CHNG 4: CHUI GI TR RAU LT

I. GII THIU
Lt khng ch l mt thnh ph du lch ni ting ca Vit Nam m l vng trng rau ni ting ca c nc. Nm trong vng nhit i gi ma, chu nh hng ca cao nn Lt c nn kh hu ca vng n i. Mc d vi din tch khng ln (42,400 ha) nhng c u i bi thin nhin, nh c c im kh hu ca vng n i m Lt c th sn xut c nhng loi rau qu n i quanh nm. Ngh trng rau Lt c t lu v pht trin mnh trong nhng nm cui ca thp k 30. Rau Lt ngon, b, mang hng v c th ca rau n i. Nhng loi rau cao cp hin nay nh b xi (spinach), x lch, khoai ty hng, l xanh, trng, ci bp x.. i vo cc ba n thng thng khng ch ca ngi dn Lt m cn c dn ca thnh ph H Ch Minh, cc tnh min Ty Nam B, cc tnh min Trung v c cc nc ln cn. Ni n rau Lt l ni n huyn n Dng, c Trng v thnh ph Lt, tng sn lng rau ca 3 vng l ny khong 250,000 tn, chim 30% rau qu c nc (ngun 36, ph lc 15). Ngun li do rau trng t Lt khng ch l ngun li nhun ng k v gii quyt vic lm cho phn ln lao ng ca Tp. Lt m c tnh Lm ng, gp mt phn ln thc y s tng trng v kinh t chung ca tnh trong vng 10 nm qua. Tuy nhin, t nm 1990, ngh trng rau m rng, hu ht cc tnh pha Nam t cung cp rau ti ti ch. iu ny dn n th trng tiu th rau ca Lm ng - Lt khng cn chim v tr c tn (tuy vn chim u th v cht lng rau qu). (ngun 37 ph lc 15) Vn t ra cho vng rau Lm ng - Lt l phi tm kim th trng tiu th, c bit l th trng xut khu; thay i phng thc sn xut c sn phm cht lng cao ph hp vi th hiu ca khch hng nc ngoi. Bn cnh , ngi tiu dng trong nc ngy cng c thc cao trong vic chn la sn phm tt cho sc khe. iu ny dn n hng lot vn cn gii quyt, trong vn sn xut rau theo cc tiu chun sch c t ra l mi quan tm hng u ca Lt. Chng trnh pht trin k thut c GTZ, Metro Vit Nam v B Thng mi mun tm hiu su v chui gi tr rau qu Lt qua , nm bt c nhng mi quan h gn kt, nhng mc xch trong chui, nhng tc ng quan trng ln cc mt xch nhm tng cng tnh hiu qu ca rau Lt v gim thiu nhng kh khn c hng h tr cn thit cho nhng bc k tip trong tng lai.

II. THNG TIN CHUNG V THNH PH LT V TNH HNH RAU C LT 1. Thnh Ph Lt

1.1. Din tch, dn s, lao ng

Thnh ph Lt thuc tnh Lm ng. Nm trn cao nguyn Lang Bian nn Lt c cao 1,520m so vi mt nc bin. V pha Bc, Lt gip vi huyn Lc Dng, v pha ng v ng Nam gip vi huyn n Dng, v pha Ty v Ty Nam gip vi hai huyn Lm H v c Trng. Do cao trung bnh 1,520 m v c bao quanh bi nhng dy ni cao, nn tuy trong vng nhit i gi ma, kh hu Lt mang nhng nt ring ca vng cao. Lt c c mt kh hu mt m, d chu ca vng n i vi nhit trung bnh trong ngy thp nht l 15oC v cao nht l 24oC. Mc d c hai ma : ma ma t thng 4 n thng 11 v ma nng t thng 12 n thng 3 nm sau nhng quanh nm Lt u c nng. Cc iu kin kh hu ny cho php Lt sn xut cc loi rau c, hoa, v cc tri cy c sn v nhiu loi cy trng nhit i (ngun: s 22, ph lc 15) Theo Nin gim thng k tnh Lm ng, tng din tch t t nhin ca Tp Lt l 39,106 ha. Do rng, i hoang chim vi din tch ln nn t dnh cho nng nghip Lt khng nhiu, ch khong 10,000 ha, chia ra t chuyn nng nghip 5,300 ha, t xen canh 4,678 ha. t sn xut nng nghip chia lm 2 nhm chnh: nhm feralit vng chim t l cao, nhng ph t thp n trung bnh, tuy nhin lng ln d tiu v mt s nguyn t vi lng thch hp cho cy rau, hoa v cy n qu. Nhm cn li l feralit nu trn bazan c ph cao hn, thch hp cho vic canh tc loi rau c c. iu kin giao thng tng i thun li m rng giao lu kinh t vi cc vng trng im kinh t pha Nam, cc tnh Duyn hi min Trung v Ty Nguyn. (ngun: s 22, ph lc 15) T nm 1990 n nay, dn s thnh ph Lt tng kh nhanh. Nm 2004 Lt c 188, 467 ngi vi 96% l ngi Kinh. Trong , dn s sng khu vc thnh th l 88.94%, sng cc khu vc nng thn l 11.06%, mt dn s l 480 ngi/km2. Mt bng dn tr trong nhng nm gn y c nng ln ng k nhng vn cn c khong cch nht nh gia c dn sng khu vc thnh th v nng thn. (ngun: s 22, ph lc 15) Lao ng x hi tng nhanh, nht l lao ng nng nghip ph thng (chim 38,5%). Lao ng c tay ngh cha c o to theo quy chun v cng cha c iu kin hot ng do Lt cha c nhng khu cng nghip ln. (ngun: s 22, ph lc 15) 1.2. Kinh t T nm 2000 n nay, kinh t - x hi Lt tip tc pht trin vi tc tng trng GDP bnh qun t 12% nm, GDP bnh qun u ngi t 8,8 triu ng/ nm; du lch dch v tip tc tng mnh v chim 69.6% , t l h ngho ch cn 1.4% ( 4.48% theo tiu ch mi ) (ngun: s 11, ph lc 15) Trong nhim k IX (2005-2010) sp ti, i Hi ng b thnh ph Lt phn u a tc tng GDP hng nm t 15% tr ln, GDP bnh qun u ngi t 16 18 triu ng/nm; tng
2

vn u t ton x hi t t 6,000 7,000 t ng, thu ngn sch nh nc t trn 1,500 t ng; gim t l h ngho cn di 2% (theo tiu ch mi). (ngun: s 11, ph lc 15) Trong cc ngnh kinh t Lt, du lch dch v c xc nh l ngnh kinh t ng lc v l mi nhn ca thnh ph trong nhng nm qua v trong nhng nm tip theo. Tc tng trng ca ngnh c duy tr v pht trin hng nm, hin nay t 65% trong c cu kinh t ton x hi ca a phng. Cc hot ng dch v ngy cng pht trin nhng cn mang tnh dn tri, hot ng xut khu chm pht trin. (ngun: s 11, ph lc 15) Ngnh Cng nghip, xy dng ang trn l trnh pht trin vi nh hng hnh thnh nhng khu cng nghip va v nh ti cc a phng nng nghip nng thn nhm thu ht u t vo lnh vc ch bin nng sn phm tham gia th trng tiu dng trong nc v tng bc tin n xut khu. Thnh ph ang ch trng u t pht trin cc ngnh ngh th cng m ngh, cc ngnh ch bin nng sn. Ngnh Nng, lm nghip trong nhng nm trc y l ngnh kinh t quan trng ca a phng. Tuy nhin, vi nh hng pht trin kinh t Du lch, dch v Cng nghip, xy dng Nng, lm nghip; ngnh nng nghip v ang tng bc thc hin mc tiu gim dn t trng mt cch hp l trong c cu kinh t ca thnh ph. (s c cp chi tit trong phn Nng nghip tip theo) 1.3 Nng nghip: Tnh hnh hin ti & phng hng pht trin Hin nay ngnh nng nghip Lt vn cn thu ht 38.5% lao ng x hi. Sn xut nng nghip trn lnh vc trng trt ang pht trin v din tch, tng v, tng nng sut v cht lng nng sn. Hng nm, ngnh nng nghip Lt cung ng cho th trng tiu dng (ch yu Tp.H Ch Minh v cc tnh pha Nam) khong 200,000 tn rau cc loi, trn 300 triu cnh hoa. (ngun: s 9, ph lc 11). Lnh vc chn nui pht trin chm. Thnh ph ang thc hin cc chng trnh chuyn i c cu cy trng, vt nui nhm tng cng tnh a dng ca sn phm nng nghip, p ng cho nhu cu ca th trng tiu dng trong nc theo hng cht lng cao v tng bc to lp th trng xut khu nng sn. V c cu ngnh nng nghip Lm ng- Lt, trng trt ang chim t trng ln hn chn nui v dch v. Trong ngh trng rau v hoa ang l th mnh ca a phng ni ring v c nc ni chung vi tc pht trin bnh qun trong 5 nm l 9.1%/nm v din tch (xem th 13) v sn lng khong 10.6%/nm (xem th 14) (ngun: Nin gim thng k Lm ng 2004) th 13: Tc tng trng din tch rau cc loi Tp. lt qua cc nm (Ngun: Nin gim thng k Lm ng 2004)

Din tch: Ha

Nm

th 14: Tc tng trng sn lng rau cc loi Tp. Lt qua cc nm

Sn lng : Tn

Nm

Ti lt c hn 20,000 c s sn xut, h nng dn tham gia trng rau, trong c 13 n v ng k v cp giy chng nhn rau an ton, tp trung nhiu nht phng 7,5,8,11, x Xun Trng, x Xun Th (xem bn sau) Bn phn b din tch canh tc rau cc loi ti cc phng x thnh ph Lt

Nhng loi rau qu chnh trng Lt gm: - Rau n l (l bp ci, ci tho, x lch, ci ngt, sp l xanh, cn ty, b xi -Rau n c (khoai ty, hnh ty, c dn, su ho, c rt, c ci trng) - Rau an qu (c chua, c tm, u c ve v.v.) 2. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ngh trng rau Lt 2.1 Gii thiu v vng chuyn canh rau Lt Vi cao so vi mt bin t 1,000 1,600 m, kh hu n ha mt m quanh nm, nhit bnh qun nm t 18-22oC, lng ma t 1,400-1,800 mm chia ra hai ma (ma ma v ma kh) r rt, Li c nhiu u i v li th v kh hu ph hp cho cc loi rau sinh trng v pht trin. Lt v vng ph cn tr thnh mt vng chuyn canh rau ni ting ca Vit Nam rt phong ph, a dng v chng loi, rau c ngun gc xut x t nhiu ni trong v ngoi nc. Vng rau Lt ni ring, hay Lm ng ni chung rt ph hp sn xut cc loi rau cao cp c cht lng cao, c bit l cc loi rau dnh cho cc th trng tiu th nc ngoi. Cht lng rau vng lnh lun lun cao hn nhiu so vi vng nng; mt khc u t trng rau cao cp vng nng khng mang li hiu qu kinh t cao do dch bnh nhiu, cng lao ng v chi ph cng nhiu hn vng lnh. Vng chuyn canh rau Lt c hnh thnh t nhng nm 1934-1935 vi nhng a danh truyn thng nh: a Thin, Thi Phin, Vn Thnh, Bch ng... cc vng rau ph cn ni ting nh: Lc Nghip, Lc Xun, Lc Vin, Lc Lm ca n Dng vi nhiu chng loi rau cao cp c gi tr kinh t cao. Trong sut 60 nm qua, so vi cc tnh thnh khc trong c nc, nng dn vng rau Lm ng - Lt c tip nhn nhiu ngun tin b k thut di nhiu hnh thc: thng qua hi tho, tp hun, thc hin cc m hnh khuyn nng, hc hi kinh nghim sn xut t cc chuyn gia trong v ngoi nc, kt hp vi iu kin thy th tuyt vi, cng vi nhiu kinh nghim qu c tch ly trong qu trnh sn xut ca hng chc nm (ngun:16, ph lc 15) K t sau ngy gii phng n nay, ngh trng rau Lm ng - Lt vn duy tr v pht trin. Lm ng hin l mt tnh c din tch v sn lng rau ln nht so vi c nc. c tnh n
5

nm 2005 din tch gieo trng rau cc loi ton tnh Lm ng khong 27,315 ha, trong ring Lt c 7,150 ha. Din tch trng rau ngy cng c m rng hnh thnh nhng vng chuyn canh, sn xut rau hng ha c quy m ln, cht lng cao T.P. Lt, huyn c Trng, huyn n Dng v hin nay ang m rng huyn Lc Dng. Bnh qun Lt, mi h c 2,500-3,000m2. Nh vy s h sn xut rau Lt vo khong 7,000 h. (ngun: s 6, Ph lc 15) Sau y l tnh hnh sn xut sau lt trong nhng nm tr li y Bng 13: Tnh hnh sn xut rau tnh Lm ng nm 2000-2005
Nm Din tch rau (ha) Lt n Dng c Trng Huyn Khc Sn lng (tn) Lt n Dng c Trng Huyn Khc 2000 18,879 6,232 321 3,666 8,660 432,364 158,649 171,488 88,005 14,222 2001 22,114 6,676 703 4,353 10,382 505,200 170,051 207,297 100,101 27,751 2002 23,783 6,764 807 4,839 11,373 554,185 170,047 236,213 118,259 22,666 2003 25,388 7,028 824 5,872 11,664 616,114 180,631 238,435 161,965 35,173 2004 26,788 7,176 10,423 6,711 9,654 647,279 182,655 246,306 181,340 36,978 c tnh 2005 27,315 7,150 10,500 7,000 2,665 677.00 185,900 262,500 182,000 46,600

(Ngun: S liu 2000-2004 theo nin gim thng k tnh Lm ng, s liu nm 2005 theo bo co ca S Nng Nghip & Pht trin Nng Thn Lm ng) Nhn vo bng 13, ta thy tc tng trng rau ca tnh Lm ng ni chung v Lt ni ring trong 5 nm tr li y c s tng trng r rt c v din tch v sn lng. Lt, din tch trung bnh tng trng khong 9.3% nm v sn lng vo khong 10.7%/nm. Tnh c cc huyn, n Dng dn u vi sn lng khong 8,000 ha rau cc loi, chim 39% c thnh ph, sau n ni thnh lt (27%) v c Trng (25%) (Xem th 13). Thnh ph Lt l ngun cung ng 80% rau cho c nc (trong 50% l cung ng cho Tp.HCM v cn li l cc tnh/thnh ph ln cn (ngun: s 13, ph lc 15). th 15: Din tch rau cc huyn & Tp Lt 2004 (ngun: s 1, Ph lc 11)

2.2 Vic trin khai sn xut rau sch Lt Nm 1993, vi s ch o ca UBND tnh, cc c quan hu quan trong tnh, cc n v lin doanh sn xut rau ng ti a phng trin khai chng trnh sn xut rau sch vi nhiu bin php tng hp, mnh dn ng dng cc tin b k thut mi vo sn xut. Thc hin Quyt nh s 67/1998/Q-BNN-KHCN v vic quy nh tm thi v sn xut rau an ton, UBND Tnh c quyt nh s 06/2004/Q-UB ngy 14/01/2004 quy nh tm thi v sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton trn a bn tnh Lm ng (ngun: ph lc 12). Thng thng nng dn ng k trng rau an ton c Phng Cng Nng Nghip chuyn giao quy trnh sn xut, v theo di tng khu ca c quy trnh. Nng dn sau khi quy hoch rau an ton c quyn t cng b cht lng rau. y cng l mt hnh thc gn kt trch nhim ca ngi trng rau vi sn phm ca mnh v ngi tiu dng (ngun 37, ph lc 15) Hin nay cng ngh sn xut rau trong nh knh, nh li pht trin, din tch trng rau trong nh knh, nh li Lt khong 300ha v ch yu pht trin cc loi rau cao cp cung cp cho cc siu th v xut khu. (ngun 37, ph lc 15). n thng 7 nm 2005, S Nng Nghip & Pht Trin Nng Thn kim tra v cp giy chng nhn cho 15 c s ti Lt iu kin sn xut rau an ton. Cc c s trng rau ny thng xuyn a mu rau sau khi thu hoch i kim nghim ti c quan chc nng v cc ch tiu ha l, vi sinh. (ngun 6, ph lc 15) 3. c im rau ti Lt 3.1 Cc loi rau sch ti Lt Rau c sn xut theo quy trnh k thut an ton Lt rt a dng v chng loi. C th k n cc loi tiu biu sau: o o o Rau n l: S (bp ci trn), ci tho (bp ci di), x lch, Sp l trng, xanh, tn , b xi, x lch, coron, cn ty. Rau n qu: u c-ve leo, C chua, Da chut, t ngt, v.v Rau n c:Khoai ty, C rt, Hnh Ty, C dn

Quy trnh sn xut theo k thut an ton (tham kho ph lc 16) Quy trnh sn xut rau an ton thng tun th theo cc bc sau:
Lm t Chn ging v trng Bn phn Ti nc Phng tr su bnh Thu hoch.

3.2 Th trng ni a T nhiu nm qua Lt l vng cung cp rau chnh, c bit l cc loi rau n i, rau cao cp cho cc tnh pha Nam, c bit l thnh ph H Ch Minh. Theo c lng qua cc phng vn chuyn su & tho lun nhm do Axis thc hin ti Lt th 60% tng sn lng rau sn xut ti Lt c tiu th ti TP.HCM v mt s tnh pha Nam; 20% c tiu th ti Lt v 20% cn li c xut khu i cc nc Chu ln cn. c tnh n nm 2005, sn lng rau ca Lt ln n 185,900 tn bao gm nhiu chng loi, nhiu nht l cc loi rau n l nh: ci bp, ci tho, bng ci v.v, k l cc loi rau n c, qu nh: c rt, khoai ty, c chua, cc loi u. Cho n nay, chng loi rau ngy cng a dng hn, phong ph hn, c nhiu loi rau cht lng ngon, gi tr dinh dng cao mang tnh c sn ch duy nht trng c Lm ng Lt, c th trng trong nc tiu th mnh v c gi tr xut khu cao, trong 55-60% l ci bp, ci tho, s l, 20-25% rau n c (khoai ty, c rt, c dn), 10-12% l cc lai rau n qu (c chua, u cc loi) (ngun: 6, ph lc15) 3.3 Xut khu Bng 14 : Tnh hnh xut khu rau ton tnh Lm ng t 2000-2004 Hng mc VT 2000 2001 2002 1. a phng* Tn 79.7 1,000 USD 12 2. Doanh Nghip ngoi quc doanh 3. Khu vc u t nh nc Tng cng: khi lng xut khu - gi tr xut khu (Ngun: 6, ph lc 15) Nhn vo bng 14, ta thy khong 10 nm tr li y, lng rau Lm ng - Lt xut khu ngy cng tng v sn lng v gi tr do Lt ni li c quan h trong vic xut khu rau sang cc nc Chu . Sn lng xut khu i cc nc nh Nht Bn, i Loan, Indonesia, Hong Kong v Singapore chim hn 20% tng sn lng, tng ng khong t 35,000 40,000 tn (nguyn liu)/nm. (ngun 6, ph lc 15). Trong hn vn l khu vc u t nh nc (xem th 16, trang sau). Tn 1,000 USD Tn 1,000 USD Tn 1,000 USD 1,186.8 309.6 699.7 1,420.4 1,886.5 1,730 1,707.1 485.5 1,902.6 2,836.9 3,689.4 3,334.4 646.1 309.5 2,197 3,001.7 2,843.1 3,311.2 2003 342.2 280.4 2,604.1 3,314.6 2,946.3 3,595 2004 1,792.1 2,091.1 1,328.8 504.2 5,042.5 5,607.7 8,163.4 8,203

______________________________________________________________________________________ _* a phng bao gm cc c nhn, c s nh ti tnh. Thng tin 2000, 2003 v 2004 cho hng mc ny khng c ghi nhn theo bo co ngun 6, ph lc 15.

 th 16: Cc khu vc xut khu rau tnh Lm ng 2004 (ngun: s 6, ph lc 15)

Tuy nhin, kt qu xut khu trn vn cn rt khim tn so vi ni lc v tim nng pht trin ca ngh trng rau Lt v xut khu qua hp ng ni ring mi chim khong 712% trn tng lng xut khu, v ch chim 3% trn tng sn lng rau 2004 ca c thnh ph Lt (ngun 6, ph lc 15). Mc d vy kt qu ny cng khng nh c vic trng rau sch xut khu ang l mt gii php ng n, mt hng i tt trong tng lai v Lt han tan c th nng cao nng xut xt khu ln cao hn na nh c cc u th nh sau: rau pht trin. Lt c th trng v cung cp (xut khu) mt s rau n i quanh nm. Rau tri v c t l xut khu v gi tr xut sang cc nc ln cn kh cao Gi rau Lt hin r hn 8-10 ln so vi cc nc khu vc * Ngai ra, do ngh trng rau Lt l mt ngh truyn thng, lu i, tri qua gn 50 nm kinh nghim. Do , nng dn c nhiu kinh nghim trng trt, tp qun canh tc ring v c th. Lt li l mt vng chuyn canh rau ln nht c nc, ngi nng dn Lt c tip cn vi nhiu ng dng ca KHKT tin b do cc t chc trong v ngoi nc hun luyn, nhiu hn cc ni khc. iu kin kh hu v th nhng ca Lt l tng cho nhiu chng loi

_______________________________________________________________________________ *Gi rau c Trung Quc kh cao: sp l 8.000 ng/kg, c rt 6.000 ng/kg, gng 11.000 ng 12.000
ng/kg, t hn hng Vit Nam 2.000 ng 3.000 ng/kg, nhng c kh nhiu ngi tiu dng a chung v c mu m p hn (ngun: http://www.vnreview.com.vn/)

3.4 nh hng pht trin ca rau Lt n nm 2010

3.4.1 nh hng pht trin ca rau Lt n nm 2010 ca phng Cng Nng nghip & Pht
trin Nng thn. Theo bo co ca Phng Cng Nng Nghip & Pht trin nng thn TP. Lt ngy 08 thng 09 nm 2004, nh hng pht trin rau ca thnh ph Lt n nm 2010 nh sau: y mnh sn xut rau theo hng an ton, sch Chuyn i hnh thc canh tc thng thng sang phng thc canh tc mi mt cch khoa hc v tin tin, nhm to ra nhiu sn phm cht lng tt, c sc cnh tranh cao trn th trng trong nc v quc t bng cch trng rau trong nh knh, dng ging tt, bn phn hu c vi sinh, s dng nc sch ti, hn ch ti a vic s dng thuc BVTV, ch c dng cc loi trong danh mc sn xut rau an ton. Tin hnh quy hoch vng chuyn canh tp trung nh o o Rau n l: bp ci, ci tho, x lch, b xi, rau thm ti phng 7, 8, 11, 12. Rau n c: khoai ty, c rt, c dn, hnh c ti phng 7, 8, X Xun Th, X Xun Trng v.v.

Xc nh trng tm cc phng x nng nghip v tin hnh quy hoch vng sn xut nng nghip cng ngh cao (cc phng x nu trn) Thnh ph tin hnh u t mt m hnh im 2000m2 gm nh knh, h thng ti, ging, quy trnh sn xut rau sch ti HTX Xun Hng, Phng 9. Gii php chnh cho u ra ca rau Lt l sn xut xut khu. Rau Lt s c xut khu theo 2 hng: sang th trng cc nc v xut khu ti ch, tc l s cung cp rau cho cc khch sn, nh hng cao cp ti Lt v TP. HCM.

3.4.2 Cc d n u t cho sn xut rau sch Lt Cng ty Sinh hc hu c Vit Nam (100% vn ca H Lan, chuyn nghin cu v trng rau xut khu ti Lt), Cng ty Thc phm Chu (Hn Quc), Cng Ty Lm Sn thc phm Lm ng v doanh nghip t nhn Lc Th u t trn 7 triu USD xy dng nh my ng lnh, trang b xe lnh,lp t my ch bin rau, qu xut khuvi kh nng cung ng rau xut khu t 10.000 15.000 tn/ nm. (ngun: 37, ph lc 15) Nm 2001, 5 doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi nh Atechco (Hn Quc), Cng Ty lin doanh Thanh sn, Knownyou (i Loan), Agri Pacific (Singapore) thm nhp vo th trng rau Lt v cung cp cho nng dn ging mi, phn bn v quy trnh canh tc sch bnh sau mua li xut khu. (ngun: 37, ph lc 15) n nm 2002, Lt lin doanh vi tp on Mitsui (Nht) xy dng mt nh my cp ng vi cng sut t 10.000 20.000 tn/ nm ch chuyn ch bin v xut vo th trng Nht (ngun: 37, ph lc 15) Bn cnh Lin hip khoa hc Sn xut Lt, Trung tm nghin cu cy bng Nha H (Ninh Thun) v trng i Hc Lt cng nghin cu sn xut thnh cng cc thuc chng ry, v ging ong mt a chng ry* (ngun 39, ph lc 15) Ngoi ra, khi sn bay Lin Khng c chnh ph u t v ci to thnh sn bay quc t th ngoi li ch v du lch cho Lt, nng dn trng rau thnh ph ny s c nhiu thun li trong vic vn chuyn, bi doanh nghip c th xut khu rau, c ti trc tip bng ng hng khng m khng cn phi a v TP.HCM nh trc. (ngun 37, ph lc 15)
*Phng php dng ong mt a tiu dit cc vi khun c tc dng rt tt v cng nm trong chng trnh nghin cu ca Trung Tm Pht trin rau mu Chu (AVRDC).

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III. CHUI GI TR RAU C LT

S 25: Chui gi tr rau c lt
0.5%-1% NTD 15% Khch sn, nh hng bp n Lt 100%

Ngi bn l ti Lt Ngi bn s (Tnh/TP khc)

2% 30% Thng li nh 25% % Thng li va 25% Thng li ln (DNTN, HTX** Cng ty)

60%

95%

60% 15% Siu th HCM 30%

Ngi bn l (Tnh/TP 5% khc)

100%

Nng dn

HTX*

40%

85% 15%

Ngi tiu dng Khch sn, nh hng bp n Xut khu 7%

20%

70%

__ Ngun tiu th chnh, --- Ngun ph, %: phn trm cung ng

c im chung Chui gi tr rau Lt l chui phc tp nht so vi cc chui trn c v s lng thnh phn chui v cc quan h lin quan. Ngay t khu thu mua t h nng dn c nhiu thnh phn tham gia v mt s thnh phn ng nhiu vai tr khc nhau trong chui gi tr (nh thng li hay HTX va ng vai tr trng trt, thu mua, ch bin, v xut khu). Ti Lt, ngai vai tr kh a dng ca tng thnh phn, ta cn thy tnh linh ng v nhanh nhy khng ch thng li m c ngi nng dn trong vic quyt nh lai rau trng cng nh vic tham gia tiu th bng nhiu hnh thc.

a s h nng dn Lt u tp hp vo hp tc x v cc hp tc x ny ch yu mang tnh gia nh***, c thnh lp nhm phc v cho mc ch tm u ra cho sn phm ca cc h x vin.
Khc vi rau thnh ph HCM, khong 20% rau ti Lt cn c xut khu theo nhiu con ng khc nhau, iu ny khin cho thu nhp ca ngi dn Lt tng cao, xut hin mt s doanh nghip hoc cc hp tc x kinh doanh khp kn vi m hnh kh hin i (nh Cng ty c phn rau qu Lm ng, cng ty Lin Doanh ng Vng .v.v).

_________________________________________________________________ * a s HTX ti Lt l i din cho nng dn thu gom v bn cho thng li.
** HTX ln chuyn sn xut rau cho siu th (HTX Xun Hng, Phc Thnh, Anh o), hoc xut khu (HTX Hip Nguyn) ***Ti Lt, nhiu h nng dn c quan h huyt thng vi nhau cng tp hp vo mt hp tc x, kh ni ting nh Xun Hng, Hip Nguyn v.v. 11

 Lt c nhiu c s p dng k thut cng ngh sau thu hach kh hin i, nn vic bo qun v vn chuyn cng nh ch bin sn phm cng c mt s thnh tch nht nh. Mc d vy, cc thnh phn trong chui gi tr rau Lt vn cn gp nhiu bp cp, kh khn cn gii quyt, m chng ta s i su nghin cu chi tit sau y:

1. Nng Dn (hnh 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6 ph lc 16)

S 26 : Nng dn v cc quan h trc tip
Ngi tiu dng

Thng li nh

Nng dn

HTX

Thng li va

Thng li ln (DNTN, HTX Cng ty)

Kt qu nghin cu tho lun nhm cc h nng dn ti hai vng n Dng v c Trng, (hai vng c sn lng v cht lng rau cao nht ti Lt) th trung bnh mi h nng dn c khong t 0.3 0.5 ha t vn trng rau, gm 3 lao ng tham gia, v s hu mt s thit b c gii ha phc v cho sn xut rau nh my p t, my bm thuc, my bm nc, my pht in v.v (ngun: tho lun nhm - Axis 2005) Nhn chung, cc h nng dn hai vng ny hin ang trng c hai loi rau n l v rau n c. Cc h nng dn Lt thng khng c t l nht nh trong vic trng hai loi ny, thng trng theo kinh nghim, theo phn on th trng, v mt phn nh theo n t hng*. Mi nm, cc h nng dn trng trung bnh t 3 n 6 loi rau, lun phin trn cng din tch, mi lai cch nhau khong 1 thng (rau l) c khi 2-3 thng (rau c, qu). Vic thu hoch rau trong mt nm ca nng dn Lt, trung bnh t 3 n 6 ln/nm (ty lai rau trng). Cc h nng dn sn xut rau an ton ti Lt Lm ng bt buc phi trnh ln S Nng Nghip & Pht trin Nng Thn Lm ng v Phng Nng Nghip & Pht trin Nng Thn Lt bn quy trnh sn xut rau an ton**. Trong chui gi tr (s 26), phn ln rau c thng li mua qua thng li va (40%) v thng li nh (30%). Phn cn li qua HTX, doanh nghip (20%). Mt phn t rau c tiu th ti ch (bn l 5%)
______________________________________________________________________________________ _* Ngai vic n nh trng 1 lai theo n t hng, hu ht ngi nng dn vn trng rau theo kinh nghim ca mnh, v d nh khi thy thu hach nm nay ca mt lai rau kh tt, th tip tc trng. Hoc nu th trng nhiu ngi trng mt lai rau mi, h cng theo trng dn n nhiu bt cp (xem phn kh khn v hng khc phc, trang 16) ** Xem phn rau an ton v quy trnh trng trt (trang 49)

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1.1. Thu hach. (xem hnh 6, ph lc 16): Thi im thu hoch rau khc nhau ty thuc vo lai rau trng, yu cu ca khch hng, v phng thc thu mua (mo, kg). Khi sn phm c cht lng tng i ng u, ngi nng dn thng bn m/ bn mo. Khi ngi thu mua (thng li, hoc HTX) s t thu hoch, vic thu hoch c th c thc hin mt hoc nhiu ln trong ngy. Ngc li, khi sn phm cht lng khng ng u hoc gi bn m qu thp, ngi nng dn s bn theo kg. Khi , h s trc tip thu hoch v thi gian thu hoch cn ph thuc vo yu cu ca ngi thu mua. i vi bp s, l lai c trng v xut khu nhiu nht th thng thng sau khong 30-40 ngy sau khi trng nng dn bt u tin hnh thu hoch. i khi cn ty thuc vo yu cu ca n hng v chiu cao, trng lng m ngi nng dn quyt nh thi im thu hoch ph hp. Thng thng, vic thu hoch do nng dn thc hin thng ch din ra mt ln trong ngy. Nhn chung, qu trnh thu hoch rt quan trng i vi cc loi rau v chng c th gy nh hng n cht lng ca rau. c bit, khi thu hoch cc loi u/ c/ qu, ngi ta thng trnh gy try xc, dp nt, lm gim cht lng v v p ca c/ qu v ngi thu hoch thng ch khng lm nh hng n la sau* (ngun Axis - tho lun nhm nng dn n Dng & c Trng). 1.2 Qu trnh thu hach Cc sn phm rau c bn n tay ngi tiu dng ni a thng qua cc thng li v cc tiu thng thng c mt quy trnh thu hoch n gin v nhanh chng, nht l bp s (s 27, ng lin). Trong khi rau an tan v c bit khi xut khu, khu thu hach kh phc tp (s 27, ng lin v t qung)

S 27: Qu trnh thu hoch rau (hnh 3-18, ph lc 16)

Nho

Cat goc

Cht ln xe ti S ch: Cat ta loi b phn dp nt, phan loai v.v. ng gi: Bao giy , cho vo bao li, thng carton

Vn chuyn

__ Quy trnh thng thng, --- Quy trnh thu hoch rau an ton, xut khu 1.2.1 Ct gc (xem hnh 6, ph lc 16): i vi cc loi rau n l (x lch, b xi, ci v.v.) c tiu th cc ch th ngi nng dn thng nguyn gc cho ti. Ngc li, rau n l bn cho cc siu th, hoc xut khu u phi tri qua khu s ch v ng gi, do gc b ct theo yu cu.

______________________________________________________________________________________ _*V d u c ve u H Lan 4-5 ngy/ thu hoch mt ln, hay c chua thu hach ri u trong mt thng)

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1.2.2 S ch (xem hnh 7 - 10 ph lc 16): Ct ta, phn loi (xem hnh 7, ph lc 16): i vi cc loi rau n l, hoa (l, ci bp, ci tho, x lch b xi) vic ny thc hin nhm loi bt cc l gi bn ngoi, l vng, su, phn l b dp nt hay ta bt nhnh cy c di khng u. i vi cc loi rau n c/ qu (khoai ty, c dn, hnh ty, c chua), ngi thu hoch cn loi b c/ qu h thi, dp nt, sau phn loi theo kch c, trng lng (nu c, theo yu cu ca khch hng). y cng chnh l cch phn loi nhanh cc loi rau trong qu trnh s ch trc khi bn. i vi rau xut khu, khu s ch thng phc tp hn: nh bp s, ngi ta cn ct ngn, bi vi (hnh 10) ri ht chn khng, hoc lm kh ro bng qut .. trong khi ci tho khng bi vi, nhng cng thng qua cc bc lm ro, bao b bo qun nh bp s (hnh 12). (Xin xem chi tit phn Thng li cho cc phng php s ch, ng gi v bo qun). Thng thng, hao ht trong vic ct gc, ta b trong khu thu hoch khong 5%. T l ny c th cao hn theo yu cu xut khu, hoc nu gp ma, m t hoc do k thut trng trt ca nng dn cha cao, rau b nhim su bnh, th hao ht kh ln c khi ln ti 20-30%. T l hao ht t lc thu hoch, qua khu vn chuyn n cc ch khong 10%. 1.3 Tiu th v Hp ng Ging nh rau thnh ph HCM v hu ht cc lai tri cy khc ca Vit Nam, vic bn mo l kh ph bin, chim n 95%. Ngi nng dn thng thch phng thc bn mo hn v h c th tiu th c ht sn phm ngay c khi cht lng khng ng u. Sn phm rau ca cc h nng dn bn ra thng qua Hp tc x (HTX) chim n 60-70% tng sn lng. Phn cn li (30-40%), ngi nng dn t bn cho cc thng li khc hoc cc i tng bn l khc (siu th Saigon Co-opmart hoc Metro). a s nng dn bn hng thng ch tha thun ming, khng c hp ng giy vi ngi mua, tr bn cho cc siu th, hoc HTX xut khu. Cc HTX hoc cc cng ty thu mua ln c tn tui (v d HTX Hip Nguyn), c nhng bn k kt v biu gi theo thi v hoc theo s lng vi nng dn =>Tuy nhin, vic k kt ny cng khng ph bin v cc HTX, cng ty thu mua cng ph thuc vo n hng (loi rau, s lng) m cc khch hng nc ngoi yu cu. Do , thng thng khi c n hng h s ch ng tm kim ngun hng t cht lng, ph hp vi yu cu ca khch hng thu mua. Trong trng hp nng dn bn hng trc tip cho cc siu th, thng s c mt hp ng nguyn tc gia hai bn mua v bn. Theo , hai bn cam kt cc iu khon, iu kin, quyn li v ngha v v n t hng, gi c, giao hng, thanh ton v thi hn hp ng (ngun: 38, ph lc 15) i vi nng dn, vic thanh ton lun l tin mt v thanh ton ngay sau khi thu hoch. Ch i vi cc thng li nh, nng dn c th cho n vic thanh ton t 5-7 ngy. (ngun: phng vn su Axis thc hin)

14

1.4 Li nhun Sau y l bng tng kt v nng sut, doanh thu v li nhun trung bnh* ca mt s loi rau tiu biu ti Lt Bng 14: Nng sut, doanh thu, li nhun mt s loi rau ti Lt Nng sut trung bnh (/ha) Rau ci bp Rau ci tho C chua Hnh ty 80 tn 70 - 80 tn 80 100 tn 65 tn n gi trung bnh (VND/ kg) 900 1,800 800 1,100 1.000 2,100-2,500 Doanh thu trung bnh (ha) (1.000 VND) 72,000 144,000 56.000 88,000 80,000 100,000 136,500 162,500 Li nhun trung bnh (ha) (1,000 VND) Khang 10,000 9,500 -15,000 20,000-30,000 23,000-28,000

(Ngun: tho lun nhm nng dn ca hai vng n Dng & c Trng do Axis thc hin) Tm li: Qu trnh thu hoch rau ca ngi nng dn Lt c hai im chnh cn lu nh sau: Th nht l qu trnh thu hoch rau ca ngi nng dn ti Lt ph thuc nhiu vo phng thc bn hng: bn m hay bn theo kg. Th hai l cc cng on thu hoch nhiu (phc tp) hoc t (n gin) ph thuc vo ngi tiu th rau cui cng ca sn phm (l ngi tiu dng trong nc mua rau cc ch; ngi tiu th rau siu th, khch sn, nh hng ln trong nc ; hoc xut khu n cc nc Chu ln cn) => y cng chnh l hai im kh ging vi chui gi tr tri cy Bnh Thun v Ninh Thun, trong khi khc hn so vi rau HCM do rau Lt cn xut khu ti (v ch bin) sang cc nc ln cn. Tng hao ht v rau t pha ngi nng dn (qua cc khu) trung bnh nh hn 10% (nu t thu hach v vn chuyn n thng li). Ring rau an tan, ging nh rau tp HCM, do yu cu kht khe ca nh tiu th (siu th, xut khu) nn mc hao ht do s ch cao hn khong 20-30%.

* i vi ma nghch, li nhun thu c cao gp i, nhng sn lng cng ch bng mt na nn nhn chung gi tr li nhun khng thay i nhiu i vi nng dn trong 1 nm

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1.5 Kh khn v yu cu h tr cho ngi nng dn trng rau Lt Kh khn Cy ging: Mt s nng dn Lt trn tr bi mt s cy ging khng tt gy nn bnh nh si c, sng r (su ho, c rt), hay nt, thi bn trong (ci s, c rt..) vn cha x l c tt. Ngai ra, do nhiu ging rau trng lu thai ha, nn nhu cu v ging mi cho nng sut cao lun c mong i Trng rau sch: Vic tng cng trng rau sch cha c nhiu nng dn hng ng do gi rau sch v khng sch chnh khng ln, trong khi chi ph cho rau sch cao hn u ra cho sn phm, nht l rau sch l mi lo ca ngi dn do h khng ch ng c th trng (m l thng li, doanh nghip) Phn b rau trng: i vi ngi ngai HTX cha c s quan tm hay phn b rau trng t khuyn nng hay mt c quan trung gian nn dn n nhiu khi cung cu khng gp nhau =>nh hng n li nhun ca ngi dn K thut: Mc d nng dn Lt c h tr v kin thc khoa hc k thut (KHKT) kh nhiu, nhng c mt s loi rau mi h cha c nhiu kinh nghim trng trt, hoc x l su bnh v.v Hng Kin Ngh S KHCN, cc vin nghin cu ging v cy trng nn gip ngi dn mt mt c thm ging mi tt hn, mt khc, cp thit hn, l cho ngi gip x l mt s bnh v cy m b con bc xc (y phi l nhng k thut vin thc s c kinh nghim, ch khng phi mi tt nghip hoc cha c kinh nghim nh hin nay) -> Rt cn c s gip v h tr t s NN v khuyn nng trong vic nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn v trng rau sch, an tan va tt cho ngi trng (chng c hi), va tt cho ngi tiu dng -> Hin nay vic sn xut v mua bn sn phm rau trng l mt qu trnh m sn xut thiu k hoch, khng nm bt c nhu cu ca th trng, thiu ch ng trong tm u ra cho ngi dn nn cn thit phi c mt t chc qun l c mi lin kt cht ch gia ngi mua (thng li, HTX, cc cng ty) vi ngi nng dn, c chc nng tm kim th trng, khch hng, ln k hoch sn xut ngi nng dn theo c k hoch c th & chnh xc cho vic trng loi rau no, v s lng bao nhiu. Ngai ra vic a dng ha sn phm l mt hng i tt cho ngnh sn xut rau qu Lt nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng a dng ca khch hng. Cn thit c mt chng trnh tp hun a dng cc loi cy trng cho nng dn v k thut trng, chm sc, chn ging chng su bnh, cc nh hng ca thi tit ln cy trng v cc x l cc tnh hung su bnh v.vcho cc ging mi.

Mc nhim c/hi t thuc tr su (i vi ngi trng) cng Vn s dng thuc tr su s c l mi lo ngi ca ngi nng hn ch nu cc h nng dn u tun th dn do h trc tip s dng (theo theo quy trnh trng rau an ton. Do , tho lun nhm) vic trng rau an ton cn phi c tuyn truyn, khuyn khch v nhn rng ton vng.

16

2. Hp tc x (HTX) (hnh 15, ph lc 16)

S 28: HTX v cc quan h trc tip

Khch sn, nh hng bp n Lt

Thng li nh

Nng dn

HTX

Thng li va

Xut khu

Thng li ln) DNTN, Cng ty)

2.1 c im chung So vi cc tnh khc, m hnh HTX ti Lt ph bin hn c. Cch t chc v hot ng ca HTX ti Lt kh cht ch v thng xuyn. a s cc HTX c t 20-60 x vin, c mt s t HTX c t hn 20 x vin, v nhiu hn 100. Trong mt HTX, cc x vin thng gn nhau trong x. C nhiu h c quan h h hng vi nhau to nn nhng HTX nh. HTX gi vai tr lm i din cho nng dn tha thun, k kt vi cc thng li, cng ty thu mua khi bn sn phm cng nh tm u ra cho cc sn phm rau ca x vin. Tuy nhin, Lt mi ch c mt s HTX ln c u ra n nh, t chc v ln k hoch cho nng dn trng rau theo yu cu ca khch hng nh HTX Hip Nguyn (chuyn xut khu ci bp, ci tho i i Loan), HTX Xun Hng (chuyn trng rau an ton v l nh cung cp cho cc siu th ti TP.HCM). y l hai HTX in hnh c quy trnh tng i khp kn t khu sn xut n tiu th v p dng mt s my mc trong vic thc hin s ch. Mc d vy, hu ht cc HTX ny vn t nng vn thu mua, s ch v tiu th nhiu hn, c bit Hip Nguyn, nh l vai tr ca thng li cp trung. Do , vic phn tch m hnh ny s c cp chi tit phn thng li. 2.2 Quy m hot ng Nhn chung, cc HTX Lt l mt t chc hot ng c quy m tng i ln v hai kha cnh: s lng x vin v sn lng rau so vi cc vng rau khc. Tuy nhin, a s vn cha c quy trnh khp kn t khu ln k hoch, sn xut, thu hoch, s ch, vn chuyn, n khu tiu thu (ngoi tr mt s t HTX ln va cp phn trn). Vai tr ca i a s cc HTX ti Lt l i din cho ngi nng dn khu thng lng v bn sn phm.

17

2.3 Hp ng a s cc HTX ti Lt hin khng c hp ng giy vi bn mua (trong trng hp bn mua l thng li), tr trng hp xut khu hoc bn cho siu th (Hip Nguyn, Xun Hng, Anh o) th mi c hp ng giy vi bn mua (xem phn nng dn)

2.4 Khch hng ca cc HTX

a s cc HTX bn hng cho cc thng li nh/ trung. Sau ngun hng c thu mua t HTX, s c cc thng li bn cho ngi bn s cc ch u mi thnh ph v cc tnh, siu th, bp n hoc xut khu Campuchia. Mt phn khc c bn cho thng li ln xut i cc nc trong khu vc (xem phn thng li). Tuy nhin, cng c mt s HTX ln (m vai tr nh thng li) chuyn cung cp rau sch cho cc h thng siu th TP. HCM nh: Cng ty Tn Trang Tri, Vinh Trang, HTX Anh o cho h thng Saigon Co-op*, hay HTX Xun Hng cung cp rau sch cho siu th Metro v.v. V vai tr ca cc HTX ln ging nh vai tr thng li (trong khi cc HTX nh ging nh nhm nng dn nh) nn chng ti khng i su vo phn tch cc HTX (xin tham kho thm hai phn Nng Dn v Thng Li cho cc khu sau thu hoch v cc vn cn h tr). 3. Thng li S 29: Thng li v cc quan h trc tip

Ngi bn l ti Lt Ngi bn s (Tnh/TP khc)

Thng li nh

Nng dn

HTX

Thng li va

Siu th

Thng li ln (DNTN, Cng ty)

Xut khu

3.1 c im chung Khc vi i tng thng li trong chui gi tr rau ca TP.HCM (kh ng nht v qui m hot ng) vai tr thng li Lt kh phc tp, nn c th phn chia thnh nhiu cp nh sau:

______________________________________________________________________________________ _*Khong 5 tn rau sch/ ngy gm 80 chng loi, chim 60% lng rau sch bn ra mi ngy trong c h thng Co-op Mart Sp ti, do nhu cu tng cao, Co-op s t thm 2 tn rau sch/ ngy ti cc nh vn Lt. ng thi, Saigon Co-op cng ang c k hoch xy dng kho lnh bo qun rau c trong vi ngy v u t thm cho mt s nhn vn chuyn cung c p rau sch Lt (ngun: s 7, ph lc 15) 18

Thng li nh: L thng li cp thp, quy m hot ng nh, n gin, ch yu l thu mua bn cho ngi bn s cc ch u mi ti TP.HCM, ng bng sng Cu Long, cc tnh min trung & ng nam b, v 1 phn bn li cho cc thng li ln hn. V bn li cho ngi bn s ti cc ch u mi trong nc, nn Thng li cp nh thng khng thc hin khu s ch (do yu cu ca ngi bn s khng cn s ch, hoc s ch rt n gin (ta b l ngoi, l vng, l su). Do , cc thng li cp nh ny thng khng c ni/ ch v dy chuyn s ch. Thng li va: L thng li cp trung c u ra cho sn phm tng i n nh. Cc thng li ny thu gom hng bn cho cc siu th (Metro,Coopmart, Big C v.v), bp n, hoc xut khu (Campuchia). Cc khch hng ca cc thng li cp trung ny c yu cu tng i cao v cht lng ca sn phm. Do , cc thng li ny thng c a im s ch sn phm ngay ti kho/ nh xng ca mnh. Thng li ln: Thng l cc HTX ln, Doanh Nghip T Nhn (DNTN), cng ty trong nc v nc ngoi, c mi bn hng xut khu i cc nc: i Loan, Nht, Hn QucCc thng li ln ny thng c tiu chun la chn hng kh gt gao v quy trnh s ch kh hin i. Hu ht u c chin lc lu di u t cho quy trnh sn xut cng ngh cao, trang thit b tin tin nhm m rng th trng tiu th. i din ca thng li ln ti Lt c th k n Cng ty c phn nng sn Lt, Cng Ty Thanh Sn, DNTN Khanh Ct, HTX Hip Nguyn, Xun Hng, Phc Thnh v.v.

3.2 Quy m hot ng Quy m hot ng ca thng li/ cng ty thu mua khc nhau ty theo cp (nh, trung, ln): Thng li nh: Cc thng li nh c t nhn lc, ch khong 1-2 ngi lm ton thi gian v 3 - 5 ngi lm bn thi gian. Trung bnh 1-3 ngy, h li thu gom mt ln v chuyn ch v cc ch u mi bn cho nhng ngi bn s, s lng khong 6-8 tn/ ln. Thng li trung: Cc thng li cp trung c s lao ng t 5 15 ngi. Trung bnh mt ngy cc thng li cp trung ny thu mua t 25-50 tn rau cc loi, nhiu nht l bp ci chim gn phn na (1/2) tng s lng thu mua. a s cc thng li cp trung ny thng bn hng cho cc nh bn s, siu th, bp n cc tnh BSCL, Min trung, v xut khu i Campuchia. Thng li ln: C th k n mt s cc in hnh sau y:

(1) Cng ty c phn Nng Lm Sn Lt (hnh 23, ph lc 16) l cng ty c phn ch yu cung cp rau sch cho cc siu th t Hu tr vo Nam, chim 20% tng sn lng rau m cng ty tiu th. T 1982, cng ty bt u xut khu rau i nc ngoi nh Wasabi, khoai ty, ci b xi i Nht; bp ci, ci tho, dn, rau tp i i Loan; khoai m, khoai mn, u nnh rau i c, M v.v. y l cng ty duy nht ca Vit Nam c sn phm Wasabi t cht lng cao c th trng Nht a chung, v c nh my ch bin sn xut v xut khu cc sn phm rau qu cp ng nhanh. Gi tr hng xut khu hng nm t khong 3.5 4 triu la M, chim 80% tng sn lng rau m cng ty tiu th, vi mc tng trng n nh khang 15-20%/nm. y cn l mt trong nhng cng ty tiu biu nht ti Lt thc hin ng quy trnh t sn xut n tiu th theo cc tiu chun quc t nh: ISO, UACCAP, GMS v.v, chu trch nhim n ngi tiu dng theo lut an ton v xut khu ca nc s ti, c thng hiu ng k bn quyn mang tn Agri Foods (ngun: 11, Ph lc 14)

19

(2) HTX Hip Nguyn: Theo ng Hng, gim c cng ty, hin ti Hip Nguyn c 22ha t trng rau, 25 x vin v s lao ng ln ti 120 ngi (ch yu l anh em mt nh). Vn lu ng khang 600 triu ng. Sn lng xut hng nm t 5,000 7,000 tn. Cht lng c kim nghim thng xuyn bi Trung Tm 3 v dung lng thuc tr su, kim loi, bnh v.v (cha c cc chng ch khc). Sn phm xut ch yu ca Hip Nguyn l bp s v ci tho ti. Th trng xut khu ca HTX Hip Nguyn l cc nc trong khu vc Asean, th trng chnh l i Loan. Thng thng, HTX Hip Nguyn xut khu rau ti nhiu nht vo v nghch ( thng 6 11, khi i Loan t rau n i). Doanh thu hng nm ca Hip Nguyn khong 15 t ng vi mc tng trng khong 100-200% trong 3 nm tr li y. Hin ti, Hip Nguyn c mt khu s ch ln khong 1,000m2 v mt nh lnh nh*, khng c nh my ch bin mc d c sn xut mt lng nh kim chi cho th trng Hn Quc. Cc sn phm xut khu hu ht khng mang nhn mc Hip Nguyn m mang thng hiu ca n v nhp ca nc ngai.

(3) HTX Xun Hng: (hnh 24, ph lc 16) L mt trong 3 n v u tin ti Lt t chng
nhn Sn xut Rau An Ton do B NN & PTNT cp (c quy trnh khp kn t khu sn xut n khu tiu th theo tiu chun sn xut rau an ton ca B). Quy m sn xut gm 5 ha rau cao cp (ch yu l 14 lai x lch) vi 03 ha nh knh. Tng s x vin ca Xun Hng khong 35 ngi vi s lao ng khong gn 100 ngi (ch yu l cc anh em h hng). Vn lu ng ca Xun Hng khong 100 triu ng. Sn phm ca Xun Hng c dn nhn hiu HTX Xun Hng, tiu th ch yu ti cc siu th ti TP.HCM. Mt phn khc (khng ln) c xut khu qua mt cng ty trung gian khc. Hin nay, HTX Xun Hng ang thc hin chng trnh pht trin sn xut rau v hoa cng ngh cao (sn xut hu c). Trong tng lai, HTX Xun Hng ang hng n i mi cng ngh sn xut (h thng nh knh, h thng ti hin i), c bit l cng ngh bo qun v ch bin sau thu hoch. HTX Xun Hng cng u t kh nhiu cho cng vic qung b, tip th thng hiu & sn phm.

(4) DNTN Khanh Ct: (hnh 25, ph lc 16) Tuy nhn vin ton thi gian ca DNTN Khanh Ct ch
4 ngi, nhng s lao ng ln n hn 100 ngi. Vn c nh (theo gim c) khang 10 t ng v vn lu ng 1 t ng. Hin nay, DNTN Khanh Ct c 1ha nh knh trong tng s 10ha. Kho bo qun v s ch, ng gi sn phm ln n 700m 2 , phng tin vn chuyn l 01 xe ti 8 tn. Kh nng cung ng ca doanh nghip l 5,000 tn rau nguyn liu/ nm. Trung bnh hin nay, doanh nghip t sn lng t 70 -120 tn rau ti/ ngy, ch yu l bp ci v ci tho ti. DNTN Khanh Ct chuyn xut khu rau i Hn Quc, i Loan. Vic xut khu c y thc cho mt cng ty khc thc hin. 3.3 Qui trnh sau thu hoch 3.3.1 Thu hoch Quy trnh sau khi thu hoch phn ln l do thng li m nhn. Tuy nhin, ch c thng li trung/ ln l c c s s ch v thc hin vic s ch bng my mc. Ty theo qui m ca HTX, doanh nghip, hay cng ty, v th trng tiu th l ni a hay xut khu, cc khu sau thu hoch c tin hnh theo mt qui trnh theo cc cp khc nhau, c th tm tt nh sau: Thng li nh/ trung: a s ngi nng dn bn mo sn phm cho thng li nh/ trung. Do , nh cp phn nng dn, thng li thng n tn nh vn v thu mn nhn cng thu hoch. Vic thu hoch c thc hin vo khong t 11g n 15g. Sau rau c s ch, phn loi, ng gi, dn nhn (khu 1-5, s 30). n khang 20g 21gi sn phm rau thng c vn chuyn n cc ni bn trung gian khc (siu th, ch u mi, ngi bn s v.v)

* Kho lnh ca HTX Hip Nguyn c chnh thc a vo hot ng, vi sc cha ln n 42 tn rau qu chuyn XK, c gi nhit 0 50 C. c bit, kho lnh ca HTX Hip Nguyn c tng tr gi 275 triu ng, trong UBND TP Lt h tr 150 triu ng, theo chng trnh nng cao gi tr nng sn Lt. (ngun: 41, ph lc 15)

20

Thng li ln : Ngai mt s thng li ln thu mua trc tip t ngi nng dn v HTX (c qu trnh sau thu hach ging nh thng li trung/nh), cc thng li khc thu mua t cc thng li nh, trung khng phi m nhim vic thu hoch do phng thc thu mua sn phm loi 1, v theo kg. Do , nng dn (hoc thng li nh) s l ngi thu hoch, phn loi v chuyn ch n im thu mua ca thng li ln bng phng tin chuyn ch ca mnh (hoc thu xe ti) (tham kho thm phn thu hoch ca nng dn).

Cc thng li xut khu rau ti Lt thng theo mt quy trnh kh c trng nh sau: (ngun: HTX Hip Nguyn, Ph lc 14) S 30: Qu trnh sau thu hach rau s xut khu (hnh 7-18)

(1) Nh gc

(2) Ct goc

(3) S ch: Cat ta loi b phn dp nt, phan loai Vn chuyn

(4) S ch: Bi vi, Lm kh (6) Boqun

(5) ng gi: Bao giy , cho vo bao li, thng carton

Van chuyen

Ngi bn s ch u mi

Xut khu

3.3.2 S ch (hnh 7-11, ph lc 16) Trn y l mt quy trnh s ch kh ph bin cho rau s ti Lt bn cho cc th trng trong nc (t khu 1-3) hoc xut khu i i Loan, Hn Quc (t 1-6). Ring cng ty c phn nng sn Lm ng, l n v ln c cc thit b my mc v quy trnh s ch hin i cho rau cp ng nhanh nn quy trnh s ch phc tp hn (hnh 23, Ph lc 16) Hu ht cc thng li ln c im s ch tng i chun, cn cc thng li nh, trung hoc c im tp kt rau nh, hoc khu vc s ch s xi (hnh 7, ph lc 16). R nhiu thng li (m cc sn phm do cc cng ty khc thu gom bn li cho cc khch sn, nh hng, siu th TP.HCM) thng vn chuyn hng v TP.HCM trc, sau mi s ch ti cng ty ca h ti TP.HCM do cc l do chnh sau y: - Cc cng ty thu gom ny khng c nh xng v dy chuyn s ch ti Lt - Vic s ch ri mi vn chuyn Tp.HCM c th lm sn phm try xt, dp nt, tng hao ht vn chuyn - Khi v n tp HCM, cc sn phm rau ny u phi kim tra li, cn ong v bao gi trc khi bn n ngi tiu dng nn nu s ch ti Lt ri s ch li ti Si gn s tng gi thnh sn phm Hao ht trong v sau s ch ca thng li cn ty thuc vo lai rau, c, qu v th trng tiu th: thng thng vo khong 5-15% (nu tiu th trong nc), hoc cao hn (20-40%) nu xut khu. 3.3.3 ng gi (hnh 12-13, ph lc 16) i vi cc loi rau tiu th trong nc, ti cc siu th v khch sn nh hng, th c th khng ng gi (nh cc rau n l: x lch, b xi, ci bp, ci tho) hoc s lng t ng gi vo bao nylon c l thng hi (rau n l an ton, hoc c chua). Hu ht rau ci s c cht thng ln xe

21

ti chuyn tr i cc tnh khc, cc loi rau khc thng c vn chuyn bng cn x, hoc r nha, bao ti (hnh 12, ph lc 16) Rau xut khu t Lt i cc nc ln cn (ch yu l ci bp v ci tho) bt buc phi ng gi theo ng yu cu ca nc nhp khu. Khi xut khu, thng thng, tng bp (rau) s c cho vo bao giy trnh va chm try xc. K , chng c b vo bao li (20 kg/ bao) hoc thng carton (20kg/ thng). (hnh 13, ph lc 16) 3.3.4 Dn nhn (hnh 14, ph lc 16) Hu ht cc sn phm rau hin nay ca cc HTX, doanh nghip, cng ty xut khu u cha c dn nhn. Cc sn phm ny s c dn nhn thng hiu ca khch hng. Mt s rt t cng ty c nhn hng xut khu ca mnh (nh Agi Foods Co.), hay tiu th ni a (nh HTX Xun Hng, Anh o v.v. ch yu cho siu th Metro, Coopmart). L do chnh cho vic t nhn hng c dn ch yu l: 1. Yu cu ca bn nhp/nhn hng (h mun sn phm ng di thng hiu ca mnh) 2. Bn xut hng (trnh phc tp khi hng khng m bo cht lng hng b khch hng kin ngh, n b v.v.) 3. Bn xut hng khng nhn thy tm quan trng ca vic dn nhn/thng hiu (ch thy s phc tp v th tc v gi thnh) 4. Do thi quen ca ngi Vit Nam lu nay mun nhn tin ngay m khng c mt chin lc kinh doanh di hn 5. Ngai ra, cn do s thiu tin tng vo bn nhn hng (nh trng hp ca HTX Xun Hng xut rau cho Metro tp HCM*) Nh vy vic nhn hng v thng hiu vn l vn cn cnh bo, khng ch cho rau Lt m cn cc sn phm rau qu cc tnh khc. Tnh trng ny dn n s thit thi cho c ngi sn xut (khng c bo h thng hiu ca mnh), v c ngi tiu th (khng c s tin tng vo cht lng sn phm khng nhn). 3.3.5 Tn tr, bo qun (hnh 15,16 ph lc 16) Hin nay, a s cc thng li thu mua v vn chuyn rau ti tiu th trong ngy, h khng thc hin bc tn tr v bo qun rau c. Ch c mt vi thng li quy m ln, c nh lnh nh HTX Hip Nguyn, Agi Foods Co. Mi c ch tn tr. Hip Nguyn hin c kho lnh vi sc cha 40 tn v my ht chn khng tr gi USD $3,500 vi cng sut 30kg/.Ti Hip Nguyn, ht chn khng l mt bc cui cng trong qu trnh s ch, sau cho vo kho lnh gi sn phm khng b mt nc. Cng ty nng th sn Lm ng (Agi Foods Co.) u t hn mt nh my cp ng tr gi 2 triu la M gi thnh phm cp ng, v ng gi nhit 0-50C. Hao ht trong tn tr, bo qun nh lnh ch yu do rau mt nc (nh k) khang 5%-10% ty thi gian bo qun v nhit bo qun.

______________________________________________________________________________________ _* Theo ch nhim HTX Xun Hng, khi i th st siu th Metro, sn phm dn nhn Xun Hng c trng hp khng phi ca HTX Xun Hng, nn khng mun nh hng n uy tn (ngun HTX Xun Hng, ph lc 14).

22

3.3.6 Vn chuyn (xem hnh 17,18, 19 ph lc 16): T nng dn/HTX n thng li: Vic vn chuyn do ngi mua m trch (thng li, HTX, Cng ty) nu hng c ngi nng dn bn m (mo). Thng thng ngi mua s thu nhn cng thu hoch, khi vo rung thu hoch phi i bng my cy ch sn phm ra ngoi, cht ln cn x ri vn chuyn i bng xe ti. Nu rung khng c li, th ngi ta phi gnh sn phm ra ngoi, ng hng ri vn chuyn. Nu hng c bn theo kg, th vn chuyn do nng dn t m trch. Trong trng hp ny h t vn chuyn bng cc phng tin sn c hoc bng xe ti thu. Trong hai cch trn, ph bin nht vn l cch 1- thng li vn chuyn. T thng li n khch hng: a s cc thng li nh/ trung u vn chuyn rau qu ti cc cc ch u mi/ siu th/ bp n bng xe ti bnh thng (khng c xe lnh). Vic vn chuyn thng c thc hin vo bui ti, khuya n sng sm (lc thi tit mt m, v kp ch sng). i vi thng li nh/ trung c ngun khch hng l ngi bn s cc ch u mi/ cc bp n/ siu th, th sn phm rau thng c cho vo cn x v cht ln xe vn chuyn i n khch hng. i vi thng li ln xut khu hng i nc ngoi, th sn phm rau thng c vn chuyn bng xe contener lnh. Hao ht trong vn chuyn ph thuc vo khang cch cch vn chuyn vo cch thc ng gi: thng thng vn chuyn t nng dn n im s ch khng ng k (khong 0.5-1%), nhng t thng li i cc tnh l kh cao khang khoang 3%-10% ty sn phm. 3.4 Phng thc giao dch v hp ng Nhn chung, khi thu mua ca HTX hoc nng dn, thng li thng ch c tha thun ming vi ngi bn theo tng t hng. u ra, nu thng li bn hng cho cc ngi bn s cc ch u mi, thng c hai bn khng c hp ng. Mi quan h mua bn hon ton da trn c s uy tn v thin ch hp tc lu di. Nu thng li ng thi l HTX chuyn cung cp hng cho siu th, nh trn cp, hp ng nguyn tc hiu lc trong mt nm s c k kt gia hai bn. i vi cc thng li ln nh Hip Nguyn, Cng ty nng th sn Lm ng v cc cng ty, doanh nghip chuyn xut khu hng i cc nc chu thng s c hp ng k kt trong mi t hng. Tuy nhin, vi vn ha kinh doanh Chu , trong cc trng hp c bit, hai bn vn c th linh ng trong mua bn bng cch tha thun mt hng, gi c qua in thoi m khng cn c hp ng. Trong nhng trng hp ny, phn ri ro (nu xy ra tranh chp) u do bn bn chu (v khi hng xut i c th khng c chp nhn v mt, qui cch, cht lngv thanh ton chm tr v.v). Ni dung chung ca hp ng k kt gia hai bn mua bn thng bao gm cc iu mc sau: 1. Nh cung cp tun th cc iu kin v v sinh, an ton, cht lng. 2. Cc ch nh v quy cch ng gi, chng loi 3. Phng tin v phng thc vn chuyn theo quy nh 4. Thi hn giao hng theo ng qui nh ca n t Hng 5. Thi hn hiu lc hp ng (thng l 6 thng 1 nm) & quyn chm dt hp ng. 6. Gi c c tha thun gia hai bn vo thi im t hng v c th hin trn n t hng. 7. Cc chng t, ho n giao hng 8. Thi hn thanh ton t 5 7 ngy*

23

* Cc hp ng u khng cam kt mua hng thng xuyn, Khng cam kt s lng tiu th m ch
cp theo n hng c th. Nu khng c n t hng, th khng giao hng.

C th v phng thc thu mua cng nh hp ng ca cc thng li ln nh sau: i vi x vin, c nhiu hnh thc ki kt hp tc:

K kt hp ng mua bn theo gi thi v v/ hoc k kt hp ng mua bn theo sn lng. Tuy nhin hnh thc ny cng khng c ph bin lm, ch yu cc doanh nghip ln c chia li nhun nu x vin c gp c phn (c p dng nhiu

hn trong HTX)

i vi i tc nc ngoi, thng hp ng c k kt theo nm v u chnh theo tng t hng (m phn n hng, gi c ch yu qua in thoi). Vic thanh ton s c thc hin thng qua ngn hng (Hip Nguyn, Khanh Ct) Cng ty nng th sn Lm ng do c quy trnh sn xut khp kn t khu chn ging, hun luyn, t chc, qun l, v c c mt h thng kim tra hng ngy (tracking system control) v k thut trng v cht lng rau trng ca tt c cc x vin nn hnh thc thu mua trong nng dn ca mnh v i tc u ht sc cht ch. 3.5 Khch hng 3.5.1 Khch hng ca thng li nh/ trung: nh cp trn, ch yu bn hng cho ngi bn s cc ch u mi TP.HCM v cc tnh BSCL, Min Trung v xut khu i Campuchia. Ngoi ra, cc thng li ny cng c mt s cc khch hng l bp n, siu th v.v.., tuy s lng tiu th ca cc i tng ny khng cao 3.5.2 Khch hng ca thng li ln: Hu nh tt c cc sn phm ca thng li ln u dnh cho xut khu ti hoc ch bin cho cc nc Chu (Nht Bn, i Loan, Hn quc, c...) Tuy nhin, lng hng xut khu ca cc thng li ln ny sau khi qua khu s ch v/ hoc ch bin ch cn li khong 40-50% tng s lng hng thua hoch v thu mua ban u. V vy, lng hao ht ca cc thng li ln ny l kh cao 50-60%. 3.6. Li nhun Chnh lch gia gi mua v bn (trong nc) trung bnh 1 kg rau/ c ca cc thng li l khong 500 ng. T ta c th c tnh tng li nhun trung bnh ca mt thng li cho mt chuyn hng nh sau: Bng 15: Tng li nhun trung bnh ca thng li/chuyn hng (ngun: tng hp Indepth Axis thc hin )
Thng li (A) Lng mua/ bn trung bnh (1,000kg) (000.000 VND) Nh Trung bnh Ln 6-8* 25-50(*) 5,000(**) 18-24 75-150 15,000 (VND) 500 400 5,300 (B=A*3,000 ng) Doanh thu trung bnh (3,000 ng/ kg) (C) Chnh lch gi mua v bn/ kg (D) c tnh chi ph trung bnh ca thu hoch, s ch, vn chuyn, hao ht (VND /kg) 300 200 3,200 E=(C-D)*A Li nhun sau chi ph thu hoch, s ch, vn chuyn (000,000 VND) (F=E/B) %Li nhun/ doanh thu

1,2- 1,6 5 -10 3,000-5,000

7-10% 7-10% 10-15%

(*) Lng mua/ bn trung bnh mt chuyn hng (2-3 ngy/ ln)

24

(**) Lng mua/ bn trung bnh mt nm

3.7 Nhng thun li, kh khn v hng h tr Nhn chung cc thng li (bao gm c HTX ng vai tr nh mt thng li) c mt s thun li nh sau: Ngun hng nng dn cung cp kh di do, k thut trng ca nng dn kh tt, cht lng sn phm tng i n nh. (Tuy thnh thong do nh hng ca thi tit, thng li cng khng thu mua c lng v cht lng hng cn thit v gi c hng ha lc thng b ngi nng dn tng cao). Mt s thng li ln c s hun luyn, trin khai v theo di kim tra nhng k thut v ging, chm sc, bo dng ng quy cch cho nng dn, nn c th kim sot cht lng sn phm thu mua kh tt. Hu ht cc thng li trung v ln u c iu kin v phng tin vn chuyn ring. Mt s thng li ln (HTX, cng ty) u t h thng kho lnh bo qun, tn tr sn phm dnh cho xut khu. Tuy nhin, so vi cc thun li, thng li gp kh nhiu kh khn nh sau: Kh khn Ngun vn: Khi thu mua hng ca nng dn, hu ht cc thng li u thanh ton bng tin mt ngay cho nng dn. Nhng khi bn li cho cc siu th, ngi bn s, ch u mi hoc xut hng i nc ngoi th hu nh tt c thng li ch c thanh ton sau khi giao hng t 5-7 ngy. Chi ph u t: i vi cc thng li ln va ng vai tr l ngi trng (25% tng sn lng) va ng vai tr l ngi thu mua (75% tng sn lng) ng thi chu trch nhim s ch, ng gi, vn chuyn tn khon chi ph u t (nh knh, ci to t, my mc thit b chuyn dng, kho lnh v.v..) & chi ph hot ng (in, nc) kh cao. Nh xng, h thng dy chuyn sn xut, cng ngh bo qun v quy trnh sau thu hoch : Kin ngh hng h tr H tr vn vay ca ngn hng vi li sut u i

Vic kh khn ny lin quan mt thit n nhu cu ca cc thng li v u ra cho sn phm. Nu t chc xc tin thng mi h tr tt u ra cho sn phm, th vic pht trin ti a nng sut ca cc my mc thit b m h u t s gip h c thm vn cho u t v chi ph hot ng

Mt iu bc xc ca cc cc thng li ln (HTX Xem thm phn rau tp HCM Hip Nguyn, Xun Hng, Agi Foods Co. v.v) hin nay l mong mun u t nh xng, my mc hin i m bo thnh phm t tiu chun theo yu cu ca khch hng v nh my cp ng c th bo qun sn phm n 1 thng (hin nay ch 3-5 ngy) c th m rng th trng xut khu xa, n cc nc Chu u, M. X l ph phm: Do t l hao ht ca cc HTX, cng ty lm hng xut khu i cc nc Chu kh cao (khong 40%), nn vic x l cc ph phm l mt vn nan gii cho cc HTX, cng ty. Hin nay, ton b s lng rau ph phm sau khi s ch & Hin nay, theo cc HTX, cng ty, hon ton cha c mt gii php no cho vn ny. Ph phm c th ch bin theo nhiu cch: chia thnh tng cp, lai
25

ch bin c dng lm phn xanh, s lng ny rt ln ln n hng ngn tn. Nu ph phm tip tc c bo qun, lu tr ch bin tip th c th chi ph bo qun b ra cn cao hn gi tr m n mang li=> y l bi tan ht sc nan gii ca rau Lt

Vn chuyn: Nhn chung, tt c cc thng li u phn nn v vn vn chuyn do gii hn ca nh nc v hn ch gi gic lu thng ca xe ti, phng tin lc hu cng phn no gy kh khn cho h trong vic vn chuyn v tng ch ph vn chuyn ln cao. Thng tin v th trng: Cc thng li ln kim vai tr nh xut khu cn thiu nhiu thng tin v nhu cu ca th trng, c bit l th trng xut khu vi nhiu tiu chun kht khe khc hn th trng ni a. Nu khng nm bt c cc thng tin v th trng mt cch y v chnh xc, nh xut khu c th b thua l trong kinh doanh. Tnh chuyn nghip trong sn xut ca ngi nng dn: Hin nay, cch trng ca ngi nng dn ch yu vn da vo kinh nghim. i khi ngi nng dn vn khng tun th nghim ngt theo cc qui nh ca HTX v quy trnh trng, cch chm sc v.v, dn n cc nh hng ln cht lng sn phm. Hn na, i khi ngi nng dn cn khng tun th theo cam kt (trn hp ng) nu hng him, c gi Xy dng thng hiu

c th lm sn phm ch bin cho ngi hoc phc v chn nui gia sc (sy kh, mui v.v). Tuy nhin, vn quan trng hn l phi tm c ngun ra cho cc sn phm ch bin ny v cc cch ch bin => gii quyt vn ny, rt cn s gip ca cc doanh nghip ch bin, phng thng mi xc tin tm kim khch hng; s nng nghip v cc t chc nc ngai h tr cch ch bin khoa hc & ng cch. y l vn kh khn ca ring thng li. Tuy nhin, cng nn nhn nhn rng, cc quy nh ca nh nc em li li ch chung cho ton x hi.

Phng xc tin thng mi c th ng vai tr l cu ni cho nh xut khu gn kt vi th trng xut khu (xem thm rau tp HCM)

iu ny th hin s thiu bit ca ngi nng dn v tm quan trng ca kinh doanh c uy tn i km vi vic tun th hp ng (xem thm cc chng trn)

=> cn phi c cc bui chuyn gii thiu khng ch cho thng li m cn L vn bc xc ca mt s thng li ln. Bn ngi nng dn thy ch li ca thng cnh vic thiu thng tin v quy cch tin hnh, hiu trong qu trnh hi nhp sp ti, s doanh nghip uy tn c th gip lm thng hiu, gip ca cc t chc trong v ngai cn c vn bo h thng hiu ca nh nc, nc v vn ny. v mt chng trnh h tr y (bao gm vn) Canh tranh/tiu th: => nng cao cht lng v mu m rau Cc thng li Lt ang chu s canh tranh gay c Lt, pht u u th v gi c so gt t cc mt hng rau c nhp t Trung Quc vi rau c Trung Quc. ng thi gim (mnh nht c rt, bng ci) vi mu m p, bt ngun hng nhp khu t Trung Quc. mt li bo qun lu, t hao ht. Trong khi rau c Lt phi ra tht k, thi gian bo qun ngn mu m khng p. V vy lng rau Lt t thng li mang n cho cc ch va cc ch u mi Tp.HCM ngy cng gim i mc d gi c Trung Quc cao hn so vi gi rau c Lt *

26

* B Hong Th Kim, ch va rau, cho bit bnh thng mi ngy a v TP.HCM 5-7 tn c rt, nay ch cn
mi mt tn. Cc ch va rau Lt ch Cu Mui (TP.HCM) ni vi li rau Lt l ngi Si Gn by gi ch m c rt TQ k t khi n trn qua Vit Nam, l lun c rt Lt ri. Trc nhiu ngi H Ni ni khng vi c rt Lt, mc d t bao lu nay h coi c rt t cao nguyn phng Nam ny l th c rt thng hng VN. Khng ch th, 20 li rau chuyn xut c rt sang Campuchia t hn mi nm qua cng cho thua, v cc va rau bn cng chn c rt TQ thay c rt Lt (ngun: 7, ph lc 14)

4. Nh bn s (hnh 21, ph lc 16) S 31: Nh bn s v cc quan h trc tip

Thng li

Bn s

Bn s nh hn

Bn l NTD

Mt c im Lt l khng c ch s v rau ti Lt m ch yu rau Lt s c bn cho nhng nh bn s Tp.HCM, H Ni v cc tnh ln cn khc thng qua cc thng li/cng ty ti a phng. Cng c th xem chc nng ngi bn s Lt nh cc thng li nh vi s lng hng cung ng khng ln. Ngi bn s rau Lt ti thnh ph H Ch Minh tp trung nhiu cc ch u mi (Tam Bnh, Tn Xun, Ch Ln) ly ngun hng ch yu t cc thng li Lt. Sau , cc nh bn s tip tc phn phi cho cc nh bn s nh hn mt s ch khc trong khu vc thnh ph. cc thnh ph ln nh HCM, thng thng nhng ngi bn s rau c Lt ti cc ch u mi ly hng t nhiu mi khc nhau v h bn nhiu loi rau c khc nhau. Ti thnh ph HMC, trong tng cc mt hng, rau c lt chim hn 80%, cn li l rau c t Bnh Chnh, Hc Mn, C Chi v cc tnh ln cn (ngun: Axis phng vn chuyn su) 4.1. S ch Ti cc va cc ch u mi, rau c lt khi c mua v (t Lt) thng phi s ch li. H tin hnh s ch ti ni bn, thng thng l vo khong12 gi m n 4 gi sng. Vi nhng loi rau l nh tn , bp ci, x lch v.v. cn phi s ch nhiu hn v hao tn cng nhiu hn rau c do d dp nt h hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Quy trnh s ch cng n gin ty thuc lai rau, hay c, trc khi qua ng gi/vn chuyn s bao gm 1. Cc lai rau: gi t cho sch -> sau lt cc l a, ho 2. Cc loi c (c rt, ci trng): ct bt gc-> sau ra li cho sch Mc hao ht giai on ny kh ln, c tnh trung bnh khong 20-30%, nht l rau x lch, c khi gp tri ma th dp nt h hng ti 50%*. 4.2. ng gi, dn nhn Ngi bn s ln (ch va u mi): Thng thng vic ng gi rau c do cc ch va cc ch u mi Tp.HCM m nhim. H thng rau c trong cc cn x hoc trong st st giao cho ngi bn s nh. Ngi bn s nh: Sau khi ly rau t va, ngi bn s nh s s ch li v ng gi trc khi giao hng cho bn l.Thnng thng rau l sau khi s ch xong s c b thnh tng b, ct thun v trong bao nilng ln giao cho nhng ngi bn l. i vi mt s c d dp nt nh c
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chua trc khi b vo st/bao ni lng ng gi, h thng chn lt thm rm, bo hoc l chui trnh h hng v gim thiu hao ht. _______________________________________________________________________________
* V d ngi bn s ly t va 120 kg x lch, sau khi s ch, 15% dp nt b i, 35% b xp vo lai dt nhng vn cn s dng c s i giao cho cc qun cm, cc im bn l, cn khong 50% x lch ngon, cht lng s giao cho nh hng, mi quen, bn hng (ngun:Axis phng vn chuyn su)

Hu ht cc sn phm rau c lt u khng c dn nhn v h khng quan tm n vn ny, ch da vo uy tn ngi bn s v kinh nghim chnh mnh phn bit rau c lt hay ti a phng. V khch hng ca h l ngi bn l ti cc ch cng khng i hi hay yu cu v nhn mc. 4.3. Tn tr, bo qun Ngi bn s ln cc va thng c tn tr rau qu v lng hng ly t thng li Lt tng i ln, nhiu khi khng th giao ht trong ngy cho cc nh bn s nh v mt s im bn l. Phng php bo qun rau c ca h cng th cng, da trn kinh nghim lu nm l chnh: - i vi loi rau d h (tn , x lch xoong) thng c bc trong bao ni lng sau xp trong cc thng xp c sn gi hi lnh, nh th rau s c th bo qun c lu hn, khong t 2-3 ngy. i vi mt s loi c nh c rt, khoai ty khng bo qun lnh m trong cc bc ni nng ngoi cho thong. Mt s loi rau nh x lch, tn , ng, rau thm, hng cy tuy c bo qun nhng mau hng, nn hao ht ln, thng b i khng s dng li. Lng rau c h ny chim t l khong t 5-10% 4.4. Vn chuyn: Ngi bn s t thng t lo vn chuyn t im thu mua v im bn. (xem phn ngi bn l). Tuy nhin, i vi ngi bn s nh (khng phi va ch u mi) thng hay giao hng cho ngi bn l trong thnh ph. Phng tin vn chuyn thng l xe gn my, xe ba gcCng chnh v vy m cng d xy ra tnh trng b dp nt (tuy khng ng k) trong qu trnh vn chuyn khi gp thi tit xu hoc ng x gh gh. Do vn chuyn trong thnh ph trong thi gian khng lu nn t l hao ht giai on ny khng nhiu, c tnh ch t 1-2%. 4.5. Khch hng Khch hng ca ngi bn s ch yu l ngi bn l, cng mt s t ngi tiu dng v nhng qun n (cm, ph...). Ngi bn l khi mua rau c cng la chn kh k v s lng hng khng nhiu, li bn trong ngy (xem thm v ngi bn l). 4.6. Phng thc thanh ton v hp ng Phng thc thanh ton gia ngi bn s v khch hng thng l bng tin mt do tnh cht sn phm l rau c, nn thng ch mua bn trong ngy, ngy no thanh ton ngy . V khch hng khng phi lc no cng mua c nh mt ch va, v cn ty theo cht lng rau c hng ngy, nn vic mua bn khng c k kt hp ng k c hp ng ming. 4.7. Li nhun Theo nhng ngi bn s, li nhun thun ca 1 ngi bn s rau c Lt ti thnh ph HCM trung bnh khong t 500 -1000 VN/ kg (sau khi tr cc hao ht, ph vn chuyn v cc khon chi ph khc). i vi ngi bn s, li nhun khong 20-25%. Trung bnh 1 ngy bn 500-600kg th li nhun khong 100.000 ng /ngy cho rau xanh v 200.000 ng cho c, qu.
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4.8. Nhng kh khn chnh v Hng khc phc Kh khn Nhn chung cho c ngi bn s l ch va v bn s nh kin thc v s ch, ng gi, tn tr, bo qun vn cn rt hn ch, ch yu da vo kinh nghim, cha c chun mc v i hi t ngi mua. - Khng c s phn bit r rng v gi c gia rau sch v khng sch. i vi ngi bn s nh rau Lt ti tp HCM, sn phm rau c l mt hng ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit, v vy khng phi lc no cng m bo hng lun ti. Do , ngi bn s nh mun c hng ti phi i t rt sm c c hng cht lng t ch va. Do lng hng rau c khng c nh Nhiu ngi bn nn cnh tranh cao, ch va i khi p gi (nu mua m c k nhiu trong khong ting ch va s ln gi). Thng tin v th trng cha nm bt kp thi, cha coi trng v nhn hng cho rau c. 5. Ngi bn l (hnh 22, ph lc 15) S 32: Ngi bn l v cc quan h trc tip. Hng khc phc Cung cp/tuyn truyn, tp hun nhng k nng kin thc v s ch, bo qun rau c cho tt, m bo cht lng sn phm.

Cp nht, ph bin thng tin kin thc th trng cho ngi bn s h kp thi iu chnh v mt hng ang kinh doanh

Bn s

Bn l

Ngi tiu dng

Bn s nh hn Ngi bn l lt thng thng ly rau c t thng li nh v i khi chnh h cng t sn xut v tiu th sn phm ca mnh (nng dn). H tp trung bn ti cc ch nh hoc cc ca hng rau. Ngi bn l ti cc ca hng hoc ch Lt thng c qui m nh vi s lng nhn cng thng ch 1-2 ngi, theo kiu h gia nh l chnh. H kinh doanh cc mt hng rau c c trng ca lt (bp ci, x lch, sp l, ci xanh, ci ngt, su ho, c rt, khoai ty..) vi s lng trung bnh bn ra mi ngy t 5 - 20 kg mi loi. Doanh thu bn ra trung bnh ca ngi bn l ti tp Lt t 50,000-500,000 ng ty thuc vo loi rau c bn ra trong ngy (ngun: Axis phng vn chuyn su) Nhn chung cht lng rau c ca ngi bn l tng i tt v h tuyn la kh k khi mua t thng li (xem phn s ch). Khch hng ca ngi bn l ti Lt ch yu l ngi tiu dng ti a phng.

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Cng nh ni trn, rau c Lt c bn ra khng ch ti a phng nn c mt lng ln ngi bn l rau lt l cc tnh thnh ph khc, nhiu nht ti tp HCM. im khc bit gia ngi bn l rau Lt so vi ngi bn l rau Lt cc ni khc l h chuyn bn rau Lt, th ni khc bn cnh ngun rau lt chim ch yu (70%) ngi bn l cn ly rau c mt s ngun khc (khng phi rau Lt) t ngi bn s cc ch u mi ti a phng l chnh. 5.1. S ch Ph thuc vo khch hng m ngi bn l s ch rau cn thn hay qua loa: Khi bn cho ngi tiu dng ch hay cc im nh l th mc s ch t hn khi bn cho ngi tiu dng nhng ch sang (trung tm nh Bn Thnh..), v gi c cng v th t l thun vi vic s ch v cht lng rau sau s ch. Thng thng i vi mt s rau (rau tn , ci ngt v.v) ngi bn l sn phm cn ti bn trc tip cho ngi tiu dng, nn hao ht khng ln. Mt s khc nh x lch do phi lt b lp v bn ngoi nn c hao ht cao hn (xem phn s ch ca thng li ). Theo ngi bn l trong giai on ny hao ht ty theo tng loi rau t 3-5% (v c s ch trc bi thng li/ngi bn s), thp hn cho rau c v qu so vi rau n l (1-3%) 5.2 ng gi, dn nhn v chng thc Tr mt s cc siu th nh Coop, Maximart, Citymart v.v v ty vo mt s loi rau (ci ngt, ci tho, c chua, bp non, cn ty, hnh xanh v.v.), cn li hu ht ngi bn l rau ti tp HMC, c bit ti Lt hin ti khng ng gi, dn nhn ln hng ha v h cho rng s lng rau c bn ra trong ngy khng nhiu, tiu th nhanh nn vic ng gi, dn nhn khng quan trng (ngun Axis- phng vn chuyn su). Mt khc do t pha ngi tiu dng cng cha c nhng i hi bc xc nhiu v ngun gc hng ha n h, vic ng c rau c cha nhn thy ngay nh c, tht, v ngi tiu dng vn ch yu nh gi cht lng thng qua hnh thc, ti ca rau c, v gi c hn l nhn hng. Nhng iu ny cng khng khin ngi bn l quan tm thc s n nhn hng v chng thc hng ha m h bn ni chung, v rau c qu Lt, ni ring. (xem thm phn Ngi tiu dng) 5.3 Tn tr, bo qun Ngi bn l rau c lt cng ging nh Tp.H Ch Minh hu nh khng tn tr sn phm. S lng rau c m h ly v thng c tiu th trong ngy. V vy vic bo qun khng cn n qui m hay h thng hin i m ch da trn kinh nghim l chnh. c bit vi rau c thng hay b mt nc th h thng xuyn phun nc rau lun c ti, do lng hao ht trong giai on ny khng ng k. Ch c nhng khi rau c bn chm v l do thi tit hay mt s l do khc m phi qua ngy hm sau, lc h phi bo qun bng cch p lnh (ch yu l rau, c rt), c khi trong thng xp, sp xp li nhng loi c di, rau trn.Mt s mt hng ch thong nh vy, khng cn bo qun. Do vy, rau c trong qu trnh bo qun c th hao ht do b h phi b i vo khong 3-5% (ngun : Axis - phng vn chuyn su) 5.4 Vn chuyn Vn chuyn hng t ngi bn n ngi bn l: vic vn chuyn ny rt linh ng, c khi ngi bn (s) giao hng, nhng lc khc ngi bn l t n im tp kt ca ngi bn s ly hng, lm sao m bo vic giao hng ng thi gian v cht lng. Phng tin vn chuyn cng rt a dng t xe p, xch l, ba gc, xe my n xe ti nh Thi gian giao hng thng thng vo khong 5-6 gi sng hng ngy. Tuy nhin cng khng han tan c nh, cn ty thuc vo lng hng bn ra: nu ht hng th gi gic ly s thay i theo yu cu.

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Vn chuyn hng t ngi bn l n khch hng : Do khch hng ca ngi bn l ch yu l ngi tiu dng. H thng t n mua ti quy ca ngi bn l, v vy ngi bn l rau c khng cn vn chuyn n khch hng. 5.5 Khch hng Khch hng ca ngi bn l l ngi tiu dng. Rau Lt c ngi tiu dng ti tp HCM rt a chung do rau phong ph, nhiu la chn, mu m thng p mt (xem thm phn Ngi tiu dng). i vi ngi tiu dng ni khc h cng rt thch rau lt, c xu hng chn rau c lt n hn cc lai rau c ngun gc t nhng ni khc, c bit cc lai x lch, rau n sng. Trong u trnh mua bn, ngi bn l thng phn nn v vic ngi tiu dng hay la chn rau k d lm rau chng b h hng. 5.6 Phng thc giao dch v hp ng Phng thc giao dch ph bin gia ngi bn l vi ngi bn s l trao i bng ming. Vic giao hng thanh ton tin thng din ra ngay ti ni ly hng, sau khi mua, do s lng mua l khng nhiu. C mt s trng hp thn quen trong kinh doanh, ngi bn l cha tr tin ngay c th ngi bn s cho tr gi u (da trn s quen bit lu di v uy tn). i vi ngi tiu dng v s lng bn ra l rt nh nn vic thanh ton tin c tr ngay khi mua hng. 5.7 Li nhun Li nhun ca cc nh bn l cn ty thuc vo v tr m h bn. Cc ca hng gn trung tm thng t li nhun cao hn nhng ca hng ch nh v gi bn cao hn, khch mua hng cng sang hn. Li nhun trung bnh ca cc nh bn l vo khong 10-15 %/tng/ ngy (ngun: Aixs-phng vn chuyn su) Theo ngi bn l li nhun nm 2005 so vi hai nm 2003, 2004 c s st gim. Nguyn nhn chnh l do vt gi ngy cng ln cao, i sng cng tng cao nhng thu nhp khng tng ln bao nhiu. Gi rau bn ra cng khng v th tng cao c, v vy ko theo li nhun cng b gim i.

5.8 Nhng kh khn chnh v Hng khc phc

Kh khn Kh khn v thi tit lm lng rau c bn ra khng c n nh, cht lng hng ha cng v th b tht thng. Nhiu ngi bn l rau c nn s cnh tranh cao Hng khc phc -> Xem nhng phn cp pha trn. -> Cung cp/tuyn truyn, tp hun v rau an tan marketing sn phm tt hn, tng kh nng cnh tranh

-> Xem nhng phn trn v yu cu Kin thc: Nhn chung hu ht ngi bn l cc k nng s ch, bo qun rau c u thiu kin thc v cc mt nh: trong iu kin rm mt, ti ni bn gip duy ch cht lng sn phm lu + s ch, bo qun, ng gi, nhn hiu hn hng ha -> Cp nht, ph bin thng tin th + thng tin th trng (2 chiu, t ngi bn trng cho ngi bn l h kp thi s, v t ngi tiu dng) nm bt cng nh nng cao thc v trch nhim ca h trong vic phn hi + qun l khch hng v m rng kh nng thng tin t ngi tiu dng n cc c kinh doanh quan chc nng.

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6. Ngi tiu dng (end-users) Rau c Lt c tiu th hu ht cc tnh/thnh ph trong c nc, v vy c lng ngi tiu dng ln. Cc lai rau c lt c bit c a chung nh bp ci, ci tho, khoai ty, c rt, sp l, t xanh v sn phm c trng n i, cht lng tt, gi c va phi. Ngi tiu dng ti a phng thng hay mua hng t ngi bn l ti ch/ca hng. Ngi tiu dng cc tnh thnh ph (HCM), bn cnh mua t ngi bn l, cc ca hng ven ng, h cn mua mt phn khng nh rau c Lt ti cc siu th Coop Mart, Maximart, Big C, Cora, Metro , trong Metro c mc tiu th rau Lt ln nht. (Xin tham kho phn ngi tiu dng Chng 3, chui gi tr Tp.HCM). Nh vy chui gi tr ca rau, c, qu Lt nhn chung kh phc tp, gm nhiu thnh phn v vai tr ca tng thnh phn khng c phn nh r rng, thiu s kim sat cht ch. Tng hao tn t ngi trng n ngi tiu dng kh cao (do vic vn chuyn xa t Lt n cc thnh ph ln), c tnh ln ti 35-40%, trong hao ht nhiu nht l t thng li n ngi bn s, c bit trong cng tc xut khu (c th ln ti 60%) do khu s ch chim lng hao tn nhiu nht, nht l ch bin cp ng (ln ti 40-50%). Hao ht do vn chuyn trong nc i cc tnh cao hn vn chuyn xut khu do khu ng gi v phng tin vn chuyn cha c m bo tt ( khang 10-15%) 7. Vai tr ca cc t chc Nhn chung cc t chc lin ngnh ti Lt ng mt vai tr rt quan trng cho vic hnh thnh mt vng rau ni ting nht trong c nc v vic pht trin ngnh rau c qu ca Lt t nhng thnh tch nh hin nay. Trong , phi k n vai tr ca mt s n v chnh nh UBNNTP, S NN & PTNN tnh Lm ng, Phng thng mi (trc thuc S Du Lch v Thng Mi tnh Lm ng), S Khoa Hc & Cng Ngh, Trung Tm Khuyn Nng, Vin Ht Nhn tp Lt v.v. So vi thnh ph HCM, v cc tnh, thnh ph khc (c cp trong cc chng trn) vai tr ca cc t chc ny khng khc nhiu. Tuy nhin, do rau c qu v hoa, l nhng c sn ca Lt c UBNDTP c bit ch trng v quan tm kt hp qung b du lch cho c thnh ph nn cc hat ng ca tng t chc ni ring v tan thnh ph ni chung c nhng c im tng i khc bit. V xc tin thng mi, Lt kh nhanh nhy v i u trong vic a cc on doanh thng nc ngai n thm v lm vic ti thnh ph ny, tnh hiu qu th hin bng vic k kt thnh cng nhiu vn bn hp tc xut khu vi cc nc Singapore, i Loan, Hn Quc...trong vng 3 nm qua. Hin ti, phng thng mi thnh ph ang tin hnh giai an mt ca vic xy dng thng hiu Lt chung cho hoa, rau c qu ca thnh ph Lt cng vi vic y mnh bn tin nhanh hng thng pht min ph cho du khch ti sn bay Lt v mt s ni trong thnh ph. (ngun Axis- phng vn chuyn su) y mnh cng tc thng tin qung b, TTKN thnh ph phi hp vi i PTTH tnh Lm ng v cc huyn th chuyn ti n ng o b con nng dn nhiu thng tin v ni dung v khuyn nng thit thc nh xy dng chuyn mc khuyn nng, tr li th bn nghe i trong cc chng trnh pht thanh nng nghip nng thn, xy dng cc bng hnh k thut v khuyn nng gi cho i tuyn truyn ph bin, vit cc tin, bi v khuyn nng gi ng ti trn cc Bo, i , tp ch a phng v Trung ng thng tin rng ri n nng dn (ngun Axis- phng vn chuyn su) Ti Lt, trong ngnh rau c qu, ngai cc t chc k tn trn y cn c s ng gp khng nh ca Vin Nghin cu Ht nhn thnh ph Lt. y l c quan duy nht ti thnh ph c kh nng phn tch, kim nghim cht lng rau nhm h tr cho cc doanh nghip mun cng b cht lng sn phm ca mnh trn th trng c nhanh chng nht (thay v phi v trung tm 3, ti tp HCM nh nhiu tnh min Trung v Nam).

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Ngoi cc t chc nh nc, trong thi gian va qua, Lt nhn c rt nhiu s quan tm ca cc t chc quc t trong vic h tr kinh ph cho vic nghin cu k thut ging mi, x l bnh cy, cng ngh sau thu hoch v..v. Tuy nhin, y mnh hn na kh nng xut khu v tng cng pht trin sn phm ch bin t rau c, qu, Lt rt cn s u t mnh m ca cc doanh nghip ch bin trong v ngai nc vo Lt; cc t chc nc ngai trong vic gip vic x l t, nc thi, cy ging, bnh cy, nh li, khu s ch, kho lnh v c bit xy dng li mt h thng chui gi tr rau qu hiu qu hn na cho Lt, tng gi tr xut khu ln cao hn na trong thi gian sp ti.

33

IV. PHN TCH IM MNH, YU, C HI, THCH THC CHO RAU QU LT Vic phn tch chui gi tr ca rau, c, qu ca Lt cho ta thy lt c nhiu u th cnh tranh v trin vng ln trong th trng ni a v quc t. Bn cnh , Lt vn cn mt s nhng vn tn ti cn c quan tm gii quyt tha ng, c bit khi th trng Vit Nam ngy cng rng m v hi nhp vi th gii trong thi gian sp ti sau khi Vit Nam vo WTO. 1. Tm tt im Mnh, Yu
im mnh t ai im yu

t v kh hu Lt quanh nm mt m l iu kin thun li c bit cho vic pht trin rau qu n i v nhit i c chng trnh quy hach vng t chuyn canh, chuyn i c cu cy trng khai thc th mnh rau qu ca Tp. lt ni ring v tnh Lm ng ni chung

Kh hu lnh kt hp vi mt s yu t khc nh ging, cch chm sc cha ng cch v.v l iu kin cho mt s bnh rau mu ny sinh, lm gim nng sut v sn lng thu hoch (V d nh bnh sng r bp ci Lt trong thng 5/2005 va qua lm nng dn trng bp ci b thit hi nghim trng) Vic ln k hoch c th cho nng dn trong vic trng loi no, bao nhiu, qui cch nh th no theo nhu cu ca th trng vn cn hn ch. Mt s nh nng vn trng t pht, manh mn.

Ging Cht lng sn phm

Ging rau c lt kh Mt s ging do thi gian b thai ha, khng phong ph, ni ting t lu p ng c yu cu v cht lng sn i. Kh nng m rng trng phm, cha ni n xut khu trt cc ging mi ht sc thun li ti L Nh iu kin t v kh hu t nhin, cht lng rau Lt (v cm quan, kch c, trng lng) thng c nh gi cao hn cng 1 sn phm trng cc ni khc Gn y ngi trng rau Lt nm bt c nhu cu ca th trng, c bit v th hiu xut khu ca mt s th trng chnh nn rau Lt c hng ng trng theo hng rau sch nhiu hn, nng cao cht lng sn phm Ngi nng dn Lt cng nh cc ni khc quen s dng phn ha hc, thuc bo v thc vt vi liu lng cao, quy trnh chm sc thiu khoa hc gy nh hng khng t n mi trng t, nc, h cn trng c li, dn n cht lng ca a s sn phm rau cha c m bo (mc an tan sn phm cho sc khe cn thp) Chng trnh rau an ton c trin khai Lt hn 10 nm nay, nhng thc t hin nay ch c khong 15 thnh vin chnh thc ng k sn xut theo quy trnh trng rau sch v cng b cht lng sn phm ca mnh (l cc HTX, doanh nghip xut khu rau i th trng cc nc Chu & do yu cu ca nh nhp khu). iu ny, cho thy, chng trnh rau sch ch mi c trin khai cho ngi trng rau, ch cha c s gio dc rng ri i vi cng ng*.

______________________________________________________________________________________ *Ngay i vi ngi trng rau cng cha c thu o v qun trit tt, nn con s trn cn qu nh so vi hn 7000 h trng rau hin nay ti Lt => iu ny c cp chi tit trong phn rau sch ti tp HCM 34

Gi c

V Lt l vng sn xut chuyn canh rau vi sn lng thu hach cao nn gi thnh (v gi bn) ca a s rau c qu c sn Lt tng i r. Nh xut khu, li nhun thu c cho ngi nng dn, c bit nh xut khu l kh ln

- Nhng cng do c nhiu gia nh trng rau ti thnh ph, li khng thng tin th trng nn rt thng xuyn vic cung cu khng gp nhau, gi c khng n nh khin cho ngi dn nhiu khi c ma m khng li, rau phi cy ht lm phn xanh (ngun ph lc 14) - Rau lt ch yu cung cp cho cc tnh/thnh ph xa nn ph vn chuyn kh cao, lm i gi thnh - Vn nan gii nht hin nay vn l ngun tiu th. Tuy lt xut khu nhiu nc nhng s lng xut cn nh so vi kh nng, phi xut di mc bn hng.=> Mt phn do cht lng cng cha c bo m so vi tiu chun quc t, cha xy dng c thng hiu, mt phn do khng nm c lut php v hp ng cht ch, thiu thng tin v hp tc xut khu, cng nh mt s cc l do bt cp v qun l v iu phi Hin nay, rau Lt t nng dn khi em bn trong nc hu nh khng c ng gi & dn nhn Vic cha khai thc ht tim nng danh ting ca Lt bng cch xy dng thng hiu cho rau, c, qu Lt cng nh vic thiu nhn hiu hng ha khng ch xy ra trong nc m hu ht cc sp rau xut khu ca Lt Vic vn cn yu v cng ngh bo qun, ch bin v rau qu khin cho sp xut khu ca rau Lt cn n iu v kh vi ti cc th trng xa nh M v EU

Sn lng & xut khu Cng ngh sau thu hach Quan h trong chui gi tr

- Kh nng cung ng rau, c, qu Lt rt ln vi hn 7000 h sn xut, tng sn lng c tnh nm 2005 gn 200 ngn tn. - Rau qu ti Lt xut khu c sang nhiu th trng chu . Mt s lng nh rau cp ng i chu M, c v Chu u Mt s HTX , doanh nghip Lt ng dng cng ngh t nc ngoi trong quy trnh trng rau (Agri Foods Co, DNTN Khanh Ct, HTX Hip Nguyn v.v), tng bc nng cao cht lng rau c, p ng nhu cu tiu dng rau sch ca th trng trong v ngoi nc

- Ngi nng dn lt c kinh nghim kh lu i v trng rau, im yu ca tng mt xch v hng khc nm bt k thut trng nhiu lai phc c cp chi tit trong tng phn (tham kho pha trn). rau cho nng sut cao - Thng li, doanh nghip nht l cc nh xut khu ca lt kh nhanh nhy v linh ng trong vic xut khu rau c qu (th hin bng nhiu vai tr ca mt mt xch trong chui gi tr). - Mt s in hnh c kh nng ng dng nhanh v hiu qu nhng k thut tin tin, cng nh m hnh khp kn trong vic trng trt v tiu th rau (Agri Foods, DNTN Khanh Ct, Xun Hng v.v.)

35

S quan tm cc t chc

- Vai tr ca mt s t chc ti Lt t c kt qu tng i tt trong vic xc tin thng mi bn cnh mt s cc chng trnh xy dng ngun lc (k thut ging, t, trng v dy chuyn my mc nh li, nh knh, nh lnh) cho nng dn, v quy hach vng chuyn canh rau qu

S h tr t cc c quan chc nng vn cn cha ng b, v linh ng trong xt duyt h tr (v cc mt kin thc khoa hc k thut tin tin, u t trang b dy chuyn my mc, nh xng, kho lnh hin i..) c th khuyn khch nhiu hn na nng dn, HTX, doanh nghip, cng ty.. c sn phm d tiu th ni a hay xut khu u c th t tiu chun v an ton v sinh thc phm Vai tr d bo v nh hng ca Nh nc, vn tip cn th trng, vic h tr ngun lc cho cc doanh nghip lt vn cn l im cn khc phc.

2.C Hi & Thch Thc ca rau c Lt C Hi Pht trin Sn phm Kh hu v iu kin th nhng ca Lt tng i hi ha nn vic pht trin a dng cc sn phm rau (nhit i v n i) kh thun li. Thch thc Yu t con ngi vn l thch thc ln nht trong vic tun th cc quy trnh trng trt rau an tan, t cc chng nhn quc t cng nh cc yu cu Bn cnh cn c s h tr ca cc vin cht ch v xut khu rau, nu nghin cu, cc t chc quc t nn vic a khng vic pht trin sn phm dng ha cc sn phm rau mu thng qua s cng ch c lng m khng chuyn giao cc k thut, m hnh tin tin c cht trong trng trt, ch bin l nhng c hi tt cho ngnh rau c Lt nng cao cht u ra cho rau, nht l v xut lng t gi tr xut khu cao. khu cha cao, s iu ha cung cu cn yu nh hng n li nhun nh nng Lng xut khu vn cn thp, nht l xut qua hp ng (mi chim 3% trn tng sn lng). Trong khi cht lng rau khng ng u, (do sn xut phn tn, chng loi khng n nh v mang tnh thi v; vn thu hoch v bo qun sau thu hoch cn nhiu bt cp) l mt thch thc khng nh cho ngnh Hin nay nc ta xut khu rau qu ti hn xut khu rau ca Vit nam ni 50 quc gia v lnh th, trong 80% xut chung v Lt ni ring trong sang cc nc chu (Trung Quc, Nht Bn, vic tng cao sn lng v i Loan, Hn Quc, Hng Kng, Cam phu cht lng xut khu t gi tr Chia, Lo). C hi xut khu vn ang rng kinh t cao m, c bit cc lai rau n i sang chu , v nhit i sang cc chu lc khc Rau l mt hng p ng nhu cu tiu dng thit yu ca th trng trong nc v l th mnh xut khu ca Lt. Vic nh nc ph duyt s tng din tch v sn lng cho rau c ni chung vo nm 2010 (din tch: 550,000 ha, sn lng: 11 triu tn) (ngun : www.sggp.org.vn) v Lt ni ring s l mt c hi khng nh cho vng rau ln nht nc ny Nh nc cng nh cc c quan t chc, Xem thm phn ny trong doanh nghip ang quan tm xc tin vic xy chng rau tp HCM dng thng hiu cho rau Lt

hiuThng

Nhu cu thi trng & xut khu

36

Cnh tranh

Rau qu l th trng xut khu y tim nng v l th mnh cnh tranh trn trng quc t ca Vit Nam nu bit tn dng c nhng th mnh hin nay (kh hu, t ai, ngun lc, gi thnh) v s n lc ci tin qui trnh trng trt theo kp vi chun quc t.

Trong ni a, rau Vit Nam ni chung v lt ni ring ang chu s canh tranh quyt lit ca cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi Rau Vit Nam xut khu chu s canh tranh bt bnh ng nht l th trng Trung Quc* S gia nhp AFTA, nht l WTO s khin cho s cnh tranh ht sc gay gt v khc lit cho sn phm rau trn sn nh v trn th trng quc t

V. KIN NGH HNG GII QUYT 1. T chc T chc li vng sn xut rau, duy tr v nhn rng m hnh cc HTX ti Lt. Tuy nhin t chc ny khng nn ch m nhn vai tr i din cho nng dn tha thun gi c, mua bn vi thng li m cn phi m nhn vai tr ln k hoch v qun l cc h nng dn sn xut theo nhu cu ca khch hng, c ngha l vic hp tc sn xut kinh doanh rau theo nhng iu kin c ch ph hp, gn kt gia sn xut v th trng => S NN & PTNT, TTKN, cc HTX v nng dn kt hp vi i din GTZ & Metro thc hin v theo di kt qu chng trnh ny T chc li h thng lu thng phn phi rau ca cc cng ty quc doanh v t nhn: R sat li v nm vng s lng cng nh cht lng cc t chc ny nhm phn lai a vo h thng c kim sat bi Phng thng mi thnh ph, trc tip do UBNNTP hng dn thc hin T chc v h tr kinh ph gip cc HTX, t hp sn xut rau sch trong vic dn nhn hng bt buc cc sn phm bn cnh vic y mnh tuyn truyn ngi tiu dng ty chay dng rau khng r ngun gc v tc hi ca rau khng sch ln sc khe cng ng => Cn s tham gia ca cc t chc truyn thng nh truyn hnh, i, bo cho vic qung b, tuyn truyn, s gip ca Metro trong vic hun luyn v o to cc kha hc (xem thm di y), v cc c quan chc nng trong vic kim tra kt qu thc hin

______________________________________________________________________________________ _*50-60% kim ngch xut khu rau qu Vit nam vo Trung Quc v Thi Lan. Trong khi rau qu Thi Lan c hng thu sut 0% vo th trng Trung Quc, th rau qu Vit Nam phi chu thu t 12 n 24,5) (ngun: www. angiang.gov.vn) **Theo ng Nguyn Hu Dng, trng phng k hoch thnh ph Lt, Lu nay, nng dn vn ch chung thy vi s, l, ci tho, khoai ty, c rt m qun rng cc vnh ai xanh ra i TP.HCM v cc tnh cng sn xut c nhiu loi trong s (ngun 40, ph lc 14) **** Rau Lt cn xc nh c u l th trng trng im ca mnh (TP.HCM, cc tnh pha nam, th trng xut khu) th mi xc nh c t chc sn xut (sn xut rau g, bao nhiu v nh th no) p ng nhu cu ca tng th trng.

37

Trc khi t chc cc chng trnh bt buc v sn xut rau an tan theo quy nh, c quy ch x l nng cho vic khng tun th nghim ngt quy trnh ny, cn c s nm vng u ra cho vic xut khu v phn b cho tng khu vc cho h thng lu thng phn phi rau k trn ngi dn yn tm sn xut => B Thng Mi, GTZ & Metro cng cc t chc nc ngai khc lin kt tham gia Bn cnh vic t chc li c quan thc nghim rau c, trin khai cc tin b k thut trong sn xut rau, qun l cht lng rau gip gii quyt cc vn quan trng cn tn ti vn ht sc cn thit: => Vic thoi ha ging l mt vn ng quan tm, nn c S nng nghip, Trung tm khuyn nng chu trch nhim nghin cu v a ra cc gii php thch hp. => i vi t trng, UBND tnh, thnh ph nn c chnh sch quy hoch t ai ph hp vi nh hng pht trin ca ngnh trng rau v pht trin ngnh ny thnh mt trong nhng ngnh sinh li ch lc ca tnh.

Tng cng t chc cc hat ng tuyn truyn v sn phm c th ch bin, c bit c nh my x l cc ph phm rau gip tit kim ti a rau b ph. Ngai ra,vic t chc bo qun bng kho lnh, bao b ng gi phc v cc th trng ni a v xut khu cng ht sc quan trng cn cc t chc quc t nh GTZ, VNCI, Ausaid, Sida v.v gip (t thng tin sn phm ch bin n k thut ch bin) k hp vi Phn vin sau thu hach v vin nghin cu rau qu min Nam thc hin. T chc ku gi cc cc c quan qun l nh nc v cc dch v sn xut, ngn hng cng chu mt phn li l vi nng dn, bo him gi rau, cc chnh sch ti chnh thu i vi sn phm rau v.v. GTZ nn phi hp vi UBND tnh, thnh ph, S Nng Nghip, cc c s lut php, ngn hng v cc t chc lin quan

2. o To i vi nng dn: Cn c cc chng trnh o gio dc nng cao nhn thc v li ch cho cng ng trong vic trng trt theo quy trnh rau an ton (k thut trng trt, s dng ng thuc tr su ) o cc lp tp hun thng xuyn v chm sc su bnh, x l rau c tri v.. o cc kha gii thiu cc ging rau mi ph hp th nhng cho nng sut cao v c th trng tiu th o cc chng trnh o to v communication vi cc c quan an th khi cn thit o ph bin thng tin th trng thng xuyn, gii thiu cc phng tin ly tin hiu qu v gi c, cy ging, dng c, my mc v.v (qua internet, cc trang web) => Vai tr cc c quan ch qun nng nghip l ht sc quan trng, vi s tr gip v k thut ca cc chuyn gia GTZ kt hp vi cc t chc quc t khc

i vi cc i tng t nng dn n thng li (bao gm c HTX, Doanh Nghip, Cng

ty), ngi bn s l (siu th, ca hng ln) v khch hng (Nh hng, khch sn v.v) cn c cc kha hc v tm quan trng ca vic k kt bng vn bn, ni dung c bn (cc iu khan v iu kin, c s php l) trong vic k kt hp ng, gii quyt s c khi thc hin hp ng => y l s tham gia cc t chc doanh nghip lut, cc ngn hng, v cc i din in hnh ngi tht vic tht bao gm Metro, cc i din siu th v cc i tng lin quan

38

 Cc kha hc c bn v cng ngh sau thu hach c bit quan trng cho cc nh kinh
doanh v ch bin bao gm thu hach, chuyn ch, s ch, bo qun, ng gi v tng tr ng theo quy nh, c bit quan trng l cch thc bo qun rau qu trong cc iu kin khc nhau ko di thi gian cho rau ti xut khu xa (ln 1 thng) cc kha hc v cc sn phm ch bin v cch thc ch bin cho tng lai rau c sn ca lt nh bp ci, ci tho, c chua* v.v. c bit nhng sn phm c th thc hin nhanh, n gin, chi ph thp nht ph hp ngay c cc h nh nng nh cho n cc dng sn phm ch bin i ch. => GTZ v cc t chc nc ngai han tan c th lm tt vai tr ny l ngi gii thiu, ph bin thng tin & k thut cho cc sn phm ch bin cng nh cu ni gip tm kim cc i tc tiu th trong v ngai nc, cc website c bn v cc t chc c th gip thng tin cho nhng nh ch bin v.v

i vi cc doanh nghip, thng li, nh xut khu bn cnh vic gip ngun thng tin
tin cy v th trng mi nh sn phm, gi c, thu nhp khu v.v., cn t chc cc kha hun luyn c bn v c bit v nghin cu th trng ni a v cc th trng xut khu rau khc nhau (i tng s dng, nhu cu th trng, thi quen s dng, nh gi ca ngi s dng v sn phm rau VN v cc nc khc, nhn t nh hng ln vic s dng, nhp khu rau, xu hng th trng v.v.) => GTZ c th kt hp vi Vitrade v mt s doanh nghip c kinh nghim trong lnh vc ny tng th trng vi s gip ca cc phng thng mi, cc i s qun v cc t chc quc t khc (v d kt hp vi Metro & Eurocharm trong vic tm hiu th trng c, Jetro th trng Nht v.v.) Ring vi th trng ni a c th kt hp cc cng ty nghin cu th trng trong nc tham gia tp hun cho cc i tng thng li, doanh nghip v c quan lin quan. 3. H Tr

Do lng hao ht rau hin nay l rt ln tp trung nhiu nht ti cc c s thng li, cc
doanh nghip, cng ty xut khu nn nhng i tng ny thc s cn s h tr mt phn vay vn vi li xut thp cho vic u t dy chuyn my mc thit b cho qu trnh s ch, v bo qun rau qu gim thiu ti a vic hao ht ny UBNDTP v cc nh bng nn c gii php gip . Ngai ra, tnh nn c cc h tr v u i c bit cho cc doanh nghip u t vo ch bin sn phm rau qu v cc ph liu trn a bn thnh ph Lt Metro & GTZ nn nghin cu gip tm ngun tiu th trong v ngoi nc i vi mt hng rau tn dng t ph phm rau sau ch bin.

Ngai vic tip tc y mnh cc chng trnh h tr cho nng dn nh mua nh li, nh
knh, my phun thuc tr su v.v , h tr mt s c s HTx v thng li trong vic mua kho lnh bo qun rau qu, h tr kinh ph cho 1 s an thm quan cc nc. chui gi tr rau Lt cn 1 s h tr to ln t cc t chc quc t nh GTZ, VNCI v.v l cho chuyn gia tham gia vo vic xy dng hiu qu chui gi tr ny t khu ln k hach, o to, thc hin k hach v chng trnh tp hun n khu kim tra v nghim thu kt qu

______________________________________________________________________________________ _*Ngai kim chi v da mui, c mui, nc st tomatos v.v., cn cn rt nhiu thng tin v cc sn phm ch bin c th xut khu khc nh typ rau trn n lin dng cho fast foods, cc nc st c chua, hoc pha ch cng cc lai rau c khc, c chua nguyn qu ng hp (can, jar) , nm mui v.v n cc sn phm ph phm dng trong chn nui gia sc gia cm 39

Mt ln na chng ta cn thy r vic thiu mt n v c uy tn v ti chnh ng ra ci t li chui gi tr cho rau Lt theo phng php HTX ha, khp kn quy trnh trng rau an tan, ln k hoch c th cho tng vng, tng ma v vic phn b trng tng loi, bao nhiu, qui cch nh th no theo nhu cu ca th trng. y mi l mc xch quan trong ni kt ton b gung my sn xut v tiu th rau, c, qu Lt hot ng mt cch hiu qu. Do , vic ln k hoch phi c thc hin bi mt t chc c uy tn qun l tt c mu cht trong chui ny, c bit thng li, l mu cht quan trng nht trong vic thu hach v tiu th rau qu Lt ni ring v rau c qu ca Vit Nam ni chung, nh hng nhiu nht ln gi c sn phm, cht lng v ngay c s cn i gia cung & cu ca th trng. lm c iu ny GTZ cn lm vic cht ch vi S Nng Nghip, Cng nghip, Thng mi, KHCN thnh ph Lt vi s tham cht ch ca cc mu cht trong chui gi tr, cc mnh thng qun v cc t chc lin quan.

40

Ph lc 14: Tp. Lt - Danh sch cc phng vn chuyn su

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 H TN Ms Lin Phan Cng Du V Vn T Nguyn c Hng Mai Tn Cng Trn c Quang Nguyn Th Nga Nguyn Th Thu Hng Phan Th Xun Hng o Duy Ct Phm Vn Phng Bi Th N Nguyn Th Sm Bi Th Thanh Loan Nguyn Th Lin Nguyn a inh Th Hng inh Vn An Nguyn Vn Lim L Chnh Phm nh Thng L Hu Phan Nguyn Th Thy Nguyn Th Thng I TNG C quan chc nng C quan chc nng C quan chc nng C quan chc nng C quan chc nng C quan chc nng Thng li Thng li Thng li Doanh Nghip Cty C Phn Thng li Ngi bn l Ngi bn l Ngi bn l Nng dn Nng dn Nng dn Nng dn Nng dn Nng dn Nng dn Ngi bn l Ngi bn l Gim c Gim c CHC V Trng Phng Nng Nghip Chuyn Vin Gim c Ch Nhim Hp Tc X Ph Ch Nhim Hp Tc X Ch Nhim Hp Tc X A CH/NI CNG TC S Nng Nghip &PT Nng Thn S Khoa Hc & Cng Ngh Trung Tm Xc Tin u T Hp Tc X Hip Nguyn Hp Tc X Hip Nguyn Hp Tc X Xun Hng Xun Th, Lt, Lm ng Tp an 7, Xun Th, Lt Ch Rau T Hin Thnh Doanh Nghip T Nhn Khanh Ct Cng Ty Nng Sn Thc Phm Lm ng C S Thin Hng 28 A Nguyn Th Minh Khai Sp 44 Khu C Ch lt Ch Lt ng Nguyn Th Minh Khai Thnh M X Lc Xun X Lc Lm Hip Thnh Thn Bc Hi - Hip Thnh Thn Bc Hi - Hip Thnh F9, Thnh Ph Lt Ch Hynh Vn Chnh, HCMC Ch Trn Vn Quang, HCMC 0918614538 847463 848604 657083 657083 840365 0918676098 THOI 0918593341 0918815618 0913684600 0918944236 0907167449 0913667985 825037 820074 913680097 820138 0913934475 824205

41

Ph lc 15: Tp. Lt - Ti liu tham kho

Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Tn bi vit Nin gim thng k Lm ng 2004 Bo co ni dung chun b Hi tho ca Phng Cng Nng nghip Tp. lt n u th v thu mua sn phm Artichaut v mt s chng loi rau an ton Bo co tnh hnh pht trin rau qu, hoa, cy cnh trn a bn Tp. lt Qui trnh sn xut rau an ton Bo co Hin trng sn xut rau tnh lm ng nm 200-2005 v nh hng pht trin thi k 2006 -2010 Coop Mart tm thm ngun rau sch Lt Rau Lt li rt gi Rau, Hoa Lt: Tm ng sang... Ty Hng ngn tn rau s phi bn bn tho? Xy dng Lt thnh trung tm du lch vn minh, hin i Mt s kh khn & bin php h tr cho vic chuyn i c cu cy trng v vt nui Lt p ng 50% nhu cu rau sch cho Tp.HCM mi nm Tnh hnh pht trin nng nghip cao Vit Nam Xy dng Lt xng ng l trung tm du lch Nhng i mi trong sn xut rau ti Lt c im mt s ging cy n qu c trin vng 3 huyn pha nan tnh Lm ng Lt chnh l thng hiu cho rau Lt Nghin cu v k thut canh tc Ch bin nng sn Lm ng Trng trt Tng quan v lt Lt vo th k 21 c Trng c hi u t v pht trin Lm ng Lm ng: xc tin xut khu hoa, rau ti Vit Nam Sn xut v th trng nh hng xy dng v pht trin Lt n nm 2010 Tim nng Th mnh Bn tin Thng Mi Nng nghip lt sau nm 75 "TIP SC" cho rau an ton i .Ty Lm ng cn gp rt xy dng thng hiu "ng hi ng" lm giu bng rau sch Lm ng bao gi c thng hiu rau xanh Thnh ph cng ngh sinh hc Cc gii php cho vng rau Lt Rau Lt sch hn Hp ng y thc xut khu Rau sch xut khu trin vng mi ca Lt Cy rau li ln bn ngh s Bo co/Tp ch/Trang web Cc thng k Lm ng UBND Tp. Lt Phng Cng nng nghip UBND Tp. Lt Phng Cng nng nghip UBND Tp. Lt Phng Cng nng nghip Bn ng k sn xut rau an ton ca . L Ngc Hong S NN & PTNT tnh Lm ng http://www.tuoitre.com.vn http://www.thanhnien.com.vn http://www.agroviet.gov.vn http://www.tuoitre.com.vn http://www.cpv.org.vn http://www.dalat.gov.vn http://www.vneconomy.com. http://www.vnast.gov.vn http://vietnamnet.vn http://www.lamdong.gov.vn Thng tin KH-CN Lm ng, s 2/2001 http://vietnamnet.vn http://www.lamdong.gov.vn http://www.dalat.gov.vn http://www.dalat.gov.vn http://www.dalat.gov.vn http://www.dalat.gov.vn http://www.dalat.gov.vn/ http://www.vietnamtourism.com/ http://www.agroviet.gov.vn http://www.agroviet.gov.vn http://www.dalat.gov.vn http://www.dalat.gov.vn http://www.lamdong.gov.vn http://www.lamdong.gov.vn Bo Nng Nghip Thi Bo Kinh T Vit Nam Bo Thanh N in Bo Nng Nghip Vit Nam Bo Thanh Nin http://www.lamdong.gov.vn Thi Bo Kinh T Si Gn Cng ty t nhn Khoanh Ct Thi Bo Kinh T Si Gn Thi Bo Kinh T Si Gn 42 2002 13/10/2005 09/08/2005 30/10/2004 01/11/2004 15/07/2003 07/09/2005 /2005 06/12/2003 01/03/2004 Ngy 2004 8/2005 1/2003 8/09/2004 22/04/2004 8/2005 26/5/2005 12/07/2005 24/10/2005 19/07/2004 26/9/2005

27/11/2003

Ph lc 16: Tp. lt- Quy trnh trng trt rau c Tp. lt

Trng trt

1. Lm vn rau

2. m cy ging

3. Phun thuc

Thu hoch

1. Ti nc

2. Nh li trng rau

3. Thu hoch rau (nh, ct gc)

S ch/phn loi

4. S ch (ct gc) ti va ca thng li

5. S ch (c rt) ti nh thng li

6. Phn loi cht lng sn phm

7. S ch bp s (bi vi, ht chn khng)

8. S ch ci tho

43

ng gi, dn nhn

9. ng gi (cn x)

13. ng gi (bao li)

14 Dn nhn

Tn tr, bo qun

15.Tn tr ti va thng li

16.Bo qun rau trong t lnh

Vn chuyn

17 Vn chuyn t nng dn ti thng li

18. Vn chuyn hng ln xe

19. Vn chuyn t thng li ti khch hng (xe ti nh)

Mt s im thu gom

20. im thu gom (thng li)

21. im bn s

22. im bn l ti ch

Cc HTX/cng ty ch bin

23. Cng ty c phn nng 24. Logo HTX Xun Hng sn thc phm Lm ng

25. HTX Khanh Ct

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Ph lc 17: Cc quyt nh ban hnh v vic sn xut v kinh doanh rau an ton Y BAN NHN DN TNH LM NG S:06/2004/Q-UB CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c Lp T Do Hnh Phc ................................................. lt, ngy 14 thng 01 nm 2004 QUYT NH CA UBND TNH LM NG V/v Ban hnh quy nh tm thi v sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton _________________ Y BAN NHN DN TNH LM NG
Cn c Lut t chc HND v UBND (sa i) ngy 21/6/1994 Cn c Php lnh cht lng hng ha s 18/1999/PL-UBTVQH10 ngy 24/12/1999 ca y ban Thng v Quc hi. - Cn c quyt nh s 67/1998/Q-BNN-PTNT ngy 28/4/1998 ca B trng B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn v vic ban hnh quy nh tm thi v sn xut rau an ton. - Cn c quyt nh s 2425/2000/Q-BKHCN-MT ngy 12/12/2000 ca B trng B Khao hc v mi trng v vic quy nh tm thi v cng b tiu chun cht lng hng ha; - Theo ngh ca S Khoa hc v Cng ngh S Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn. QUYT NH iu 1: Ban hnh km theo quyt nh ny quy nh tm thi v sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton ti a bn tnh lm ng. iu 2: Quyt nh ny c hiu lc sau 15 ngy k t ngy k. iu 3: Chnh Vn phng HND v UBND tnh, gim c cc S: Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, Khoa hc v Cng Ngh, Du lch v thng mi, Y t, th trng cc S, ngnh c lin quan. Ch tch UBND cc huyn, th x, thnh ph v cc n v c nhn sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton ti tnh Lm ng c trch nhim thi hnh quyt nh ny.

Ni nhn: - TTTU, TT HND tnh - CT, cc PCT - Nh iu 3 - LVP - Lu VP/VX/SX/KTTH

TM.UBND TNH LM NG CH TCH Phan Thin

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Y BAN NHN DN TNH LM NG

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c Lp T Do Hnh Phc .................................................

QUY NH TM THI V SN XUT, KINH DOANH RAU AN TON TI A BN TNH LM NG (Ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 06/2004/Q-UB ngy 14 thng 01 nm 2004 ca UBND tnh Lm ng) _________________

Phn I
QUY NH CHUNG
iu 1: Rau an tan theo quy nh ny l cc loi rau ti (bao gm tt c cc loi rau n c, thn, l, hoa qu) c cht lng ging nh c tnh ging ca n, hm lng cc cht c hi v mc nhim cc vi sinh gy hi di mc chun cho php, bo m an ton cho ngi tiu dng v mi trng. iu 2: Quy nh ny p dng i vi cc c s (t chc, c nhn) sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton ti a bn tnh Lm ng. iu 3: Nh nc to mi iu kin thun li v khuyn khch cc t chc, c nhn sn xut v kinh doanh rau an tan.

Phn II
YU CU CHT LNG V IU KIN SN XUT RAU AN TON
iu 4: Yu cu cht lng rau an ton: 1/ Ch tiu ni cht: cc ch tiu ni cht trong sn phm ca tng loi rau phi t di mc cho php theo TCVN v cc lnh vc ny. Trong khi Vit Nam cha chnh thc cng b tiu chun v lnh vc ny th p dng theo tiu chun ca cc t chc quc t FAO/WHO hoc ca mt s nc tin tin: Nga, M.(xem ph lc s 1,2,3,4). Cc ch tiu ni cht gm: a) D lng thuc bo v thc vt b) Hm lng Nitrat (NO3) c) Hm lng mt s kim loi nng ch yu: Cu, Pb, Hg, Cd, As. d) Mc nhim cc vi sinh vt gy bnh (Ecoli, Samonella) v k sinh trng ng rut (trng giun a Ascaris.). 2/ Ch tiu v hnh thi: sn phm c thu hach ng lc, ng yu cu ca tng loi rau (ng gi k thut hay thng phm), khng dp nt, h thi, khng ln tp cht, su bnh v c bao gi thch hp. iu 5: iu kin sn xut rau an ton. 1/t trng: t sn xut rau an ton khng trc tip chu nh hng xu ca cc cht thi cng nghip, giao thng, khu dn c, bnh vin, ngha trang, khng nhim cc cht c hi cho ngi v mi trng. 2/Phn bn: Ch dng phn hu c c hoi mc, khng dng phn xc mm (phn c) v cc loi phn hu c cn ti. S dng hp l v cn i gia cc loi phn hu c, v c. S lng phn da trn tiu chun c th quy nh trong cc quy trnh ca tng loi rau, c bit i vi rau n l phi kt thc bn phn trc khi thu hoch sn phm l 15-20 ngy. C th dng b sung phn bn l (c trong danh mc c php s dng (c trong danh mc c php s dng Vit Nam) v phi ng hng dn. Han ch ti a s dng cc cht kch thch v iu ha sinh trng cy trng. 3/Nc ti: Ch dng nc ging, khoan, nc t cc sng, sui ln, h cha chuyn dng khng b nhim cc cht c hi. Tuyt i khng dng nc thi t cng nghip, thnh ph, bnh vin, khu dn c, nc ao mng t ng.
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4/Phng tr su bnh: p dng cc phng php qun l dch hi tng hp trn nguyn tt hn ch thp nht s thit hi do su bnh gy ra, c hiu kinh t cao, t c hi cho ngi v mi trng. Thc hin tt cc bin php chnh sau: a) V ging: Phi chn ging tt. Cc cy con ging cn c x l sch su bnh trc khi xut ra khi vn m. b) V canh tc: Cn tn dng trit cc bin php canh tc gp phn hn ch thp nht cc iu kin v ngun pht sinh cc dch hi trn rau. Ch thc hin ch lun canh hoc xen canh gia cc loi rau khc h vi nhau gim bt su t v mt s su hi khc. c) V dng thuc: Ch dng thuc khi tht cn thit v phi dng ng chng loi, ng liu lng, ng cch, ng lc. Tuyt i khng dng cc loi thuc trong danh mc thuc cm s dng v thuc hn ch s dng Vit nam (xem ph lc 5). Hn ch ti a vic s dng thuc c c cao (thuc nhm I v II), thuc chm phn hy thuc cc nhm Clo v ln hu c. Trit s dng cc loi thuc sinh hc, thuc tho mc, thuc c c thp (thuc nhm c III tr ln), thuc chng phn hy, t nh hng n cc loi sinh vt c ch trn rung (xem ph lc 6). Cn s dng lun phin cc loi thuc khc nhau trnh su nhanh quen thuc. Bo m thi gian cch ly trc khi thu hoch ng hng dn trn nhn ca tng loi thuc. Tuyt i khng c dm sn phm rau ti (x l sn phm thu hoch) bng cc ha cht bo v thc vt. Phn III T CHC THC HIN

iu 6: i vi c s sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton: 1/ Cc c s sn xut rau an ton v mc ch kinh doanh c trch nhim: a) ng k vi S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn c k hoch t chc hng dn sn xut, kim tra v cp giy chng nhn. b) Khuyn khch thc hin vic cng b tiu chun cht lng hng ha i vi sn phm rau an ton ca c s. Vic cng b tiu chun cht lng hng ha thc hin theo quy nh tm thi ti quyt nh s 2425 ngy 12/12/2000 ca B trng B Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng. c) Bo m thc hin ng quy nh, quy trnh sn xut rau an ton: bo m cht lng rau t tiu chun cng b. T kim tra v chu trch nhim v cht lng rau an ton ca c s.
d) Bo m tiu chun cng b khng c tri vi cc quy nh do cc c quan qun l Nh nc c thm quyn quy nh v phi thng tin chnh xc v tiu chun cng b. e) Bo m y cc h s chng minh vic sn xut rau an ton theo ng quy trnh. 2/ Cc ca hng kinh doanh sn phm rau an ton phi ng k vi S Du lch & Thng mi v phi c cp giy chng nhn Ca hng rau an ton, ch c php bn cc loi rau ca cc c s c chng nhn sn xut rau an ton. 3/ Cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton phi chp hnh v to iu kin thun li, xut trnh cc ti liu, h s lin quan n sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton cho cc on thanh tra, kim tra cc c quan qun l Nh nc v sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton. Cc trng hp vi phm quy nh v sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton s b x pht, thu hi giy chng nhn, nh ch kinh doanh: ng thi phi chu trch nhim trc php lut khi c hu qu xu xy ra.

iu 7: Phn cng trch nhim qun l Nh nc v sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton.
1/ S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn c trch nhim: a) Ch tr xy dng v ban hnh, ph bin quy trnh k thut sn xut rau an ton i vi cc loi rau da trn tiu chun ngnh ban hnh theo quyt nh 116/Q-BNN ngy 04/12/2001 ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v kt qu cc ti nghin cu khoa hc v sn xut rau an ton.

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b) T chc tp hun, hng dn tuyn truyn, ph bin cc vn bn php quy, cc ch trng chnh sch ca Nh nc, quy trnh sn xut, cht lng sn phm, v rau an ton cho nhn dn cc vng trng rau. c) Phi hp vi cc s, ban ngnh lin quan v UBND cc huyn, th x, thnh ph tin hnh quy hoch vng sn xut rau an ton, xy dng k hoch pht trin sn xut rau an ton. d) Hng dn v ni dung, th tc ng k sn xut rau an ton. T chc kim tra vic thc hin cc quy nh, quy trnh v sn xut rau an ton i vi cc c s ng k sn xut rau an ton v cp giy chng nhn cho c s (nu hi cc iu kin quy nh). Trong trng hp c nghi vn hoc c thc mc, khiu ni chnh ng ca ngi tiu dng, th ch tr phi hp cng S Khoa hc v Cng ngh, S Y t, S Du lch & Thng mi v UBND a phng t chc kim tra x l. 2/S Khoa hc v Cng ngh c trch nhim: a) Hng dn v ni dung, th tc cng b tiu chun cht lng rau an ton v phng php xy dng cc tiu chun c s i vi tng sn phm rau an ton, chng nhn s ph hp ca cc tiu chun cng b. b) Tip nhn v xem xt s ph hp ca cc cc bn cng b tiu chun cht lng rau an ton, chng nhn s ph hp ca cc tiu chun cng b. c) Thc hin thanh kim tra vic cng b tiu chun cht lng rau an ton, gii quyt nhng vn khiu ni v cht lng rau an ton i vi cc ch tiu ni cht. 3/ S Du lch & Thng mi c trch nhim: a) Ch tr phi hp vi S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, S khoa hc v Cng ngh, S y t xy dng v ban hnh tiu chun Ca hng rau an ton. Hng dn v quy trnh, th tc ng k Ca hng rau an ton v cp giy chng nhn Ca hng rau an ton cho cc c s hi iu kin, tiu chun kinh doanh rau an ton, ng thi t chc kim tra, thanh tra vic thc hin. b) Ch tr, phi hp vi UBND cc huyn, th x, thnh ph t chc mng li Ca hng rau an ton bo m thun li cho ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng nhm khuyn khch vic sn xut v kinh doanh rau an ton. 4/ S Y t v UBND cc huyn, th x, thnh ph: C trch nhim phi hp vi S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, S Khoa hc v Cng ngh, S Du lch & Thng mi thc hin chc nng qun l Nh nc v sn xut v kinh doanh rau an ton. iu 8: Cc S: Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, Khoa hc v cng ngh, Du lch & Thng mi hng dn t chc trin khai thc hin sn xut kinh doanh rau an ton theo nhim v c giao. Kp thi tham mu xut UND tnh v ch trng chnh sch, ch u i trong sn xut, kinh doanh rau an ton; iu chnh b sung, hon chnh quy nh ny khc phc cc vng mc, kh khn, bt hp l trong qu trnh thc hin nhm khuyn khch pht trin sn xut v kinh doanh rau ton. TM.UBND TNH LM NG CH TCH

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C s d liu vn bn quy phm php lut lnh vc nng nghip v pht trin nng thn

---------------------------------------------------------------Quyt nh ca B Trng B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn V/v Ban hnh tiu chun ngnh -----------B Trng B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn
Cn c Ngh nh s 73-CP ngy 1/11/1995 ca Chnh Ph quy nh v chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v t chc b my ca B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn; Cn c ngh nh 86/CP ngy 8/12/1995 ca Chnh Ph Quy nh phn cng trch nhim qun l nh nc v cht lng hng ha Cn c Quyt nh s 135/Q-BNN-KHCN ca B trng B Nng Nghip v PTNN ban hnh ngy 1/10/1999 v vic ban hnh quy ch lp xt duyt v ban hnh tiu chun ngnh.. Xt ngh ca ng V trng v Khoa Hc Cng Ngh v CLSP Quyt nh iu 1. Nay ban hnh cc tiu chun ngnh sau: 1. 10 TCN 442 - 2001 Quy trnh sn xut rau bp ci an ton. 2. 10 TCN 443 - 2001 Quy trnh sn xut u Cove leo an ton. 3. 10 TCN 444 - 2001 Quy trnh sn xut c chua an ton. 4. 10 TCN 448 2001 Quy trnh sn xut da chut an ton. iu 2. Quyt nh ny c hiu lc sau 15 ngy k t ngy k iu 3. Cc ng Chnh vn phng B, V Trng V Khoa hc cng ngh v CLSP, Vin Trng Vin nghin cu Rau Qu, Vin Trng Vin cy lng thc Cy thc phm, Th Trng cc n v lin quan chu trch nhim thi hnh quyt nh ny.
KT. B Trng B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn Th Trng Bi b Bng k

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