Symmetrical Fault Analysis

-


.

.


.

.
. ) (Voltage dip

.
.

.


.
) (Arc
.
- -
.
:
- ) (
.
- .
- RL

.
R + jL = Z Line = Z Line Line

+
Z Load

) v(t ) = 2 V sin(t +

Z Fault = 0

)(-

L
R

Z Line = R + jL = Z Line = ( R 2 + L2 2 tan 1

)(-

Z = Z Line + Z Fault

) ( t = 0 .
.
.
)(-

t = transient

s = steady state

) i (t ) = i s (t ) + it (t

)(-

steady state current

2V
) sin(t +
Z

= ) i s (t

R
( ) t
(0)e L

)(-

transient current

)(-

)i (0) = i s (0) + it (0) = 0 it (t ) = i s (0

it (t ) = it

t = 0
R
. V (0) = 2 V sin -
L

. . :
)(-

) v(t
) 2 V sin(t +
2V
=
= ) i s (t
) sin(t +
= ) i s (t
Z
Z
Z

) L di (t ) + Ri (t ) = v(t ) = 2 V sin(t + ) i (t ) = A sin(t +

dt

)(-

t
R
it (t ) = is (0)e L
t
2V
it (t ) =
sin( )e L

Z
2
V
= )i (0
) sin(
s
Z
R

)(-

t
2V
2V
sin(t + )
sin( )e L
Z
Z

= ) i (t ) = i s (t ) + it (t

2V
)) sin(t +
Z

t
2V
(
" " DC ) sin( )e L
Z

. .
) (t = 0 :
2V
2V

) sin(
Z
Z

)(-

= )imm = i s , peak + it (0

) ( :
2V
2V
(1 + cos ) = 2
Z
Z

)(-

= = 90 imm

= 0 .
2V
Z

)(-

= 0 imm = 2

imm .
imm ) ( .

 ) (
) (Interrupt Current ) (.
DC
. DC
DC .
) v(t

) i s (t

2V
) sin(
Z

2V
) sin(
Z
) it (t
t

imm
) i (t ) = is (t ) + it (t

imm = Maximum Momentary Current

 -
)(
. X a ) (EMF
. ) (Leakage Reactance X l
) X d ( .
.
.
Xdw
Xf

Xl

Xa

Xl

Xa
X d

Xd

E "0g

Zf

E g0

Zf

Xf

Xl
Zf

Xa

X d

E ' 0g

)(-

< X

'
d

< X

"
d

.
.

 DC
.


. DC

.

) (

.



) X f
( ) X dw ( X a
.
) ( X dw

X f .

)(-

subtransient reactance

X d" = ( X a || X f || X dw ) + X l

transient reactance

X d' = ( X a || X f ) + X l

synchronous reactance

"X d

= Xa + Xl
< Xd

'X d

<

"X d

.
DC
. .
: . : . : .

subtransient
transient
steady state

period
b

period

period
a
6

1
0

y = aebt sindt

"i

'i
a

) i (
) ( .
' i
) (.

E g0

)Steady state current (rms

E g0

Transient current (rms) excluding DC component

X d
E g0

Subtransient current (rms) excluding DC component Xd ,

2
ob

= I

oc

= I

X d

oa

Direct axis synchronous, transient , sub transient reactance

= I

X'd , X"d

E g0

)Per phase no load voltage (rms

dw

i" = i"0 e

i ' = i '0 e

)( dw f ) (t dw ) (i 0

i o t
f

log i =

t dw

)log(i + i

b
)log(i + i
a

t dw ) ' log(i"+ i

i '0 e

b
.
t

= io = ab

t =0

t = 0 i t = 0 = i e

) .(Nagrath

 :
) (
) ( )
(.
.

: F .
.
.
G2 10MVA

reactance

G1 10MVA

15%

12.5%

10 MVA, 10%

T1

30 Km, Z=0.27+j0.36 /km

L1

5 MVA, 8%

T2

11 KV

Z=0.135+j0.08 /km

3 km

33 KV

6.6 KV

) L2(

Vb1 = 11 KV, Vb 2 = 33 KV, Vb3 = 6.6 KV

X G1 = j 0.15

X T 1 = j 0 .1

100 MVA
= j1.5 pu
10 MVA

100
= j1 pu
10

X G 2 = j 0.125

X T 2 = j 0.08

100
= j1.6 pu
5

Z L1 =

30 (0.27 + j 0.36)
= 0.744 + j 0.99 pu
(33k ) 2 / 100M

Z L2 =

3 (0.135 + j 0.08)
= 0.93 + j 0.55 pu
(6.6k ) 2 / 100M

E 0 G1 = 10 j 1.5

100
= j1.25 pu
10

11 kv
j1

j1.25

0.744+j0.99
T1

j1.6

L1

0.93+j0.55
T2

E 0 G 2 = 10

j1.5
10

j1.25

Z total = ( j1.5 || j1.25) + ( j1) + (0.744 + j 0.99) + ( j1.6) + (0.93 + j 0.55)

Z total = 1.647 + j 4.82 = 5.170.8 pu
V b ,3 p =
I b ,3 p =

3V b ,1 p V pu , L =
100 M
3 6 .6 K

= 8750 A =

VL
=
V b ,3 p

100 M 3
6 .6 K

I b,3 p = I b,1 p I pu , L = I pu ,1 p I pu =

IF =

3V p
3V b ,1 p

= I b,1 p

S pu ,3 p
V pu , L

S pu ,1 p
V pu ,1 p

10
= 0.196 70.8pu
5.170.8

I F = 0.196 8750 = 1715 A

Vp
V b ,1 p

= V pu ,1 p

L2

F
If

Z 11KV-F = ( j1) + (0.744 + j 0.99) + ( j1.6) + (0.93 + j 0.55) = 1.674 + j 4.14 = 4.4767.98 pu

V 11KV - F = Z 11KV - F I F = (4.4767.98) (0.196 70.8) = 0.88 2.82 pu

V 11KV - = 0 .88 2 .82 11K V = 9 .68 2 .82 KV

: T1, T2 L M1,M2,M3

. F
) (P 6.6 KV . F :
-
- B
- B

- B ) (
3

M1 5 MVA
6.6KV

M2 X"d=25%
X'd =30%

T2
M3

T1

G1

F
B

25MVA

XL=15%

25MVA

25MVA

66 / 6.6

11 / 66

11Kv

Xl=10%

25MVA

X=10%

X"d=20%

66 Kv

)
(
25 MVA .
:

Sbase = 25MVA Vb1 = 11Kv Vb 2 = 66 Kv Vb3 = 6.6 Kv

25M
25M
= j1.25 pu X d' = j 0.3
j1.5 pu
5M
5M

X d" = j 0.25

j1.25 6.6/6.6Kv

j1.25 E0M2=1 0

j1.25 E0M3=1 0

j0.15

j0.1

E 0G = 10 j0.2

j0.1

j1.25
j0.1

j1.25

j0.1

j0.15

j0.2

E0Th= 10
j1.25
F

F

F F .
: :
j0.55
j1.25
10

j1.25
j1.25
F

IscB
Isc

) F (
1
1
+
) (10) = j 4.22 pu
j1.23 j 0.55

I sc = (3

25M
2187 A Isc = j 9229 A
3 6.6 Kv

= I base3

:
1
1
+
) = j 3.42 pu = j 7499.5 A
j1.25 j 0.55

I scB = (2

: B DC
DC
.
j0.55
j1.5
10

j1.5
F

j1.5

B
IscB
Isc

I sc , B = 1.6 IscB = 1.6 9 j 7479.5) = j1196 A

/ .
: B
B X"dm X'dm
.

1
1
+
) (1 0 ) = j 3 . 1515 pu = j 6892 A
j1 . 5
j 0 . 55

I sc , B = ( 2

 : DC ) ( momentary
DC
.
I sc, B ( momentary ) = 1.1 ( j 6892) = j 7582 A

-


.

Eg Xd
.
I

+
Eg = V +j I.Xd

Xd

V
+
-

Eg
-

.
I
V

X'd

X''d

+
-

E'g

E'g = V + jI.X'd

+
-

E"g

E"g = V + jI.X"d

E"g = voltage behind the subtransient reactance

E'g = voltage behind the transient reactance

I=0

E"g = E'g = Eg = no load voltage

E'm = V - j I.X'dm , Em = V-j I.X dm

E"m = V j I.X"dm ,

) ( )(
.
- G T1 T2 L
M .
/ /
. .
: .
M

T2

T1

Sbase=25 MVA

~
25MWA
11KV
X dg = 15%

25MWA
66 / 11KV
XLT 2 = 10%

25MWA
66 KV
X = 10%

25MWA
11/ 66 KV
XLT 1 = 10%

25MWA
11KV
X dg = 15%

Vb1=11 KV
Vb2=66 KV
Vb3=11 KV

jo.1

jo.1

jo.1

jo.15
Eg

jo.15
~

Vm

E g4

Prefault Condition:
Pr efault Voltage of Motor Vm =

10.6 k
= 0.96360: Pu
11k
15M
= 0.6 Pu, 0.8Pu Leading
25M

Load of Motor = 15Mw , 0.8 Pf Leading

Pr efoult Current I =

S 3 p , Pu S1 p , Pu
0.6
+ 36.9o =
=
= 0.7783 + 36.9o
0.9636 0.8
VL , Pu V1 p , Pu

Voltage behind Subtransient reactance (Generator )

o
E g = Vm + ( j 0.15 + j 0.1 + j 0.1 + j 0.1) I = 0.7536 + j 0.28 Pu = 0.803920.38
Voltage behind Subtransient reactance (Motor )

o
E m = Vm j 0.15 I = 1.0336 j 0.0933Pu = 1.0378 5.16

I g

jo.1

jo.1

jo.1

IM

jo.15

jo.15
E g

If

Under faulted Condition:

I g = E g / ( j 0.15 + j 0.1 + j 0.1 + j 0.1) = 0.6226 j1.6746 Pu

I M = E M / j 0.15 = 0.6226 j 6.8906 Pu

I f = I g + I M = j8.5653Pu

I base ( generator / motor ) =

25M
= 1312.2 A
k
3 11

I g = 816.4 j 2197.4 A
I m = 816.2 j 9041.8 A
I f = j11239 A

Em

 -
.
.
.
.
. F
.
.

Em

Xdm
+

Xdg
+

V ,Z f

Xdm

E g

Em

= V 0

E g

.
F :If

Zf

Vth

Z th + Z f

+
0
VFN
= Vth

I mf

I gf

X dm

X dg

X d m
If
=
X d g + X + X d m

If

= If

+X
X dg
+ X + X dm

X dg

I gf

= I mf

 = +
= +
) ( E g = E m = 1 o

I g = I 0 + I gf

I m = I 0 + I mf

V = V FN = V FN0 + ( jX th I f

:
( ) (
( -

( )( ) (

( .
)( :
: 1
: .
-
:
Rated Momentary Current
Rated Interrupting Current

:
.
)( DC 1.6 .
~ I mm
1.6 I mm | X d

 :
)
(
DC :
I int r | xdg , xdm

1.2

1.1

~ I int r

2
1.4

500 MVA 0.1 600V 1.25. .

)(SC MVA

:
Rated interru Pting MVA (three-phase) Capacity
)= 3 VL, rated (KV) IL, rated interrupting (KA

SC MVA :
)3 Prefaulte Line Voltage (KV) SC Current (KA

=)SC MVA (3-phase

:SCMVA (3-phase)=Vprefault Isc(MVA)base

MVA ) ( SCMVA
.

 SC MVA
)
( .
:
SC MVA
) (Interrupting . LG
.
SC MVA .
SCMVA
.
( / C, B, A % MVA 25, 50, 40
. %12
. /
A .
j0.06+j0.12 . MVA
.
: ) (

Sbase=50MVA
Vbase=6.6Kv

25MVA
10%

50MVA
10%

12%

40MVA
10%

12%

Z feeder =

0.06 + j 0.12

(6.6k )2 / 50M

= 0.069 + j 0.138 Pu

Generator : X G , A = j 0.1
j 0.1

50M
= j 0.125Pu, X G ,B = j 0.1Pu, X G ,C =
40 M

50M
= j 0.2 Pu
25M

Re actor : X R , A = j 0.12
j 0.12

50M
= j 0.15Pu, X R ,B = j 0.12 Pu, X R ,C =
40M

50M
= j 0.24 Pu
25M

~
0.069

+
jo=B5

V 0 = 1oo
Z

+
~
-

jo=1

jo=B8

6.6kv
jo=15

If

jo=12

Z = (0.069 + j 0.138) + [ j 0.125 11( j 0.15 + j 0.22 11 j 0.44 )]

= 0.069 + j 0.226 = 0.23673o Pu

V 0 V 02
1
= * = *
S sc = V I = V
Z
Z
Z
0

S sc , Pu =

1
1
S base =
50 M = 0.21273o MVA
o
*
Z
0.236 73

 :
11kv 100MVA % .
11/110kv 100MVA 5% .
100MVA 110kv .
.
0,1 .

Sbase = 100MVA Vbase=11kv

G1

T1
3

Jo.15
Jo.2

jo.1

Jo.15

2
T2
~

G2

jo.1

G1 ~

j.15

jo.2

I14

jo.1

jo.15
V40 = 1 pu

jo.1
-

If

Zf =0

+
a

jo.15

I1

jo.11

jo.1

V40 = 1

jo.15

jo.05

I2

2I

jo.15

If

1pu

+
jo.15 -

jo.15
V1

jo.11

jo.1

jo.15
4

V40 = 1+

~
If

(c)

jo.15

jo.15
I1

I1

jo.03055

jo.04583
4

V40 = 1

.
.

jo.04166

F
If

(d)

V2

jo.18055

I1

V40 = 1

jo.19583

I1

.
.

jo.04166

F
If

F
V40

jo.13560

+ ~
Xth

V40 = 110 oo

F
If

1 00
IF =
= j 7.37463 Pu (f)
j 0.13560

I1 = I f

j 0.19583
= j 3.83701 Pu (e)
j 0.37638

I2 = I f

j 0.18055
= j 3.53762 Pu
j 0.37638

 ) : ) ( (c
V1 = I1 j 0.15 = 0.57555 Pu
V2 = I 2 j 0.15 = 0.53064 Pu
V1 f = V1 0 V1 = 1 o 0.57555 = 0.42445 Pu
V2 f = V20 V2 = 1 o 0.53064 = 0.46936 Pu
)(a

I13 = V1 f V2 f / ( j 0.15 + j 0.1) = j 0.17964 Pu

V3 = V1 + V13 = I1 j 0.15 + I13 j 0.15 = 0.54860 Pu
V3 f = V30 V3 = 1 00 0.54860 = 0.4514 Pu
V4 f = I f Z f = 0 Pu, V4 f = V40 V4 = 1 o 1o = 0 Pu

S sc , 4 = V40 I *f = (10 )( j 7.37463) (100MVA) = j 737.463MVA

-
) (

. . -
n ) ( :
- ) (Prefault
:

0
Vbus
= V1 0V20 .....Vn0

Dn
n
Di

i
F

Gn

Gi

Zf

D1

2
~

~ G1
D2

i Z f
) (Post fault :

0
Vbusf = Vbus
+ Vbusf :

1
Ybus
= = Z bus

Dn
n
i

Di

If

X dn

X di

2
Vi 0

Zf

D2

D1

G1

X d 2

-
emf .
- i ) ( Vi 0 Z f .
Vbusf :
f

Vbusf = Z bus I

T
~ = I f = bus Current injection network
~0
~ 0....I i f = I f ....
0

) ( I f i
Z11 ... Z1n

= M
M = bus impedance matrix of the Passive thevenin network

Z n1 ... Z nn

Z bus

Vi f = Z ii I i f = Z ii I f :

- i :
Vi f = Vi 0 + Vi f = Vi 0 Z ii I f Vi f = Z f I f :

) :

Z f I f = Vi 0 Z ii I f I f = Vi 0 / (Z ii + Z f

Vi 0

Zf
Z ii + Z f

j ) (*1 ) (*2 :

= Vi f

V j f = Z ji I i f = Z ji I f
V j f = V j0 + V j f = V j0 Z ji I f , j = 1,2...., n

)
i j y bus yi. j = admit tan ce of the (i. j )th line

- .
-

I ij = Yi. j Vi f V j f