Nickel (imp.

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It is a Hard Silvery Metal found in earth Crushing, Mining, Grinding etc. Uses:- 1) Used as alloy, mainly for Stainless Steel 2) Aero Engine Industries 3) As a corrosive Resistant 4) Nickel Cadmium Rechargeable Batteries 5) Nickel Oxide with other metal oxides can produce as alloy called as Spinels. Hazards:1) Contact Dermatitis:- It is diagnosed by Patch Test & Lymphocyte Proliferation Test 2) Nickel Itch also Known as Nickel Rash. 3) Bronchial Asthema:- Occupational Asthma due to inhalation of soluble Nickel or Nickel Oxide Fumes from Welding. 4) Carcinogenic:- Mainly Carcinoma of a) Pulmonary b) Nasal Sinus 5) Nickel Carbonyl:- Ni(CO)4 Very Hazardous, Dangerous, Gaseous Mond Process:- Process of Purification of Nickel. Within the Nickel Ore Carbon Monoxide Co is passed Ni + CO = Ni(CO)4 + Nickel Dust Nickel Carbonyl actually is a liquid with Boiling Point 43 C, but its vapours are Highly Toxic. It is formed when CO is passed over finely divided Nickel at ambient temperature and then at 180C it deposits Nickel Metal of extremely pure quality, called as Mond Process. This gas is very dangerous, similar to Phosgene. It has Brick Dust Odour, detected at 1-3 ppm/m Other Hazards:- Exposure may cause 1) Headache 2) Dizziness 3) Nausea 4) Vomiting 5) Dyspnoea No 1 to 5 will disappear after Removal from Exposure but the worker should be kept under Observation, because Potential Lethal Sequence may arise for upto 36 hours later with a risk of 1) Interstitial Pneumonitis 2) Pulmonary Oedema 3) Cerebral oedema 4) Cerebral Haemorrhage 5) Death may follow 4 to 11 Days after Exposure. Exposure to 30 ppm for 30 minutes is said to be Potentially Lethal to humans.

6) Carcinogenic:- Causes Cancer of a) Nasal Cavity b) Lungs c) Pharynx When it is the consequence of Mond Process How to Diagnose if it is CO or Ni(CO)4 poisoning ? === COHb if is normal then it is Ni(CO)4 Poisoning. Treatment:1) Disulfiram (Anta Boost) :- In standard doses ASAP. 2) Short Course of Prednisolon orally. 5 mg. X 4 times a day tapering in 5days Patient should not take alcohol while on Disulfiram. Biological Estimation:- By Urinary Nickel Estimation. Normal level is less than 50 Micro Gm/ Lit in unexposed person.