? odkYr[kwf vlyk*dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufu tjcm;
ukrPDwpfcktm; tpkpyfydkifqdkifcGifh&&dS&ef ay;&aomaiGudkvnf; &if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI[kyif ac:ygonf/
]]omwlnDrQrI}} udkvnf; I/
55
zGHUNzdK;rIenf;yg;aom EdkifiHrsm; ((Less Developed Countries, LDC))

jynfwGif; tom;wifxkwfvkyfrIESifh wpfOD;csif;pD\ 0ifaiG edrfhusonf[k a,bk,s owfrSwfjcif;
cH&aomEdkifiHrsm;udkac:onf/ LDC EdkifiHrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;\ tajccHtqifh tcef;uP
tay:wGifomwnfrSDae&avh&dSonf/ LDC rsm;\ a,bk,sowfrSwfcsuftwGif;wGif 0ifaiG
enf;aomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh 0ifaiGtv,ftvwfEdkifiHrsm;[k ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;cGJjcm;xm;avonf/
1999ckESpfwGif urmhbPfu wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmt& wpfESpfvQif vlwpfOD;twGuf 755
a':vmxuf enf;yg;aom 0ifaiGrsm;jzifh aexdik v
f suMf uolrsm;&do
S nfh wdik ;f jynfrsm;udk 0ifaiGenf;aom
EdkifiHrsm;[k owfrSwfcJhygonf/ vwfwavmtajctaewGif 0ifaiGenf;aom EdkifiHaygif; 64 EdkifiH&dSNyD;
xdkEdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk;\ pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&rSm oef;aygif; 2400 ausmf&dSavonf/
touf&SifrI arQmfvifhcsuf ((Life Expectancy))
vuf&dS use;f rma&;taetxm;twdik ;f arG;uif;puav;wpfa,muf touf&iS &f ef arQmv
f ifrh eS ;f qEdik f
aom ESpfumvta&twGufudkac:onf/ Tef;udef;u EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ ywf0ef;usiftajctae?
xdkEdkifiHrS vltrsm;\usef;rma&;? emrusef;jzpfonfhtcg xdkolrsm;&&dSEdkifonfh jyKpkapmifha&SmufrI\
t&nftaoG;? xdkolrsm;aexdkif&onfh tajctaewdkYudk a&mifjyef[yfvsuf&dSayonf/
a<u;NrDrsm; - trmESifh taysmh ((Loans - hard and soft))
wpfzufrS wpfzufodkY jyefqyfrnf[laom arQmfvifhcsufjzifh acs;iSm;aomaiGaMu;udk ac:onf/ a<u;NrD
rsm;udk a<u;aysmEh iS ahf <u;rm[k ESprf sKd ;cGjJ cm;Edik o
f nf/ zGUH NzKd ;aeaom tpd;k &trsm;tjym;u a<u;aysmrh sm;
udkay;avh&dSMuonf/ a<u;aysmhwGif yk*vduukrPDu aps;uGufwGifaiGacs;onfhtcg ay;&rnfh
twdk;EIef;xuf twdk;oufomonf/ LDC tpdk;&trsm;tjym;onf a<u;'Pfudk tvl;tvJ
cHpm;aeMu&NyD; twdwfuta<u;rsm;udk jyefrqyfcJhvQifaumif;rnf[k ,HkMunfaeMuonfjzpfav&m
a<u;NrDudprSm EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fwGif tjiif;yGm;p&mudpwpf&yfjzpfvsuf&dSaeayonf/
&if;pm;jyef&Hk p&dwf ((Marginal Cost))
ypnf;wpfcktydkxyfxkwfonfhtwGuf ukefusonfhyrmPjzpfonf/ &if;pm;jyef&Hkp&dwfrSm ypnf;
wpfckudkom wdk;xkwfonfhtwGuf ukefusoGm;onfh pkpkaygif;p&dwfudk ac:onf/ Oyrm - rkefYwdkuf
wpfwdkufu wpfaeYvQifaygifrkefYtvHk; 1000 xkwfvkyfaeonfhtcg &if;pm;jyef&Hk p&dwfrSm aygifrkefY
aemufxyf wpfvHk;omxyfxkwf&eftwGuf usoifhrnfhaiGyrmPyifjzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfrItqifhqifh
wGif jyif;jyif;xefxef ajymif;vJoGm;avh&dSaomaMumifh &if;pm;jyef&Hkp&dwfrSm ta&;BuD;vSayonf/
ypnf;wpfckpD\ &if;pm;jyef&Hkp&dwfu usqif;oGm;vQif Z,m;udkuf pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:vmNyD; &if;pm;
jyef&Hkp&dwf wufoGm;onfESifh qkwf,kwfaeaom &if;pm;jyefrIjzpfay:vmayonf/
us,fjyefYaomtjrifjzifhpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mavhvmrI (0g) rufcdkpD;yGm;a&; ((Macroeconomics))
pD;yGm;a&;udk wpfckvHk;jcHKvsuf pOf;pm;aom pD;yGm;a&; oD0&Doabmw&m; udkif;cGJwpfckjzpfonf/
rufcdkpD;yGm;a&;wGif aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI? aiGvJEIef;ESifh twdk;EIef;? tpdk;&rl0g'rsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&ygonf/ ]]rdkufcdkpD;yGm;a&;}}udkvnf; I/
rdkufcdkpD;yGm;a&; ((Microeconomics))
vlwpfOD;csif;pD? odkYr[kwf ukrPDwpfckpDtwGuf rnfodkYrnfyHkjzpfay:vsuf&dSonfudk pOf;pm;aom
pD;yGm;a&; oD0&Doabmw&m; udkif;cGJwpfckjzpfonf/
vuf0g;BuD;tkyf NydKifqdkifjcif; ((Monopolistic Competition))
vuf0g;BuD;tkyfjcif;qdkonfrSm ukrPDwpfcku ola&mif;csvsuf&dSaom ukefypnf;? odkYr[kwf xGufukef
tm; olBudKufonfhaps;EIef;jzifha&mif;csvsuf aps;uGufudk jc,fvS,faejcif;udkac:onf/ vuf0g;BuD;
tkyfxm;onfhtcg tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;\ NydKifqdkifrIrSm enf;vQifvnf;enf;aewwfonf/ vHk;0
r&dSbJvnf;jzpfaewwfavonf/ vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrIonf EdkifiHa&;? odkYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&; MoZm&dSrIESifh
qufpyfaeavh&dSayonf/ tpdk;&? odkYr[kwf tkyfcsKyfolu ukefypnf;wpfckcktm; olESifh tvGrf;oifhol
wpfO;D OD;tm; vuf0g;Bu;D tkyf ukeo
f ,
G cf iG jhf yKxm;Edik o
f nf/ vuf0g;Bu;D tkyrf o
I nf NyKd iq
f ikd rf I r&djS cif;udk
tjyif;xefqHk;jyqdkvsuf&dSaom OyrmjzpfNyD; xdkodkYjzpfcJvSayonf/ odkY&mwGif EdkifiHa&; tmPmudk
qkyfudkifxm;aom vlenf;pkrsm;ujzpfap? tcsif;csif;ndNyD; tNydKifrvkyfbJ tjrwfudkom xkwf&ef
MupH nfoabmwlum aps;EIe;f udk taoowfrw
S x
f m;onf ukrP
t
D enf;i,fujzpfap aps;uGurf sm;udk
jc,fvS,fxdef;csKyfaeavh&dSwwfMuygonf/
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;rsm; ((Non-Governmental Organisations))
NGO rsm; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;[lonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rI? odkYr[kwf
vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;rI taxmuftyHhay;&eftwGuf aqmif&Gufvsuf&dSaom tkyfpkrsm;udk
qdkvdkygonf/ tqdkygtzGJUtpnf;trsm;pkrSm tpdk;&Zmpfjrpfrsm;xHrS aiGaMu;udk&&dSvsuf &dSMuaomf
vnf; rnfonfhtpdk;&urQ xdktzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk ydkifqdkifjcif;? xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;r&dSay/ EdkifiHwum
vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhtzGJU (Amnesty International)? e,fpnf;rjcm; q&m0efrsm;tzGJU
(Medecins Sans Frontieres) wdkYuJhodkY tcsdKU NGO rsm;rSm BuD;rm;vSNyD; wpfurmvHk;
twdkif;twmjzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&dSayonf/ tBuD;qHk; NGO jzpfonfh MuufajceDtzGJUwGif tzGJU0if
aygif; 105oef;&dSavonf/ y#dyu jzpfyGm;aeaom tajctaersm; tpdk;&rsm; AHk;AHk;vJukefMuum
tajctaerSmvnf; Murf;wrf;vGef;NyD; yk*vdu u@rSmvnf; yGifhvef;&ef raocsmaomtajctae
rsdK;rsm;aMumifh NGO rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;u@wGif wpfckwnf;aom tBuD;rm;qHk;u@wGif &yfwnf
ay;&avh&dSayonf/
tcGifhtvrf; p&dwf ((Opportunity Cost))
ukeyf pn;f ? odrYk [kwf aqmif&u
G rf w
I pfcck t
k wGuf p&dwpf uudjk zpfap? wefz;kd udjk zpfap? tjcm;taumif;
qHk; a&G;p&mvrf;ESifh EdIif;,SOfaomyrmPyifjzpfonf/ Oyrm - qif;&JEGrf;yg;aom rdom;pkwpfpk
taejzifh uav;i,fwpfa,muftm; wuov
kd o
f Ykd ydv
Yk Qif ukeu
f srnfh ynma&; p&dww
f pfrsKd ;wnf;jzifh
tcGit
hf vrf;p&dwu
f kd wGucf suo
f nfr[kwyf g/ xdu
k av;taejzifh wuov
kd rf wufbJ tvkyw
f pfcck o
k m
vkyfrnfqdkvQif &&dSvmrnfh tcaMu;aiGrsm; qHk;HI;oGm;rnfhyrmPudkyg ynma&;p&dwfESifh aygif;pyf
wGufcsufjcif;udk tcGifhtvrf;p&dwfjzpfvmygonf/
57
vlOD;a& wdk;yGm;EIef; ((Population Growth Rate))

Edik if w
H pfEikd if \
H wpfEpS t
f wGi;f wk;d yGm;vmaom vlO;D a&udk xdEk pS t
f pwGi&f cSd ahJ om vlO;D a&jzifh pm;&&dS
aom udef;*Pef;yifjzpfonf/ xdkumvtwGif; arG;zGm;rIESifh aoqHk;rIta&twGuf? EdkifiHtwGif;rS
tjyifodkYjzpfap? tjyifrStwGif;odkYjzpfap a&TUajymif;aexdkifMuonfhta&twGufwdkYudk vlOD;a& wdk;yGm;
EIef;u a&mifjyef[yfvsuf&dSonf/ wpfESpfpmtwGuf EIef;xm;udkwGufcsufonfxuf ESpfumv
twefMumtwGif; ysrf;rQvlOD;a&wdk;EIef;udk wGufcsufMunfhjcif;u EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ tajctaeudk
ydkodEdkifygonf/ 1997 ckESpfwGif wpfurmvHk;\ vlOD;a& pkpkaygif;rSm 5.8 bDvD,HjzpfNyD; 1980
jynfhESpfrS 1997ckESpftwGif; ESpfpOf urmhvlOD;a& wdk;yGm;EIef;rSm wpfESpfvQif 1.6%jzpfonf/
ydkrdkqif;&JEGrf;yg;aom EdkifiHwcsdKUwGif vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;EIef;rSm wpfESpfvQif 4%ausmf&dSav&m ESpf
20Mumwdkif;? Mumwdkif; xdkEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&rS ESpfq? ESpfqwdk;yGm;oGm;rnfh t"dym,fyifjzpfonf/
vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;EIef;jrifhrm;jcif;onf qif;&JaomEdkifiHrsm; pD;yGm;a&;t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay;wGif zdtm;
tay;vGeaf eum qif;&Jonfxufqif;&Jatmif? use;f rma&;ESiyhf nma&;0efaqmifrrI sm; enf;yg;atmif
vkyfaeonf[k pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Siftrsm;tjym;u ,HkMunfMuavonf/
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI rsOf; ((Poverty Line))
vlwpfa,muftaejzifh ol\tajccHvt
kd yfcsurf sm;twGuf vdt
k yfaomtedrq
hf ;kH tqifx
h uf ol0Y ifaiG
u enf;yg;aevQif xdo
k u
l kd qif;&Jonf [k owfrw
S yf gonf/ tqdyk g tedrq
hf ;kH tqifu
h kd ]]qif;&JErG ;f yg;rI
rsOf;}} [k ac:avh&dSonf/ tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhwif;&ef vdktyfonfh yrmPrSm tcsdefESifh
vlYabmifrsm;tvdkuf trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJaeayonf/ EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif rSefrSefjyKvkyfaom
ppfwrf;rsm;rSwpfqifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk &,lavh&dSMuayonf/ wpfurmvHk; twdkif;twm
jzifh EdIif;,SOf&eftwGuf urmhbPfu 1993ckESpfwGif wpfaeYvQif wpfa':vmESifh ESpfa':vm 0,f,l
EdkifrI tqifh (Purchasing Power Parity - PPP) [kac:aom &nfTef;rsOf;rsm;udk toHk;jyKcJh
avonf/ 1998ckESpfwGif cefYrSef;csufrsm;t& wpfurmvHk;rS vlaygif; 1.2bDvD,HrSm wpfaeYvQif
wpfa':vmatmufwGif pm;oHk;vsuf&dSMuonf/ ,if;rSm zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;\ 24&mcdkifEIef;jzpfonf/
2.8bDvD,HrSmrl wpfaeYvQif ESpfa':vmxufenf;onfhyrmPatmufwGif pm;oHk;vsuf touf&Sif
aexdkifvsuf&dSMuayonf/
tajccHtqifh pufrIvkyfief; ((Primary Industry))
pdkufysdK;a&;ESifh ukefMurf;ypnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfonfh pD;yGm;a&;tpdwftydkif;udk ac:qdkonf/ Oyrm v,form;rsm;ESifh rdkif;wl;olrsm;rSm tajccHtqifh pufrIvkyfief;wGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;aeMuolrsm;
jzpfavonf/ ]]'kwd,qifh pufrIvkyfief;}} ESifh ]]wwd,qifh pufrIvkyfief;}}wdkYudkvnf; I/
rlvwef; ynma&; ((Primary Education))
tajccH pmwwfajrmufrt
I qift
h xd ynma&;udq
k v
kd o
kd nf/ rlvwef;ynmudk oif,Nl y;D ol ausmif;om;
wpfOD;onf vG,fuldk;pif;aom tu&mudka&;Edkifum owif;pmzwfEdkifNyD; dk;pif;vG,fulaom
twGut
f csurf sm;udk wGuw
f wfaeoifyh gonf/ vlwikd ;f twGuf rlvwef;ynma&;&&daS tmif aqmif&u
G f
jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf t"duEdk;<uapaomt&mjzpfNyD; vlom;t&if;tESD;udk wnfaqmuf
,l&mwGifvnf; t"duusaom taMumif;wpf&yfjzpfonf[k ,lqMuavonf/
tajccH usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrI ((Primary Health Care))

qif;&Jaom EdkifiHrsm;wGif tzkd;enf;0efygjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufxm;aom rdom;pkpDrHudef;? a&aumif;
a&oefY? ,ifvHktdrfom? umuG,faq;ay;jcif;? tm[m&qdkif&m ynmay;jcif; tygt0if usef;rma&;
0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;udk ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ tajccH usef;rma&;[lonfrSm acwfrD qef;jym;aom
aq;Hkrsm;ESifh ukoa&;rsm;r[kwfbJ umuG,faq;xdk;a&; pnf;Hk;vIyf&Sm;rI? aus;&Gmaq;ay;cef;rsm;
uJhodkYaom tajccHusef;rma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/
ypnf; ydkifqdkifrI tcGifhta&;rsm; ((Property Rights))
ajruJhodkY tzdk;wefypnf;wpfckckudk ydkifqdkifEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;[k &Sif;vif;pGm owfrSwfxm;ygonf/
vlwdkif;u todtrSwfjyKum pdefac:jcif;r&dSonfh ypnf;ydkifqdkifrI r&dSbJ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI r&dSEdkifyg/
0,f,lEdkifrI tqifh ((Purchasing Power Parity))
wlnDaomukefypnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;tm; trsdK;rsdK;uGJjym;aeaomEdkifiHtoD;oD;rS aiGaMu;rsm;
jzifh0,f,lEdkifonfhtaetxm;udk EdIif;,SOfwGufcsufaom enf;vrf;udkac:ygonf/ trsdK;rsdK;uGJjym;ae
aomEdkifiHtoD;oD;Mum;rS qif;&JrIESifhcsrf;omrIudk wdkif;wm&mwGif 0,f,lEdkifrItqifhu ydkrdkwdusaom
enf;vrf;yifjzpfavonf/ taMumif;rSmqif;&JaomEdik if rH sm;wGiaf ps;oufomaomaMumifjh zpfavonf/
a0pk tuefYtowfrsm; ((Quota Limits))
ukefypnf;wpfcktm; xkwfvkyfjcif;? wifoGif;jcif;? wifydkYjcif;? odkYr[kwf a&mif;csjcif;twGuf urf;vSrf;
onfyh rmPtay:wGif pnf;Muyfaoma0pktueft
Y owfjzpfonf/ Edik if jH cm;rS wifoiG ;f aom oGi;f ukef
rsm;? odkYr[kwf rdrdwdkYEdkifiHtwGif;&dS pufrIvkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif a0pkrsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;u tkyfpkvdkuf
jzpfap? tpdk;&wpfckcsif;jzpfap owfrSwfwwfMuygonf/ a0pkrsm;onf EdkifiHtcsif;csif;Mum; 0gPdZ
y#dyursm;udk ay:aygufapaom taMumif;&if;wpf&yfyif jzpfaewwfayonf/
qifjcifwHkw&m;&dSaom tjyKtrl ((Rational Behaviour))
tajctaewpf&yftay:wGif udk,fydkifoabmxm;tjrifrsm;udk toHk;jyKcGifh&rnfqdkvQif vlwdkYonf
tenf;ESifhtrsm; tusdK;oifhtaMumif;oifh jyKrlaqmif&GufMuvdrfhrnf[laom t,ltqtay:wGif
tajccHxm;onfh acwfrDpD;yGm;a&;ynm oabmw&m;jzpfonf/ Oyrm - wlnDaom ypnf;wpfckudk
aps;oufoufomomESifh &EdkifrnfqdkvQif rnfolurQ aps;BuD;ay;NyD; 0,fvdrfhrnfr[kwfay/
qifjcifwHkw&m;&dSaomtjyKtrlrSm Pf&nftqifhESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ynmt&nftcsif;ESifhaomf
vnf;aumif; rqdkifacs/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf olwdkY\udk,fusdK;twGuf tusdK;&dSrnf[k xifjrifonfh
twdkif; qifjcifvsuf tajctaewdkif;wGif aqmif&GufMuonf[k acwfrDpD;yGm;a&;ynmu ,lqav
onf/
aus;vufrS NrdKUjyodkY a&TUajymif;tajccsjcif; ((Rural-Urban Migration))
aus;vufawme,frSvlrsm; NrdKUrsm;qDodkY a&TUajymif;tajccsjcif;udk ac:ygonf/ zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiH trsm;
tjym;wGif &ifqdkifae&aom tBuD;rm;qHk;jyemvnf;jzpfavonf/ xdkodkYa&TUajymif;aexdkifjcif;
59
aMumifh NrdKUrsm;wGif tqrwefvlaexlxyfvmum tvkyfvufrJhOD;a&vnf;rsm;jym;vmNyD; tjcm;

vlrIa&;jyemrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvsuf&dSayonf/
'kwd,qifh pufrIvkyfief; ((Secondary Industry))
ukefypnf;rsm;tm; ukefMurf;taetxm;rS ukefacsmtjzpf xkwfvkyfjcif;yg0ifaom pD;yGm;a&;tpdwf
tydkif;udk ac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm - v,form;u tajccHtqifh pufrIvkyfief;wGif c&rf;csOfoD;udk
pdkufysdK;onf/ pnfoGyfpufHku c&rf;csOfoD;azsmf&nfudk xkwfvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/
t"du tpm;tpm ((Staple Food))
Edik if t
H rsm;pkwiG f d;k &mt& vlO;D a&trsm;tjym;u aps;vnf;oufom? 0rf;vnf;jynfv
h ,
G o
f nft
h wGuf
pm;oHk;aom t"du tpm;taomuf[lNyD; &dScJhavonf/ Oyrm - jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xrif;onf t"du
tpm;tpmjzpfNyD; qif;&JEGrf;yg;oltrsm;tjym;rSm xrif;udkom tm;xm;NyD;pm;Muonf/ t"du
tpm;tpmrSm Edik if aH &;tay:wGif du
k cf wfaewwfonf/ tpd;k &rsm;onf t"dutpm;tpm aps;EIe;f udk
oufomatmif axmufyHhay;jcif;jzifh jynfolrsm;vHkavmufpGm pm;oHk;Edkifaponf/
zGJUpnf;yHk csdefnda&; tpDtpOfrsm; ((Structural Adjustment Programmes))
pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;jyKvkyfaecsdefwGif tpdk;&rsm;utaumiftxnfazmfaom pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'
rsm;udkac:qdkonf/ LDC EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtm; aiGaMu;axmufyHhaeaom? odkYwnf;r[kwf acs;iSm;
aeaomtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;u tpd;k &taejzifh taxmuftyH&h &dx
S u
kd o
f nfh taetxm;odYk a&muf&v
Sd m&ef
tpdk;&taejzifh zGJUpnf;yHkcsdefnda&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf[k owfrSwfavh&dSMuonf/
axmufyHhrIrsm; ((Susidies))
ukefypnf;wpfck? odkYr[kwf 0efaqmifrIwpfck\ aps;EIef;oufomap&ef ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;tm;
ay;tyfaomaiGjzpfonf/ ukefypnf; 0,fol jzpfap? a&mif;oljzpfap ta&;BuD;onfhtwGuf tpdk;&u
vdktyfonf[k ,lqNyD; ukefypnf;\ yHkrSefaps;EIef;rS umuG,fay;jcif;jzpfonf/ pufrIwdk;wufaom
taemufEdkifiHrsm;wGif v,form;rsm;tm; axmufyHhay;avh&dSonf/ taMumif;rSm v,form;rsm;udk
ta&;Bu;D onf[k owfrw
S Mf uaomaMumifjh zpfonf/ qif;&JaomEdik if rH sm;wGif t"dutpm;tpmrsm;\
aps;EIef;udk axmufyHhjcif;jzifh pm;oHk;oludk umuG,fay;onf/
0rf;pmtwGuf v,f,mvkyfudkifjcif; ((Subsistence Farming))
a'owGif;om toHk;jyK&ef aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; pdkufysdK;jcif;? odkYr[kwf Muuf? 0uf? uRJ? EGm;arG;jrLjcif;udk
ac:onf/ Oyrm - &Gmwpf&Gmu pdkuforQudk xdk&Gmuompm;oHk;NyD; aps;uGufodkY tvGefenf;yg;pGm
wifydkYa&mif;csaeonfjzpfvQif xdk&Gmonf 0rf;pmtwGuf v,f,mvkyfudkifaeonf[k owfrSwfEdkif
avonf/ rNidrfroufrIrsm;jzpfyGm;jcif;? vrf;rsm;ysufpD;jcif;? vQyfppf"mwfr&&dSjcif;wdkYaMumifh
v,form;rsm;twGuf olw\
Ykd ypn;f rsm; rykyo
f ;kd ? rysupf ;D cifaps;uGuo
f yYkd &Ykd ef cJ,Of;aewwfavonf/
t&Snfxdef;xm;Edkifaom zGHUNzdK;rI ((Sustainable Development))

t&Snfxdef;xm;Edkifaom zGHUNzdK;rIonf rsufarSmufacwf EdkifiHwum pD;yGm;a&;wGif ta&;tBuD;qHk;ESifh
tjiif;tyGm;qHk; t,ltqwpf&yfjzpfayonf/ b,fawmhrS rqHk;EdkifbJ wpfoufvHk; wdk;wufaeaom
pD;yGm;a&;udk &&djS cif;[k ,if;udk zGiq
hf Mkd uavonf/ taemufEikd if rH sm;tm; <u,f0atmif rD;xd;k ay;cJo
h nfh
d;k &m pufrv
I yk if ef;trsm;tjym;onf topfjyefr&Edik af wmhaom a&eHEiS hf ausmufr;D aoG;wdu
Yk o
hJ aYkd om
Zmpfjrpfrsm;ay:wGif tajccHxm;onf/ topfjyefr&Edkif[kqdkonfrSm xdkt&mrsm;rSm tuefYtowf
ESifhom &&dSEdkifaomyrmPjzpfum ywf0ef;usif npfnrf;rIudkvnf; jzpfay:apygonf/ opfawmESifh
ig;zrf;vkyfief;wdkYuJhodkY tcsdKUaom vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; ,cktcgwGif pdk;&drfp&mjzpfvm&avNyD/
taMumif;um ,if;wdkYrSmvnf; crf;ajcmufaeaom obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;[k jrifvmMuaom
aMumifhyifwnf;/
wwd,qifh pufrIvkyfief; ((Tertiary Industry))
ukefypnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfrI\ txufwGif ausmfvTm;um 0efaqmifrIrsm; ay;tyfaeaom vkyfief;rsm;
yg0ifvsuf&dSonfh pD;yGm;a&;yifjzpfonf/ c&rf;csOfoD;pdkufaom v,form;onf tajccHtqifh pufrI
vkyfief;udkaqmif&Gufonf/ c&rf;csOfoD;azsmf&nfudk xkwfvkyfolu 'kwd,qifh pufrIvkyfief;udk
vkyu
f ikd o
f nf/ ukrP
w
D pfcu
k qdik t
f oD;oD;odYk c&rf;csOo
f ;D azsm&f nfb;l rsm;udk a&mif;csonf/ odrYk [kwf
c&rf;csOfoD;azsmf&nf xkwfvkyfaeaom ukrPDtm; olESifhtNydKifukrPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfaom
c&rf;csOfoD; azsmf&nfaps;EIef;ESifh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;tyfonfqdkvQif
xdkukrPDonf wwd,qifh pufrIvkyfief;udk vkyfonf[krnfygonf/
csnfxm;aom taxmuftyHh ((Tied Aid))
vufcHaom EdkifiHtaejzifh tvSL&SifEdkifiHrS ukefypnf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk 0,f,l&efom aiGaMu;
rsm;udo
k ;kH pGrJ nf[k uwdu0wfjyKvQif ay;tyfonfh taxmuftyHu
h kd ac:onf/ taxmuftyHh trsm;
tjym;rSm xdo
k cYkd snaf ESmifxm;ygonf/ od&Yk mwGif ,cktcg pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif trsm;tjym;u taxmuf
tyHhudk xdkodkYcsnfaESmifxm;jcif;aMumifh tusdK;r&dS[k jiif;ckefvsuf&dSavonf/
ukefoG,fa&; avQmhayghay;jcif; ((Trade Liberalisation))
oGi;f ukeu
f efo
Y wfrEI iS hf oGi;f uket
f ay: pnf;MuyfceG rf sm;uJo
h aYkd om ukeo
f ,
G af &;twGuf t[eft
Y wm;
jzpfaeapaomt&mrsm;udk z,f&Sm;jcif;udkac:onf/ 1980jynfhvGefESifh 1990jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif
EdkifiHaygif; 150ausmfu wlnDaom oGif;ukefpnf;MuyfrI pHowfrSwfcsufrsmu;udk owfrSwf&efESifh
EdkifiHrsm;tcsif;csif; ukefoG,fa&;twGuf EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &&dSvmMu&m wpfurmvHk;
wGif ukeo
f ,
G af &;avQmah yghay;rI t&deS jf rifch ahJ vonf/ *seAD mNrKd UwGif tajcpdu
k af om urmu
h ek o
f ,
G af &;
tzGJUBuD;u ukefoG,fa&;avQmhayghay;jcif;rsm; wdk;yGm;vmatmif tm;xkwfvkyfudkifrIudk OD;aqmifvsuf
&dSayonf/
tvkyfr&dSrI ((Underemployment))
vlwdkYtaejzifh vkyfcsifoavmuf rvkyfEdkifaom tajctaeudk ac:qdkonf/ ydkrdkqif;&Jaom EdkifiHrsm;
wGif vltrsm;tjym;rSm tvkyfvufrJhjzpf&onfxuf tvkyfr&dSjzpfaeonfu ydkrsm;aewwfayonf/
61
Oyrm - v,form;wpfOD;onf olYv,f,mxJwGif wpfESpfwmvHk; tvkyfvkyfae& onfrsdK;r[kwfbJ

av;? ig;? vom tvkyv
f yk &f avonf/ useo
f nft
h csed w
f iG f olrY mS tvkyv
f yk cf sio
f nfw
h ikd f tvky&f mS vdYk
r&wwfEdkifay/ NrdKUBuD;rsm;vnf; tcsdefydkif;om tvkyfvkyfMu&olrsm;rSmvnf; tvkyfr&dSrIudk &ifqdkif
ae&olrsm;jzpfavonf/
tvkyfvufrJhjzpfrI ((Unemployment))
tvkyform;tiftm;pk0ifrsm;wGif tvkyfr&dSaom tajctaeudk ac:onf/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeu
wdk;wufoifhoavmuf rwdk;wufbJjzpfaeonfhtcg tvkyfvufrJhjzpfrIudk t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzKef;wD;rI
[kyif ydkrdkus,fjyefYpGm ac:qdkavh&dSMuonf/ pufrIEdkifiHrsm;wGif tvkyfvufrJhEIef;xm;u EdkifiHa&;
tajctaeudk dkufcwfEdkifavonf/
ukvor*uav;rsm;&efyHkaiGtzGJU (,leDquf)
6 xyf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m[dkw,f
330? tvHkvrf;? '*HkNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
zkef; - 212086^87^90^91
Ms. Virginia Moncrieff
tjynfjynfqikd &f mowif;ESipfh me,fZif;enf;jy

Mr. Jason Rush
jyefMum;a&;ESiv
fh x
l q
k ufo,
G af &;t&m&S?d ,leq
D uf wkrYd S jyKpo
k nf/
Edk0ifbmv? 2004

unicef ျမန္မာ့သတင္းေထာက္မ်ားလက္စြဲစာေစာင္

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

unicef ျမန္မာ့သတင္းေထာက္မ်ားလက္စြဲစာေစာင္

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ukvor*uav;rsm;&efyakH iGtzGUJ

2/ ajzqdk&rnfh tajccHar;cGef;rsm;um; tb,fwdkYenf; .............

3/ Zmwfvrf;u bmtaMumif;vJ ..........................

4/ Zmwfvrf;twGufjzpfEdkifaom owif;ZmpfjrpfawGu b,folawGvJ ...

5/ owif;Zmwfvrf;u EdkifiHwumpHrsm;udk b,fvdkrDEdkifygovJ .......

6/ tifwmeufxJwGif okawoejyKvkyfjcif; ..................... 10

t+yD;owfrmS p7mtenf;tyg; ......................... 25

tydki;f (2) uav;rsm;ESihf owif;=yefjum;r_

tydki;f (3) aemufqufwGJrsm;

owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004

xdkudponf wpf r l x l ; jcm;

xifay:ausmfMum;aom vlyk*dKvf? odkYr[kwf taMumif;t&mwpfckck yg0ifywfouf

xd p yf r Ia&m&dSygovm;/ jzpf&yfonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif;ygavm/ odkYr[kwf

tcsdefrDyg&JUvm;/ ,aeYjzpfoGm;wmvm;? raeYujzpfcJhwmvm;/ t&ifwpfywfu jzpfcJh

owif;ydkY? owif;a&;awmhrnfqdkvQif ar;cGef;rsm;udk ESvHk;oGif;xm;yg/ owif;wefzdk;&dSaom

a=zqdk7rnfh ta=ccHar;cGe;f rsm;um; tb,fwkd]enf;?

rnfonfh Zmwfvrf;twGufrqdk tajccHar;cGef;rsm;um; twlwlyifjzpfonf/ b,fol? bm?

b,frmS ? ae&m[kqdk&mwGif &Gmwpf&Gm? NrdKUwpfNrdKU jzpfaeEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkrQjzifh rvHk

owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004

b,fwek ;f u ? owif;[lonf rMumao;cifurS jzpfymG ;cJo

bmhajumifh ?pme,fZif;q&mwpfa,muftwGuf tcufcJqHk;ESifh ta&;tBuD;qHk; tvkyfrSm

b,fvkd ? ]]b,fvdk}} [laom ar;cGef;tm; ajzqdk&mwGif ]]bm}} [laom ar;cGef;ESifh qufpyfae

owif;orm;rsm;pGm MuKH &wwfaom jyemu pdwu

tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESihf zefwD;jcif;

vmapNyD; owif;wefzdk;&dSaeaprnfh oD;jcm; tqmyvm

rSwcf suf - rdr\

Zmwfvrf;twGuf =zpfEkdiaf omowif;Zmpf=rpfawGu b,folawGvJ?

owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004

tpdk;7 owif;Zmpf=rpfrsm; - &efukefNrdKUrS 0efBuD;rsm;udkom rpOf;pm;ygESifh/ Xmersm;? wuodkvf

tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESihf zefwD;jcif;

rsu=f rifoufaorsm; - taqmufttHk NyKd usjcif;? bwf(pf)um; wdu

r#wr_ - rnfonfhZmwfvrf;rS wpfzufowfr[kwfyg/ Zmwfvrf;trsm;tjym;wGif

owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004

jzpfonf/ rdrd\ oabmxm;t,ltqrSm owif;Zmwfvrf;\ tpdwftydkif; r[kwfyg/

udk,fhudk,fudk,f ar;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu owif;pmq&mudk ,HkMunfudk;pm;rSmvm;

pdw0f ifpm;p7maumif;aer_ - vlwdkY\ pdwf0ifpm;rIudk zrf;pm;Edkifrnfh Zmwfvrf;qdkif

udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu owif;Zmwfvrf;udk pdwf0ifpm;rSmvm;

tcsdefrD=cif; - owif;a[mif;rsm;onf owif;r[kwfyg/ owif;Zmwfvrf;onf

udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - owif;Zmwfvrf;u pmzwfoltwGuf odp&m topf

tzGihf - yxrqHk; pmydk'f wpfydk'f? ESpfydk'fu pmzwfol\ pdwf0ifpm;rIudk zrf;pm;ae

udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu bmtaMumif; owif;ay;xm;rSef; odaeNyD;

zGJ]pnf;yHk - owif;Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fwGif ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsuftvufrsm;udk

udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu owif;Zmwfvrf;tprS tqHk;twdkif

tudk;tum;rsm; - owif;Zmpfjrpfu ajymonfhpum;vHk;twdkif; twdtus jzpfae

tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESihf zefwD;jcif;

tm; xl;jcm;vmapaom tudk;tum;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fyg/ wm0ef&dSolrsm;udkomruyJ

aemufcZH mwfajumif; - owif;tjzpftysufwpfcktwGufjzpfap? tom;ay; azmfjy

udk,fhudk,fudk,far;Munfhyg - pmzwfolu owif;Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fvHk;udk oabm

tifwmeufxJwGif okawoe=yKvky=f cif;

tifwmeufonf owif;Zmwfvrf;rsm;twGuf okawoejyK&mwGif tvGefaumif;vSaom

owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004

owif;tcsuftvufu joZm&daS eygap/

xdktifwmeufa'o bmajumifh&aSd erSe;f odaeygap/

tao;pdwrf sm;udk junfhyg/

tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESihf zefwD;jcif;

tifwmeufpmrsufEmS rsm;ESihf tifwmeufxJrmS awG]7aom pmrsufEmS rsm;jum;wGif

owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004

awGUqHkar;jref;csufrsm;udk rpwifrD rdrdtaejzifh xdkawGUqHkar;jref;jcif;twGuf BudKwifjyifqif

tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESihf zefwD;jcif;

rdrdudk,fwdkifa&m owif;Zmpfjrpfyg oufaomifhoufom&dSaeap&ef rdrd\taetxm;udk *k

owif;ESihfpme,fZif;oifwef;? Edk0ifbm 2004

rsufvHk;csif; qdkifxm;yg/ awGUqHak r;jref;aecsed w

tydkif; (1) Zmwfvrf;wpfyk'fudk BudKwifjyifqifjcif;ESihf zefwD;jcif;

tjyif;xefqHk; ar;cGef;rsm;udk aemufqHk;rS ar;oifhygonf/ enf;tm;jzifh rdrd\ owif;