Vt l ht nhn

Bin son: L Quang Nguyn

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Ni dung
1. M u
2. Tnh cht c bn ca ht nhn
3. Hin tng phng x
4. Phn ng ht nhn
5. Nng lng ht nhn
C
1. M u 1
1896 Becquerel khm ph hin tng phng x
ca cc hp cht Uranium.
Rutherford chng t tia phng x gm ba loi: tia
alpha, beta v gamma.
1911 Rutherford, Geiger and Marsden thc hin
tn x ht alpha trn nguyn t, t thit lp m
hnh nguyn t gm ht nhn + electron.
1919 Rutherford pht hin phn ng ht nhn:
ht nhn oxygen + alpha ht nhn nitrogen.
1932 Chadwick pht hin ht neutron. Ivanenko
a ra m hnh ht nhn gm proton v neutron.
C
1. M u 2
1933 Fredric Joliot v Irne Curie khm ph
hin tng phng x nhn to.
1935 Yukawa: lc ht nhn c thc hin
thng qua trao i cc ht -meson.
1938 Hahn v Strassman khm ph s phn
hch ht nhn.
1942 Fermi thc hin l phn ng ht nhn c
iu khin u tin.
C
1. M u 3
C
H. Becquerel H. Becquerel E. Rutherford E. Rutherford J. Chadwick J. Chadwick
O. Hahn O. Hahn
E. Fermi E. Fermi
H. Yukawa H. Yukawa
D. Ivanenko D. Ivanenko
Joliot & Irene Joliot & Irene
2. Tnh cht c bn ca ht nhn
a. Cu trc
b. Kch thc
c. Momen spin v momen ng
d. Momen t ht nhn
e. Lc ht nhn
f. Nng lng lin kt
C
2a. Cu trc ht nhn
Ht nhn cu to t cc nucleon
(proton, neutron).
K hiu:
V d:
C
Z
A
X
X: k hiu ha hc
Z: s proton (bc s nguyn t)
A = Z + N: s khi
13
27
Al
Al: nhm
Z = 13
A = 27
2a. Cu trc ht nhn (tt)
Khi lng nucleon:
C
0,511 5,486 10
-4
9,101 10
-31
Electron
939,57 1,008665 1,6750 10
-27
Neutron
938,79 1,007825 1,6726 10
-27
Proton
MeV/c
2
u kg
Khi lng
Ht
1u = 1,660559 10
-27
kg = 931,5 MeV/c
2
Nguyn t C
12
c khi lng bng 12u
2b. Kch thc ht nhn
Nm 1911, Rutherford dng cc
ht bn ph ht nhn, qua
c lng bn knh ht nhn:
Vy:
th tch ht nhn t l vi s
khi A.
mi ht nhn u c khi lng
ring gn bng nhau.
cc nucleon c xp rt cht.
C
1 3
0
R R A
15
0
1, 2 10 1, 2 R m fm

=
10
-10
m
10
-15
m
2c. Momen spin v momen ng
Ging nh electron, cc nucleon cng c spin
bng .
Momen ng ca mt nucleon bng tng momen
ng qu o v momen ng spin.
Momen ng ca ht nhn bng tng momen
ng ca cc nucleon. N c ln:
j = 1, 2, 3, ... nu A chn,
j = 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, ... nu A l.
C
( ) 1 J j j = +
2d. Momen t ht nhn
Momen t ht nhn bng tng cc momen t ca
cc nucleon.
Cng hng t ht nhn (Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance NMR):
Trong mt t trng cc momen t ht nhn c
hng cng chiu hay ngc chiu vi B.
Kch thch bng mt t trng xoay chiu c tn
s radio.
Khi tn s bng tn s ring, cc photon b hp th
mnh (cng hng) o chiu momen t.
ng dng: chp nh bng cng hng t ht nhn
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI).
C
2d. Momen t ht nhn (tt)
C
S my MRI
nh MRI ca vng
thn kinh th gic
2e. Lc ht nhn 1
Cc nucleon ht nhau bng lc ht nhn gi
cho ht nhn bn vng.
Lc ht nhn c cc tnh cht
khng ph thuc in tch ca nucleon.
tm tc dng ngn ~ 10
-15
m.
bo ha: mi nucleon ch tng tc vi cc
nucleon ln cn.
ph thuc nh hng spin.
khng phi lc xuyn tm.
l lc trao i: cc nucleon tng tc bng cch
trao i cc -meson.
C
2e. Lc ht nhn 2
Hai ngi trt tuyt lun
lin kt vi nhau c
th nm banh qua li.
Cc nucleon lin kt
bng cch trao i mt
trong ba ht -meson:

+
c in tch +e,

c in tch e,

0
trung ha.
C
p
n
n
p

+
p n
+
+ n p

+
0
n n +
0
p p +
2e. Lc ht nhn 3
Trong thi gian rt ngn t, nucleon c
bt nh nng lng E sao cho:
bt nh nng lng ln to
ra mt ht -meson c khi lng cho
bi:
Trong thi gian t, ht -meson truyn
qua mt khong cch c tm tc dng
ca lc ht nhn r:
Suy ra khi lng ca ht -meson:
Vi r ~ 1,5 10
-15
m ta c:
Thc nghim tm ra cc ht mi c
khi lng nh Yukawa d on.
ng c tng gii Nobel Vt L nm
1949.
C
. E t >
2
E m c

=
c t r =
m rc

>
28
2,33 10 m kg

>
2f. Nng lng lin kt 1
Khi lng mt ht nhn bao gi cng nh hn
tng khi lng ca cc nucleon to nn n.
chnh lch khi lng c gi l ht
khi ca ht nhn.
Nng lng cn to nn ht nhn l nng lng
lin kt ca ht nhn.
Chnh ht khi to nn nng lng lin kt ca
ht nhn:
C
( )
p n
M Zm A Z m M = +
2
lk
W Mc =
2f. Nng lng lin kt 2
Nng lng lin kt ring l nng lng lin kt
tnh trn mt nucleon.
Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn
cng bn.
C
lk
W
A
=
2f. Nng lng lin kt 3
C
Cc ht nhn bn nht c A 60
Hu ht ht nhn c 7 8,6 MeV
Cu hi p dng 2.1
Tm nng lng lin kt ring ca ht nhn ,
bit khi lng ca n l 92,9063768u.
C
93
41
Nb
Tr li cu hi 2.1
ht khi ca ht nhn:
Nng lng lin kt ring:
C
( ) 41 93 41
p n Nb
M m m m = +
( ) ( ) 41 1, 007825 52 1, 008665 92,9063768 M u u = +
0,865028 M u =
2
M c
A

=
( ) ( ) 0,865028 931,5
8, 66
93
u MeV u
MeV

= =
3. Hin tng phng x
a. Hin tng
b. C ch phng x
c. nh lut phng x
d. Cc h phng x
e. Phng x nhn to
C
3a. Hin tng
Hin tng phng x l
s phn r t nhin ca
cc ht nhn khng bn,
pht ra:
Tia alpha: ht nhn
Tia beta Tia beta: electron hay
positron (phn ht ca
electron).
Tia gamma: photon nng
lng cao.
C
4
2
He
Ch c th xuyn qua
mt t giy
C C th th xuyn qua m xuyn qua m t t
l l nhm d nhm d y v y v i mm i mm
C th xuyn qua mt
bn ch dy vi cm
3a. Hin tng (tt)
S phng x tun theo cc nh lut bo ton:
nng lng,
ng lng, momen ng lng,
in tch
s khi.
V d:
Phng x
Phng x
Phng x
C
238 234
9 90 2
4
2
U Th He +
( )
234 234
9
0
91
*
0 1
Th Pa e

+
( )
91 9
234 234
*
1
Pa Pa h +
A gim 4
Z gim 2
A khng i
Z tng 1
3b. C ch phng x
Phng x : do cc ht chui ngm
ra khi ro th ht nhn.
Phng x
+
hay

: do s bin i
qua li gia proton v neutron.
Phng x : do ht nhn chuyn t
trng thi nng lng cao v trng
thi c nng lng thp hn.
C
e
p n e
+
+ +
e
n p e

+ +
neutrino: rt nh,
trung ha, spin
phn neutrino
Pauli tin
on s tn
ti ca
neutrino t
nm 1931 nh
nh lut bo
ton nng
lng, n
nm 1957 th
cc nh khoa
hc quan st
c ht ny.
Cu hi p dng 3.1
Mt ht nhn Ra
226
ang ng yn th phn r .
Pht biu no sau y l ng?
(a) Ht c ng nng ln hn ht nhn con.
(b) Ht nhn con c ng nng ln hn ht .
(c) Ht nhn con c ng nng bng ht .
C
Tr li cu hi 3.1
Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng, ht nhn con
v ht c ng lng bng nhau v ngc
chiu.
ng nng = (ng lng)
2
/(khi lng)
Ht nh hn nn c ng nng ln hn.
Cu tr li ng l (a).
C
Cu hi p dng 3.2
Coi khi lng ca mt ht nhn c s khi A l
A (u).
Ht nhn Ra
226
ng yn phng x ra ht vi
ng nng 4,78 (MeV). Nng lng ton phn ta
ra t phn ng l:
(a) 0,487 (MeV) (b) 4,87 (MeV)
(c) 48,7 (MeV) (d) 478 (MeV)
C
Tr li cu hi 3.2
Nng lng ton phn ta ra gm ng nng ca
ht v ca ht nhn con:
C
2 2 2
1
2 2 2
X X
m p p p
Q
m m m m

| |
= + = +
|
\
1
X
m
Q K
m

| |
= +
|
\
( )
4
1 4,87
4
Q K MeV
A

| |
= + =
|

\
4,78
MeV
226
Cu tr li ng l (b).
3c. nh lut phng x 1
Gi N(t) l tng s ht nhn thi im t.
bin thin s ht nhn trong khong thi gian
(t, t + dt) l dN,
S ht nhn phn r trong khong thi gian (t, t +
dt) bng dN.
S ht nhn phn r trong thi gian (t, t + dt) th
t l vi tng s ht nhn lc t v vi dt:
l hng s phn r ca cht phng x.
C
( ) dN N t dt =
dN < 0 v N gim dn.
3c. nh lut phng x 2
Tch phn h thc trn
t lc u, khi tng s
ht nhn l N
0
, cho n
lc t, ta c:
vi = 1/ l thi gian
sng trung bnh ca ht
nhn phng x.
C
( )
0
t
N t N e

=
( )
0
t
N t N e

=
3c. nh lut phng x 3
Chu k bn r T l thi gian s ht nhn phng
x gim i mt na.
phng x H l s ht nhn phn r trong mt
n v thi gian:
n v ca H l Bq (Becquerel), hay Ci (Curie).
1 Bq = 1 phn r /s, 1 Ci = 3,7 10
10
Bq.
C
ln2 0, 693
T

= =
( )
dN
H N t
dt
= =
Minh ha
Cu hi p dng 3.3
Sau hai na chu k bn r ca mt cht phng x
c my phn ca cht phn r ?
(a) (b)
(c) (d) Khng d liu tr li.
C
Tr li cu hi 3.3
Sau mt chu k bn r th lng cht ng v
phn r.
Sau mt chu k bn r na th ca mt na cn
li tip tc phn r.
Vy phn vt cht phn r l:
Cu tr li ng l (c).
Minh ha
C
1 1 1 3
2 2 2 4
| |
+ =
|
\
Cu hi p dng 3.4
Cho chu k bn r ca
6
C
14
l 5600 nm. Xt mt
tng c bng g, ngi ta thy phng x

ca n ch bng 0,77 ln phng x ca mt

khc g c cng khi lng va mi cht. Tui
ca tng g l:
(a) 2101 nm (b) 3101 nm
(c) 4101 nm (d) 5101 nm
C
Tr li cu hi 3.4 1
phng x ca mu thi im t , lc chng ta
o phng x, l:
vi H
0
l phng x ca mu lc t = 0, l gc
tnh thi gian.
Suy ra:
C
( ) ( )
0
t
H t N t N e



= =
( )
0
t
H t H e

=
( )
0
1
ln
H t
t
H
=
Tr li cu hi 3.4 2
hay nu vit qua chu k bn r:
Thay bng s ta c:
Cu tr li gn ng nht l (a): 2101 nm.
Trong ta gi nh l lc t = 0 tng g c
phng x bng phng x ca mt khc g va
mi cht.
C
( )
1/2
0
ln
ln2
H t T
t
H
=
1/2
ln2 T =
ln0, 77
5600 2112
ln2
t n n = =
iu ny c hp l khng?
Tr li cu hi 3.4 3
Cc nghin cu cho thy lng ng v C
14
trong
ng vt, thc vt sng l gn nh khng i.
Ch khi chng cht i, lng ny mi gim i
theo quy lut phng x.
Do phng x ca mt khc cy mi ct t
thi c i v ngy nay l gn bng nhau!
Trong trng hp ca tng c, H
0
l phng
x lc mi ct g lm tng,
cng chnh l phng x ca mt khc g va
mi ct ngy nay.
C
Tr li cu hi 3.4 4
Mt s v d nh tui bng carbon C-14:
Ngi Chu u u tin.
Hnh v trong hang ng Chauvet.
Du chn ngi c Acahualinca.
Tm vi lim thnh Turin.
nh tui ru.
C
3d. Cc h phng x
Mt h phng x l mt chui cc ht nhn phng
x lin tip nhau cho n khi t ti mt ng v
bn.
C
232
90
Th
Actinium
Uranium
Thorium
Kt thc Bt u H phng x
238
92
U
235
89
Ac
208
82
Pb
207
82
Pb
206
82
Pb
3d. Cc h phng x H Thorium
C
Minh ha
216
Cu hi p dng 3.5
Sau vi ln phn r, mt ht nhn phng x pht
ra mt ht v hai ht

to nn ht nhn
84
Po
212
.
Ht nhn ban u l ht nhn no sau y?
(a)
86
Rn
220
(b)
84
Po
216
(c)
82
Pb
212
(d)
84
Po
218
C
Tr li cu hi 3.5
Qu trnh phn r:
Vy A = 216, Z = 84.
Ht nhn ban u l
84
Po
216
.
Cu tr li ng l (b).
C
2 4 4 212
2 84
A A A
Z Z Z
X Y Z Po

=
When an aluminum foil is
irradiated on a polonium
preparation, the emission of
positrons does not cease
immediately, when the active
preparation [i.e., the stream of
-particles] is removed... We
observed the same
phenomenon with boron and
magnesium ... it is much more
probable that they are unknown
isotopes which are always
unstable. [Joliot and Curie,
"Artificial production of a new
kind of radio-element," Nature,
10 Feb 1934]
3e. Phng x nhn to
Nm 1933, F. Joliot v
Irne Curie khm ph
cc ng v phng x
khng c trong t nhin,
v theo di s phn r
ca chng cho n khi
t ti cc ng v bn.
H nhn gii Nobel Ha
Hc nm 1935.
C
4. Phn ng ht nhn
a. Hin tng
b. Cc loi phn ng
C
4a. Hin tng
Cc qu trnh bin i ca ht nhn c gi l
phn ng ht nhn.
Thng xy ra do bn ph mt ht nhn ng yn
bng cc ht nng lng cao.
V d:
C
4 7 1 10
2 3 0 5
He Li n B + +
Ht nhn bia
( )
7 10
3 5
, Li n B
Ht nng
lng cao
4a. Hin tng (tt)
Trong mt phn ng ht nhn cc i lng sau
y phi bo ton:
S khi,
in tch,
Nng lng,
ng lng,
Momen ng lng.
C
Cu hi p dng 4.1
Qu trnh no sau y c th l phn ng ht
nhn?
C
Tr li cu hi 4.1
(a) v (b) c th l phn ng ht nhn v s khi
v in tch bo ton.
(c) khng th l phn ng ht nhn v s khi
bng 240 trc phn ng, v 223 sau phn ng.
C
4b. Cc loi phn ng
Phn ng ta nhit: khi lng sau phn ng
gim.
Phn ng thu nhit: khi lng sau phn ng
tng.
Nng lng trao i Q bng nng lng ng vi
s thay i khi lng:
m
i
: tng khi lng ngh cc ht.
C
2
, , i truoc j sau
i j
Q m m c
(
=
(


Q > 0: ta nhit
Q < 0: thu nhit
4b. Cc loi phn ng (tt)
Trong phn ng thu nhit, cn phi cung cp nng
lng di dng ng nng ca ht n bn ph
ht nhn.
Nng lng ti thiu cn phi cung cp (nng
lng ngng ca ht bn ph) l:
m l khi lng ca ht n bn ph,
M l khi lng ht nhn b bn ph (ht nhn
bia).
C
min
1
m
K Q
M
| |
= +
|
\
Cu hi p dng 4.2
Cho phn ng thu nhit:
(a) Hy xc nh ht nhn kt qu.
(b) Tm nng lng ngng ca phn ng, bit
m
Al
= 26,974u, m

= 4,0015u.
C
27 4 1
13 2 0
Al He X n + +
Tr li cu hi 4.2
S khi c bo ton:
in tch c bo ton:
Ht nhn kt qu l:
Nhit trao i:
Nng lng ti thiu cn cung cp:
C
27 4 1 30 A A + = + =
13 2 0 15 Z Z + = + =
30
15
P
( ) 27 4 30 1
2
2,98
Al He P n
Q c m m m m MeV = + =
4
27
min
1 3, 4
He
Al
m
K Q MeV
m
| |
= + =
|
\
29,970u
Cu hi p dng 4.3
Tm nng lng ta ra t phn ng nhit hch:
bit rng ht khi khi to thnh ht nhn
1
D
2
,
1
T
3
v
2
He
4
ln lt l m
D
= 0,0024u, m
T
=
0,0087u v m
He
= 0,0305u.
C
2 3 4 1
1 1 2 0
D D He n + +
Tr li cu hi 4.3
Nng lng ta ra c xc nh t:
H thc ny c th vit li nh sau:
C
( ) 2 3 4
2
n
D T He
Q m m m m c ( = + +

( ) ( ) 2 3 4
2
2 3 2 3
p n n p n
D T He
Q m m m m m m m m c ( = + +

( ) 4 2 3
2
He D T
Q m m m c ( = +

( ) | |
0, 0305 0, 0024 0, 0087 931,5
MeV
Q u u u
u
| |
= +
|
\
( ) 18, 07 Q MeV =
Tr li cu hi 4.3 (tt)
Nh vy nng lng trao i trong mt phn ng
cn c th tnh qua ht khi nh sau:
hay qua nng lng lin kt:
Nu cc ht nhn kt qu c ht khi (hay
nng lng lin kt) ln hn cc ht nhn ban u
th phn ng ta nng lng.
C
2
, , i sau j truoc
i j
Q m m c
(
=
(


, ,
lk lk
i sau j truoc
i j
Q E E =

5. Nng lng ht nhn
a. M u
b. Phn ng phn hch
c. Phn ng nhit hch
d. Nng lng ht nhn v nhu cu nng lng
hin i
C
5a. M u
phn ng ta nng lng:
Phn chia cc ht nhn ln phn
ng phn hch
Kt hp cc ht nhn nh phn
ng nhit hch
Vng cho nng lng
phn hch
Vng cho
nng lng
nhit hch
C
5b. Phn ng phn hch 1
L phn ng tch ht nhn nng thnh hai ht
nhn c c nng lng lin kt ring ln hn.
V d:
neutron n l neutron chm (neutron nhit).

236
U
*
l trng thi trung gian, khng bn.
X, Y l cc ht nhn kt qu.
c th c nhiu t hp X, Y tha nh lut bo ton
nng lng, s khi v in tch.
C
1 235 236 *
0 92 92
n U U X Y neutrons + + +
5b. Phn ng phn hch 2
C
Minh ha
5b. Phn ng phn hch 3
Qua minh ha va ri ta thy c my trng hp:
Phn ng dy chuyn: s neutron to ra ln hn
s neutron hp th.
Phn ng kim sot c: s neutron to ra bng
s neutron hp th.
Phn ng tt: s neutron to ra nh hn s
neutron hp th.
Ngoi ra, c phn ng th phi c Uranium
235.
C
Bom nguyn t
L phn ng ht nhn
Khi lng ln hn khi lng ti hn
5c. Phn ng nhit hch
L phn ng kt hp cc ht nhn nh thnh mt
ht nhn c nng lng lin kt ring ln hn.
V d:
thc hin phn ng cn c nhit rt cao
thng c lc y tnh in gia cc ht nhn
nh.
Phn ng cha iu khin c.
L ngun nng lng ca cc v sao.
C
2 3 4 1
1 1 2 0
D D He n + +
Bom nhit hch
5c. Ngun nng lng ca cc v sao nh
C
2
1
D
3
1
T
4
2
He
5c. Ngun nng lng ca cc v sao ln
C
5d. Nng lng ht nhn & nhu cu nng lng hin i
C