BI 6 CC YU T NG M TRONG M TIT TING VIT Nh bit, hc thanh nhc, ngoi vic tp luyn mt s k thut c bn, cn phi hc cch x l ngn

n ng sao cho m thanh li ca pht ra nghe c r rng v bo ton tnh thm m ca ngn ng tng dn tc. Mun x l ngn ng Vit Nam, trc ht chng ta phi bit s lc v cc yu t ng m cu to nn tng ting, tng ch (tng m tit) ca ngn ng Vit Nam. 1. Ting Vit Nam l mt ngn ng n vn (n m, n lp) nhng li a thanh. a. n vn : L mi ting, mi ch ch gm c mt vn, nn khi ni ri tng ting, khi vit ri tng ch, cc vn cc ch khng dnh kt li vi nhau nh mt s ngn ng khc. Cu th lc bt ca Nguyn Du : Trm nm trong ci ngi ta Ch ti ch mnh kho l ght nhau (Truyn Kiu) Gm 14 vn, 14 m tit, vit v c tch bch nhau, khng dnh kt li vi nhau. b. a thanh : L nhiu thanh iu, nhiu du ging. C th l c 6 thanh iu, c ghi bng 5 k hiu khc nhau : du sc (), du huyn (), du hi (), du ng ( ), du nng (). (Gi tt l 5 du 6 ging). Khng c du gi l thanh -iu ngang. 2. Mi ting (mi m tit) c 3 yu t l m u, vn v thanh iu. Th d trong ch TON T l m u OAN l vn l thanh huyn (3 yu t ny c thy r, chng hn trong li ni li ca Vit Nam : Th d : - B mt : - Bt m : i vn, i thanh - B mt : i thanh - Mt b : i m u + i vn ). Trong 3 yu t , th VN li gm 3 yu t khc : m m + m chnh + m cui. Trong vn OAN, O l m m, A l m chnh, N l m cui. Vy trong mt m tit gm tt c 5 yu t : - m u - m m - m chnh - m cui - Thanh iu (l yu t nh hng ln ton m tit) Ta c s cc yu t ca m tit nh sau : Thanh iu (5) m u (1) m m Vn m chnh m cui

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3. V tr m u do cc ph m m nhn, gi l cc ph m u a. c tnh ca cc ph m l t n khng pht ra m thanh ln c, m cn km theo mt nguyn m, th n mi pht thnh ting r rng c. Khi c cc ph m, ln hi phi vt qua mt vt cn no do tc ng ca mi li phi hp, ri mi i ra ngoi theo ng ming. Mun c r cc ph m th phi cu m cho ng cch, bng cch to cc im cn ln hi bng mi hay li (hnh 8, 9, 10). b. Cc ph m u Vit Nam gm : B, C, CH, D, , G (GH), GI, H, (K), KH, L, M, N, NH, NG (NGH), PH, Q (U), R, S, T, TH, TR, V, X. Nu phn loi da theo cch cu m, ta s c 5 loi chnh : * Ph m mi : - mi + mi : m b ; (p) : bnh minh - mi + rng : v ph (f) : vi phm * Ph m u li : - u li + rng trn : t th : tinh thn - u li + hm rng kht : x : xinh xn - u li + chn rng-vm cng: n l : n p lm - u li cong + vm cng : (l) r tr s : rn rng, trong sng - u li rung + vm cng : r (r rung hi khc vi r mm hng trn) : run ry, rung rinh - u li bt + vm cng : d gi : dng ging * Ph m mt li : -mt li + vm ming : ch nh : chi nhnh * Ph m cung li : - cung li ngoi + vm mm : kh g (gh) : khing gnh - cung li trong + vm mm : ng (ngh) c (k,q) : ngng cung, nguy kch qu

Ph m thanh hu :- cung li tht v pha sau thu hp thanh hu : h : hu h.

Lu : - m l c th cu m c 2 v tr. i vi ngi thng c ln l ra n, v n ra l th nn dng l cong li tp luyn. Khng nn cong li qu, s khng t nhin. - m r mm hng trn c gn ging nh ch j trong ting Php. Cn r rung thng gp min Trung, ch nn dng c cc ch din t s rung ng nh : rung rinh, run ry, run run v c cc ch r ca ting La -tinh nh Ma-ri-a, Ro-sa c. C mt s m tit khng c ph m u nh n, ung, an i cn a s cc m tit u c ph m u. Mun cho r ting, cn tp : bt mi, nh li cho ng cch. Vai tr ca li quan trng nn ngi ta khuyn nn nh li by ln trc khi ni l vy. 4. Vn li gm 3 yu t khc : m m + m chnh + m cui a. m m : c ghi bng bn m u hoc o. y l m lm trn mi trc khi c m chnh, lm cho m tit c m sc trm ti (gi l bn m, v mt ch th ging nh nguyn m, nhng cng dng li khng ging nh nguyn m). - Chnh t ghi bng u trc cc nguyn m va hoc hp (u, u, uya). - Chnh t ghi bng o trc cc nguyn m rng (oa, oe) tr khi trc n l ph m q th li ghi bng u (qua, que = koa, koe). - V m m l m trn mi, nn n khng i trc cc nguyn m trn mi o, , u na. - Khi pht m, khng c dng lu m m, m phi chuyn qua m chnh ngay. b. m chnh : V tr m chnh do cc nguyn m m nhim - Nguyn m : l nhng m t n pht ra m thanh m khng cn nh ti mt m no khc : ln hi t phi ra qu a thanh i m-ng to cao ca m thanh, cn hnh th cc khoang hng v khoang ming khc nhau, do hot ng ca li v hm di, s to ra cc nguyn m khc nhau (hnh 11).

- Phn loi : c hai loi nguyn m chnh l nguyn m n (a, , , o, , , u, , e, , i/y) v nguyn m phc (ia (i), a (), ua (u)). * Da trn v tr ca li, ngi ta cn phn ra : + Nguyn m hng trc (li a ra trc, m sc sng, bng, mi bt) : e, , i/y, i (ia). + Nguyn m hng gia (li nm gia, m sc trung ho, mi khng bt, khng trn) : a (), (), , (ua).[1] + Nguyn m hng sau (li rt v sau, m sc ti, trm, mi trn) : o, , u, u (ua). * Da trn m ca ming, ta c 4 loi : + Nguyn m rng : e, a, o (m lng ln) + Nguyn m va : , , (m lng va) + Nguyn m hp : i, , u (m lng nh) + Nguyn m hp m qua va : i, , u (m lng nh v ln dn n va) Ghi ch : - l m ngn ca a - l m ngn ca - o v i lc c dng m di l : oo, (xoong, bng) ia, ua, a l m phc khng c m cui (Td: chia, chua, cha ) Ta c bng tm kt cc nguyn m nh sau :

- m chnh cng vi thanh iu l hai yu t ti thiu phi lun lun c mt trong m tit, nu khng s khng c m tit : , , c. m cui : V tr m cui do cc bn m cui v ph m cui m nhn. * Bn m cui c 2 loi : Bn m cui bt ming (li a ra trc) c ghi bng i hoc y : + c ghi bng y sau cc nguyn m ngn , : y, u (hy ly : ng l ra chnh t phi ghi hy mi ng ng m). + c ghi bng i sau tt c cc nguyn m cn li m khng bt ming (tc l bn m i khng i sau cc nguyn m hng trc, bt ming) : ai i, i, i (ai # y) oi, i, ui, ui. Bn m cui trn mi (li rt vo trong) c ghi bng u hoc o : + Khng i sau cc nguyn m hng sau (trn mi) + c ghi bng u sau cc m ngn : u, u (tru, tu : ng l chnh t phi ghi tu mi ng ng m) + c ghi bng u sau cc m va v m hp : du, u, u, u, iu, iu (yu) + c ghi bng o sau cc m rng a, e = ao, eo (ao # u) Lu : khi gp ay th phi phn tch l y, khi gp au th phi phn tch l u * Ph m cui gm 8 m chia lm 4 cp nh sau : Ph m mi : m p (ng ting bng 2 mi) : lm p, rp rp Ph m u li : n t (ng li ln chn rng) : ban ht, sn st Ph m mt li : nh ch (ng mt li ln vm ming) : chnh chch, rch, rnh Lu : nh ch ch i sau cc nguyn m hng trc e i : enh ech, nh ch, inh ich. Do , khi chnh t ghi anh, ach, ta phi phn tch l enh ech mi ng.

 Ph m cung li : ng c (ng cung li ln vm mm) : vang, dc, vng vc Lu : khi ng c i sau cc nguyn m hng sau o u, th khng phi ch ng cung li, m cn phi ng ngay c 2 mi na (ta phi c ting lm cho 2 m hi phng ln to khong vang trong ming). Ghi ch : - Cc ph m cui p, t, ch, c ch i vi thanh iu sc hoc nng, lm cho vn phi c dt sm hn cc vn ng cng loi, c thi gi cc vn l vn cht (t vn). - Khi vn c cc m cui, th m chnh t nhiu b nh hng n lm cho m ca ming gim bt, ngn li. - Cc vn c m cui gi l VN NG, cc vn khng c m cui gi l VN M. 5. Thanh iu : Gm c su thanh : (1) ngang, (2) huyn, (3) ng, (4) hi, (5) sc, (6) nng ; c k hiu phin m bng s 1 6 theo th t trn. a. Thanh iu l yu t thay i cao ca m tit. N nh hng ln ton b m tit, nhng khi vit n c ghi trn hoc di m chnh l nguyn m n. Gp nguyn m phc khng km theo m cui th n c ghi trn yu t u ca m phc (th d : Cha, cha, cha). Nu nguyn m phc c km theo ph m cui th thng ghi thanh iu trn yu t th 2 ca m phc . Th d : vng, ting, chung. b. Phn loi da tn m vc : c 2 loi cao v thp - m vc cao : thanh ngang, thanh ng, thanh sc - m vc thp : thanh huyn, thanh hi, thanh nng c. Phn loi da trn m iu : c 2 loi bng v trc - m iu bng : thang ngang, thanh huyn - m iu trc : (khng bng phng) + C i hng (gy) : thanh ng, thanh hi + Khng i hng : thanh sc, thanh nng C th tm kt trong bng sau y :

Ghi ch : Cc ch trong ngoc n l ting Hn m cha ng ta dng trong thi vn c. Ring kh khc vi nhp ch thanh nhp m iu b rt ngn hn thanh kh. Th d : m, hn (kh) c di hn l mt (nhp) (thanh nhp i vi cc m cui p, t, ch, c). { PHN THC TP

1. Tp c cc nguyn m n hng trc, hng gia, hng sau - Phi hp cc ph m vi cc nguyn m trn. 2. Tp c cc m cui : - Mai, my, mao, mu, mam, mp, man, mt, mang mc - Tai, ty, tao, tam, tan, tang - Mi, my, mo, mu, mm, mp, mn, mng, mc. (Thay bng cc ph m u khc). 3. Tp phn bit ph m u : xa # sa, la # na, tra # cha (thay cc nguyn m khc). 4. Tp phn tch ng m tt c cc ch trong bi Khc Nhc Cm T v tp c cho ng cch cu m ca tng ch, nht l cc ph m u v m cui : Tnh Cha cao vi, i tnh Cha tuyt vi, Ngi yu ti, mun i thng ti, thng ti t thu i i. Ngi cho ti ting ni tuyt vi, m thanh chi vi ru hn phi phi, ting ni yu thng, bay khp mun phng, vang ln khc nhc cm t ngn i (56 m tit). Phn tch theo mu sau y : Bng phn tch ng m v x l ngn ng bi Khc Nhc Cm T (xem giy nh km) - Lc u ch phn tch n mc m cui, cn loi vn, v x l c th s in vo, sau khi hc bi x l ngn ng. - X l c th l xt vn ht nh th no, m ng ra sao, ng du no c th trong tng bi ht. 5. n li cc mu luyn thanh hc. { CC CU HI N TP 1. c tnh ca ngn ng Vit Nam l g ? 2. Cho bit m tit ting Vit gm nhng yu t no? Yu t no lun lun c mt trong m tit ? 3. Loi m no gi v tr m u ? m chnh ? m m ? m cui ? 4. Nguyn m l g ? C nhng loi no ? Lit k ra 5. Ph m l g ? C nhng loi no ? Lit k ra 6. Ti sao gi l bn m ? Bn m gi nhng v tr no trong m tit ? 7. Ph m cui l nhng m no ? Cu m ra sao ? 8. Thanh iu c my loi ? V bng tm kt cc thanh iu