Cross drainage:- it is a structure which is constructed on a canal to dispose the drainage water, it is also used for crossing from

one canal to another canal. It is of two type 1) canal placed above the drainage:- it is further classified as aqueduct and siphon aqueduct. \2) canal placed below the drainage:- it is further calssifed as super passage and canal siphon. 3) canal placed along the drainage:- it is further calssified as level crossing , inlet, inlet and outlet. refer diagrams question 1 unit 8 -The drainage should pass the canal at a right angle the water flow should be stable. -the water table should be near the site. -It should be combined with the bridge. -Building a canal below the drainage is more economical when campared to building a canal above the drainage. Factors effecting cross drainage:Depending upon the capacity of the canal and drainage different types of cross drainage is used:-There should be a used near by -It should not be expensive -Cost of construction should be reasonable. -ground water level should not be very high. -suitable construction material should be available. refer question no.3 unit 8 table. Transition:- The change in flow of water from non uniform to uniform flow is known as transition. it is neccessary to prevent loss of energy, turbulance, head losses etc. it provides safety and reduces cost of construction. Methods of design of transition:1) Chaturvedi method:- In this method the depth remains constant while width changes, it was given by R.s.Chaturvedi. X=l(b)b(c)^1.5/B(c)^1.4--B(f)^1.5 x(l-(B(f)/B(x))^1.5) ^power of where x= distance from throat l(f)= lenght of transition flumno B(c)=width of channel B(f)=width of throat B(x)= width of transition at a distance x from throat 2)Mitra's method:- In this method depth remains constrant while widht changes, it was given by A.c mitra. it is given by B(x)=B(c)B(f)I(f)/i(f)B(c)--(B(c)--B(f))

3) Hindi's Method:- In this method both depth and width varies. it is given by hind. it helps in determination of energy level, water surface, bed width. Aqueduct:- It is atype of cross drainage, it is designed by using lacy's equation i.e P= 4.75xQ^2 the dimensions, span, height etc. are fixed. The foundation is designed and provided with suitable connection. Aqueduct is of 3 types Type 1 aqueduct:- The lenght of the barrel is maximum while the widhth is minimum the cross section remains constant, it is suitable for drainage of width 3m. As the width increases cost of construction increases------refer question 10 for diagrams unit 8 Type 2 aqueduct:- The lenght of the barrel decreases while the width increases , the outer slopes are replaced by walls , it is suitable for drainage of width 5-15m. type 3 aqueduct:- The legth of the barrel decreases width increases outer slope is replaced with concrete trough, it is suitable for drainage of width more than 15m. The discharge from an aqueduct is measured by four methods 1)Batch method:- It is a simple method which is used to check the effictiveness of drainage system. 2) Imperical formule:- In this method some special formulea are available for specific regions 3) Statistical method:- it is used to measure the discharge at outlet by the help of data which is 15-20 years old. Curve method:- It is based on the relationship between rainfall and surface. it can cover upto an area of 800 hectares. SUPER PASSAGE:-It is a type of cross drainage which is constructed above the canal with FSL of the canal below the drainage. FSL stands for full supply level DESIGN OF SUPER PASSAGE:water way of drainage:- The water way is desinged by using lacy's equation dimensions,units are fixed and Rcc trough is constructed Splay:- A ration of 3:1 is to be taken upstram and ratio of 5:1 is to be taken downstream.

Afflux:- The area of the afflux should be as minimum as possible, the head loss is given by the formula . H=H1+H2+H3+H4+H5 head loss at entry and exit is given by 0.4 Cutt off:- it should be designed to prevent scour The scour should be assumed as 1.25R to 1.5R Impervious floor:- The length of floor depends on the cost available - a minimum thickness of 0.3m is recomended. Water way to the canal:- It should be desinged in such a way that angle should be 90 degrees and length of 1m is recomended. Concrete Blocks:- They should be provided to prevent the impervious floor from seperating -They should of suitable sizes. h1=K1*((V2^2-V1^2)/2g) h2=K2*(V3^2-V4^2/2g) K1=0.1 to 0.3 K2=0.2 to