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Ging vin: Nguyn Th Yn Lin

I. Khi nim: - Thng thng ngi ta ni n ma axit khi pht hin pH trong nc ma nh hn 5,6 v coi y l mt ch tiu c bn xc nh ma axit. Tuy nhin, bn cht ca vn phc tp hn. Thang o pH ch lng in hydro c gi tr t 0 n 14 o c pH ca hu ht cc cht thng gp. Theo thang ny, cc cht c pH nh hn 7 c coi l c tnh axit, cn cc cht c pH ln hn 7 c tnh kim. Hu ht nc ma thng thng u c tnh axit v c pH khong 5 - 6. l v trong kh quyn xy ra cc phn ng t nhin vi kh cacbonic dn n to thnh axit cacbonic. Tuy nhin, cc trng hp ny khng th coi l ma axit. - Trong kh quyn tn ti nhiu cht c th gy ra hin tng axit ha, cc cht gy ma axit ch yu l xit nit, xit lu hunh. Cc cht ny c th tch t trong khng kh, trong t, trong nc, Nu cc cht ny gp ma s to ra ma axit v gi l lng ng t. Nu cc cht ny tch t dng kh hoc ri xung t s c hin tng lng ng kh. Dng lng ng kh ny c th tr thnh axit khi gp nc. - Cc cht nhim bn ni trn cng c th tn ti nhiu ngy trong kh quyn. Nh cc qu trnh hon lu cc cht ny c th di chuyn rt xa ti hng trm kilmet v gy ra hin tng nhim bn xuyn bin gii. II. Nguyn nhn: Ngun gc ca cc cht nhim bn gy ma axit ch yu l do s dng cc loi nhin liu trong sn xut nng lng, trong cng nghip, xit lu hunh pht thi ch yu t cc l nu qung, cc nh my nhit in than bn v cng nghip kh t. Cc qu trnh t nhin nh hot ng ca ni la, phn hy ca cc cht hu c cng to ra xit lu hunh nhng t l khng ln, mc d t l lu hunh do ni la hot ng thi ra rt nhiu nhng ch nh hng trong mt phm vi nht nh. 80% oxit sulfur l do hot ng ca cc thit b to nng lng, 15% l do hot ng t chy ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, v 5% t cc ngun khc. Cn i vi oxit nito, 1/3 l do hot ng ca cc my pht nng lng, 1/3 khc l do hot ng t nhin liu chuyn ha thnh nng lng v phn cn li cng do cc ngun khc nhau. Cc nc cng nghip hng nm thi ra mt khi lng khng l xit lu hunh, chng hn, mi nm nc M thi ra gn 18 triu tn, Canada 2,7 triu tn. V vy, Bc M l mt trong nhng vng xy ra nhiu trn ma axit. Ngun gc ch yu ca cc xit nit l do t nhin liu trong cc hot ng t, xe my, sn xut trong cng nghip. Cc qu trnh t nhin hot ng nh hot ng ca ni la, chy rng, dng st cng to ra xit nit nhng chim t l rt nh. Cc nc cng nghip cng ng mt vai tr ch yu Lp My ng lc K47 -1Nhm II

Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti

Ging vin: Nguyn Th Yn Lin

trong vic thi ra xit lu hunh, chng hn mi nm nc M thi ra gn 24 triu tn. III. C ch: Trong thnh phn cc cht t t nhin nh than v du m c cha mt lng ln lu hunh, cn trong khng kh li cha nhiu nit(N2). Qu trnh t sn sinh ra cc kh c hi nh :lu hunh ioxit (SO2) v nit ioxit (NO2). Cc kh ny ha tan vi hi nc trong khng kh to thnh cc axit sunfuric (H2SO4) v axit nitric(HNO3). Khi tri ma, cc ht axit ny tan ln vo nc ma, lm pH ca nc ma gim. Nu nc ma c pH di 5,6 c gi l ma axit. Do c chua kh ln, nc ma c th ho tan c mt s bi kim loi v xit kim loi c trong khng kh nh xit ch,... lm cho nc ma tr nn c hn na i vi cy ci, vt nui v con ngi. Qu trnh ny din ra theo cc phn ng ho hc sau y:

Lu hunh: S + O2 SO2; Qu trnh t chy lu hunh trong kh oxi s sinh ra lu hunh ixt. SO2 + OH HOSO2. Phn ng ho hp gia lu hunh ixt v cc hp cht gc hirxyl. HOSO2 + O2 HO2 + SO3; Phn ng gia hp cht gc HOSO2 v O2 s cho ra hp cht gc HO2 v SO3 (lu hunh tri-xt). SO3(k) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l); Lu hunh trixt SO3 s phn ng vi nc v to ra axt sulfuric (H2SO4). y chnh l thnh phn ch yu ca ma axt.

Lp My ng lc K47

-2-

Nhm II

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Nit: N2 + O2 2NO 2NO + O2 2NO2 3NO2(k) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(l) + NO(k) Axt nitric (HNO3) chnh l thnh phn ca ma axt.

Lp My ng lc K47

-3-

Nhm II

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Ging vin: Nguyn Th Yn Lin

IV. Tc hi: Thng thng, ma axit khng gy ra tc hi trc tip n con ngi. Bng cc gic quan thng thng khng th nhn ra c ma axit. Ngi ta c th i ng trong ma axit hoc thm ch tm trong h b lng ng axit m khng b tn thng v pH thng thng ca ma axit hoc cc h cn t hn nhiu so vi pH ca mt cc nc chanh. so snh c th ly mt s v d: pH ca dm l 3, ca chanh l 2, ca dch v d dy khong 1,5, axit trong pin v acqui t 0 - 1, thm ch mt s loi pin c pH m. Nh vy, tc hi ca ma axit i vi c th ngi khng phi ch o pH ca nc ma gy ra, tr trng hp c bit nc ma c pH thp. Tuy nhin, cho n nay trn th gii ngi ta mi ch ghi nhn c mt s t trng hp nc ma c pH t 2 - 3. Tc hi ch yu ca ma axit l do cc cht nhim bn to thnh ma axit ph bin l SO2 v NOx gy ra. Cc cht ny thm nhp vo c th thng qua cc ng khc nhau gy hi n con ngi. Lp My ng lc K47 -4Nhm II

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Ging vin: Nguyn Th Yn Lin

Ma axit cng gy tc hi n cc cy trng nh i vi cc cnh rng Bc M v Bc u trong nhng nm 1970. Tng axit s lm gim mt s cht dinh dng cn thit cho cy trng. Mt s cht hu c khng th tn ti trong t nu pH nh hn 6,0 v do nh hng n chu trnh to cht dinh dng trong t. Ma axit nh hng xu ti t do nc ma ngm xung t lm tng chua ca t, ho tan cc nguyn t trong t cn thit cho cy nh canxi (Ca), magi (Mg),... lm suy thoi t, cy ci km pht trin. L cy gp ma axit s b "chy" lm chm, mm s cht kh, lm cho kh nng quang hp ca cy gim, cho nng sut thp. Tuy nhin, tc hi ny phc thuc vo loi t v loi cy trng. Ni chung, t ct hoc vng t km kh nng trung ho axit hn loi t hong th. i vi cc sng h, ma axit nh hng xu ti cc thu vc (ao, h). Cc dng chy do ma axit vo h, ao s lm pH ca h gim xung, lng nc trong ao h s gim i nhanh chng, cc sinh vt trong h, ao suy yu hoc cht hon ton. H, ao tr thnh cc thu vc cht. Tuy nhin, cc sng, h vng vi t b nh hng hn. Lng ng axit cn c th nh hng n sng h thng qua vic axit ha cc vng t xung quanh ho tan mt s kim loi nng c hi chy vo h tch ly ti nng c hi cho cc sinh vt sng trong h. Do hu qu ca ma axit, s lng c ca cc h c th b gim. Cui cng, mt hu qu quan trng ca lng ng axit l tc ng n cc cng trnh kin trc. Cc cng trnh kin trc bng rt d b ma axit ph hoi. Ma axit cn ph hu cc vt liu lm bng kim loi nh st, ng, km,... lm gim tui th cc cng trnh xy dng, lm l lot b mt bng ca cc cng trnh. Ma axit gy h hi cc cng trnh, song cng em li li ch ng k. Cc nh khoa hc va pht hin thy nhng cn ma cha axit sunphuaric lm gim pht thi methane t nhng m ly(m ly l ni sn ra lng ln kh methane), nh hn ch hin tng tri t nng ln. Mt cuc iu tra ton cu mi y cho thy thnh phn sunphua trong cc cn ma ny c th ngn cn tri t m ln, bng vic tc ng vo qu trnh sn xut kh methane t nhin ca vi khun trong m ly.Methane chim 22% trong cc yu t gy ra hiu ng nh knh. V cc vi khun m ly l th phm sn xut chnh. Chng tiu th cht nn (gm hydro v axetat) trong than bn, ri gii phng methane vo kh quyn. Nhng trong m ly ngoi vi khun sinh methane, cn c vi khun n sunphua cnh tranh thc n vi chng. Khi ma axit xung, nhm vi khun ny s s dng sunphua, ng thi tiu th lun phn cht nn ng l c dnh cho Lp My ng lc K47 -5Nhm II

Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti

Ging vin: Nguyn Th Yn Lin

vi khun sinh methane. Do vy, cc vi khun sinh methane b "i" v sn xut ra t kh nh knh. Nhiu th nghim cho thy phn sunphua lng ng c th lm gim qu trnh sinh methane ti 30%.Khi ma axit gim i, cc vi sinh vt trong sui, sng v t c c hi thun li pht trin. Tuy nhin, s thiu vng cc trn ma axit cng c th gy ra nhiu vn vi mi trng, cc nh khoa hc cnh bo. " l nhng kt qu m chng ta khng mong i", David DeWalle, mt chuyn gia v mi trng ti i hc Pennsylvania (M), pht biu. "Lng carbon dioxide ngy cng tng trong sng, sui v t c nh hng to ln ti h sinh thi rng v s cn bng carbon ni chung".Carbon dioxide ha tan l sn phm ca hot ng h hp sinh vt v qu trnh phn hy ca cc cht hu c. l loi kh gy qu trnh axit ha cc ngun nc tinh khit. DeWalle v cc cng s theo di 5 dng sui dy ni Appalachian (M) t nm 1990 ti nay. H tm hiu nhng tc ng ca tnh trng gim nng sulfur - mt trong nhng tc nhn ch yu gy ma axit. Nguyn nhn khin nng kh sulfur gim l o lut Clean Air nhm gim tnh trng nhim khng kh ca chnh quyn M. Nh c o lut ny, trong nhng nm qua, cht lng nc c ci thin v lng kh nit trong cc dng sui cng gim xung. Tuy nhin, nhm nghin cu li pht hin ra rng lng carbon dioxide ang tng ln c 5 dng sui. H cho rng tnh trng suy gim nhng cht gy nhim ang to iu kin thun li cho cc vi khun trong lng t sinh si. Trong qu trnh pht trin, vi khun phn hy cc hp cht hu c, gii phng ra carbon dioxide, nc v nhng cht hu c ha tan khc, DeWalle gii thch. Do b vi khun hp th, cc hp cht hu c khng th ha tan vo nc. Qu trnh h hp ca vi khun lm tng nng carbon dioxide trong t. S xo trn ca h sinh thi cc khu rng dy ni Appalachia - ni tr ng nhiu loi vi sinh vt v cng l ni to ra vic lm cho nhiu ngi - c th gy nn nhng hu qu mi trng v kinh t tai hi. "Mc d s suy gim nng nit v sulfur l mt du hiu tch cc, song n tc ng ti h sinh thi rng. Lng CO2 trong t ngy cng tng ngha l mt ngy no , loi kh gy hiu ng nh knh ny s thot ra khi t v quay tr li bu kh quyn", DeWalle nhn nh. Lp My ng lc K47 -6Nhm II

Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti

Ging vin: Nguyn Th Yn Lin

V. Hin trng: 1. Th gii: 2. Vit Nam: Ti Vit Nam, thng 8/1999 Vit Nam chnh thc tham gia vo Mng li gim st lng ng axit vng ng (EANET) v c Chnh ph Nht Bn h tr v trang thit b hot ng ti 2 trm quan trc Lng (H Ni) v Ho Bnh. Nh 2 trm quan trc ny, nm 2005 o ti H Ni, Ho Bnh v khng nh, hin tng ma axit xut hin ti mt s ni ti Vit Nam vi pH < 5, 5. Ti nhng ni nh Vit Tr, Hu, Ty Ninh c tn sut xut hin ma axit nhiu nht (khong 50%), H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh c tn sut xut hin t hn (khong 20% - 30%). Ma axit cng b nh hng theo ma. Ma axit tp trung ln vo u ma ma v qua mt ma kh t ma, cc ho cht tp trung l lng trn khng trung, khi ma s ko theo lng ho cht ny ri xung. Ma axit nghim trng phi c pH < 4, song Vit Nam cng tng xy ra nhng cha ghi nhn trng hp no xy ra ma axit gy hu qu nghim trng. Khng hn l nhng khu cng nghip hay th ln th c tn sut ma axit ln hn, s liu o c cho thy, H Ni v TP H Ch Minh tn sut xut hin ma axit thp hn cc vng khc. Bi, lng ng axit mang tnh lan truyn v ph thuc vo nhng phn ng ho hc xy ra trong kh quyn, do vy, khng phi khu no pht thi ln th khu hng chu. C th khng nh, lng ng axit l hu qu ca nhim khng kh ko di. Lng ng ca cc ion chnh trong nc ma c s khc nhau kh ln gia Lp My ng lc K47 -7Nhm II

Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti khu vc th v nng thn.

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Phn ln cc v tr quan trc ti c 3 min Bc, Trung, Nam xut hin gi tr pH < 5,6 vi mc , tn sut khc nhau, ph thuc vo v tr a l, iu kin kh hu v c im kinh t x hi. Ti nhng tnh, thnh ph ln hay nhng thnh ph pht trin v cng nghip nh Hi Dng, Ninh Bnh, Hi Phng, Vit Tr, Vinh, Hu, Nng, Bun M Thut, TP H Ch Minh, Cn Th, Ty Ninh,... li c gi tr pH rt thp. H Ni v TP H Ch Minh cng c tn sut xut hin pH < 5,6 thp ch khong 20 - 30%. VI. Bin php: Cc nh my nhit in phi lp my kh kh sunfua(Trung Quc) S dng nhin liu sch: y l bin php tch cc nht hn ch kh thi t xe c. Hin nay ti California thc hin bin php ny bng cc hnh thc sau: S dng xe dng in (Electric Vehicles). Chuyn i xe s dng nhin liu l xng hay du diesel thnh xe s dng nhin liu l kh ho lng (CNG) hoc kh thin nhin (NG), dng lm gim ng k cht nhim nht l cc thng s nh bi (Paniculates), CO,NO,HC. S dng cc loi nhin liu khc nh Hydrogen, Methanol, Ethanol,nhin liu giu xy (oxygenated Fuel), nng lng mt tri.

Hn ch s bay hi ca nhin liu: ci tin vi bm xng. Cn x l nhin liu trc khi dng, kh ht cht lu hunh v c trong than trc khi t. Mt khc i vi cht lu hunh hu c trong than khng x l c th p dng bin php tch v thu hi axit trong qu trnh t than, trit gim bt lng kh SO2 trong khi thi Tng cng cng tc qun l,qui hoch cc khu cng nghip C bin php mnh v kinh t vi nhng c s s thi kh c vo khng kh -8Nhm II

Lp My ng lc K47

Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti Gio dc cng ng

Ging vin: Nguyn Th Yn Lin

Ti Vit Nam: Mc d tnh trng ma axit ngy cng nghim trng nhng Nh nc vn cha quan tm ng mc => cng tc nghin cu,kho st v hin trng ma axit cn rt hn ch => ma axit ngy cng nh hng mnh m n cc hot ng kinh t,x hi Chi ph trin khai cc bin php gim lng kh thi ln trong khi nc ta cn ngho Ngun nhn lc ca cng tc nghin cu v ma axit cn hn ch

Lp My ng lc K47

-9-

Nhm II