Thuyt Lng T

Gs Dng Hiu u

I. II. III.

IV.

V.

VI.

HIN TNG NHIU X NH SNG. NGUYN L HUYGENS-FRESNEL PHNG PHP I FRESNEL. 1. Cch chia i. 2. Tnh bin tng hp. 3. Phng php gin vect. 4. Tnh s i Fresnel. NHIU X CA SNG CU (NHIU X FRESNEL) 1. Nhiu x do mt l trn. 2. Nhiu x do mt mn trn khng trong sut. 3. Nhiu x do mp thng ca mn khng trong sut. NHIU X CA SNG PHNG (NHIU X FRAUNHOFER) 1. Nhiu x do mt khe hp. 2. Nhiu x nh sng do mt l trn. 3. Nhiu x nh sng do nhiu khe. Cch t nhiu xa. MY QUANG PH CCH T. 1. Cu to 2. Cc c trng c bn ca my quang ph cch t.

I. HIN TNG NHIU X NH

SNG. Trong quang hnh hc mi trng ng tnh, nh sng s truyn thng. Tuy nhin thc nghim chng t rng iu khng phi bao gi cng ng. Xt hai th nghim sau y:
Th nghim 1: Dng kim khu m thng mt l O trn mt tm ba v ri vo mt chm nh sng pht ra t mt ngun S qua thu knh L (Hnh 18.1) Theo nh lut truyn thng ca nh sng th ta ch quan st c nh sng trong hnh nn OAB do cc tia sng i qua mp thu knh to nn. Tuy nhin nu ta t mt ti im M ngoi v ngay c kh xa hnh nn ny vn nhn c nh sng t l O.

Th nghim 2 : t mt on dy kim loi mnh song song vi mt khe sng. Sau on dy ta t mt mn quan st E (Hnh 18.2) song song vi on dy. Theo nh lut truyn thng th min AB b che khut bi si dy phi l min bng ti hnh hc v ngoi min phi c ri sng u. Tuy nhin ti im M nm trn trc i xng ca AB trong min bng ti hnh hc, ta vn thy c nh sng v ln cn cc im A v B ta li thy cc vn ti v sng. iu cho thy rng, trong trng hp ny nh sng cng khng tun theo nh lut truyn thng.

Tuy nhin nguyn l Huygens cha cho bit cng sng trn mn t sau vt cn s c phn b nh th no. gii quyt vn ny Fresnel b sung nguyn l giao thoa vo nguyn l Huygens v lp nn nguyn l Huygens-Fresnel. l nguyn l c bn ca quang hc sng.
II. NGUYN L HUYGENS-FRESNEL

Ni dung nguyn l nh sau:

Nh vy nguyn l Huyghen-Fresnel cho php nghin cu cng ca sng tng hp theo cc phng khc nhau trong trng hp sng nh sng truyn t do (truyn thng) cng nh khi gp vt cn (nhiu x). Tuy nhin vic gii trc tip bi ton ny kh phc tp v rng bin v pha ban u ca cc sng th cp ph thuc vo s phn b cc ngun nguyn t d( i vi im P. thay cho nhng tnh ton phc tp, Fresnel a ra phng php chia mt ( khng phi thnh nhng din tch d( b tu m thnh nhng i vi iu kin c bit v c gi l phng php i Fresnel.
III. PHNG PHP I FRESNEL.

1 Cch chia i

2 Tnh bin tng hp.

3. Phng php gin vect Vic kho st tc dng ca ton b mt sng ti im P trn y c th c tin hnh theo cch v Fresnel. y phng php ny t ra rt tin li v cn tng hp mt s v cng ln dao ng c mt hiu s pha xc nh no .

4. Tnh s i Fresnel

IV. NHIU X CA SNG CU (NHIU X

FRESNEL) Dng phng php i Fresnel c th gii thch c hin tng nhiu x xut hin khi mt phn mt sng nh sng lan truyn b vt cn chn li. By gi ta dng phng php i Fresnel gii thch hin tng nhiu x ca sng cu do cc vt cn c hnh dng khc nhau. Hin tng nhiu x ny quan st c gn vt cn v ln u tin c Fresnel nghin cu, nn cn c gi l nhiu x Fresnel. 1. Nhiu x do mt l trn.

Nu l nh th s i chia c trn l khng ln. Theo cng thc (18.12) bin dao ng tng hp ti P v do cng sng I ch ph thuc vo s i n chia c trn l l chn hay l. a) Nu l trn cha c mt s l i, ta c:

2. Nhiu x do mt mn trn khng trong sut

Cng l lun tng t nh trn, do tnh i xng xung quanh trc S0P ca cch b tr, cho nn ranh gii gia bng ti hnh hc v min c ri sng xut hin nhng vng trn nhiu x ng tm sng v ti xen k nhau, c tm lun lun l im sng nm trn trc i xng S0P ca mn trn. 3 Nhiu x do mp thng ca mn khng trong sut. a) Chia i.

b) ng xon c Cornu By gi ta tm s phn b cng sng trn mn E cho trng hp v hnh 18.13. Ta dng phng php tng hp bin bng th. Nh thy, khi kho st s nhiu x qua mt l trn, ta chia mt sng i qua l thnh nhng i Fresnel c din tch bng nhau, do tng hp cc bin ta c mt ng xon c. Cn y din tch ca cc di u khc nhau r rt, cn din tch ca cc di cui th li gn bng nhau (hnh 18.13). Do vi cch dng tng t nh mc III ta s c ng cong phc tp hn: gn gc to ng cong c dc thoai thoi hn, sau chuyn thnh ng xon c. (Hnh 18.14)

Vy ngoi bng ti hnh hc cng sng khng bng nhau m ln lt c nhng gi tr cc i v cc tiu, cng ra xa ranh gii ca bng ti hnh hc, cng sng ti cc cc i gim dn, cn cng sng ti cc cc tiu ln dn v cui cng tin n gii hn chung l cng sng I0 khi mt sng khng b chn. Do trong min ng l c ri sng u gn bng ti hnh hc, ta li thy xut hin nhng vn sng v ti xen k song song vi mp mn chn, cng ra xa b bng ti hnh hc vn cng nht dn v cui cng khng cn quan st c na ging nh khi khng c mn chn.

Theo tnh ton cho bit h vn nhiu x ch chim mt khong rt hp gn b bng ti hnh hc, cho nn trong thc t nhiu khi c th b qua nh hng ca hin tng nhiu x ny.
V. NHIU X CA SNG PHNG (NHIU X

FRAUNHOFER) Trc y chng ta kho st hin tng nhiu x Fresnel, trong ngun sng S0 v mn quan st E cch mn chn nhng khong ngn v khi quan st nhiu x ta khng dng n mt dng c quang hc no.By gi chng ta s kho st mt loi nhiu x khc: nhiu x ca sng phng, trong ngun sng S0 v mn quan st E u v cc. Nh vy, mn chn s nhn c mt sng phng v ta s nghin cu cng sng ca cc chm tia nhiu x qua l mn chn theo nhng phng khc nhau. Hin tng nhiu x ny u tin do Fraunhofer nghin cu nn c gi l nhiu x Fraunhofer. quan st nhiu x Fraunhofer ngi ta thng dng cch b tr sau y (hnh 18.16)

Vn d ca chng ta y l xc nh s phn b cng sng trn mn quan st theo gc nhiu x ( v t gii thch hnh nh nhiu x quan st c. a) S phn b cng sng

1. Nhiu x do mt khe hp. Khe hp l mt trng hp c bit ca hnh ch nht c di v hn v rng a no . Gi s c mt chm tia sng n sc song song ri vung gc vo mt khe ny. nh sng ti s b nhiu x qua khe theo nhng gc ( khc nhau. Theo nguyn l Huyghens-Fresnel mi im ca mt sng t ti khe l mt ngun pht sng th cp truyn i mi phng.

2. Nhiu x nh sng do mt l trn

3. Nhiu x nh sng do nhiu khe. Cch t nhiu x Khi kho st s nhiu x ca sng phng do mt khe ta thy rng s phn b cng sng trn mn quan st ch ph thuc vo phng ca cc chm tia nhiu x. iu c ngha l nu dch chuyn khe song song vi chnh n v bn phi hay bn tri trong mt phng cha khe u khng lm thay i nh nhiu x. V vy nu ta t thm khe th hai, th ba v.v... c rng a v so snh vi khe th nht, th nh nhiu x ca tng khe ring r s hon ton trng nhau. Tuy nhin y ngoi s nhiu x ca tng khe cn c s giao thoa ca cc chm tia sng nhiu x t cc khe khc nhau, cho nn s c s phn b li cng sng trn mn quan st lm cho nh nhiu x tr nn phc tp hn. Ta s kho st hin tng ny. a) Cch t nhiu x

C) iu kin cc i, cc tiu

Vy, cc cc i chnh cng hp, nu tch N.b cng ln, tc l rng ca cch t cng ln. Khi chu k cch t b cho trc, th cc cc i chnh cng nt, nu s khe N cng ln. Gia cc cc tiu c cc cc i c cng rt b (gn bng 0) v c gi l cc i ph. Nh vy, gia hai cc i chnh k nhau c (N-2) cc i ph.

Nh vy, theo phng truyn thng qua cch t ta c mt vch mu trng, l vn trng trung tm.

Cng theo (18.40) ta thy rng bt u t quang ph bc hai tr i th phn u ca quang ph sau trng ln phn cui ca quang ph trc. Tht vy, u ca quang ph bc k v u tm ca quang ph bc (k+1) c xc nh bi:

s trng ln nhau khi 0,76k > 0,38(k+1) hay k>1, tc l quang ph bc k=2 tr i. Quang ph bc cng cao, hin tng trng ln quang ph cng nhiu. Mt khc quang ph bc cng cao th cng rng, nhng km sng hn. trnh s trng ln vch quang ph bc trc vi vch quang ph thuc cc bc sau, ngi ta thng dng quang ph bc thp (bc mt hoc hai). Hnh 18.24 m t quang ph ca nh sng trng khi dng cch t.
VI. MY QUANG PH CCH T.

1 Cu to

S quang hc ca my quang ph cch t c biu din trn hnh 18.25. Anh sng t ngun I c tp trung vo khe S ca my quang ph nh thu knh t quang L1. Khe S t ti tiu im ca thu knh L2 ca ng chun trc K. ng chun trc cho chm tia song song p vo cch t C t trn mt bn c th quay xung quanh mt trc thng ng. Cc chm tia song song sau khi nhiu x qua cch t p vo thu knh L3 ca bung nh P v hi t trn tiu din E ca L3, cho ta cc nh S1, S2, S3.. ca khe S i vi tng thnh phn n sc. Tp hp cc nh ny l quang ph ca nh sng do ngun I pht ra. Mi nh S2, S2... c gi l mt vch quang ph. Trong cc my quang ph ngi ta t knh nh ti E thu quang ph. Nu khng t knh nh m ti t mt khe ra, th dng c ny c gi l my n sc. Min hot ng ca my quang ph cch t c th rt rng t t ngoi chn khng n min sng milimt, nh dng cc cch t c s vch thch hp. 2 Cc c trng c bn ca my quang ph cch t. c th so snh c tnh nng ca nhng my quang ph cch t khc nhau v la chn c my quang ph no thch hp cho mc ch nghin cu, ta phi bit cc c trng c bn ca chng. a) tn sc D. tn sc ca my quang ph l mt i lng c trng cho tc bin thin ca gc lch ca chm tia sng trong my khi thay i bc sng. Bi v v tr ca cc vch quang ph trong my c xc nh bi phng ca cc chm tia sng, cn trn mn quan st hay trn knh nh - bi khong cch gia cc vch, cho nn ta a vo hai khi nim tng ng v tn sc: tn sc gc v tn sc di.

Khi tung ca ng cong tng hp bng 0,8 tung cc i ca mi ng cong. Nu tiu chun Rayleigh khng c tho mn th khng th phn bit c l hai vch ring r.

Vy: nu cch t c tng s vch N cho trc th bc quang ph cng cao, nng sut phn gii cng ln. Khc vi tn sc ph thuc vo s vch trn mt n v chiu di, nng sut phn gii t l vi tng vch.

TRNG TM N TP ***&&&*** 1. Khi nim nhiu x; Gii thch s nhiu x theo Huygens; Phng php i cu Fresnel; Tnh cng sng v bin tng hp; Mn chn c l trn v hnh trn. Kho st nhiu x qua mt khe ca sng phng; V tr cc tiu v cc i. Cng thc tnh rng vn trung tm. Kho st nhiu x qua N khe (cch t nhiu x) ca sng phng, v tr cc tiu v cc i. Cng thc tnh rng cc i chnh.

2.

3.

CU HI IN THM ***&&&*** 1. 2. 3. S nhiu x nh sng l hin tng... Biu thc bin dao ng tng hp ca nhiu x qua cc i cu Fresnel l..... V tr nhng im m dao ng tng hp ca nhiu x qua mt khe phng c cng sng t cc tiu tha iu kin.....

4. 5. 6.

Cc i cu Fresnel c chia trn mt u sng c tnh cht..... Bn knh cc i cu Fresnel tng ln ..... Nu khng c mn chn cng sng ti im P (giao im ca trc l trn v mn nh) ch bng.....

BI TP ***&&&*** 1. Mt ngun sng S pht ra nh sng n sc c bc sng l 550nm, chiu vo mn nh E cch S mt khong 11m. im gia mn E v ngun S c mt mn chn c cha mt l trn ng knh 4,2mm. Cho bit sng ti trung tm ca hnh nhiu x thu c trn mn nh ln hn hay nh hn so vi sng ti ch khi khng c mn chn. Anh sng n sc c bc sng l 500 nm, chiu vung gc vo mt khe c b rng 0,02 mm. Tm b rng ca nh khe sng trn mn nh t cch khe 1m (thu knh t st khe sng).

2.

4.

Chiu mt chm tia sng song song c bc sng l 500 nm thng gc vi mt cch t nhiu x. Gn cch t c t mt thu knh hi t. Khong cch t mn n thu knh bng 1m. Khong cch ca hai vch cc i ca quang ph bc nht bng 20,2 cm. Xc nh: a) Chu k b ca cch t. b) S vch trn mt mm ca cch t. c) Bc ln nht ca quang ph v tng s vch cc i. d) Gc nhiu x ng vi vch quang ph ngoi cng.

PHN TCH NHNG CU PHT BIU NG SAI ***@@@***

1.

Cng sng nhiu x trn mn khi khng c mn chn bng bn ln cng sng do i th nht gy nn ti . Phng php i cu Fresnel chia mt u sng thnh cc i cu c din tch tng dn theo s nguyn k. Bin ca cc i Fresnel to ra ti gim dn theo th t ca cc i. Khi thay bc sng bng bc sng tm s i Fresnel trn mt l trn tng ln. rng ca vn sng trung tm ca nhiu x sng phng qua mt khe tng ln khi tng

2.

3. 4. 5.

bc sng.

CU HI TRC NGHIM ***&&&***