PHN 1 : B GIAO THC TCP/IP I Gii Thiu: - cc my my tnh c th lin lc vi nhau qua mng, chng phi s dng cng

1 ngn ng hay cn gi l 1 giao thc (Protocol). Giao thc l 1 h lut v chun cho php cc my tnh trong mng lin lc vi nhau. -TCP/IP l vit tt ca Transmission Control Protocol (Giao thc iu Khin Truyn Thng) / Internet Protocol (Giao thc Internet). -TCP/IP khng ch gm 2 giao thc m thc t n l tp hp ca nhiu giao thc. Chng ta gi l 1 H Giao Thc hay B Giao Thc (Suite Of Protocols). Bi vit chng ta s tp trung vo B Giao Thc ny. II Tng qut: - cho cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau TCP/IP s dng m hnh truyn thng 4 tng hay cn gi l M Hnh DoD (M hnh ca B Quc Phng M). Cc tng trong m hnh ny l (Theo th t t trn xung): + Tng ng Dng (Application Layer) + Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer) + Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer) + Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer) - Mi giao thc ca H TCP/IP u thuc 1 trong cc tng ny. Ta s cng tm hiu tng tng . 1.Tng Giao Din Mng (Network Interface Layer): - Tng Giao Din Mng c trch nhim a d liu ti v nhn d liu t phng tin truyn dn. Tng ny gm cc thit b phn cng vt l chng hn nh Card Mng v Cp Mng. - 1 Card Mng chng hn card Ethernet cha 1 s HEX 12 k t (00-1837-03-C0-F4) c gi l a Ch MAC (Media Access Control) hay a Ch Truy Nhp Phng Tin . MAC ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gn a ch v truyn d liu. - 1 s giao thc tiu biu thuc tng ny gm : + ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) + Ethernet + Token Ring + FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) + Frame Relay 2.Tng Lin Mng (Internet Layer): - Nm bn trn tng giao din mng. Tng ny c chc nng gn a ch, ng gi v nh tuyn (Route) d liu. 4 giao thc quan trng nht trong tng ny gm:

+ IP (Internet Protocol): C chc nng gn a ch cho d liu trc khi truyn v nh tuyn chng ti ch. + ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C chc nng bin dch a ch IP ca my ch thnh a ch MAC. + ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): C chc nng thng bo li trong trng hp truyn d liu b hng. + IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol): C chc nng iu khin truyn a hng (Multicast) 3.Tng Giao Vn (Transport Layer): - C trch nhim thit lp phin truyn thng gia cc my tnh v quy nh cch truyn d liu. 2 giao thc chnh trong tng ny gm: + UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Cn gi l Giao Thc Gi Ngi Dng. UDP cung cp cc knh truyn thng phi kt ni nn n khng m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. Cc ng dng dng UDP thng ch truyn nhng gi c kch thc nh, tin cy d liu ph thuc vo tng ng dng + TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ngc li vi UDP, TCP cung cp cc knh truyn thng hng kt ni v m bo truyn d liu 1 cch tin cy. TCP thng truyn cc gi tin c kch thc ln v yu cu pha nhn xc nhn v cc gi tin nhn. 4.Tng ng Dng (Application Layer): - Gm nhiu giao thc cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi dng. c s dng nh dng v trao i thng tin ngi dng. 1 s giao thc thng dng trong tng ny l: + DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Giao Thc Cu Hnh Trm ng + DNS (Domain Name System): H Thng Tn Min + SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Giao Thc Qun L Mng n Gin + FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin + TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Tp Tin Bnh Thng + SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Giao Thc Truyn Th n Gin + TELNET ***Bng sau m t khi qut v B Giao Thc TCP/IP:

PHN 2 : A CH IP I a ch IP: - Mi my trn mng TCP/IP hay cn gi l trm TCP/IP c nhn dng bng 1 a ch IP logic. Mi trm hay mi thit b mng s dng TCP/IP truyn thng cn c 1 a ch IP duy nht. - a ch IP cho bit v tr ca 1 h thng trong 1 mng ging nh a ch xc nh ngi nh trn 1 con ng no . Tng t nh 1 khu dn c. a ch IP phi l duy nht trn ton cu v phi c vit di 1 nh dng chun. - Mi a ch IP c chia thnh 2 phn : Phn a ch mng (Net ID) v Phn a ch trm (Host ID). + Net ID: Dng nhn dng nhng h thng trong cng 1 khu vc vt l cn c gi l Phn on (Segment). Mi h thng trong cng 1 Phn on phi c cng a Ch Mng v Phn a ch ny phi l duy nht trong s cc mng hin c. + Host ID: Dng nhn dng 1 trm lm vic, 1 my ch, 1 Router hoc 1 trm TCP/IP trong 1 phn on. Phn a ch trm cng phi l duy nht trong 1 mng - Ging a ch bu in gm 2 phn: M BU IN S NH,TN NG. a ch IP cng gm 2 phn: NET ID HOST ID. + Phn u tin, NET ID nhn dng mng m my tnh ni ti, tt c my tnh trong cng mng phi c cng NET ID ging nh mi nh trong cng qun phi c cng M BU IN. + Phn th hai, HOST ID xc nh my tnh, router hoc thit b mng khc

trong mng. HOST ID phi l duy nht trong 1 mng ging nh S NH,TN NG phi l duy nht trong 1 qun. Hai my tnh c th c cng HOST ID nu NET ID ca chng khc nhau, ging nh hai NG c th cng tn nu nh chng thuc 2 qun khc nhau. - S kt hp gia NET ID v HOST ID phi cho php nhn dng duy nht mi my tnh ring bit. - Cc a ch IP c chiu di 32bit c chia thnh 4 dy. Mi dy gm 8bit (1Byte), mi Byte c phn cch = 1 du ., 1 Byte l 1 gi tr nm trong khong t 0-255. Cch biu din nh vy gi l K hiu thp phn du chm (Dotted-Decimal Notation) cho mi ngi s dng nh a ch 1 cch d dng.

- Tuy nhin khi x l thng tin my tnh li s dng H Nh Phn (Binary) v tn hiu chng s dng truyn thng ch c 2 trng thi l Bt (1) v Tt (0) ***Bng bn di y s m t s kt hp gia K Hiu Thp Phn (Decimal Notation) v K Hiu Khoa Hc (Scientific Notation) vi mi Bit bn trong 1 B Tm Nh Phn (Binary Octet).

Trong 1 Byte , mi bit c gn mt gi tr. Nu Bit c t l 0 th n c gn gi tr 0, nu Bit c t l 1 th c th chuyn i thnh 1 gi tr thp phn. Bit thp nht trong Byte tng ng vi 1, Bit cao nht

tng ng vi 128. Vy gi tr ln nht ca 1 Byte l 255 tng ng vi trng hp c 8 Bit u c t l 1.

V d: Ta s i a ch sau: 10101100 00010000 00000101 01111101 sang dng K Hiu Thp Phn Du Chm.

II a ch IP Public v a ch IP Private: 1.IP Public: - Mi 1 a ch IP ngoi Internet l duy nht. cc Network c nhng a ch duy nht ngoi Internet, th Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) s chia nhng khong a ch khng d tr thnh nhng phn nh v y thc trch nhim phn phi a ch cho cc t chc ng K Min khp th gii. Nhng t chc l Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC), American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), and Rseaux IP Europens (RIPE NCC). Nhng t chc ny s phn phi nhng khi a ch n 1 s nh cc Internet Service Provider (ISP) ln v cc ISP ln ny sau s gn nhng khi nh hn cho cc i l v cc ISP nh hn. - ISP s cp 1 IP Public cho mi my tnh ca bn cc my tnh ny c th kt ni trc tip n ISP. Cc a ch ny c cp 1 cch t ng dn mi my tnh khi my tnh kt ni v c th l a ch tnh nu ng line ca bn thu ring hay cc ti khon Dial-up 2.IP Private: - IANA d tr mt t a ch IP m cc a ch ny khng bao gi c s dng trn Internet. Nhng a ch IP Private ny c s dng cho nhng

Host yu cu c IP kt ni nhng khng cn c thy trn cc mng Public. V d, 1 user kt ni nhng my tnh trong mng TCP/IP nh th ko cn cp 1 a ch IP Public cho mi Host. User c th ly nhng khong IP bng di y cung cp a ch cho cc Host trong mng.

- Nhng host c a ch IP Private c th kt ni n Internet bng cch s dng 1 Proxy Server hay 1 my tnh chy Windows Server 2003 cu hnh nh l 1 Network Address Translation (NAT) Server. Windows Server 2003 cng tch hp chc nng Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) cung cp dch v NAT n gin cho cc Client trong mng Private. III Lp a ch: - C 5 lp a ch IP to cc mng c kch thc khc nhau gm: Lp A, Lp B, Lp C, Lp D, Lp E. - TCP/IP h tr gn a ch lp A, lp B, lp C cho cc trm. - Cc lp ny c chiu di phn NET ID v HOST ID khc nhau nn s lng Mng v s lng Trm trn mi mng cng khc nhau: + Lp A: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc cc ln. Trong lp a ch ny Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, Bit cao nht ca Byte ny lun c t l 0. 3 Byte cn li xc nh Host ID. Do lp A c th cp cho 126 Mng vi 16.777.214 Trm trn mi Mng. + Lp B: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc va v ln. Trong lp a ch ny 2 Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, 2 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 0. 2 Byte cn li xc nh Host ID. Do lp B c th cp cho 16.384 Mng vi 65.534 Trm trn mi Mng. + Lp C: c gn cho cc Mng c kch thc nh. Trong lp a ch ny 3 Byte u tin xc nh NET ID, 3 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 0. Byte cui cng xc nh Host ID. Do lp C c th cp cho 2.097.152 Mng vi 254 Trm trn mi Mng. + Lp D: Cc a ch lp ny s dng cho Truyn a Hng (Multicast). 1 nhm Multicast c th cha 1 hoc nhiu Trm. Trong lp ny 4 Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 1 0, cc Bit cn li nh ngha nhm Multicast. a ch lp D khng c chia thnh Net ID v Host ID. Cc gi(Packets) Multicast c truyn ti 1 nhm Trm c th v ch c cc

Trm ng k vo nhm ny mi nhn c gi. + Lp E: L lp a ch thc nghim, n khng c thit k cho mc ch s dng chung. Lp E c d phng cho cc ng dng tng lai. Cc Bit cao nht ca Byte u tin lun c t l 1 1 1 1. - Tng s IP c th s dng l : 3.720.314.628 *** Bng sau y s m t khi qut v cc lp a ch IP:

*** Bng m t s khc nhau gia 3 Lp a ch A, B v C:

IV Subnet Mask:

- bit Trm ch thuc Mng cc b hay xa. Trm ngun cn 1 thng tin khc. Thng tin ny chnh l Subnet Mask - Subnet Mask l 1 a ch 32 bit c s dng che 1 phn ca a ch IP. Bng cch ny cc my tnh c th xc nh u l Net ID v u l Host ID trong 1 a ch IP. - Mi Trm trong mng TCP/IP yu cu c 1 Subnet Mask.N c gi l Subnet Mask mc nh, nu n cha c chia Subnet (v v vy n ch c 1 Subnet n), v c gi l Subnet Mask ty nu n c chia thnh nhiu Subnet Vd: 1 s 32bit tiu biu cho 1 Subnet Mask mc nh c dng bi nhng Trm cu hnh vi 1 a ch lp C (vd 192.168.20.50) l : 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0). Khi 1 trm c a ch 192.168.20.50 gi gi tin n a ch 192.168.50.20. u tin, Trm s thc hin php tnh AND gia a Ch cc b vi Subnet Mask mc nh cc b. Bi v khi thc hin php tnh AND 2 s, bt k s no AND vi 0 s l 0, v AND vi 1 s l chnh n => khi AND 192.168.20.50 vi 255.255.255.0 kt qu l 192.168.20.0. My trm sau s thc hin php tnh AND gia a ch ch vi Subnet Mask ging trn. TCP/IP sau s so snh kt qu nhng gi tr t 2 php tnh AND. Nu 2 gi tr ng nht th Trm TCP/IP kt lun ch kia l trn Subnet cc b. Nu 2 gi tr khc nhau th Trm xc nh ch kia l xa. - Ta cng c 1 cch vit khc xc nh Subnet Mask l: a ch IP / Tin t Mng Tin t Mng c xc nh bng cch cng tt c cc bit 1 trong dy 32bit ca Subnet Mask. Vd: 192.168.5.10 c Subnet Mask mc nh l 255.255.255.0. i qua s nh phn s l 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000. => Tng cng c 24 bit 1. Vy ta c th vit di dng: 192.168.5.10 / 24

*** Bng di y s a ra nhng Subnet Mask mc nh cho cc Lp Mng: