M RNG NETWORK SIMULATOR (NS-2) NGHIN CU MNG CHUYN MCH CHM QUANG

ThS. Nguyn Trng Giang Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin Trng i hc Xy dng

Tm tt: Chuyn mch chm quang (OBS) kt hp u im ca cc phng php chuyn mch trc v c tim nng tr thnh k thut c s dng trong mng xng sng Internet. Phn ln cc nghin cu v OBS cho ti nay s dng m phng lm cng c nghin cu nhng cc cng c hin c hoc l cn hn ch v chc nng hoc l khng c ph bin rng ri trong cng ng nghin cu. Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti xut m rng NS-2 m phng phng thc chuyn mch chm quang. tng bao qut ton b nghin cu l m phng li hot ng ca OBS trong mt phng iu khin ca n. Chng ti nh ngha mi gi tin iu khin v xy dng cc nt mng vi tc t mi thc hin vic to ra gi tin iu khin v sp xp gi tin. Rt nhiu th nghim c tin hnh kim tra k lng tnh hp l ca gi cng c m phng. Cc kt qu m phng c so snh vi s liu theo l thuyt v s liu t cc cng trnh cng b v chng t c tin cy ca cc m-un xy dng mi. Summary: Optical Burst Switching (OBS) combines advantages of several optical switching methods and it may potentially become the method used in Internet backbone. Majority of studies on OBS to dates are based on simulation but available simulation tools are either limited in functionality or unpublished among research community. In this study, we suggest to develop a simulation package by extending NS-2 to simulate the Optical Burst Switching method. The overall idea of our research is to simulate OBS operations in its control plane. We defined a new packet type to resemble control packets and developed network node modules using new agents for control packet generating and burst scheduling. We performed various experiments to validate thoroughly our simulation package. The numerical results from simulation were compared with ones from mathematical analysis as well as published results. Comparisons prove the validation and reliability of the newly developed simulation package.

1. GII THIU Trong khun kh cc mng IP-over-WDM, mc d WDM cung cp bng thng ln h tr lu lng ang tng rt nhanh ca mng Internet, cc phng php chuyn mch ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic h tr tt hn lu lng IP. Cho ti nay, mt s hng tip cn c xut s dng cho chuyn mch quang, l Chuyn mch knh quang (OCS) hay l nh tuyn theo bc sng, Chuyn mch gi quang (OPS) v Chuyn mch chm quang (OBS).

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Trong phng php Chuyn mch knh quang, mt knh thng tin quang, cn gi l mt ng quang, ng vai tr l mt mch gia hai nt mng. ng quang ny phi c thit t trc khi bt u mt phin truyn dn mi. Ton b bng thng trn mi bc sng s c s dng cho vic truyn d liu gia hai nt mng mc d chng khng s dng ht ton b bng thng ny. Thm vo , nu thi gian truyn dn l nh so vi khong thi gian thit t ng quang th knh thng tin c lc b b ph, hay ni cch khc th bng thng khng c s dng hiu qu. K thut ny do khng h hiu qu i vi lu lng IP [1]. Trong cch tip cn khc, Chuyn mch gi quang l mt k thut chuyn mch hiu qu h tr lu lng IP. Trong k thut ny, giai on thit t knh l khng cn thit. Mi gi tin, bao gm phn cha d liu v phn tiu , c truyn i trong min quang. Ti nhng nt mng trung chuyn, cc gi tin c lu tr, x l, ri chuyn tip n nhng nt mng tip theo. Tt c nhng cng on u c thc hin trong min quang. Cch tip cn ca OPS c nhng u im v tc truyn dn v s trong sut ca chuyn mch i vi nh dng v tc d liu [2]. Tuy nhin, tr ngi m OPS phi i mt l vic kh x l d liu trong min quang v b nh quang vn cha thc hin c bi cho ti gi vic x l tn hiu quang vn ch ang mc s khai [2]. Trn c s xc nh c u im v nhc im ca hai phng php chuyn mch trn, Chuyn mch chm quang kt hp nhng mt tt ca chng. Nu so snh vi Chuyn mch knh quang th OBS s dng bng thng hiu qu hn v khng b tr do thit t knh. Cng lc , vic thc thi OBS cng xa b nhng kh khn nh gp phi trong Chuyn mch gi quang v iu c bit l OBS khng i hi s dng b m quang. Chuyn mch chm quang m ra nhng hng nghin cu mi. K t khi ra i cho ti nay, mt s lng ln cc ti, cng trnh, bi bo khoa hc v chuyn mch chm quang c cng b. Mc d vy, cc nghin cu ny cho ti nay phn ln u s dng m phng lm cng c nghin cu do nhng kh khn khi xy dng v p dng m hnh ton hc vo chuyn mch chm quang. Trong khi cc cng c m phng hin c hoc l cn nhiu hn ch hoc l khng c ph bin rng ri trong cng ng nghin cu th vic xy dng mt cng c nh vy l cn thit trong vic nghin cu phng thc chuyn mch tin tin ny. NS-2 l mt b cng c m phng m ngun m c s dng lu nay nghin cu v mng truyn thng. u im ca NS-2 l tnh ph bin v c cng ng ngi s dng ng o. Khng ch l mt cng c m phng vi cc m-un c pht trin sn, NS-2 cn l mt gi cng c m phng bao gm nhiu tin ch c th k n nh cng c to lu lng, to s ngu nhin, cng c minh ha giao thc mng, v.v. S phong ph v tnh mm do trong thit k ca NS-2 l gi cho chng ti v vic m rng NS-2 h tr m phng phng thc chuyn mch chm quang. 2. MNG CHUYN MCH CHM QUANG Hnh 1 trnh by nhng khi nim c bn nht ca mt mng OBS, bao gm cc nt mng bin, nt mng li vi cc ng kt ni s dng WDM. Cc nt mng bin tng hp nhiu gi tin tng pha trn (v d nh cc gi IP) thnh nhng gi tin ln hn v c di khng c nh (gi l chm quang burst). Cc gi tin ny c chuyn tip n cc nt mng li trn cc ng truyn WDM. Ti nt mng li, cc chm quang c chuyn mch hon ton trong min quang ti cc nt mng li khc cho ti khi chng ti nt mng bin pha nhn.

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Ti y, cc chm quang c phn r tr li thnh cc gi tin gc vi kch thc nh v a ti cc b nh tuyn IP. Mi chm quang gm hai phn: phn cha d liu (Data Burst) v phn cha tiu (Control Packet) [4]. Cc gi tin d liu (DB), c to thnh bng cch gp nhiu gi tin IP, c chiu di khng c nh. Cc gi tin d liu v gi tin iu khin c truyn i trn nhng knh thng tin thuc cc bc sng khc nhau. Ni cch khc, mng OBS s dng vic bo hiu ngoi knh. Thng thng, mt knh bc sng ring bit s c dnh ra truyn cc gi tin iu khin. Trc khi truyn mt gi tin d liu, gi tin iu khin tng ng vi n s c truyn i trc vo mng. Gi tin ny khi ti cc nt mng li s c chuyn sang min in. Thng tin trong gi tin ny c dng thit t chuyn mch. Bi vy, khi gi tin d liu ti, chuyn mch c thit t sn, gi tin c chuyn mch hon ton trong min quang m khng cn phi chuyn i v x l trong min in.

OBS Edge router

IP router OBS Core router

ng truynWDM

Hnh 1. Mng chuyn mch chm quang [3] 3. VN SP XP GI TIN Phng php t ch mt ln c ngha l khng c g m bo cho vic sp xp thnh cng gi tin d liu khi n ti nt mng li. Mt mt gi tin s xy ra khi m knh u ra m gi tin sp ti mong mun ang bn truyn mt gi tin khc. Trong trng hp ny, vic gim thiu mt mt gi tin chnh l nhim v ca b sp xp gi tin ti b nh tuyn trung tm. Vic sp xp gi tin phi c thc hin cng nhanh cng tt. Trong lc , b sp xp gi tin phi tm ra c v tr ph hp xp c gi tin sao cho bng thng c s dng cng hiu qu cng tt. Vic c qu t thi gian cho vic cn nhc ra quyt nh dn ti thc t l b sp xp gi tin phi ra nhng quyt nh sm m c th vo lc cha phi l hiu qu nht. Mt khc, vic c gng tm cho ra mt v tr ti u sp xp mt gi tin no c th khin cho b sp xp gi tin khng th hon thnh cng vic trong khong thi gian cho trc. H qu l gi tin b mt. Vic sp xp gi tin vi hai rng buc nh trn khin cho bi ton sp xp gi tin tr nn kh khn hn.

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3.1 Thut ton sp xp gi tin Horizon Thut ton sp xp gi tin Horizon [1] hng ti s n gin. Vi mi knh truyn, b sp xp gi tin ch lu gi khong thi gian sm nht m knh truyn tr li trng thi rnh, c gi l mt horizon. Khi c c thng tin v thi im n ca gi tin d liu b sp xp gi tin s tm kim ton b cc knh tm ra khong thi gian rnh ri ca tng knh m c th tip nhn gi tin. Nu c nhiu hn mt gi tin c tm thy, b sp xp gi tin Horizon chn ra mt knh c horizon gn nht so vi thi gian n ca gi tin mi. Nu khong thi gian trng nh vy khng c tm thy, gi tin s b b qua. Bc sng Gi tin mi horizon

4 3 2 1
Qu kh Hin ti Hnh 2. Thut ton sp xp gi tin Horizon [4]

CH 4 CH 3 CH 2 CH 1 Tng lai

u im ca thut ton Horizon l s n gin, thut ton ch lu gi thng tin v thi im horizon trn mi knh tin do qu trnh tm kim din ra nhanh chng ng thi vic ci t thut ton ny i hi t cng sc hn. y l nhng c im quan trng trong mi trng truyn dn tc cao [4]. 3.2 Thut ton sp xp gi tin HorizonSF s dng b m FDL Hiu nng ca b sp xp gi tin Horizon c th c ci thin hn na nu b nh tuyn li mng OBS s dng b m. Khi tt c cc knh u ra bn ti thi im mt gi tin d liu ti nt mng, gi tin s c chuyn mch sang mt vng lu tr v i cho ti khi knh mong mun tr li trng thi ri. Nu tt c knh u ra u bn v mi vng lu tr c s dng, gi tin d liu mi n s b b i [7]. Turner [7] s dng m hnh hng i M/M/n/K nghin cu hiu nng ca Chuyn mch chm quang s dng thut ton Horizon c b m vi gi thit rng b m quang c th lu gi gi tin bao lu ty ging nh b m in. Tuy nhin gi thit ny l khng thc t. Kh nng duy nht lu gi gi tin trong min quang l s dng dy quang lm tr [3]. Khi s dng b m FDL (Fiber Delay Lines) d l vi chc nng n gin nht, hiu nng ca chuyn mch chm quang c th c ci thin ng k [5]. Tuy nhin, di ti a ca mi si quang lm tr b gii hn bi cc rng buc vt l tn ti bn trong si quang, chng hn nh suy hao, nhiu xuyn m, tn sc, cc hiu ng phi tuyn...

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B m quang s dng trong OBS l tp hp cc dy si quang song song nhau [4]. Hnh 3 minh ha cu hnh ca mt b m quang. on tr ngn nht c th l (n v thi gian), cc on di hn cha mt s nguyn ln cc phn t lm tr (i.). Si quang di nht lm tr N. trong N l s lng cc si lm tr trong b m (cn gi l su ca b m). Khi WDM c s dng trong b m FDL, mi si lm tr c th cha W gi tin d liu cng lc. Do , dung lng ca b m c tng ln nhiu ln.

Hnh 3. B m s dng dy lm tr

Hnh 4. Thut ton Horizon c s dng b m FDL

Khi c s dng ti nt mng li OBS, b m FDL c th ci thin ng k hiu nng ca b nh tuyn [5]. Xiong [4] xut thut ton LAUC (Latest Available Unused Channel) s dng b m dnh ring cho tng cng u ra. Trong phng php , vic t ch trong b m v ti cng u ra l Pre-Res. tng ca thut ton cng ging nh Horizon. Thut ton Horizon s dng b m FDL c m t nh sau: Nu nh khng c knh u ra no cn trng xp gi tin vo thi im n nguyn gc ca gi tin d liu, b sp xp gi tin s thm d b m FDL mt cch tun t kim tra xem liu gi tin xung t c th c sp xp vo mt thi im lm tr hay khng. Qu trnh bt u bng on lm tr ngn nht v tip tc thm d cho ti khi tt c cc dy lm tr c kim tra hoc mt khong trng c tm thy ph thuc vo iu kin no n trc. Vic s dng b m FDL lm tng ng k c hi cc gi tin xung t c th c sp xp thnh cng. Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti gi thut ton l HorizonSF (Hnh 4). 4. M HNH M PHNG OBS DA TRN NS-2 NS-2 [8] l mt b m phng m ngun m dnh cho cc nghin cu v mng truyn thng. Tuy nhin, khng ch l mt b m phng, NS-2 cn l mt gi m phng vi rt nhiu m-un v th vin phc v cho vic m phng s kin ri rc. Mt s m-un c th k ti l: B to s ngu nhin, B t s kin, Hng i, cc h tr v ton hc Gi m phng ca chng ti c ci t trn c s m rng NS-2. Trc tin, chng ti nh ngha ra mt loi gi tin mi. Gi tin ny m phng li gi tin iu khin trong Chuyn mch chm quang, trong n mang theo cc thng tin v gi tin d liu tng ng vi n. Kiu gi tin mi gm mt s trng thng tin c trch lit k di y:

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struct hdr_cp { int lambdaID_; int portID_; // S hiu knh bc sng // nh danh cho cng

double offset_time_; // offset-time (giy) double B_duration_; // di chm quang (giy) ... } Ti y, chng ta nh li rng trong mng OBS, cc gi tin iu khin c truyn i trong cc knh bc sng c lp khi cc knh cho gi tin d liu. Ti cc nt mng trung gian, gi tin iu khin c chuyn ngc li v min in x l v thit t ma trn chuyn mch quang. Bi vy, cu trc ny ca mt phng iu khin trong mng OBS gi cho chng ta kh nng m phng dng NS-2. Da vo lp lun trn, trong nghin cu ny, cc nt mng c xy dng nh sau: Nt ngun chu trch nhim sinh gi tin iu khin, trong khi cc nt mng trung gian m phng hot ng ca b sp xp gi tin. ng lin kt cc nt mng ny c thc hin bi kt ni mt chiu (Hnh 5).

Hnh 5. S khi ci t cc nt mng trong NS-2 5. MT S KT QU THU C VI B M PHNG 5.1 Kim nh tnh ng n ca thut ton c ci t Trong phn ny, chng ti tin hnh m phng hot ng ca b sp xp gi tin Horizon s dng cc qu trnh n ca gi tin iu khin trong phn trc. Kt qu v xc sut mt gi c tnh ton v so snh vi cc kt qu xut bn [6]. Bng sau lit k gi tr cc tham s c s dng trong th nghim ny. Trong hnh 6, cc kt qu ca Chen [6] c v bi cc hnh vung nh vi cc gi tr c ly t mt kt qu nghin cu c cng b ca tc gi (trong cc vch ngn th hin sai s trong qu trnh o c trc quan). Nh th cho thy, kt qu m phng ca chng ti cho thy mt s ph hp so vi kt qu cng b ca tc gi Chen. Chng ti kt lun rng b to lu lng v b sp xp gi tin ca chng ti cho kt qu ng tin cy v c th s dng cho cc nghin cu tip theo.

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Hnh 6. So snh kt qu m phng ca nghin cu (--) vi kt qu c cng b ( ) [6] vi phn b hm m cho thi gian inter-arrival ca gi tin iu khin v di gi tin d liu khi thi gian offset l c nh. 5.2 So snh HorizonSF (khi b su b m bng khng) vi Horizon Trong th nghim ny, chng ti xc minh li tnh ng n ca b cng c m phng mi xy dng cho thut ton Horizon khi c s dng b m FDL m chng ti gi l HorizonSF (Horizon with Shortest First). Kt qu thu c s c dng so snh vi cc kt qu v xc sut mt gi ca b sp xp gi tin HorizonSF khi su ca b m N c t bng khng (tng ng vi trng hp khng s dng b m).

Hnh 7. So snh xc sut mt gi tin gia hai b sp xp gi tin orizonSF (khi su b m bng khng) vi Horizon. T hnh 7, chng ta thy rng c s trng khp gia cc im ly mu v xc sut mt gi tin ca hai b sp xp gi tin. iu ny khng nh rng b sp xp gi tin HorizonSF ci t trong trong nghin cu l tng thch ngc. Do , chng ti c th tip tc thc hin nhng phn tch su hn i vi m-un mi c pht trin ny v s dng n trong cc nghin cu tip theo.

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6. KT LUN Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti xut vic m rng NS-2 m phng phng thc chuyn mch chm quang. tng bao qut ton b nghin cu l m phng li hot ng ca chuyn mch chm quang trong mt phng iu khin ca n. lm c nh vy, mt gi tin mi c nh ngha nhm m phng li gi tin iu khin trong chuyn mch chm quang. Ngoi ra, chng ti cng xy dng cc nt mng vi cc tc t mi nhm thc hin vic to ra gi tin iu khin m sp xp gi tin. Vic m-un ha cc khi chc nng nh vy gip cho thit k ca cng c tr nn linh hot hn cng nh d m rng sau ny. Cui cng, chng ti tin hnh cc th nghim kim tra k lng tnh hp l ca phn cng c m phng c m rng t NS-2. Cc kt qu thu c c so snh vi s liu t l thuyt v s liu t cc cng trnh cng b v cho kt qu kh quan v tin cy ca cc m-un xy dng mi.

Ti liu tham kho

1. Qiao, C., (1999), "Optical Burst Switching (OBS) - A New Paradigm for an Optical Internet," Journal of High Speed Networks, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 69-84. 2. Yao, S., Mukherjee, B. and Dixit, A., (2000), Advances in Photonic Packet Switching: An Overview, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 38, pp. 84-94. 3. Battestilli, T., and Perros, H., (2003), An introduction to optical burst switching, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. S10S15. 4. Xiong, Y., Vanderhoute, M. and Cankaya, H. C., (2000), "Control architecture in optical burst-switched WDM networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1838-1851. 5. Gauger, C. M., (2003), Trends in Optical Burst Switching, Proceedings of SPIE ITCOM 2003, Orlando. 6. Chen, Y., Qiao, C. and Yu, X., (2004), Optical burst switching: a new area in optical networking research, IEEE Network, vol.18, pp.16-23. 7. Turner, J. S., (1999), Terabit burst switching, Journal of High Speed Networks, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 3-16. 8. Fall K. and Varadhan K., (2005), The ns Manual, UC Berkeley, LBNL, USC/ISI, and Xerox PARC, Jan., <URL: http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation.html>.

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