Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================

X L NC THI CC AO NUI C NC NGT

BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun
B mn K thut Mi trng v Ti nguyn nc, Khoa Cng ngh, i hc Cn Th
E-mail: latuan@ctu.edu.vn
Tm tt
Sut hn mt th k qua, ngnh nui trng thy sn hin din ng bng sng Cu
Long (BSCL). Vng ng bng ny thc cht l mt khu t ngp nc rng ln nh
mt phn cui h ngun ca sng Mekong ra n bin ng v vnh Thi Lan nn c mt
tim nng to ln cho vic canh tc ng nghip nc ngt v nc mn. Trong nm 2005,
vng BSCL ng gp hn 68% tng sn lng thy sn ca c nc. Tuy nhin,
vng BSCL ang phi gnh chu s suy gim cht lng nc do vic bng pht thm
canh nui trng thy sn trong sut hai thp nin qua, c v din tch nui v mt nui
th tm hoc c trn mi mt vung mt nc.
Mt cch tnh gn ng, mun c 1 kg c da trn thnh phm, ngi nng dn phi s
dng t 3 - 5 kg thc n. Thc t ch khong 17% thc n c c hp thu v phn cn
li (chng 83%) ha ln trong mi trng nc tr thnh cc cht hu c phn hy. S
liu quan trc trn cc sng rch BSCL cho thy nng cc cht nhim nh nhu
cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5), nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD), tng lng cht rn l lng
(TSS), m tng s (TKN), tng s Coliform, ... vt xa mc cho php ca tiu chun
Vit Nam. Nc nhim cng dn n s gia tng ngun bnh chnh cho ngi v
thy sn.
C nhiu k thut x l nc thi t cc ao nui c. Tuy nhin, t ngp nc kin to c
th kinh t hn so vi cc chn la khc cc ni cn mt bng. u th ca bin php
ny l n gin trong xy dng, hiu qu x l cao v nng lng vn hnh thp vi chi
ph ti thiu.
Nghin cu trong ba nm qua ca Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn th (HCT) cho
thy t ngp nc kin to chy ngm loi tr hu ht cc cht nhim trong nc
thi sinh hot v ao nui c mt cch c ngha. Cht lng nc u ra xung mc cho
php thi tr li ngun theo tiu chun Vit Nam hoc c th ti s dng trong nui c v
sinh hot.
T kho: Nui trng thy sn; Ao c nc ngt; Nng nhim; t ngp nc kin
to; X l nc thi

=============================================================
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================

FRESHWATER FISH-POND WASTEWATER TREATMENT

BY CONSTRUCTED SUBSURFACE FLOW WETLANDS
Le Anh Tuan
Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
College of Technology, CanTho University
E-mail: latuan@ctu.edu.vn
Abstract
More than one century, aquaculture has been farmed in the Mekong River Delta (MD),
Vietnam. Actually, the Delta is a large tropical wetland as the most downstream part of
the Mekong River to both the East Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, so it has huge potential
of inland and coastal aquaculture. In 2005, the MD has contributed more than 68% of the
total value of aquaculture production of the country. However, the MD has been suffering
from water quality degradation due to extensive blooming of aquaculture in the last two
decades, not only on the total actual production areas but also on the shrimp or fish
density per square meter of surface water. Water pollution also leads to increase of
human and aqua-diseases mainly.
Roughly, farmers have to use 3.0 5.0 kg of feed for producing 1 kg of catfish. In fact,
only 17% of food is absorbed by fish bodies and the rest (nearly 83%) dilute to water
environment in the form of composting organic matters. Data from water quality
monitoring in rivers and canals in the MD, concentration of pollutants such as
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended
solid (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total Coliforms numbers, are very
much higher than Vietnam wastewater standards.
There are many techniques for fish-pond wastewater treatment. However, the constructed
wetlands may be economical relative to other options only where land is available. Their
advantages are simple construction, high treatment effectiveness and low energy process
requiring minimal operational cost.
Over past three years, the research of the College of Technology, CanTho University
(CTU) has performed that the constructed subsurface flow wetland removes pollutants in
domestic and fish-pond wastewater significantly. The effluent water quality satisfy
Vietnamese standards for wastewater discharge to water body or may re-use for
aquaculture and domestic purposes.
Key words: Aquaculture; Fresh-water fish-pond; Pollutant concentration; Constructed
wetland; Wastewater treatment.

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X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================
I.
DN NHP
ng bng sng Cu Long l vng h lu cui cng ca h thng sng Mekong ra hai
mt bin ng v Vnh Thi Lan vi tng din tch gn 4 triu ha t t nhin. Hng
nm, vng ng bng thp v phng ny nhn hn 450 t m3 nc t sng Mekong
v, lng ma cao xp x 2000 mm/nm, lng nc ngm phong ph v mt h thng
sng rch chng cht chu ng thi cc tc ng thy triu ca hn 600 km b bin. c
im ny to vng BSCL mang tnh cht mt vng t ngp nc rng ln v
thng xuyn to iu kin thun li cho vic pht trin nng nghip v thy sn.
Ngi Vit Nam nh c vng BSCL ngt trn 300 nm, h bit khai thc
ngun c v nui c hn mt th k nay. Ngh c c xem l ngh lm giu vi nhiu
cu ni t xa: Nht canh tr, nh canh vin, hay Mun giu nui c, mun kh nui
heo, , v.v Cng vi s gia tng sn lng la, ngnh thy sn cng ng gp
mt ngun thu kh ln cho t nc: nm 2005 vng BSCL ng gp 68% tng sn
lng nui trng thy sn trn ton quc, t trn 1,4 triu tn; kim ngch xut khu hn
1,4 triu USD. Theo s liu ca Tng cc Thng k (2006), ch trong khong thi gian t
nm 2000 n 2005, din tch nui trng thy sn vng BSCL tng gn i, t
445.300 ha ln n gn 700.000 ha (Bng 1). Khi , tng sn lng thy sn th tng
gp ba trong thi k 2000 - 2005 (Bng 3). Cc nm 2006 v 2007 xut hin s bng
pht hin tng nng dn t b la, ph vn ri o ao nui c, nui tm.
Theo tnh ton mt cch tnh gn ng, mun c 1 kg c da trn thnh phm, ngi nng
dn phi s dng t 3 - 5 kg thc n, trung bnh khong 4 kg (Thnh, 2003). Thc t
ch khong 17% thc n c c hp thu v phn cn li (chng 83%) ha ln trong mi
trng nc tr thnh cc cht hu c phn hy. Nh vy, vi c tnh khong 1 triu
tn thy sn trong nm 2006 th t nht x 3 triu tn cht thi hu c tun ra mi
trng nc BSCL. Cc mu nc sng rch ly gn khu nui c basa, c tra u cho
thy nng cc cht nhim cao vt mc tiu chun cho php loi B t vi trm n
vi ngn ln, thm ch vi chc ngn ln. Bo ch, cc nh khoa hc v qun l ang cnh
bo tnh trng gia tng nhim ngun nc do s pht trin qu mc vic nui c cc
vng nc ngt, nui tm cc vng nc l v mn. nhim nc l mt trong cc
yu t hn ch cho vic pht trin nng nghip vng BSCL (Tun, et al., 2004).
nhim ngun nc qu mc kh nng t lm sch ca thin nhin dn n hu qu tt
yu ca dch bnh xy ra cho tm c, nh hng nghim trng n sc kho ca ngi
dn v hy hoi mi trng sinh thi ca khu vc.
S nn nng tng trng kinh t m khng ch n yu t ci thin v bo v mi
trng s l mt s pht trin thiu bn vng. Chng ta v th h sau chng ta s tr mt
gi kh t cho chi ph y t, iu kin sng v sn xut cao hn nhiu so vi li nhun
ca vic sn xut t bt chp cc nguyn tc c bn ca vic bo v mi trng. Do
vy, vic tm kim v xut cc gii php ci to nc thi, c bit t cc ngnh sn
xut v sinh hot, trong c ngnh nui trng thy sn, l vn cp bch v rt cn
thit hin nay. Bi vit ny gii thiu mt bin php kh hu hiu, tng i r tin, qun
l n gin l x l nc thi ao nui c nc ngt (c basa, c tra) bng k thut lc
nc thi qua khu t ngp nc chy ngm kin to.
=============================================================
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================
Bng 1: Din tch nui trng thy sn vng BSCL (n v tnh: Ngn ha)
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Long An
1,8
2,5
2,5
3,1
2,9
3,4
6,6
7,3 10,2 12,4 14.1
Tin Giang
9,6
9,2
9,1
9,1
9,8
8,4
8,8
9,6 10,8 11,9 12.1
Bn Tre
24,7 24,7 21,1 23,4 27,9 29,3 25,6 36,0 37,7 41,1 42.6
Tr Vinh
22,6 25,0 30,0 35,0 36,0 52,6 54,3 25,2 30,2 32,5 35.1
Vnh Long
1,2
1,1
1,1
1,2
1,2
1,4
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1.7
ng Thp
3,2
1,2
1,4
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,3
2,6
2,6
3,2
3.7
An Giang
1,0
1,3
0,9
0,9
1,2
1,3
1,3
1,8
1,6
1,9
2.1
Kin Giang 12,5 19,3 25,1 27,2 29,3 34,6 42,6 49,7 62,1 79,2 90.9
Cn Th
10,0 11,0 11.6
8,3 10,5 11,0 12,5 11,9 12,6 13,6 16,5
Hu Giang
7,5
8,3
8.6
Sc Trng
3,0 24,1 28,5 25,8 30,5 41,4 53,2 48,3 57,1 59,0 66.3
Bc Liu
41,4 42,6 42,2 40,3 38,9 54,0 83,0 100,6 112,3 118,8 118.7
BSCL
289.4 316,5 327,1 341,8 332,9 445,3 546,8 570,3 621,2 658,5 685,8

(Ngun: Tng cc Thng k, 2006)

Bng 2: Sn lng nui trng thy sn vng BSCL (n v tnh: Tn)
1995
4029
45161
66500
12585
6150
24509
35060
4901

1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Long An
4825
4791
8404
9724
8954 11573 11152 15180 18750 19919
Tin Giang
36692 27341 28520 27813 28417 37267 40493 46510 54721 61095
Bn Tre
64081 42260 37618 42509 50340 61168 70619 66099 58520 61569
Tr Vinh
20460 25500 25700 26090 21673 28532 37624 48124 64189 72522
Vnh Long
6168
6150
6204
6568
6980
8241 11546 17164 22607 28595
ng Thp
27292 32268 31806 36869 34723 35797 35998 42502 66874 111155
An Giang
48427 41579 40731 60984 80156 83643 110599 136825 154675 172265
Kin Giang
7466
8324
7212
6387
9991 18979 14535 20636 25882 49778
Cn Th
36324 59086 82179
6405
7171
7606
7160 11359 12980 15122 25215
Hu Giang
9899 15790 21870
Sc Trng
6210 10258
7366
8091
6400 15422 18680 23695 30750 41201 71708
Bc Liu
8503
9814 10168 11755 13681 22366 37704 48953 72468 92812 110466
BSCL
266982 285926 259348 255564 295102 365141 444394 518743 634798 773294 983384

(Ngun: Tng cc Thng k, 2006)

=============================================================
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================
II.
KHI NIM V T NGP NC KIN TO
t ngp nc (wetland) c hiu l phn t c cha nc trong t thng xuyn
dng bo ho hoc cn bo ha. Trong thin nhin, t ngp nc hin din cc vng
trng thp nh cc cnh ng l, m ly, ao h, knh rch, rung nc, vn cy, rng
ngp nc mn hoc nc ngt, cc ca sng tip gip vi bin, Vng BSCL c
xem l vng t ngp nc rng ln ca nc ta v c cc yu t ca nh ngha ny.
t ngp nc c xem l vng t giu tnh a dng sinh hc, c nhiu tim nng nng
lm ng nghip nhng rt nhy cm v mt mi trng sinh thi. t ngp nc tham gia
tch cc vo chu trnh thy vn v c kh nng x l cht thi qua qu trnh t lm sch
bng cc tc ng l ha v sinh hc phc tp.
Tuy nhin, vic x l nc thi qua t ngp nc t nhin thng chm, phi c nhiu
din tch v kh kim sot qu trnh x l nn cc nh khoa hc xut ra bin php
xy dng cc khu x l nc thi qua t (land treatment). Khu ny c gi l khu t
ngp nc kin to (constructed wetland), ch kin to c hiu l h thng c
thit k v xy dng nh mt vng t ngp nc nhng vic x l nc thi hiu qu
hn, gim din tch v c bit c th qun l c qu trnh vn hnh mc n gin.
X l nc thi bng t ngp nc kin to c p dng khong 100 nm nay M
v Chu u v gn y nht l cc nc Chu v Chu c. Vic nghin cu k thut
t ngp nc kin to kh nhiu trong khong hn 20 nm nay, c bit l cc cng
trnh ca Kadlec v Knight (1996), US-EPA (1988), Moshiri, (1993), Kadllec et al.
(2000), Solano et al. (2003), Vymazal (2005), cho thy hiu qu x l cc cht
nhim nh nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5), nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD), lng oxy ha tan
(DO), tng lng cht rn l lng (TSS), m tng s (TKN), tng Phophorous (Ptotal),
tng s Coliform, u c gim ng k trong nc thi.
C 2 kiu phn loi t ngp nc kin to c bn theo hnh thc chy: loi chy t do
trn mt t (free surface flow) v loi chy ngm trong t (subsurface flow). Loi chy
t do th t tn km v to s iu ha nhit khu vc cao hn loi chy ngm nhng
hiu qu x l th km hn, tn din tch t nhiu hn v c th phi gii quyt thm vn
mui v cn trng pht trin. t ngp nc kin to kiu chy ngm li phn ra hai
kiu chy: chy ngang (horizontal flow) (hnh 1) v chy thng ng (vertical flow) (hnh
2). Vic chn la kiu hnh ty thuc vo a hnh v nng lng my bm. i khi
ngi ta phi hp c hai hnh thc x l ny.
Nhiu loi cy trng cho vng t ngp nc kin to c la chn tham gia vo qu
trnh hp thu cc cht nhim trong nc thi, nhiu nht l cc loi cy sy, nn, lc, c
Vetiver (cho loi chy ngm) hoc lc bnh, hoa sng, bo cc loi,
Thc nghim trong chu trng sy c ti bng bng thi nm 2004 i hc Cn
Th cho thy cy sy v ct trong c kh nng hp thu 90 - 92% Nitrogen (N) v trn 60 63% Phosphorous (P) (Tuan et al., 2006).
Trng i hc Cn Th tin hnh cc kho st kh nng x l nc thi sinh hot v
nc thi t cc ao c nui nc ngt bng bin php t ngp nc kin to kiu chy
ngm nm ngang t nm 2003 n nay. Cc nghin cu thc nghim c tin hnh
=============================================================
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================
trong khun vin trng v thc a vi s hp tc ca nng dn Cn Th. Kt qu cho
thy, y l mt trin vng kh thi cho vic x l nc thi vng BSCL.

Hnh 1: S t ngp nc kin to chy ngm theo chiu ngang

(v li theo Vymazal, 1997)

Hnh 2: S t ngp nc kin to chy ngm theo chiu ng

(v li theo Cooper, 1996)

=============================================================
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================
III.
M T CC KHO NGHIM V KT QU
III.1 Kho nghim huyn Mn
Mt th nghim tin hnh vo nm 2005 ti mt ao nui c gn tuyn ng t Cn
Th i Long Xuyn trn a phn huyn Mn. S kho nghim nh hnh 3. Nc
thi t ao nui c c basa thay v c bm vo mt on knh tiu c b ngang 1,2 m,
su 0.8 m dn ra sng th c chn li mt on 5 mt ct v trng sy vi mt
25 cy/m2. y v thnh on x l c lt tm nylon chng thm. dc y l
5%. Ct c chn l loi ct trung (ct demi), ng knh D50 = 0.4 mm, dng trong xy
dng (hnh 4) c rng 40%. Trn on x l nc qua ct, hai u c chn bng
phn tre v bao vi chng st ct. C mi mt di on x l, c gn 5 ng ly mu
nc, mi ng cch nhau 1 mt, ng u tin v ng cui cng cch mp ct 0,5 m.
Lng nc bm th nghim mi ngy vo h thng chia lm 2 ln: 7:00 v 19:00, mi
t 600 L. C 7 t ly mu thc nghim, mi t cch nhau mt tun. Hiu qu x l
c xc nh theo cng thc:
(1)
% hiu qu = [(Cvo - Cra)/Cvo].100
Ring i vi tr lng oxy ha tan DO s dng theo:
% hiu qu = [(Cra - Cvo)/Cra].100

(1)

Trong Cvo v Cra l nng cht nhim ti u vo v u ra. Kt qu phn tch

cht lng nc trong kho nghim ny cho bng 3.
Bng 3: Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc trung bnh u vo v u ra
(Kho nghim ti Mn nm 2005)
Thng s
2005
TCVN 5945-1995
Nc
Nc Hiu qu Mc A Mc B Mc C
u vo u ra
%
BOD5 (mg/L)
78.4
12.3
84.31
20
50
100
COD (mg/L)
196.8
32.7
83.38
50
100
400
DO (mg/L)
0.8
2.7
70.37
TKN (mg/L)
78.6
11.4
85.50
30
60
60
TSS (mg/L)
140.6
45.7
67.50
50
100
200
TColi. (MPN/100mL) 6400000 8500
98.67 5000 10000
pH
7.5
6.8
- 6-9
5.5 - 9 5 - 9
30.5
29.0
40
40
45
Nhit (C)
Nhn xt:
Lng nc thi t ao nui c c nng cht nhim cao hn mc cho php
thi ra ngun rt nhiu ln.
Hu ht cc thng s cht nhim ti u ra t hiu qu cao, tha cht lng
nc t loi A ca TCVN 5945-1995. Ch ring ch tiu TSS v vi sinh cha t
loi A nhng tha yu cu nc loi B, yu t ny c th b nh hng mt phn
tc ng ca on knh u ra tip xc vi vi khun v cc cht l lng khc.
T s BOD5/COD xp x 0.4.
Mc DO c ci thin cao nhng khng t mc 5 mg/L mong mun.
pH trong nc c gim chng t hin tng nitrification trong t ph hp vi s
gim tr TKN. Nhit nc vn di mc cho php c u vo v u ra.
============================================================= 7
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================

Hnh 3: S kho nghim x l nc ao c basa bng t ngp nc kin to chy ngm theo phng ngang

Hnh 4: ng cong cp phi loi ct dng kho nghim t ngp nc kin to

=============================================================
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================
III.2 Kho nghim huyn Phong in
Kho nghim nm 2006 c tin hnh ti x M Khnh, huyn Phong in, tnh Cn
Th vi phng cch tng t. Kch thc khu t ngp nc c lm nh hn (hnh
5). kch thc 0,6m x 6m x 0,4m chiu su, vi dc l 2%, c chia lm 3 ngn lin
tc nhau v ngn cch nhau bng li chn. H thng c lt nylon trnh s thm v
ha ln cc tp cht trong t. Lng nc bm th nghim 800 L/ngy.

Ngan au ra

Ngan x ly bang cat va say

Ngan au vao

Li chan cat

Hnh 5: Kch thc khu t ngp nc kin to kho nghim

Nc thi ly t mt ao nui c tra. Mu nc c ly trong 4 t, mi t cch nhau 2
tun. Hiu qu x l c trnh by bng 4. Mt s th m t din bin s gim cc
cht nhim theo tng v tr M1 (u vo), M2, M3, M4, M5 (5 im c ng ly mu) v
M7 ti v tr u ra c th hin hnh 6 (T, 2006).
=============================================================
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================
Bng 4: Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc trung bnh u vo v u ra
(Kho nghim ti Phong in nm 2006)
2005
TCVN 5945-1995
Thng s
Nc Nc hiu qu Mc A Mc B Mc C
u vo u ra
%
BOD5 (mg/L)
70.03 10.05
85.65
20
50
100
COD (mg/L)
222.95 23.93
89.27
50
100
400
DO (mg/L)
30.8
4.08
24.54
TSS (mg/L)
109.08
3.53
96.77
50
100
200
TColi. (MPN/100mL) 632000
275
99.96 5000 10000
pH
6.96
6.68
- 6-9
5.5 - 9 5 - 9

Hnh 6: Suy gim cht nhim theo cc v tr kho st

============================================================= 10
X L NC THI AO NUI C NC NGT BNG T NGP NC KIN TO
L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th

Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

===============================================================
Nhn xt:
Kt qu kho nghim nm 2006 c qui m nh hn v kch thc khu t ngp
nc kin to nm 2005.
Hu ht cc thng s cht nhim u ra u di mc cho php.
Thng s BOD5 v COD c hiu qu cao trn 85% .
DO c tng nhng khng nhiu, cha t mc mong mun.
c bit c (turbidity) v tng Coliform cho kt qu rt cao trn 96%.
Cc s o pH xp x mc 7.0 u vo v mc 6.8 - 6.9 u ra.
III.3 Kho nghim x l nc cu c huyn Chu Thnh
Cu c v/tra l mt hnh thc nh v sinh kh ph bin vng nng thn min Nam.
Loi hnh ny tuy tin li cho ngi dn nng thn ngho nhng l mt ni gy nhiu
nhim v thiu thm m. Nm 1994, ng V Vn Kit, lc l Th tng, c k ch th
200 Ttg. cm cc hnh thc cu tiu trn sng nhng thc t, kt qu khng nh mun.
Chung quy l do ngi dn nng thn ng bng sng Cu Long cn ngho, thi quen
s dng cu c cn kh ph bin, nhn thc v v sinh cn s si v cha c m hnh no
thay th ph hp cng nh thiu cc ti liu hng dn cn thit.... Nm 2004, mt th
nghim lc nc cu c bng li dng thy triu lc qua t ngp nc kin to
thc hin mt ao c v ca mt gia nh nng dn huyn Chu Thnh, tnh Cn Th.
Kiu hnh x l nc minh ha nh hnh 7 nh mt cch x l nc thi qua t.

Hnh 7: Th nghim x l nc cu c bng qua t ngp nc kin to

phn ao tip xc vi ngun nc, t mt ng ly nc pha trn cng v hai ng x
nc pha di, ng c th chn cc loi ng PVC c ng knh 100 mm, 114 mm hoc
150 mm, ty theo ao ln hay nh. Di ng ny, o mt h c b rng (song song vi
ao v sng) chng 1 - 1,5 m, b di khong 2 mt v su chng 0,5 m. y ct ht th,
y h gn ng x nc c li bc u v t mt ng x u trn ca h ct nh
hnh v. Trng cy sy khong gia ao v sng. C th thay cy sy bng c Vetiver
cng tt nu ni trng c c nng trc tip, khng c bng rm. R cy sy hoc r c
Vetiver tham gia trong x l nc nhim v hn ch mt phn s xi mn b sng
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S vn hnh ca nc trong ao hon ton theo din bin ca thi tit v thy triu. Cao
t ng theo din bin mc nc ln xung ca thy triu v mc nc cn cho ao c.
ng ly nc c gn mt van m mt chiu, khi mc nc sng cao hn mc nc ao,
p lc dng chy t sng s lm van m v nc sng s chy vo ao lm nc trong ao
c pha long, t nhim hn. Khi triu xung thp, nc trong ao cao hn ngoi sng
nc s thm qua ng x, qua h thng x l nc qua ct v theo ng x ra sng. Qua
trnh chy ngang lm gim nhim, ci thin cht lng nc. Trong thc nghim ny,
do b hn ch kinh ph nn ch theo di 2 ch tiu gy nhim l TSS (mg/L) v tng s
Coliform(MPN/100 mL). Mu ly ao v u ng ra trong 5 t. Kt qu cho bng 5.
Bng 5: Kt qu th nghim cht lng nc cu c trung bnh 5 t
qua t ngp nc kin to Chu Thnh, Cn Th
Thng s
TSS
T. Coli

Mu nc ly
gia
ao c v
183.7
2487600

Mu nc
ming ng
ra sng
68.4
174500

Mc gim
nhim
(%)
62.76
92.98

TCVN
5945-1995
(Mc B)
100
10000

Nhn
xt:
C 2 thng s nhim TSS v tng Coliform trong c 5 t ly mu u c s
suy gim ng k v nng .
TSS t tiu chun nc thi loi B.
Tng Coliform vn cao hn mc cho php mc cho php nc thi loi B. L gii
mc nhim Coliform cn cao l do ng ra ca h thng thng xuyn tip xc vi
nc sng bn ngoi nn vi khun tn ti trong ng.
IV.
KT LUN V NGH
Vic x l nc thi ao nui c bng t ngp nc kin to cn lm u n nh mt
hnh thc thay nc nh k cho ao nui. Cc nghin cu trn y ch l bc u, hin
nay cc nghin cu v x l nc thi t ao c qua t ngp nc kin to Vit Nam rt
t. Kt qu cc ni kho nghim cho thy, v mt k thut, kh nng s dng t ngp
nc kin to cho kt qu kh tt, vn hnh n gin, nng dn d thc hin v qun l.
Tuy vy, c mt s hn ch vn lu :
Do kinh ph t i, vic nghin cu cha phn tch ht cc loi vi khun gy bnh
cho c c trong nc thi. Ch s tng Coliform khng phn nh ht mc ngun
nhim vi sinh v dch bnh.
Vic kho st ch mi lm mt s im Cn Th, cha m rng nhiu ni
khc nn s liu thng k cn phi b sung.
C mt s kh khn cn lu :
BSCL, vic quy hoch b tr h thng knh mng t trc n nay thng
cho mc ch sn xut nng nghip, s phn tch c lp knh ti v knh tiu
cha nhiu. Vic s dng cc knh thy nng cho mc ch thy sn s bt cp
khi ngun nc ly vo v x ra cng trong mt h thng.

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Vic ng dng x l nc phi lm ng b. Mt ngi thc hin nhng cc c

nhn khc khng x l nc th nhim v nguy c dch bnh vn mc cao.
Nhiu nng dn b ph sn do dch bnh c xy ra lin tip.
Do gi t ven v nng thn nhng nm gn y tng nhanh khin vic p
dng bin php x l nc qua t b hn ch. Cc im nghin cu, d bc u
c kt qu khch l nhng cc h nng dn ni kho nghim vn cha mun p
dng v h mun tn dng ti a ngun t cho nui c, cho d qua phng vn h
vn thy nguy c cao i vi ngun nuc cha x l tt.

Mt s xut:
nh gi li hiu qu ca vic sn xut c nui vi s b sung chi ph mi trng.
Th nghim p dng cng thc nh gi tc ng mi trng theo Ehrlich and
Holdren (1971); Commoner, (1972):
I = PAT
(3)
Trong :
I - ch s ch mc Tc ng (Impact) gy suy gim mi trng nc khi gia tng
mc khai thc ngun nc;
P - s qun th (Population) bao c mc kch thc, mc tng trng v phn b;
A - s sung tc (Affluence) o bng mc tiu th trn mi c th (consumption
per capita); v
T - mc k thut (Technology) ng dng nh mt tin trnh khai thc ti nguyn
v chuyn ti nguyn ny thnh sn phm hu ch v to cht thi.
nh gi li ngun nc v quy hoch ti nguyn nc hin nay vi cc mc tiu
lin quan n nng nghip, thy sn, sinh hot v cc hot ng khc.
Cn c s tham vn gia ngi nghin cu mi trng, chuyn vin thy li v
chuyn vin ngnh nui trng thy sn trong vic gii quyt ngun nc thi.
Nghin cu sau hn kh nng p dng t ngp nc kin to trong x l nc
thi, khng ch cho ngnh nui trng thy sn m cn cho nc thi sinh hot v
sn xut cng nghip v tiu th cng nghip.
LI CM N
Tc gi chn thnh cm n cc ng nghip B mn K thut Mi trng v Ti
nguyn nc, Khoa Cng ngh, i hc Cn th v d n VLIR-CTU-E2 to iu
kin cho nghin cu ny. Cm n cc anh Phng th nghim Mi trng: L Hong
Vit, Nguyn Vn Nng, Nguyn Trng Thnh h tr cc phn tch mu nc.
Cm n cc em sinh vin ca ti ngnh K thut Mi trng i hc Cn Th:
Nguyn Thanh Phong, Nguyn Kim Uyn, Bi Quang Vinh, on Duy Quc, V Tun
Kit, Nguyn Th Cm T, Trn Hi ng v cc sinh vin Cao hc B ca i hc
Thin cha gio Leuven: Gwen Willeghems, Benedicte Thienpont, Johan Dure, Kris Van
Goethem cng ti thc hin th nghim v phn tch mu trn t ngp nc kin to,
tuy mt s ch lin quan mt phn hoc gin tip n nghin cu ny.
Cm n v chng bc T Thanh, bc Hai, ch Su Ngha, anh Thch Soul gip v
cng tc vi chng ti khi thc hin cc kho nghim thc t v trao i vn .
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Hi tho: QUN L V X L AO NUI THY SN, S TN & MT An Giang, 8/2007

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Ti liu tham kho
Commoner, B., 1972. The environmental cost of economic development. In Population
resources and the Environment. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Ehrlich, P.R., and J.P. Holdren. 1971. Impact of population growth. Science 171: 12121217.
Kadlec, R.H. and R.L. Knight, 1996. Treatment Wetlands, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton,
Florida, USA. 893p.
Kadlec, R.H., R.L. Knight, J. Vymazal, H. Brix, P. Cooper and R. Haberl, 2000.
Constructed wetlands for pollution control. IWA Publishing, London, 156p.
Moshiri, G., 1993. Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement, CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL, USA. 632 p.
Thnh, N.X., 2003. Cuc chin Catfish: Xut khu c tra v c basa ca Vit Nam sang
th trng M. Case study in Fulbright Economics Teaching Program.
Tng cc Thng k, 2006. Nin gim Thng k 2006. Nxb. Thng k, H Ni.
Tu, N.T.C., 2006. Thit k nh v sinh chi ph thp cho nng thn BSCL. Lun vn Tt
nghip i hc ngnh K thut Mi trng. Khoa Cng ngh, i hc Cn Th.
Tuan, L.A., G.C.L. Wyseure,, L.H. Viet, and P.J. Haest., 2004. Water quality
management for irrigation in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. AgEng Leuven
2004 conferences book of abstracts, Part 1, p.114-115.
Tuan, L.A.; N.K. Uyen, and G. Wyseure. 2005. Effects of common reed (Phragmites
spp.) in constructed wetland for removing phosphorous and nitrogen from
domestic wastewater. Proceedings in 12th PhD symposium on Applied biological
sciences. Gent University, Belgium.
Vymazal, J., 2005. Horizontal sub-surface flow and hybrid constructed wetlands systems
for wastewater treatment. Ecological Engineering, 25: 478-490.
US-EPA. 1988. Design Manual: Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems for
Municipal Wastewater Treatment. EPA/625/188/022. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for
Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 92p.

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L Anh Tun, Khoa Cng ngh, trng i hc Cn Th