Mutation

MUTATION Any change in an organisms genome Bacterial strain that contains all of the genetic information required to grow on a minimal salts medium is called wild-type or prototrophic

A mutant strain requiring one or more additional nutrients is auxotrophic

Types of Mutation
Point (base-substitution) mutations Frameshift mutations Deletions or insertions result in translation of incorrect amino acids, stops codons,or readthrough of stop codons

Two types of point mutations:

Base pair substitutions

Transitions
Convert a purine-pyrimidine to the other purine-pyrimidine.

4 types of transitions; A G and T C

Most transitions results in synonymous substitution.

Transversions
Convert a purine-pyrimidine to a pyrimidine-purine.
8 types of transversions; A T, G C, A C, and G T Transversion more likely to result in nonsyn substitution.

Base pair deletions and insertions

Point mutations
Three possible outcomes 1. Silent mutation / UAC to UAU 2. Missense mutations / Nonsynonymous UAC to CAC Substitution of one amino acid for another 3. Nonsense mutations UAC to UAG Results in stop codon Neutral nonsynonymous mutation Base pair substitution results in substitution of an amino acid with similar chemical properties (protein function is not altered)

 amino Keto

tautomerize tautomerize

imino form enol