HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

---------------------------------------------------

BI GING:

TRUYN THNG A PHNG TIN

(Dng cho cc sinh vin ngnh in-in t)

BIN SON: TS. NGUYN QU S

H NI, 06/2010

Mc lc
T T T ............................................................................................ v THUT NG VA CH VI LI M U ................................................................................................................................ 1 CHNG I TRUYN THNG A PHNG TIN .............................................................. 3 1.1. Gii thiu............................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. S pht trin v hi t ......................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1. S hi t ca vin thng v tin hc ......................................................................... 5 1.2.2. Kin trc ca cc dch v ni mng ........................................................................ 6 1.2.3. Lin kt .................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.4. S tnh ton c th truyn ti c .......................................................................... 8 1.3. Khung c s cng ngh ........................................................................................................ 8 1.3.1. Cc cng ngh a phng ti n ................................................................................ 9 1.3.2. K t n i ma ng a phng ti n ................................................................................ 13 1.3.3. Hi ngh a phng tin ........................................................................................ 14 1.3.4. Multicasting ........................................................................................................... 16 1.3.5. Cc cng ngh cho ni dung in t (e-Content) .................................................. 17 1.4. Khung c s tiu chu n hoa .............................................................................................. 19 1.4.1. Cc tiu chun m thanh/hinh nh s v cng nghip a phng tin .................. 20 1.4.2. Cc tiu chun ca ITU -T cho cac h th ng truy n thng nghe nhin . .................. 21 1.4.3. Cc tiu chun ma ha hinh nh ............................................................................ 22 1.4.4. Cc tiu chun ma ha m thanh ........................................................................... 24 1.4.5. Cc tiu chun ng b v ghep a phng tin ................................................... 24 1.4.6. Cc tiu chun MPEG trong truy n thng a phng ti n ................................... 25 1.5. K t lu n ............................................................................................................................... 29 N HO TIU CHU A MULTIMEDIA............................. 30 CHNG II KHUNG C S 2.1. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................................. 30 2.2. Cc hot ng tiu chun ha. .......................................................................................... 31 2.2.1. Nhng l do tim ki m m t tiu chun. .............................................................. 32 2.2.2. Nhng giao din c tiu chun ha. .................................................................. 32 2.2.3. Thi gian tiu chun ha................................................................................... 34 2.2.4. S chun ha s din ra nh th no ?................................................................... 35 2.2.5. Ai s qun l cc hot ng chun ha? ................................................................ 36 2.2.6. S chun ha c s dng nhng ni no ? ........................................................ 36 2.2.7. Chu trinh cng ngh v sn phm hoc dch v s c chun ha. .................... 37 2.3. Cc tiu chun xy dng mt c s h tng thng tin ton cu mi ....................... 38 2.3.1. Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 40 2.3.2. Mc ch thc hin ................................................................................................ 41 2.3.3. M hinh chc nng ................................................................................................ 44 2.3.4. M hin h thc thi .................................................................................................... 45 2.3.5. Cch tip cn theo kich ban (Scenarios Approach ) .............................................. 47 2.3.6. Cc n lc tiu chu n ha...................................................................................... 48 2.3.7. Chng trin h nghin cu cua cc nhm tiu chu n hoa ca ITU -T cho GII ........ 50 2.3.8. Cc nh hng cho tng lai ............................................................................... 53 2.4. Tiu chun ha cc qu trnh truyn thng a phng tin.......................................... 53
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2.4.1. Chin lc ca ITU-T ........................................................................................... 53 2.4.2. nh hng ca ISO/IEC JTC1 trong nhng tiu chun a phng tin ............. 55 2.4.3. Cc tiu chun IETF .............................................................................................. 60 2.4.4. D n chun ha ca ETSI i vi cc ng dng, phn Middleware v mng .... 61 2.4.5. Cc hot ng lin quan ti GII ............................................................................ 63 2.5. ISO/IEC MPEG-21 ............................................................................................................ 63 2.5.1. M hinh ngi s dng (User Model) ................................................................... 65 2.5.2. Cc phn t s (Digital Items) ............................................................................... 65 2.5.3. K hoch thc hin (Work Plan) ........................................................................... 66 2.5.4. Cc kch bn s dng MPEG-21 ........................................................................... 67 2.5.5. Cc yu cu cua ngi s du ng ............................................................................. 68 2.6. Cc tiu chun internet v a phng tin cua IETF..................................................... 70 2.7. Din n v lin doanh cng nghip ................................................................................. 71 2.8. K t lu n ............................................................................................................................... 85 P NG DUNG ............................................................................................... 86 CHNG III L 3.1. Cc ng dng ca H.323 cho truy n thng a phng tin ........................................... 86 3.1.1. Cc giao thc s dng trong H.323 ....................................................................... 86 3.1.2. Cc thnh phn ca H.323 ..................................................................................... 87 3.1.3. Qu trinh kt ni .................................................................................................... 87 3.2. ng dng H.264 v MPEG-4 trong nen truy n hin h s ................................................. 88 3.2.1. ng dng MPEG-4 ................................................................................................ 88 3.2.2. ng dng H.264 .................................................................................................... 91 3.3. Cc ng dng MPEG-2 trong truy n tai IPTV ............................................................... 97 3.4. Cc ng dng qung b s ................................................................................................ 99 3.4.1. H i tu vin thng va quang ba ............................................................................... 99 3.4.2. Dch v pht thanh/truy n hin h s -DAB/DMB................................................... 100 3.4.3. Cc dch v tng tc trong truyn hinh s ......................................................... 106 3.5. K t lun ............................................................................................................................. 107 P MIDDLEWARE ....................................................................................... 108 CHNG IV L 4.1. Gii thiu ........................................................................................................................... 108 4.2. Middleware cho a phng tin ..................................................................................... 109 4.3. Ma ha thng tin .............................................................................................................. 109 4.3.1. Bi u din n i dung thng tin ............................................................................... 110 4.3.2. Cc cng ngh nen ct loi ................................................................................... 112 4.3.3. Cc kin trc v cng ngh chuyn ma ............................................................... 115 4.4. To dong thng tin ........................................................................................................... 119 4.4.1. To dong video qua Internet ................................................................................ 120 4.4.2. Nhng thach thc truy n tai video thi gian thc qua Internet ...................... 130 4.4.3. Ki n truc end-to-end cho truy n tai video MPEG-4 qua Internet ....................... 131 4.4.4. Truy c p bng r ng .............................................................................................. 132 4.4.5. C s cua ch t l ng dich vu .............................................................................. 133 4.5. An ninh cua cac h th ng a phng tin ...................................................................... 133 4.5.1. H th ng truy c p co i u ki n (CA)................................................................... 133 4.5.2. H th ng quan ly ban quy n s DRM -Ky thut Watermarking .......................... 136
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4.6. K t lu n ............................................................................................................................. 143 P MANG ........................................................................................................ 144 CHNG V L 5.1. Gii thiu ........................................................................................................................... 144 5.2. Cc chc nng mng ........................................................................................................ 145 5.2.1. M hin h tham chi u OSI ..................................................................................... 145 5.2.2. Bo hiu trong cc mng truyn thng ................................................................ 149 5.2.3. Th tc nh tuyn cho truyn thng a phng tin .......................................... 150 5.3. Phn tich lu lng mng ............................................................................................... 150 5.4. Ch t l ng dich vu trong cac h th ng a phng tin n i ma ng .............................. 151 5.4.1. nh ngha QoS ................................................................................................... 152 5.4.2. Cc m hinh QoS................................................................................................. 152 5.4.3. Cc tham s cht lng dch v .......................................................................... 156 5.5. Mng vin thng th h sau NGN ................................................................................... 158 5.5.1. M hinh kin trc chc nng NGN ..................................................................... 158 5.5.2. M hinh phn lp NGN ....................................................................................... 162 5.5.3. Phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) ........................................................................ 164 5.5.4. Xu hng pht trin NGN ................................................................................... 168 5.6. Cc mng truy cp bng rng ......................................................................................... 169 5.6.1. Cng ngh truy nhp xDSL ................................................................................. 169 5.6.2. Mng cp quang .................................................................................................. 185 5.6.3. Cc mng v tuyn bng rng -Wimax ................................................................ 189 5.7. Mng phn phi ni dung (CDN) ................................................................................... 191 5.7.1. Mng s dng Caching Proxies ........................................................................... 192 5.7.2. Mng s dng Server Farms ................................................................................ 194 5.7.3. Mng phn phi ni dung .................................................................................... 195 5.7.4. H th ng inh tuy n yu c u ............................................................................... 198 5.8. K t lu n ............................................................................................................................. 199 TI LIU THAM KHO ......................................................................................................... 200

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 T T T THUT NG VA CH VI
Ch vi t t t
AAA AES AK

T ti ng Anh
Authentication, Authorization and Accouting Advanced Encryption Standard Authorization Key

Nghia ting Vit Xc thc, Cp phep, K ton Tiu chun mt ma ha tin tin Kha cp phep Giao din s ni tip bt ng b y ban cc h thng truyn hinh tin tin Ma ha Video tin tin Truy cp c iu kin Chui khi mt ma Kha ma ha ni dung Giao din chung Qun tr giy phep qun l ni dung Ghep knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao c ma ha sa li Danh sch hy b chng nhn Thut ton trn chung Pht thanh qung b k thut s Khun dng ni dung DRM Thut ton ma ha d liu Tiu chun mt ma ha d liu Ti v v DRM Pht qung b a phng tin s Qun l bn quyn k thut s Ti tn nh Truyn hinh qung b mt t k thut s Truyn hinh s Pht qung b video s Hi t cc dch v qung b v di ng-DVB DVB cho thit b cm tay
v

ASI ATSC AVC

CA CBC CEK CI CMLA

Asynchronous Serial Interface Advanced Television Systems Committee Advanced Video Coding
Conditional Access Cipher Block Chaining Content Encryption Key Common Interface Content Management License Administrator

COFDM
CRL CSA

Coded OFDM
Certificate Revocation List Common Scrambling Algorithm

DAB
DCF DEA DES DLDRM

Digital Audio Broadcasting

DRM Content Format Data Encryption Algorithm Data Encryption Standard Download and DRM

DMB DRM DTH DTTB

DTV

Digital Multimedia Broadcasting

Digital Rights Management

Direct To Home Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting

Digital TV

DVB DVBCBMS DVB-H

Digital Video Broadcasting DVB-Convergence of Broadcast and Mobile Services DVB-Handheld

Ch vi t t t DVB-T ESG ETSI FDM FEC FLUTE GPS H.264 HSDPA ICI IMT2000 IPDC IPE IPsec ISDB-T ISI ITU LTE MBMS

T ti ng Anh DVB-Terrestrial Electronic Service Guide European Telecommunication Standards Institute Frequency Division Multiplexing Forward Error Correction FLUTE Global Positioning System

Nghia ting Vit DVB pht mt t Hng dn dch v in t Vin tiu chun Chu u Ghep knh phn chia theo tn s Sa li trc ng dng truyn file c dng trong cc mng n hng H thng nh v ton cu Tiu chun nen video ca ITU Truy cp gi ng xung tc cao Can nhiu gia cc sng mang C cu ca ITU cho cc dch v 3G Qung b IP ng gi IP Bo mt IP Tch hp dch v s pht qung b mt t Can nhiu gia cc k hiu iu ch Hip hi Vin thng quc t Pht trin di hn Dch v pht qung b v a hng a phng tin Cng ngh qung b a phng tin ca Qualcomm ng gi a giao thc Nhm chuyn gia v hinh nh ng Trung tm iu hnh quc gia Ghep knh phn chia theo tn s
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High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Inter Carrier Interference The ITUs framework for 3G services IP Datacasting IP Encapsulator IP security Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial Inter Symbol Interference International Telecommunication Union Long-Term Evolution Multimedia Broadcasting and Multicasting Services

MediaFLO Media Forward Link Only MPE MPEG NOC OFDM Multi-Protocol Encapsulation Motion Pictures Expert Group National Ops Center Orthogonal FDM

Ch vi t t t

T ti ng Anh

Nghia ting Vit trc giao

OFDM OMA OMA BCAST

PKI

Orthogonal FDM Open Mobile Alliance OMA Standard for Broadcasting

Public Key Infrastructure

Ghep knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao Lin on di ng m Tiu chun OMA cho pht qung b H tng kha cng khai Cc chng trinh qung b nh dng a phng tin trn Internet Xem phim tr tin B to gi ngu nhin iu ch bin pha vung gc nh dng giao din mn hinh (176x120 NTSC v 176x144 PAL). iu ch kha dch pha vung gc B pht hnh quyn Ma Reed-Solomon H thng cp phep thu bao Ch pht DMB v tinh Bo hiu tham s truyn dn Truy n hin h Video theo nhu cu

The broadcasting of multimedia Podcasting programs available on the Internet in multimedia format.
PPV PRG Pay Per View Pseudo Random Generator

QAM QCIF

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quarter Common Interface Format

QPSK
RI

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Rights Issuer

RS
SAS

Reed-Solomon code
Subscriber Authorization System

S-DMB TPS TV
VOD

Satellite-DMB Transmission Parameter Signalling Television

Video on Demand

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LI M U
Truyn thng a phng tin a ni ln l mt lnh vc nghin cu pht trin ch o. C th cc my tnh a phng tin m ra nhiu kh nng kt hp cc dng thng tin s khc nhau nh vn bn, ha, m thanh v phim nh. Vi s lng ngi s dng a phng tin ngy cng tng nn nhu cu sch v cc h thng v truyn thn g a phng tin rt ln. Bi ging Truyn thng a phng tin ny s cung c p cac ki n thc sinh vin hi u truyn thng a phng tin trong 3 lnh vc: ng dng, phn nhng v kt ni mng. Nh gip ch cho sinh vin thc hin nghin cu v pht trin trong lnh vc h thng cc thng tin giao thc cn thit h tr a dng dch v a phng tin. Bi ging ny s gip cho sinh vin hc c cc cng ngh truyn thng a phng tin ct loi. Mc tiu ca cun bi ging ny l cung cp: Ngun thng tin v cc ch quan trng trong truyn thng a phng tin.
Cc tng, phng php phn tch, thit k v thc hin cc h thng truyn

thng a phng tin. T chc ca bi ging nh sau: Chng I: Bt u bng gii thiu s hi t ca truyn thng v my tnh i vi cc ng dng v dch v a phng tin. Tip gii thiu v cc cng ngh truyn thng a phng tin, cc c s d liu a phng tin v nh hng cng tc tiu chun ha a phng tin. Chng II: Gii thiu cc nn tng tiu chun ha a phng tin, gii thiu cc khun kh tiu chun ha ca ITU, IETF, ETSI.... Chng III dnh cho lp ng dng, phn ny trinh by v cc ng dng ca ITU, cc ng dng ISO MPEG, cc ng dng a phng tin IETF qua IP, phn tch cc ng dng qung b. Chng IV gii thiu tng quan lp nhng, m t ma ha v chuyn i thng tin, v xy dng kin trc giao thc a phng tin, bn v cc m hinh h thng cho cc dch v a phng tin cng vi cht lng dch v v hot ng end-to-end trong cc h thng a phng tin, cc kh nng truy cp h thng v dch v a phng tin, an ninh h thng. Chng ny s kt lun bng phn nhng lung thng tin. Chng V tp trung vo lp mng (phn pht/vn chuyn), bao gm nhiu vn lin quan ti cht lng dch v v hot ng mng, phn tch lu lng v qun l lu lng, m hinh ha ngun video v lu lng mng, phn tch qun l lu lng cng vi cc th tc nh tuyn trong truyn thng a

phng tin. ng thi phn ny cng cp ti bo hiu trong cc mng a phng tin. Chng ny s m ra cho sinh vin s pht trin tng lai ca truyn thng a phng tin v hiu ro hn tim nng ca truyn thng thng a phng tin trong tng lai. Tuy a rt c gng v cn thn trong qu trinh bin son nhng chc rng khng trnh khi nhng thiu sot, tc gi mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc ng nghip cng nh ca cc em sinh vin bi ging ngy cng hon thin hn. Th gp xin gi v: - TS. Nguyn Qu Sy Khoa ky thut in t 1, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng Email: synq@ptit.edu.vn H ni, ngy 06/2010 Tc gi TS. Nguyn Qu S

CHNG I TRUYN THNG A PHNG TIN

a phng tin-mt s biu din ca ging ni, m thanh, hinh nh, ha v vn bn a tr thnh ch chnh trong cng ngh thng tin ngy nay. Cc cng ngh thng tin ny hp nht truyn thng, tin hc v x l thng tin. Trong vi nm gn y, c mt s lng hot ng ng k trong lnh vc truyn thng a phng tin nh cc ng dng, phn nhng v kt ni mng. Nhiu ky thut khc nhau t cc nguyn l cc nhau nh x l nh tnh v phim, th gic my tnh, qu trinh x l ting ni v m thanh, nhn dng mu thng k, l thuyt hc v cc nghin cu da trn d liu a v ang c khai thc. Bi ging ny s cp ti:
Xu hng tng lai trong lnh vc s ha S tng trng ca cc mng s v c bit l Internet Nng lc tnh ton ngy cng cao ca cc my tnh c nhn v my xch tay,

PDA v cc in thoi di ng S hi t ca nhiu cng ngh khc nhau, trong c truyn thng, qung b, cng ngh thng tin v in t gia inh
S ni ln ca cc dch v v ng dng mi do s pht trin ca Internet v

cc cng ngh v tuyn

S hi t ca cc cc mng tc cao, cht lng cao, xa hi s yu cu cc

ng dng a phng tin thi gian thc nh l mt s m rng ca cc h thng n phng tin ang c. Hot ng end-to-end ca cc h thng v dch v a phng tin theo tiu chun ca ITU... 1.1. Gii thiu Truyn thng a phng tin ni mng c bt ngun t s hp li ca 2 xu hng cng ngh: Th nht l s pht trin ca tnh ton a phng tin Th hai l s tin b trong kt ni mng cho phep vn chuyn tin cy d liu s mc bng thng cao. Cng nhn rng cc bn tin khc nhau c vn chuyn tt nht bng nhiu phng tin khc nhau, nhng nhng ngi pht trin tnh ton a phng tin mong mun b sung thm s phong ph ca cc m thanh v hinh nh ca th gii thc, t dn ti vic m rng phm vi ca cc ng dng v cng a cc ng dng ny ti nhng ngi s dng. My tnh c nhn tr thnh mt nt truyn thng trung tm thay
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th mt s lng ln cc thit b v h thng khc bao gm my thu hinh, my ch, my fax, in thoi v chuyn th. Tuy th ng lc thc y kt ni cc thit b khch hng ti mng a phng tin vn con li. Ni mng cho phep truyn thng gia mi ngi vi nhau v cn cho khch hng tri nghim cuc sng, cc s kin xa. Cc ng dng cho cuc sng, truy cp t xa bao gm hi ngh, gio dc, gii tr v gim st cc vng t xa. Truyn thng a phng tin ang c khuyn khch bi cc nh hng sau trong mng truyn thng: Chuyn tip khng gin on t iu khin mng tp trung ti iu khin phn tn
Kt ni khng gin on cc mng khc nhau vi chi ph hp l (chi tr c) Truyn dn hp nht khng gin on ca a phng tin vi nhiu mc QoS

(bao gm c multicast) Cc dch v truyn thng a phng (multicast) c k vng tr thnh mt trong nhng ng dng ph thng nht, xut bn hng ny, phn phi phn mm, ti to c s d liu v tip tc trong cc mng truyn thng a phng tin tng lai. cung cp cc dch v truyn thng a phng trong cc mi trng truyn thng khng ng nht, cn thit phi pht trin mt c ch m bo QoS m c th cung cp QoS hp l cho mi ma ch theo bng thng v ti nguyn c th s dng. s dng ti nguyn mng hiu qu, multicast theo thi gian thc v khng theo thi gian thc u rt quan trng. Trong trng hp ny, s cn ti h tr nhiu lp QoS v kh nng cho t trc bng thng ng. Chng ny bt u vi m hinh truyn thng a phng tin. Sau cung cp s hi t ca vin thng, tnh ton my tnh v in t dn dng, cng vi m t cc cng ngh cho truyn thng thng a phng tin. Cc ni dung nghin cu, tiu chun ha, cc chnh sch truyn thng a phng tin cng c nhn mnh. Nhng net chnh ca cc tiu chun ma ha hinh nh/m thanh s v vai tro ca n trong truyn thng a phng tin cng c cp ti trong chng ny. 1.2. S pht trin v hi t a phng tin t n a chng t c thao tc kt hp ca cc d liu thng tin lin tc v c cc d liu thng tin ri rc. Cc thao tc ny bao gm bt gi, x l, truyn thng, trinh din v/hoc lu tr. Cc d liu thng tin lin tc l d liu ph thuc vo thi gian (nh d liu m thanh v hinh nh) trong cc h thng a phng tin. Ngoi ra truyn thng a phng tin con lin quan ti chuyn giao, cc giao thc, cc dch v v cc c ch cho cc thng tin lin tc v ri rc qua cc mng s. S truyn dn d liu hinh nh s qua mng phn phi TV chuyn dng khng phi mng a phng tin khng cho phep chuyn mt s dng d liu thng tin ri rc.
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Trong cc ng dng a phng tin ni mng, nhiu thc th khc nhau cng hp tc cung cp nhng s bo m thi gian thc, vi vy cho phep d liu trinh din c giao din ca khch hng. Nhng yu cu ny thng ch yu c xc nh di dng cht lng dch v (QoS). Chng ta phn bit 4 lp QoS:
QoS khch hng (ngi s dng): Cc tham s QoS m t cc yu cu trn cc

dch v ng dng v c th xc ng di dng cht lng thng tin (nh tr end-to-end) v cc quan h thng tin (nh ng b lung gia cc lung hoc trong mt lung) QoS ng dng
QoS h thng: m t cc yu cu trn dch v truyn thng theo QoS ca ng

dng. Chng c th c xc nh theo cc tiu ch nh lng (nh s bit/giy, thi gian x l cng vic) v cht lng (nh multicast, ng b gia cc lung, khi phc li hoc vn chuyn d liu theo th t)
QoS mng: m t cc yu cu trn dch v mng (nh ti mng hoc cht

lng mng). Cc ng dng a phng tin m phn QoS mong mun trong sut giai on thit lp kt ni cng vi lp h thng hoc c th trc tip vi lp mng, nu nh h thng khng th cung cp QoS cho ng dng. 1.2.1. S hi t ca vin thng v tin hc Hin nay quan h gia vin thng v tin hc a phong ph hn rt nhiu so vi trc. Cc quan h ny s tr nn d phn bit hn trong tng lai rt gn. S hi t ny a v s tip tc tc ng mnh ti cng ngh, cng nghip v xa hi. d hiu chng ta s chp nhn mt m hinh 3 mc cho mt mng thng tin v cc dch v, ng dng ca truyn thng a phng tin.

Hnh I-1 M hnh 3 mc cho mt mng truyn thng a phng tin Mt ng dng l mt tp hp chc nng cung cp cho ngi s dng. Chng ta quan tm y l cc ng dng c ni mng, chng c phn phi qua cc mi trng vin thng v tnh ton phn tn. Cc v d ca cc ng dng ni mng l th in t, in thoi, truy cp c s d liu, truyn file, duyt Web v hi ngh truyn hinh. Cc v d ca dch v c th l truyn ti m thanh, hinh nh, qun l h thng file, in, cc c ch thanh ton in t, ma ha v phn phi kha v vn chuyn d liu tin cy. Hai loi ng dng ni mng lin quan l:
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 ng dng khch hng-khch hng, trong hai hoc nhiu ngi s dng

tham gia vo mt s mi trng dng chung ng dng khch hng-my ch thng tin, trong mt khch hng tng tc vi mt h thng t xa, nhn hoc tng tc vi thng tin lu tr trong h thng. Mi ngi s dng trong mt ng dng ni mng tng tc vi mt thit b u cui ni b, thit b ny li trao i thng tin vi cc my tnh hoc thit b u cui xa qua mng. Chng ta cng c th tch cc ng dng ni mng thnh hai lp tng ng vi quan h tng tc ca ngi s dng vi mt m ch hoc vi mt ngi s dng khc:
Ngay lp tc: mt ngi s dng tng tc vi mt my ch hoc mt ngi

s dng khc theo thi gian thc, dch v ny yu cu v tr v khong lng ln nht.
Tri hoan c: Mt ngi s dng tng tc vi mt ngi s dng khc hoc

mt my ch vi quan h khng c nh v tr khng quan trng. 1.2.2. Kin trc ca cc dch v ni mng Cc ng dng ni mng c thc hin bi cc nt thit b u cui hoc cc thit b b u cui c kt ni vi nhau. V chc nng c hai kin trc c bn c th t dng cho cc dch v ni mng (Hinh I-2):
Peer-to-Peer: Ngang hng V Client-Server

Hnh I-2 Kin trc ngang hng v Client-Server Trong cu trc ngang hng, hai hoc nhiu thit b u cui, mi thit b gn vi mt ngi s dng, trao i thng tin qua mt knh cung cp mt ng dng ni mng gia nhng ngi s dng. Thnh phn truyn thng ni mng gia cc cp ngang hng thng l i xng v chc nng v ti nguyn knh. Con trong cu trc Client-Server, mt thit b u cui Client ca ngi s dng trao i thng tin vi my tnh ch, khng lin quan trc tip ti ngi s dng nhng thc hin chc nng my ch thng tin. Chc nng ny thng khng i xng, trong khi my ch thc hin chc nng chnh hoc truy cp c s d liu thi thit b u cui
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client tp trung vo giao din ngi s dng. Cc thnh phn truyn thng thng l khng i xng vi hng t my ch v client (knh hng v) thng yu cu bng thng ln hn.

Hnh I-3 Mt ng dng gia hai ngi s dng c thc hin bng kin trc ngang hng hoc client-server 1.2.3. Lin kt

Hnh I-4 Hai m hnh ca cc dch v ni mng: dc v ngang C 2 m hinh kin trc cho cc ng dng ni mng nh (Hinh I-4): Lin kt ngang v lin kt dc. Trong hu ht cc lin kt dc, mt h tng chuyn dng c s dng thc hin tng ng dng, ngc li m hinh lin kt ngang c cc c im sau: Mt hoc nhiu knh truyn ti d liu lin kt v lung thng tin nh m thanh v hinh nh c cc tham s QoS c th cu hinh c Mt tp hp cc dch v nh cc dch v phn nhng (th vin. chuyn tin in t, qun l kha.v.v.) v cc dch v thng tin (m thanh, hinh nh...) lun sn sng cho tt c cc ng dng. Mt tp cc ng dng a dng sn sng cho ngi s dng

u im chnh ca m hinh ngang l cho phep lin kt cc thng tin khc nhau trong mi ng dng, cng nh cc lin kt cc ng dng khc nhau trong knh. Hin nay trong vin thng, cc mng ch yu l mng a dch v. Mt s khc bit khc gia cc mng l chng l cc mng hiu bit ni dung v khng hiu bit ni dung hoc hiu bit ng dng hoc khng hiu bit ng dng. Cc mng lin kt dc thng l hiu bit ni dung, c ngha chng nhn dng c cc ng dng m chng vn chuyn (chng hn nh hi ngh truyn hinh, truyn file, truyn hinh theo yu cu-VoD). Trong khi cc mng lin kt ngang thng l m ng dng (chng hn nh Internet). Mt c im quan trng ca lin kt ngang l giao din m vi nhng c im ring. Chng c mt b ch tiu ky thut c th s dng t do v cho phep nhiu thc thi khc nhau t b ch tiu ny. Mt c im ring mong mun khc l kh nng thm mi hoc ng chc nng. Chng ta c th nh ngha chc nng ng khi khng mun xut bn hoc cho t chc khc m rng. Chc nng ring ny c th c pht hnh v m rng nhng phi chu bo v quyn s hu tr tu. Mt mc ch ca cc giao din ngang m l ng gp cc m un tho ri nh s c lp ca ng dng vi c s nn tng. 1.2.4. S tinh ton c th truyn ti c S tnh ton c th truyn ti c a ra 4 u im chnh: Kh nng m rng: Cho phep c b nh (tm thi v c nh) v tnh ton t c trn bt k my tnh hoc thit b u cui no thun tin nht. V d, trong mt ng dng client-server, cho phep s tnh ton c dch chuyn t my ch xung cc client ca n, nh vy trnh c qu ti trn my ch Khong lng: Thi gian thi hnh chng trinh loi b c khong lng do tr truyn ti trn mng. Truy cp d liu ni b: Mt chng trinh truyn ti c c th truy cp v thay i s liu lu tr trn bt k my tnh no m n c th chuyn n. S lin kt: Nu cc chng trinh lin quan ti mt ng dng phn tn to ra t mt ngun chung, c th ni rng chng lin kt vi nhau theo s iu phi hot ng ring. 1.3. Khung c s cng ngh a phng tin v truyn thng a phng tin c nhin nhn tng th nh l mt h thng phn cp. Cc ng dng v phn mm a phng tin cung cp mt mi trng tng tc cho cc i tng s dng. Khi mt my tnh yu cu thng tin t cc my tnh hoc my ch xa, thng tin a phng tin phi vn chuyn qua mng my tnh. Vi s lng thng tin truyn dn hinh nh v m thanh c th rt ln, nn gim tr truyn thng thng tin a phng tin ph c nen trc khi truyn qua
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mng. Cc rng buc nh l gii hn tr v bin thin tr c s dng m bo c cc hiu ng m thanh v hinh nh pha thu. Do cc mng truyn thng ang thc hin nng cp lin tc nng cao kh nng truyn thng a phng tin. Cc mng ni b c s dng kt ni cc my tnh ni b vi cc thit b khc. Mng vng rng (WAN) v Internet ni vi mng ni b (LAN). Cc tiu chun mi hn v tt hn lin tc c pht trin cung cp mt xa l thng tin ton cu, m qua thng tin a phng tin s c chuyn qua. 1.3.1. Cc cng ngh a phng tin C mt s lng ln cc cng ngh v sn phm a phng tin a c chp thun rng rai nh QuickTime v Video for Windows. C mt tiu chun ISO vi tiu MHEG (Multimedia Hypermedia Information Coding Expert Group)-tiu chun ny l ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG12 dnh cho cc lp i tng iu khin trinh din thng tin a phng tin v siu thng tin. MPEG-5 l tiu chun h tr phn phi cc ng dng a phng tin tng tc trong mi trng client/server a nh cung cp thit b. Cc nh pht trin s dng cc tiu chun ny pht trin ca\cs ng dng, bi vi s trinh din thng tin l c th thay th cho nhau trong cc kh nng m t ti liu ca HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language). MHEG cung cp cc kh nng gim st a phng tin b sung . Tiu chun Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1) ca ISO c s dng miu t gia cc nn tng my tnh khc nhau, cc ngn ng v h iu hnh khc nhau. Tiu chun s dng khng gian (ta 3 chiu) v thi gian ng b biu din. a/ SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) SONET a c Bellcore pht trin cho kt ni mng vng rng ANSI v c s dng nhiu nc trn th gii, ban u l My v Canada. Tng t Chu u, SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) l mt tiu chun ca ITU-T. SONET v SDH v c bn tng thch vi nhau tn hiu truyn ti ng b (STS 3C 155,52Mbps) v n ub truyn ti ng b (STM-1). SONET s dng mt khung vn chuyn thng tin tc thp hn (cc nhnh: m thanh, hinh nh v d liu). Bng thng cho mi nhnh c bo m. SONET s dng ghep ng b (SMUX) v cc b ghep add/drop (ADM) chn mt tin hiu t ngun v tch tn hiu pha thu. b/ Cc mng my tinh Mng my tnh l cc phng tin truyn ti a phng tin. Mt s c im chnh ca cc mng my tnh: Cc mng ni b (LAN) 802.x: Tiu chun 802.x do IEEE nh ngha cha cc tiu chun sau: o 802.1bao gm quan h gia 802.X v m hinh tham chiu lin kt h thng m kt ni 802.x bng cc cu v qun l mng
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o 802.2iu khin knh logic nh a ch cc im a dch v cho nhiu ng dng ng thi v cho cc hot ng nh hng kt ni, phi kt ni v xc nhn. o 802.3Tiu chun Ethernet o 802.4Giao thc tiu chun token o 802.5 Tiu chun token ring o 802.12Tiu chun 100VG-AnyLAN. Ethernet l LAN c trin khai rng rai nht v mi hn l tiu chun FastEthernet. Token Bus c trin khai rt hn ch vi vn sn xut. Token Ring s dng cc trm theo mt vong tron v s dng mt token trnh tranh chp.
Fast Ethernet v 100VG-AnyLAN: Ethernet ban u c thit k ni cc

my trm bng cp ng trc, sau c pht trin ln cc i dy xon ni cc my trm ti mt hub. Tc truyn ti l 10Mbps. nng cao tc , fast Ethernet a c pht trin cung cp 100 Mbps v phi s dng mt Hub kt ni cc my trm. 100VG-AnyLan a c thit k gim st truyn thng a phng tin thng qua mt phng thc nhu cu yu tin. N n nh u tin cao cho a phng tin, tri vi Ethernet s dng a truy nhp cm ng sng mang vi pht hin xung t (CSMA/CD). Ethernet khng th n nh u tin cao cho lu lng thi gian thc nh d liu m thanh v hinh nh. Cc Hub ca mt 100VG-AnyLAN c th c kt ni theo hinh sao phn cp vi ln nht 3 lp, v LAN token ring c th c kt ni nh l mt phn ca mng. Cp s dng trong fast Ethernet c th dng trong 100VG-AnyLAN. Cc LAN c chuyn mch: Mt mi trnghf dng chung trong LAN a trinh by trn s c cc vn v kh nng m rng. Khi s lng cc my trm tng ln, bng thng hiu dng ca mi trm b gim xung. Vn ny c th c lm nh bt nh s dng mt LAN c chuyn mch, LAN ny kt ni cc my trm qua mt hub chuyn mch. Truyn thng khng th b chn nu khng c tranh chp i vi cng ch n. Hn na hot ng ca mng c th m rng c. B chuyn mch c th hiu v tr mt my trm LAN thng qua iu khin truy cp mi trng (MAC) v a ch trong mt my trm LAN phm vi tng t nh s dng cu ni. o B chuyn mch lp 2 thc hin lp 2 ca m hinh tham chiu OSI v x l nh mt cu ni. N c th kt ni nhiu LAN v my trm. B chuyn mch lp 2 nhanh hn cu ni bi vi n s dng cc mch tch hp chuyn dng (ASIC) chuyn mch lu lng.
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o B chuyn mch lp 3 c thit k nng cao hot ng v gim chi ph router, router dng kt ni mng lp 3 ca m hinh tham chiu OSI. Mt router thc hin 2 chc nng: (1) to ra bng nh tuyn cho chng tip theo nh thu thp thng tin ca cc router ln cn cng nh (2) chuyn mch khung ti cng ra thch hp da trn bng nh tuyn. B chuyn mch lp 3 c thit k thc hin chc nng th hai bng ASIC. Bng nh tuyn c th c c t mt my ch nh tuyn (c thit k thc hin chc nng u tin). Mt s b chuyn mch c th dng chung mt tuyn gim chi ph v ASIC c th chuyn mch nhanh hm l mt router da trn RISC. c/ Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)-Sinh vin t nghin cu tm hiu d/ TV ch t l ng cao (HDTV). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) a thu ht v a nhn c cc xut vo nm 1988 cho HDTV. Hip hi Grand bao gm General Instruments, Philips, David Sarnoff Research Center, Thomson Consumer Products, AT&T, v Zenith a c thnh lp nm 1993. Hip hi Grand a chn MPEG-2 Main Profile v High Level ma ha v truyn ti hinh nh, v AC-3 do Dolby Labs pht trin cho ma ha m thanh, trong khi s dng MPEG-2 TS cho ng gi v ghep knh. Bng thng ca knh truyn l 6MHz, tc d liu 19,4 Mbps, trong khi cc gi MPEG c trn v b sung thm cc thng tin sa li. e/ Cable TV (CATV) Cc dch v mi t CATV bao gm in thoi, fax, video theo nhu cu v truy cp my tnh ti Internet. Mt modem cp phi c s dng kt ni Internet c ni gia cp dn v cc card giao din mng Ethernet. Bng thng ca cp c dng chung cho tt c cc khch hng trn cng cp CATV nh l Ethernet. Ty theo nh cung cp thit b modem cp, tc hng v t Headend ti gia inh t 4-27Mbps v hng i t gia inh ti headend l 96Kbps-27Mbps. CATV thc hin cc dch v thoi thong qua SONET ni Headend vi mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng PSTN. f/ Mch vong (ng dy) thu bao s (DSL). cnh tranh vi CATV i vi cc dch v VoD v Internet, cc cng ty in thoi ang trin khai DSL. DSL bao gm: ISDN Mch vong thu bao s khng i xng (ADSL) DSL tc d liu cao (HDSL) DSL n ng (SDSL) DSL tc d liu rt cao (VDSL)
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DSL h tr in thoi tng t cng nh giao din tc c s ca ISDN (BRI) (2 knh d liu B 64Kbps v 1 knh iu khin D 16Kbps, v c 384kbps cho hi ngh truyn hinh. DSL c th trin khai cho nhiu khch hng. Cng ngh DSL p ng c truyn thong a phng tin. Bng thng DSL chuyn dng cho 1 khch hng trong khi bng thng ca cp dng chung cho tt c cc khch hng (b chia s). g/ Internet. Internet a pht trin t mng d liu cng ng ng thnh mt h tng xa hi thng tin ton cu. Cc khch hng ang tin tng vo Internet trong kinh doanh, khng ch cc dch v World Wide Web v cc ng dng truyn thng nh truyn Email, truyn file m con ang ngy cng tng cc ng dng thi gian thc nh m thanh, hinh nh thi gian thc v cc ng dng dng chung. Mc tiu thit k ban u ca Internet l lm mng d liu c kh nng chu li cao cho quc phong. thc hin c, s lng d liu dng chung trong mng v cc h thng u cui l ti thiu, l thng tin tnh ton tp hp cc tuyn. Trc y cc routerr s dng hng i FIFO (vo trc ra trc) cho tt c cc lu lng vi thc hin n n gin. Nhng sau mt thi gian ngy cng tng nhu cu thc hin qun l cho cc dng khc nhau, cho cc khch hng khc nhau v cho cc mng qu ti. Cc giai on pht trin giao thc v thc hin mng Internet nh sau: Giai on u nh ngha dch v v tng chuyn kiu dch v c xut. Cc router phn bit lu lng hoc bng kim tra cc bit c bit trong giao thc IP hoc bng giao thc ng dng. Tt c cc giao thc truyn file (FTP) v giao thc ng dng World Wide Web, giao thc truyn siu vn bn hot ng qua giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP), giao thc ny m rng t giao thc IP khng tin cy cung cp vn chuyn ng dng tin cy v trinh t. Tc dng ca nh tuyn kiu dch v v iu khin tc ngn TCP l mng cung cp dng chung cng bng cho cc khch hng. Bi vi tt c cc khch hng TCP c chung mt dung lng mi lc, nn thi gian s dng b thay i ph thuc vo s lng ngi s dng hin ti. Mt h thng truy cp thu ring a c cc nh khai thc Internet a vo khai thc. Truyn thng nhm rt hu ch cho cc ng dng lin quan ti nhiu thit b thu v pht ng thi. ng trc multicast l mt chng ph o trn mng Internet hin ti cung cp dch multicast, nh gim c ng k ti trn mng cho cc ng dng nh vy. Ban u ngi ta hy vo ng co th s du ng no cho cac giao dich thay th , nhng thi u cac giao thc truy n tai (end-to-end) h tr chng . Multicast a c tri n khai nhanh chong hn cho ho cac ng
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dng da trn UDP , cho cc chng trinh hi ngh truyn hinh v m thanh . Cc ng dng in hinh da trn UDP cung cp tc gi g n nh c inh ti mng. h tr s l ng ty khch hng s dng cc ng dng ny m khng bi qua tai, Internet a phai m r ng b ng m t s cach nh : o t trc ti nguyn : c th lm vic vi mt lp ln cc ng dng nhng se lun lun la m t s ng du ng chi m ph n ln dung l ng mng o Tnh cc da trn s dng: phng thc nay a nh n c s quan tm tronng nghin cu phat tri n tiu chu n 1.3.2. K t n i ma ng a phng tin Nhi u ng du ng nh th i n t , h i nghi truy n hin h , v cc h thng lm vic c ng tac yu c u a phng ti n c n i mng. Trong cac ng du ng nay , cc i t ng a phng ti n c lu ta i m t may chu (server) v c chi li (play back) cc my khch (Clients). Cc ng dng nh vy c th yu cu qung b d liu ti cc v tr xa khac nhau ho c truy c p nhng ni tr cac tai nguyn a phng ti n ln. Cc mng a phng tin yu cu tc hoc bng thng rt ln , th m chi ngay c khi d liu a c nen . Cc mng truyn thng c dng cung c p cc truyn dn li t do (error-free). Tuy nhin h u h t cac ng dng a phng ti n co th chiu dng li truy n dn do s hong ho c t n th t goi ma khng c n truy n la i ho c sa li . Trong m t s trng h p , tha man cac yu c u v n chuy n thi gian thc ho c co c ng b , m t s goi th m chi bi bo i . Chng ta c th p dng cc giao thc truy n dn tro ng s th p cho cac ma ng a phng ti n . Cc giao thc ny khng th chp nhn pht li bi vi chng c th gy ra tr khng chp nhn c . Cc mng a phng tin cung cp khong lng thp cn thit cho hot ng tng tac. Vi d li u a phng ti n phai c ng b khi no ti ic h , cc mng nn cung c p truy n dn ng b co dich th p (jitter). Trong cc mng a phng tin, hu ht cc trao i thng tin l a im tri vi truyn thng truyn thng. V d nh cc hi ngh lin quan ti nhiu hn 2 thnh vin tham gia cn phn phi thng tin bng cc thit b khc nhau ti tng thnh vin khc. Cc mng hi ngh s dng cc phng php phn phi multicast v ni cu. Multicast ti to mt tn hiu vo duy nht v vn chuyn n ti nhiu ch. Cu ni kt hp nhiu tn hiu u vo thnh mt hoc nhiu tn hiu ra, sau vn chuyn cc tn hiu ti ti cc thnh vin. Cc mng truyn thng Ethernet khng ph hp vi a phng tin vi n ch cung cp 10Mbps, thi gian truy cp khng b gii hn, con khong lng v dch khng th d on c. Cc mng token-ring cung cp 16Mbps, chng c th gim stv a phng, tuy nhin khong lng truy cp c th rt cao.
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Mt mng FDDI (Giao din d liu phn phi trn cp quang) cung cp bng thng 10Mbps, cho a phng ti. ch ng b, FDDI c khong lng truy cp nh v dch nh. N cng m bo tr truy cp b gii hn v bng thng trung binh d bo c i vi lu lng ng b. Tuy nhin do chi ph cao, cc mng FDDI c s dng ch yu lm mng ng trc nhiu hn l mng cho cc my trm. Cc la chn tn kem hn l cc mng truyn thng m rng: Fast Ethernet cung cp ln ti 100Mbps Token ring u tin: lu lng a phng tin c tch ring khi lu lng thng thng theo u tin. Hinh I-5 ch ra mt tokenring u tin. B qun l bng thng ng vai tro chnh nh cc phin theo doi, xc nh u tin v ng k phin a phng tin.

Hnh I-5 Token ring u tin Chng c 3 phng thc vong u tin cho cc ng dng hi ngh truyn hinh: u tin nh nhau i vi video v cc gi khng ng b u tin cao c nh cho cc gi video v u tin thp c nh cho cc gi khng ng b u tin cao c iu chnh theo thi gian cho cc gi video v u tin thp c nh cho cc gi khng ng b Phng thc th nht oi hi cnh tranh trc tip gia hi ngh truyn hinh v cc trm ng b v phng thc ny t c tr mng nh nht cho cc khung khng ng b. Tuy nhin n lm gim cht lng hi ngh truyn hinh. Phng thc th hai, trong cc trm hi ngh truyn hinh c u tin cao c nh s khng b suy gim cht lng hi ngh nhng lm tng tr mng khng ng b. Cui cng h thng u tin c iu chnh thi gian cung cp s cn bng gia hai phng thc trn. Cht lng ca hi ngh truyn hinh tt hn phng thc th nht trong khi tr mng khng ng b cng ngn hn phng thc th hai. 1.3.3. Hi ngh a phng tin

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Hi ngh a phng tin cho phep s lng ln cc thnh vin trao i thng tin a phng tin qua cc mng thoi v d liu. Mi thnh vin c mt my trm a phng tin kt ni vi cc my trm khc qua cc mng tc cao. Mi thnh vin c th gi hoc nhn hinh nh, m thanh v d liu; ng thi c th thc hin cc hot ng cng tc nht nh. Hi ngh a phng tin s dng khi nim khng gian lm vic o dng chung, khng gian ny m t mt phn mn hinh c ti to li mi my trm. Thch thc ln nht trong hi ngh a phng tin xy ra khi cc thnh vin hi ngh lin tc pht i cc dong hinh nh v m thanh. Cc nghin cu tp trung vo kt hp cc dong ny vi nhau to thnh mt dong ghep. Ngi ta a a ra nhiu cng ngh v giao thc cho nh s phng tin v kin trc truyn thng ti u. Cc h thng hi ngh a phng tin phi cung cp nhiu chc nng nh thit lp nhiu cuc gi ng thi, truyn dn tinh trng hi ngh , i u khi n m thanh va hin h nh theo thi gian thc , phn b ng tai nguyn ma ng , truy n d li u a i m , ng b khng gian dung chung v iu chnh h thng di cc iu kin li . Cc kin trc h thng hi ngh c th c phn bit bng v tr ca cc chc nng t ng h p m thanh va cac c u hin h k t n i cua chung . Do v y c 2 lp ki n truc c tn gi l Tp trung v Phn tn , ngoi ra lp th ba l lp lai . Cc h thng t cc h ny c th c nh gi di dng cht lng , kh nng m rng , kh nng m r ng, kh nng tng thch vi cc tiu chun hin ti v thc t . a/ Ki n truc h i nghi t p trung H i nghi thoa i t xa a c cung c p b ng cac c u n i h i nghi t p trung , nhng ngi tham d quay s ti m t trung tm vao m t thi i m a chu n b trc . Cc i m cu i thi t l p k t n i m t -m t (tng i m t ) v cc kt ni bo hiu . Cc cu n i thi t l p cac ng dn d li u gia cac i m cu i nh t ng h p cac tin hi u u vo vi nhau v tr li tn hi u a t ng h p cho cac h i nghi . tranh ti ng vo ng , nhng ngi tham d nh n m t tin hi u m thanh ro rng bao gm tt c m thanh ca nhng ngi tham d tr ti ng noi cua ho . C u n i lam giam nhiu n n va kha n ng xy ra ting vng nh ch tng hp M trong N ngi ni . b/ Cc kin trc hi ngh phn tn Trong m t h i nghi phn tan , cc thit b trao i vi nhau gia cc im cui m khng s du ng c u t p trung . Ch t l ng m th anh c tng ln nh loa i bo c chuy n ti p cua cac c u . Tuy nhin cac i m cu i phai co kha nng nh n va t ng h p nhi u dong ng thi . S phn tan chc nng x ly m thanh qua cac i m cu i dn ti khng yu c u tin h toan nhi u nh cac c u n i thng thng . H i nghi phn tan c bi u din b ng cac m hinh full -mesh va m hinh h i nghi multicast (a phng).
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 Trong h i nghi full -mesh (N thanh vin ), m t k t n i phng ti n full -duplex

c thi t l p gia t t ca cac cac thanh vin ta o ra cac k t n i mesh . Mi i m cu i phat m t ban sao dong d li u cua no ti N-1 i m cu i khac va nh n N 1 dong v . Mi c p u cu i co th trao i thng tin vi nhau b ng m t ki u CODEC b t ky . i u khi n bao hi u cua cac i m cu i co th t p trung may ch, sao tra ng thai cho h i nghi c duy tri , trong o tra ng thai h i nghi co th bao g m cac thanh vin h i nghi ho c cac yu c u dch v m thanh b sung. H i nghi multicast la ng nghia ng r ng qua MBone . Trong vi h i nghi vu m t h i nghi multicast , mi i m cu i phat m t ban sao duy nh t cua dong d li u ti ia chi multicast v nhn N -1 dong v . i vi pha thu , khng co gi thay i so vi kich ban cua full -mesh tr cac dong v trn 1 c ng. H i nghi multicast la m t da ng khac cua h i nghi t p trung. Thay vi k t n i ti m t c u h i nghi cac i m cu i tham gia h i nghi b ng ng ky ti m t ia chi multicast cua h i nghi . ia chi nay co th c quang cao bi m t trong nhng i m cu i ho c bi m t may chu trung tm ho c c phn phat ti cac thnh vin tham d trc khi hi ngh. c/ Lp lai (gia phn tan va t p trung) Ki n truc h i nghi khng co chuy n ti p la m t ki n truc la i gia cac ti p c n ki n trc tp trung v phn tn truyn thng . M hin h nay s du ng m t c u n i khng co trung gian (c u n i h i nghi cho n -v-chuy n ti p cho nhi u ngi noi ng thi ). C u ny chn M ngi ni hin ti chuyn cc tn hiu a nen ca h ti N -M i m cu i , ti chng c gii ma v kt hp li . N u M=2, ngi noi th nh t nh n tin hi u ca ngi ni th hai v ngc li. Ki n truc h i nghi khng co chuy n ti p nay co m t s c i m c n quan tm . H th ng loa i bo c chuy n ti p , hot ng c lp vi CODEC m thanh v gim yu c u tin h toan cua c u . Nh c i m lag cac m r ng cua giao thc c n phai mang d li u cua h i nghi, trong khi cac i m cu i phai h tr thi t bi u cu i va k t h p nhi u dong d liu ng thi. 1.3.4. Multicasting Internet a chng ki n m t s tng trng phi thng cung vi s phat tri n cua nhi u ng du ng mi hn , tinh vi hn oi hoi ma ng phai co cac chc nng phong phu hn. Vi c lam chu s ti n b cua cac cng ngh bng r ng , v tuy n va Web hon ton c th thi t k va thc hi n cac ma ng hn h p c ln co th h tr phn ph i n i dung, h i thi thoa i , dong m thanh , hc t xa , khng gian lam vi c c ng tac va cac dng y . Theo inh h ng nay , multicast a tr thanh m t cng ngh cho phep va ong vai tro quan tro ng trong thi t k , pht trin v khai thc nhiu ng dng , dch v
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hi n nay va tng lai da trn v n chuy n goi hi u qua ti nhi u ich ng t hi. M c d khi nim ca multicast c v nh rt hp dn bn ngoi nhng thc ra l rt kh khn thc hi n trong mi trng nhi u nha cung c p dich vu Internet . Vi nhng ti n b trong cng ngh hin h anh s , dch v video theo nhu c u a tri n khai trong thc t m t vai nm g n y . H th ng VoS ln c n lu tr vai trm b phim va h tr hang nghin khach hang . phat tri n m t giai phap ti t ki m chi phi , nhi u nha nghin cu a ngh in cu trn nhi u tai nguyn khac nhau , cc chnh sch phn chia s dng kh nng multicast ca cc mng truyn thng tin tin . Trong m t m t nm g n y , cc phng thc qun b khc nhau nh pyramid ( kim t thap ), harmonic ( i u hoa ), skyscraper ( chc tri ) a c xu t lam giam tr khi ta o va yu c u bng thng nh s du ng b m thu . Ngoi qung b , phng thc multicast cung c s du ng phu c vu m t nhom cc khch hng ti t hi u yu c u h th ng . Khc vi phng thc qung b c bng thng bi gii ha n, yu c u bng thng cho phng thc multicast c l p vi t c ti ca cc phim video . Gia nhi u cach ti p c n nhom khac nhau trong h th ng multicast nay thi qua thi gian nhom (batching-by-timeout) v kch thc nhm l hai cch tip cn ph thng nht s dng cc chnh sch n gin . M t s phng thc nhm mi nh mang thch ng v nhm thch ng a c xu t cho cac dich vu theo yu c u thi gian . Ro rng , truy n dn quang ba se la hi u qua nh t n u video la r t ph bi n . Tuy nhin n u t c ti cho video khng u thi m t s tai nguyn se bi b ph v phng thc nhm se hi u qua hn . 1.3.5. Cc cng ngh cho ni dung in t (e-Content) M t cng ngh mi co hi u lc co nghia la m t cu thuc cua nganh cng nghi p C thc ca thi i chng ta l kt qu ca hiu ng kt hp 3 cng ngh chnh: X ly tin hi u: chuy n i cac tin hi u tng t thanh cac tin hi u s ; Cng ngh thng tin : cho phep x l d liu dng s Vin thng: cho phep truy n d li u s n /t b t ky ch nao trn th gii . .

N i dung s ti c cac khach hang cu i go i la n i dung i n t . a/ X ly tin hiu s Vo thp ky 80, Philips va Sony a gii thi u m t loa i ia m nha c mi - Compact Disc ho c CD ho c CD -Audio. Loi a ny s dng cc cng ng h quang -i n t cung c p m thanh ch t l ng trng quay ma khng thay i ch t l ng theo thi gian. CD a la m t thi t bi thanh cng va s l ng u ia CD trn th gii a ln ti hng trm triu b . Khng gi ng vi casset, cc khch hng thng thng khng th copy tng bit cua CD ma chi co th sao chep u ra tng t .

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Vo u nhng nm 1990, CD-ROM-m t thi t bi ngoa i vi cua may tinh khai thac ky thut s tng t CD a tr thnh mt thi t bi ph bi n lu tr d li u may tin h v cc chng trinh . Ti gia nhng nm 90, CD-ROM a tr thanh m t thi t bi ngoa i vi tiu chu n cho may tin h PC va sau o la cac CD co th ghi c , khi o hang tri u ngi s du ng co th sao chep cac ia CD cua ho . ng thi cc cng ngh nen m thanh-hinh nh a t c hon thin v c tiu chun ha . Hng triu CD video c th xem phim hng gi trn mt a nh CD , cc u thu truy n hinh s va DVD m t th h mi cua CD co th lu tr cac b phim 2 gi ch t l ng cao . Cc thit b ny a tha man c khch hng , cung c p cho khach hang cac thi t bi nga y cang nh hn vi nhiu chc nng hn v nhi u hin h anh, m thanh hn. b/ Cc mng k thut s Vo gia nhng nm 90, Internet a a t c mc s du ng m r ng ti mi trng giao du c/nghin c u/qu c phong. Ngn ng HTML -m t tiu chu n khun da ng trang vi kha nng i nh nghia ng dn a ta o ra World Wide Web vi hang tri u trang vn ban vi ho a c siu lin k t va s du ng may tinh co th truy c p c b ng cac trinh duy t . M t s cng ty a b sung them m t s thng tin khac nh hinh nh v m thanh . Tuy nhin t c bit th p co th s du ng cho ph n ln khach hang (vi chc kbps) a lam giam ch t l ng m thanh va hin h anh . c/ Chui gia tri Cc m hinh kinh doanh ang pht trin khng ngng , i luc cho phep va i luc bi u hi n s phat tri n cua cng ngh . S du ng i n hinh hi n nay cua WEB la qung b sn phm hoc dch v . Hinh I-6 m ta cac nhn t trong chui gia tri . Trung tm cua hinh ch ro 3 nhn t chnh: nh cung cp ni dung , ngi ban le va thi t bi cua ngi tiu dung . Ngoi ra con c 4 nhn t na: Cc dch v ti chnh : gii quyt cc giao dch gia 2 kh i b t ky Cc dch v th vin : cung c p thng tin n i dung va h tr khach hang tim ki m n i dung quan tm
Cc dch v cng ngh : yu c u bi u din , s g n k t, phn ph i, tiu dung n i

dung ho c d li u v n i dung Cc dch v vn chuyn : chuy n n i dung gia nhng ngi s du ng

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Hnh I-6 Chui gia tri Ni chung , c th ni rng c gia 2 kh i co m t lu ng n i dung va d li u lin quan ti n i dung : m t lu ng cac quy n s du ng, m t lu ng cac quy n cng ngh cho phep mang v tiu th ni dung v mt lung ti chnh gii quyt chuyn giao cc quy n n i dung va lin quan . Hn na , lu t phap ong m t vai tro quan tro ng trong cho phep va huy bo m t s chc nng cua m t s kh i . Ngoi ra con mt s cng ngh khc : Bi u din thng tin: MPEG-1, MPEG-2 v MPEG-4 M ta, nh n da ng va bao v n i dung 1.4. Khung c s tiu chu n hoa Khi cac cng ngh mi a ra cac chc nng va hot ng tt hn thi nhu cu i vi cac tiu chu n ngay cang tr nn quan tro ng . Khng co cac tiu chu n , cc dch v thi gian thc se bi anh hng vi cac b ma hoa va giai ma khng th trao i thng tin vi nhau . Cc dch v khng theo thi gian thc s dng cc dong bit lu tr cng c th bt li hoc bi vi s khng sn sng ca cc nh cung cp dch v trong ma ha ni dung ca h theo nhiu khun dng tha ma cc kh n ng ca khch hng ho c bi vi s min cng cua khach hang khi phai cai t s l ng ln cac b giai ma. S tiu chu n hoa cac h th ng truy n thng trc y c ta o ra bi cac nganh cng nghi p theo s k t h p do c. a phng ti n k t h p cac da ng truy n thng khac nhau yu c u m t cach ti p c n mi -ngang ho c theo lp - pht trin cc tiu chun . i u o co nghia m t s thay i cn ban v cach ma cac tiu chu n c ta o ra . S tng cng bng thng cho cac khach hang cu i cung gy ra s thay i v vai tro cua quy n lc cng c ng trong i u chin vu . h s du ng cng ngh cung c p dich C nhiu nh ngha v tiu chun ha . Chng ta c th nh ngh a l qu trinh cc c nhn nhn bit c u im ca cng vic ang lm nhng th xc nh theo m t cach ng thu n va soa n thanh lu t l r ng thoa thu n b ng m t h p ng . Ng c li chng ta tha hip gia ci chng ta mun lm v ci ngi khc mun lm . M c
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d n rng buc t do ca chng ta , nhng chung ta vn thng tham gia vao nh m t tha thun bi vi cc u im vt tri cc nhc im . Cc bc thc t sau y nn c thc hi n co k t qua mong mu n : Chn cc ng dng mc tiu
Li t k cac chc nng c n thi t cho tng ng du ng Chia nho cac chc nng thanh cac thanh ph n co phc giam xu ng u

c th nhn dng trong cc ng dng khc Nh n da ng cac thanh ph n chung trong h th ng quan tm Ki m tra cac cng cu nay co th c s du ng l p rap cac h th ng mu c tiu va cung c p cac chc nng mong mu n . 1.4.1. Cc tiu chun m thanh /hnh nh s v cng nghip a phng tin Cc dch v nghe nhin cung cp truyn thng thi gian thc ca m thanh cng vi thng tin hin h anh gia hai ho c nhi u khach hang cu i . Thng tin nhin la cac anh chuy n ng thng hng , nhng co th la anh tin h , ho a ho c da ng b t ky khac . ITU-T SG15 a tiu chu n hoa cac h th ng truy n thng nghe nhin trong nhi u mi trng ma ng khac nhau . B tiu chu n u tin la cac khuy n nghi cua ITU -T a c thi t l p chnh thc vo thng 12/1990 cho ISDN bng he p : Knh B: 64kbps Knh H0: 384 kbps V knh H11/H12: 1536/1920kbps Khuy n nghi H.320 m ta toam b h th ng va quy inh m t s khuy n nghi khac cho cac thanh ph n tng ng cua h th ng c n tun thu nh : Ma ha m thanh Ma ha hinh nh Ghep a phng tin i u khi n h th ng Cc ng dng mc tiu chnh l hi ngh truyn hinh , i n thoa i co hinh , sau o m r ng an ninh va k t n i a i m cho h th ng ISDN bng he p a c nghin cu . Song song vi hoa t ng tiu chu n hoa nay , cc hot ng tiu chun ha mi a c b t u vao thang 7/1990 cho bng r ng va cac h th ng nghe nhin ch t l ng cao. Cng vi c nghin cu a thanh cng vi khuy n nghi H .261. Nhm nghin cu mi nay ban u co trach nhi m vi ma hoa video cho ch chuy n giao ng b (ATM) v hp tc vi ISO/IEC JTC/SC29/WG1 (MPEG). Thnh cng ca MPEG da trn s ln g cac p h n t ng thi . Quan tro ng nh t l c th nh thi im thit lp . MPEG a xu t hi n vao thi i m khi cac thu t toan m thanh va hinh anh a a t ti ti m c n , v kh nng ca x l tn hiu s a thoa
20

man phc ta p cua thu t toan . MPEG cung thanh cng trong gianh c cac thanh vin tham gia la t t ca cac nha cng nghi p , nhng ng i ang oi hoi h i tu . Nh s quan tm cua cac nha cng nghi p i vi MPEG trong cac ng du ng m thanh va hinh nh s, MPEG tham gia vao lp trin h din nghe nhin va hoan toan c l p vi lp truy n tai . M t thanh ph n cu i cung thanh cng la cac b giai ma thay cho cach ti p c n b ma hoa -b giai ma thng th ng. Do o , MPEG co th cung c p giai phap chu n cho nhng ngi tham gia chinh , h a xem xet vic s dng ma ha m thanh v hinh nh s cho cc sn phm ca th trng mi rng ln . i vi cng nghip a phng tin c 2 t chc tiu chu n chin h la ITU va ISO . Cc tiu chun ma ha hinh nh hin nay a c 2 t chc nay inh nghia . Cc tiu chu n nay khac nhau chu y u t c bit theo cac ng du ng . T t ca cac tiu chu n co th c s dng ch yu cho cc ng dng c khong tc bit ln . Theo cac thu t ton ma ha, t t ca cac tiu chu n u theo m t khung c s tng t nhau . 1.4.2. Cc tiu chun ca ITU-T cho cac h th ng truy n thng nghe nhin . H th ng PSTN a c m t nhom chuyn gia cua nghin cu ma hoa t c bit th p. H a a ra khng ch khuyn ngh H .324 cho toan b h th ng , m c khuyn ngh ma ha video H .263, khuy n nghi ma hoa m thanh G .723.1 v nh ngha phng thc ghep knh trong khuy n nghi H .223. M t m hin h ngn x p giao thc chung cua cac thi t bi u cu i nghe nhin theo Seri H c chi ra trong Hinh I-7.

Hnh I-7 Ngn x p giao th u cu i nghe nhin c chung cua cac thi t bi a/ Tiu chu n ITU-T H.320 Theo t t ca cac tiu chu n cua ITU , lin k t theo tiu chu n H .320 l bt buc . Lin k t nay co c qua m t gateway . Trong m t s trng h p , gateway phai thc hi n cac giao dich gia cac giao thc bao hi u khac nhau , cc tiu chun nen khc
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nhau va cac phng thc ghep khac nhau . Nhng bi n i cua bao hi u , nen v ghep knh la do cac c i m kh c nhau ca cc mng c s m mi tiu chun p dng . Tiu chu n H .320 inh nghia m t may chu h i nghi trung tm go i la MCU (Kh i i u khi n a i m) cho phep nhi u cu c go i ng thi . b/ Tiu chu n ITU-T H.310 v H.321 Hai khuy n nghi nay cho cac h th ng nghe nhin trong mi trng ATM :
H.321-Thch ng cc thit b u cui in thoi c hinh H

.320 vi mi

trng ISDN bng r ng . H.310-Cc h thng truyn thng nghe nhin bng rng . c/ Tiu chu n ITU-T H.322 Khuy n nghi nay bao trum l p t cac ma ng LAn va cac thi t bi h i nghi i n thoi c hinh v thit b hi ngh truyn hinh cho NISDN. , tng ng nh khuy n nghi H .320

d/ Tiu chu n ITU-T H.323 Standard. Khuy n nghi na y xac inh thi t bi va cac h th ng cho i n thoa i mng LAN c QoS khng c m bo .

c hinh trn

Cc xem xet thit k trong pht trin ca H.323 nh sau: Lin k t, c bi t vi NISDN va H .320 i u khi n truy c p LAN trnh tc ngn Cc m hinh a cuc gi Kh nng m rng t cc mng nh ti cc mng c kch thc trung binh 1.4.3. Cc tiu chun ma ha hnh nh C 2 cch tip cn hiu cc tiu chun ma ha hinh nh (H.261, H.263 v H.26L) M t cach ti p c n la t p trung vao c u truc dong bit va c n n m c mi lp c u truc bi u din cai gi va mi bit trong dong bit chi thi cai gi . Cch tip c n nay r t quan tro ng i vi cac nha san xu t vi cc sn phm ca h phi tun thu tiu chu n.
Cch tip cn khc l tp trung vo cc thut ton ma ha c th s dng

to ra cc dong bit tun th tiu chun v cn nm c thnh phn no khng xc nh cc th u t toan ma hoa . Cch tip cn ny cung cp hiu bit su hn v cac ky thu t ma hoa hin h anh . a/ Tiu chu n ITU-T H.261 Tiu chu n nay inh nghia cac ng du ng h i nghi truy n hin h va i n thoa i co hinh. H.261 nh n ma nh c c tc bt thp v tr ma ha thp . Thu t toan ma hoa s dng trong H .261 c ban la m t lai ghep cua bu chuy n ng loa i bo cac d tha

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tm thi v chuyn i ma ha gim d tha khong trng

. Do o H .261 c nh

hng r t quan tro ng ti cac tiu chu n ma hoa ang co va ang phat tri n . b/ Tiu chu n ITU-T H.263 Trong su t qua trin h phat tri n cua H .263:
Mc tiu ng n ha n l m rng H .261 s dng khung chung Mc tiu di hn l thit k mt tiu chun ma ha hinh nh c th khc c

bn vi H.261 c c hiu qu ma ha cao hn . Vi cc hot ng tiu chun ha din ra rt di , nhng n lc ng n ha n ta o ra H.263 v H .263 version 2, trong khi n lc dai ha n c xem nh la H .26L/H.264. Thc ch t H .263 k t h p cac y u t cua H .261 cng vi MPEG v c ti u cc t c bit r t th p. Thc t , H.263 cung c p hi u qua ma hoa cao hn so vi H .261 tt c cc tc bit. Vi H .263 a c xy dng trn H .261 nn c u truc chin h cua 2 tiu chu n thc ch t tng t nhau. Cc khc bit chnh bao gm : H.263 h tr nhi u khun da ng anh hn H.263 s du ng bu chuy n ng na i m nh (half-pel), nhng khng s du ng lc nh trong H.261. H.263 s du ng 3D VLC cho h s ma hoa DCT ngoai thu t toan ma hoa c bn, 4 la cho n trong H .263 l m phn gia b ma ha v gii ma cung c p ch t l ng cao hn . H.263 cho phep kich thc bc l ng t thay i mi kh i ln (Macroblock-MB) vi tiu nho. M t khac bi t chinh gia H .261 v H.263 l d bo na im nh trong b chuyn ng. Khi nim ny cng c s dng trong MPEG. c/ Tiu chu n H.264/AVC M c du H .264 c da trn khung c s chuy n i d bao bu chuy n ng theo kh i thng thng trong H .261, H.262, H.263, nhng nhng thay i quan tro ng nh lc vong , chuy n i nguyn (4x4) v chuyn i ng c , d bao khng gian hng cho d bao bu chuy n ng anh tham chi u ma ha trong anh , nhi u anh (ln ti 5), ma ha di thay i H.264 c hng ti m t dai r ng t c bit r ng (64kbps n 240Mbps), di r ng cc mc cht lng v cc phn gii theo thi gian thc , tr end -to-end th p cho nhi u da ng ngu n khac nhau . Tiu chu n nay co th c ap du ng cho dong video , truy n hin h quang ba , cc dch v i thoi Tt c cc y u t ny v li ma ha l chi ph ca phc tp ngy cng tng . Trong khi ma hoa chinh (dong bit c ma ha thc s ) a c tiu chu n hoa , cc phn khc nh cc dong bit tun th , ph n

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m m tham chi u , khun da n g 4:4:4, su bit tng cng (ln ti 12bpp), ki m tra , gi y phep s hu ang c phat tri n nhng giai oa n khac nhau . 1.4.4. Cc tiu chun ma ha m thanh ITU a tiu chu n hoa 3 b ma hoa 3 tiu chu n m thanh c th p d ng cho truy n thng a phng ti n t c th p .
Khuy n nghi G .729 8 kbps CD -ACELP co tr b codec thu t toan

15ms va

cung cap m thanh ch t l ng ma ng . B ma hoa nay c thits k cho cac ng dng v tuyn nhng cng c th p du ng cho truy n thng a phng ti n.
Khuy n nghi G .723.1: b ma hoa m thanh 6,3 v 5,3 kbps cho truy n thng

a phng ti n a c thi t k cho i n thoa i co hin h t c bit th p

. Kch

thc khung 30ms va tr codec thu t t on 1 chi u 37,5ms cho phep giam t c bit so vi G.729. 1.4.5. Cc tiu chun ng b v ghep a phng tin Cc dong s cp theo khuyn ngh ITU -T H.222 nh m thanh , hinh nh , d li u , i u khi n ng b khung hinh anh va cac ti n hi u chi thi , mi loa i co th c tiu chu n hoa qu c t ho c tiu chu n ring . Cc dong s cp ny c ghep thnh mt dong gi ni tip theo cc chc nng ca H .222.0, H.222.1/H.222.1. Cc chc nng ny bao gm khi p hc c s thi gian ghep , ng b thi t bi , loi b dch (tr t), qun l b m , an ninh va i u khi n truy c p , bo hiu knh con v cc ch trick (mo) l cc c ch h tr chc nng i u khi n tng t ghi hinh . Khuy n ngh H .222.1 xc nh cc phn t v cc th tc t H .222.0 s dng chng trong cc mi trng ATM v cng xc nh cc im ma v th tc cheo cc dong s cp theo inh nghia cua ITU -T. H.222.1 cho phep s d ng c hai dong chng trinh H.222.0 v dong truyn ti H .222. a/ Khuy n nghi H .221 ca ITU-T Khuy n nghi nay quy inh 64-1920kbps trong cac dich c u truc khung knh vu nghe nhin. H.221 l giao thc ghep v ni cho cc thit b u cu i H.320. C th ghep ti 30 knh B ta o thanh m t siu knh vi t c bit la nx 64 kbps. Cc knh thng tin cho thng tin m thanh va hinh anh khng thc hi n i u khi n li m da hoan ton vo kh nng sa li ca ma ha thng tin . b/ Khuy n nghi ITU-T H.223. Khuy n nghi nay quy inh giao thc ghep dung cho truy n thng a phng ti n t c bit th p . C th s dng 3 ki u lp thic h ng (AL), cc lp khc nhau tnh cht xc sut li v tr. AL1 v AL2 phc v cc nhim v khc nhau con AL 3 c thi t k s du ng ma hoa video .

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c/ Khuy n nghi ITU-T H.225. Khuy n nghi H .225.0 m ta cac phng ti n k t h p , ma ha v ng gi m thanh, hinh nh , d li u v iu khin truyn ti gia cc thit b u cui H .323 trn cac LAN khng am bao QoS , ho c gia cac thi t bi u cu i H .323 v cc gateways H .323. Cc gateway H .323 c th kt ni ti cc thit b u cui H .320, H.324 ho c H .310/H.321 trn cac ma ng tng ng NISDN , PSTN ho c BISDN . C u hinh thit b u cui gateway ny v cc th tc c m t trong H .323 v H .225 bao trum cac giao thc va khun da ng ban tin . Phm vi ca truyn thng H .225 l gia cc thit b u cui H .323 v cc gateway H .323 trn cung LAN b ng cung giao thc truy n tai . d/ Giao th c i u khi n chung H.245. Khuy n nghi nay inh nghia cac ban tin va cac thu tu c trao i thng tin i u khi n gia cac thi t bi u cu i a phng ti n . H.245 xc nh bo hiu thit b u cu i-ti-thi t bi u cu i xac inh cac kha nng ma hoa va giai ma cua thi t bi u cu i xa sau khi thi t l p k t n i ma ng va iu phi n nh v gii phng cc ti nguyn thi t bi u cu i qua cu c go i . H.245 a c inh nghia nh la cac khuy n nghi chung phu h p vi s du ng cho m t dai cac ng du ng thi t bi u cu i a phng ti n . H.245 a c c u truc b ng 3 ph n chin va cac thu tu c (syntax, semantics, and procedures ). h : c phep , ng nghia Tng tac gia cac thc th giao thc khac nhau chi qua truy n thng vi ngi s dng H .245. H.245 cung c p nhi u dch v khc nhau cho ngi s dng H .245. M t s dich vu la trao i kha nng , cc th tc bo hiu knh logic , cc tn hiu iu khi n va chi thi. 1.4.6. Cc tiu chun MPEG trong truy n thng a phng tin S thanh cng cua MPEG da trn nhi u thanh ph n ng thi . Quan tro ng nh t la thi i m ma MPEG a c thi t l p . V tn go i MPEG a xu t hi n vao thi i m khi cac thu t toan ma hoa m thanh va hin h anh a a t ti ch t l ng ti m c n . MPEG cng a thnh cng trong quy nh s tham gia cua t t ca cac nganh cng nghi p (c xu hng h i tu trong cac ng du ng m thanh va hinh anh ). MPEG a ong gop vao s ch p thu n thc t cua lp bi u din nghe nhin , lp ny c lp vi h th ng v n chuy n . Thnh phn thnh cng cui cng tp trung trn cc b gii ma thay cho cch ti p c n b ma hoa -b giai ma truy n th ng . Do o MPEG co th cung c p giai phap tiu chu n cho nhng ngi chi -l nhng ngi ang cn nhc s dng ma ha s cho m thanh va hin h anh cho cac san ph m i mi co thi ph n ln , ng thi MPEG c th cho phep t c nhanh hn l khng c n . Mi m t tiu chu n MPEG b t u bng nhn dng phm vi v pht hnh mt Mi tham gia xu t (Call for Proposals), sau o i vao 2 giai oa n chinh :
25

 Giai oa n th nh t la giai oa n ca nh tranh lin quan ti ki m th va anh gia

cc xut sng gi chn ra mt vi xut cao nht , sau o cac thanh ph n cua xu t nay la c s b t u cua giai oa n 2 Giai oa n 2 g m phat tri n h p tac cac thanh ph n (giai oa n 1) qua qua trin h sng lc tng tc ca m hinh th nghi m (m ta ma hoa ). Khun da ng cua d li u bi u din c xem nh c u truc va co th da vao xy dng cac dng khc nhau ca cc dong d liu (dong bit) h p l. Cc quy tc dch d li u (dong bit ) c go i l qu trinh gii ma . Khi a ra nen d li u m thanh v/ho c hin h anh , m t b ma hoa phai tun theo m t qua trin h cac bc tu n t go i la qua trin h ma hoa . Tuy nhin qua trin h ma hoa nay khng c tiu chu n hoa va thay i vi cac b ma hoa co phc ta p khac nhau co th c s du ng cho cac ng du ng khac nhau . Ch c rng buc l u ra ca qu trinh ma ha l dong bit ra chun v cu trc c th dch c theo ng ngh a gii ma ca cc cc b gii ma tun th tiu chun . a/ Tiu chu n MPEG-1 MPEG-1 l tiu chun lu tr v khi phc cc nahr ng v m thanh trong mi trng lu tr s . inh hng ban u cho tiu chu n MPEG -1 l m thanh v hi nh nh c cht lng tt khong 1,4Mbps cho ng du ng ia CD . Cc yu cu c bn bao g m: Ma ha hinh nh vi cht lng tt 1 n 1,5 Mbps va m thanh vi ch t l ng t t 128-256 kbps Truy c p ngu nhin ti m t khung trong thi gian ha n ch Kh nng chuyn tip nhanh v o li nhanh , cho phep tim ki m va xem xui ng c m t s l n vi t c thng thng M t h th ng chi la i (playback) c ng b va truy c p ti d li u nghe nhin Bn ca nh cac yu c u co trc , s l ng cac yu c u khac cung tng ln nh h tr nhi u phn giai anh , s vng ch c i vi li , cn b ng ch t l ng ma hoa vi tr ma hoa (t 150ms n 1s), v kh nng ca cc b ma ha thi gian thc vi chi ph hp l . Tiu chu n MPEG -1 bao g m cac ph n sau : H th ng , hinh nh, m thanh , tun thu va ph n m m . Ph n m thanh cua tiu chu n MPEG -1 a tr thanh thanh ph n chin h cho phat thanh quang b lp 2 m thanh MPEG 1 vi ch t l ng CD . Lp III a tr thanh khun mu tiu chu n cho phn ph i m nha c trn veb . Tiu chu n MPEG -1 y u (Cc h thng m thanh -hinh nh ) l khun dng tiu chun cho phn phi cc chi tit hinh nh chuyn ng qua Web.

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MPEG-1 a cung c p c h i vng ch c u tin cho cng nghi p vi i n t u t vao cng ngh hin h anh s . Hi n nay cac chip giai ma MPEG -1 c san xu t t nhi u ngu n , m t s trong o k t h p vi cac nha i n t o c cac bit t CD . Cc thi t bi va s l ng ngay cang tng cua cac may tin h ca nhn ang ta o ra cac i u ki n ph bin sn xut ni dung a phng tin . b/ Tiu chu n MPEG-2 Tiu chu n MPEG -2 a c thit k cung cp kh nng nen , ma ha v pht ch t l ng cao , pht cc tn hiu a phng tin a knh qua qung b mt t , phn ph i qua v tinh va cac ma ng bng r ng . Tiu chu n MPEG -2 xc nh cc yu cu i vi ma hoa hin h anh , ma ha m thanh v ma ha cc h thng tng hp m thanh va hin h anh a ma hoa thanh cac dong d li u ring do ngi s du ng inh ngha, ki m tra tun thu ki m tra cac dong bit va b gia i ma o co thoa man cac yu c u hay khng va m phong ph n m m cho ma hoa va giai ma ca hai chng trin h va dong truyn ti . L mt tiu chun truyn dn , MPEG-2 h tr nhi u da ng khun da ng gi khc nhau bao gm cc g i ln co dai thay i t 1 n 64 kbp. ng thi MPEG-2 cng cung cp kh nng sa li ph hp vi truyn dn qua TV cp v cc knh v tinh. Tiu chu n MPEG -2 bao g m cac ph n sau : Cc h thng, hinh nh, m thanh Tun th, ph n m m , Thi t bi, l nh va i u khi n lu tr s (DSM-CC) Ma ha n thanh tin tin (AAC), hinh nh 10 bit, giao di n thi gian thc, Tun thu cua DSM -CC c/ Tiu chu n MPEG-4 MPEG-4 l tiu chun cho cc ng dng a phng t i n. Tiu chu n nay hng ti video cho Internet va Intranet , video v tuy n , mua ban tng tac , th i n t hin h nh v ph im anh nha , cc tro chi , m phong va hu n luy n cac c s i t ng thng tin . Vi cc vng ng dn g nay co m t s yu c u chin h da trn s h tr cua cc tiu chun trc y, nn MPEG-4 xc nh cc chc nng sau :
Tng tac da trn n i dung Kh nng truy cp ton cu Ci thin nen

Tiu chu n MPEG -4 bao g m cac ph n sa u: Cc h thng , m thanh , hinh nh , tun thu, ph n m m va khung c s v n chuy n a phng ti n . Ki n truc khai ni m cua MPEG -4 bao g m 3 lp: lp nen , lp ng b va lp v n chuy n : Lp nen la hi u thng tin va khng hi u v n chuy n Lp ng b la khng hi u thng tin va khng hi u v n chuy n
27

 Lp v n chuy n khng hi u thng tin va hi u v n chuy n

Thi t k cua MPEG -4 c t p trung quanh m t kh i n i dung c s go i la i t ng nghe nhin (AVO). Mi AVO c bi u din tach ring va tr thanh c s cho m t dong c l p . d/ Tiu chu n MPEG-7 MPEG-7 l tiu chun biu din ni dung cho tim kim , lc, qun l v x l

thng tin a phng ti n . M t mu c tiu cua MPEG -7 l cho phep tim kim a phng ti n trn Internet va nng cao tra ng thai hi n ta i b ng cac giai phep h p ly la tiu chu n hoa m t giao di n cho cac b m ta va cac phng thc m ta -cc phng thc nay k t h p vi n i dung thoa ma tim ki m nhanh va hi u qua . Nh v y n i dung nghe nhin vi metadata MPEG -7 c th d dng c nh ch s v d dng c tim khng chi tim ki m . MPEG-7 hng ti xac inh n i dung quan tm trong cc ng dng keo (pull application ) nh la khi phu c c s d li u ma ca trong cac ng dng y (push applications) nh la cho n va lo c trich n i dung quan tm tr 0ong cc knh qung b . Ngi ta ky vo ng MPEG -7 s lm vic khng ch vi cac n i dung ma ha theo MPEG m c cc ni dung c ma ha khng phi MPEG . S l ng ln cua cac vung ng du ng truy n th ng cung nh ang n i ln khai thac tim kim v khi phc m MPEG -7 c th p dng l: Cc s kin quan trng-Lch s, chnh tr Gio dc-khoa ho c, y t va ia ly Thng ma i- t ai, ti chnh, ki n truc Xa hi v gii tr -dch v hng ngy , cc tro chi tng tc Thi gian ri-Th thao, mua s m, du lich Lu t php-th m tra t i pha m va (tim kim ) cc c nhn m t tic h B m ta MPEG -7 m ta cac da ng thng tin a phng ti n khac nhau . S m ta ny s c kt hp vi ni dung ca n cho phep tim kim cc chi tit nhanh hn v hiu qu . Chi ti t nghe nhin co d li u MPEG -7 lin quan ti no co th c anh ch s v tim kim . Chi ti t nay nay co th bao g m cac anh tin h , cc ha , cc m hinh 3D, m thanh , ging ni , hinh nh v thng ti n v cac ph n t nay c k t h p nh th nao trong m t trinh din a phng ti n . Cc trng hp c bit ca cc cc ki u d li u chung co th bao g m ca m ta khun m t va cac c i m cua ngi . M c du MPEG -7 khng tiu chu n hoa vi c tric h thu c tin h nhng s m ta MPEG-7 c da trn u ra cua qua trin -7 h tric h thu c tin h va m c du MPEG khng tiu chu n hoa search engine nhng m ta k t qua c search engine s du ng . e/ Khung c s a phng tin MPEG-21 Cc mc tiu ca MPEG -21 nh sau;

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 Phi hiu c nu cc thnh phn khc nhau ph hp vi nhau v ph hp

nh th nao Phi bn lun cn thit cc tiu chun mi no , n u cac khoang tr ng trong ha t ng con tn ti v khi hai im trn a tin ti c
Phi thc hi n lin k t cc tiu chu n khac nhau

D an MPEG -21 a b t u vi mu c tiu cho phep s du ng trong su t va s du ng tng them cac ngu n a phng ti n qua nhi u mng v thit b . Nghin cu a thc hi n uwocj nh n da ng m t s cng ngh c n thi t a t c mu c tiu MPEG -21, bao g m:
Khai bao ha ng mu c s Bi u din n i dung -d li u c bi u din nh th nao vi cac thi t bi k

hc

nhau Qun l v s dng ni dung -ci ddawtj cc giao din , giao thc cho phep ta o ra, thao tac , tim kim , truy c p , lu tr , v n chuy n va s du ng (s du ng la i ) n i dung Qun l v bo v s hu tr tu -phng ti n cho phep n i dung c quan ly , bo v lin tc v tin cy qua cc mng v dch v khc nhau . Cc thit b u cui v mng -kh nng cung cp truy cp lin kt v trong su t ti n i dung qua cac ma ng va cai t thi t b u cui. Bo co s kin -cc n v v cc giao din cho phep ngi s dugnj hiu chnh xc hot ng ca tt c cc s kin a bo co trong khung c s . f/ Cc tiu chun ma ha nh tinh Cng vi vic s dng ng y cang tng cac h th ng truy n thng a phng ti n , nen nh yu cu cht lng ngy cng cao hn v yu cu nhiu thuc tnh mi . Nen nh khng ch phi gim c yu cu lu tr v bng thng , m con phi cho phep trch son tho , x ly va hng ti cac thi t bi v ng dng c th . Cc tiu chun sau y a c quan tm nghin cu la MPEG -4 VTC, JPEG, JPEG-LS, PNG, JPEG2000. 1.5. K t lu n Chng I trinh bay t ng quan cac v n lin quan ti truy n thng a phng ti n, s h i tu cua vin thng va quang ba la ng lc cho s phat tri n truy n thng a phng ti n . Vai tro cua cac t chc tiu chuan qu c t trong cac lin h vc khac nhau cua truy n thng a phng ti n cung c c p .

29

CHNG II TIU CHU N HO A MULTIMEDIA KHUNG C S

S tiu chu n hoa toan c u ang ngay cang tr nn quan tro ng hn trong a t c m t ha t ng thng tin toan c u (GII). Cc t chc tiu chun ha vin thng v thng tin nh ITU va ISO /IEC, mi t chc a thanh l p cac nhom c bi t t p trung vao xc nh cc tiu chun cho GII . Chng nay tim ki m cac hoa t ng cua cac t chc lin quan ti GII . ng thi tng kt li hi n trng ca cc tiu chun truyn thng a phng ti n . Nhng thanh t chinh hng ti tri n khai GII c m ta . IETF la m t t chc tiu chu n t p trung vao phat tri n cac giao thc s du ng trn ma ng IP . IETF bao g m nhi u nhom nghin cu va c quan ly bi nhom Internet Engineering Steering Group, Internet Architecture Board , v Internet Society . N i dung chng cng cp ti qu trinh tiu chun ha ca ETSI i vi ng dng mng. , ph n su n va

Ngoi cc t chc tiu chun ny , cc din n cng nghip tham gia vao nghin cu xy dng tiu chu n bao g m: Telecommunication Information Network Architecture (TINA),
International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium (IMTC), MPEG-4 Industry Forum (M4IF), Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA), Third Generation Part- nership Project (3GPP/3GPP2), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Digital Audio

2.1. Gii thiu Nhiu nm v trc, chun ha trong vin thng l lnh vc hot ng ca cc t chc chun ha nh lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU), t chc chun ha quc t (ISO), y ban k thut in quc t (IEC), y ban k thut lin hp 1(JTC1). By gi, cc hot ng ny cng ang c trin khai bi cc hi ng(nhm) chun ha khu vc nh vin cc tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI), y ban T1, y ban cng ngh vin thng (TTC). S phi hp gia cc nhm ny rt quan trng m bo rng cc ngun ti nguyn khng lang ph trong vic t c mc ch cui cng l cc tiu chun ton cu. Nm 1989, cc hot ng phi hp ny c bt u vi s thnh lp ca hi cc chun vin thng quc t(ITSC). Nm 1994, ITSC c t chc li thnh nhm phi hp cc tiu chun ton cu (GSC) v tip tc cc cng vic ca minh. Trong cc lnh vc c quan tm nhiu nh phng thc truyn ti khng ng b (ATM) v a phng tin, cc din n v cc t chc a c thnh lp v nhanh chng t c nhng thnh tu trong cc mc tiu ca minh. Do , cc t chc chun ha quc t
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ang kin thit li chnh minh c th m nhn nhng cng vic mt cch nhanh chng. T do trong vin thng a m ra mt th trng cnh tranh trong v ngoi nc trong nhng nm gia 1980 My, Chu u, v Chu , cng vi cc k thut tin tin trong truyn thng s, thng tin di ng v cc h thng nh v ton cu a lm thay i nn kinh t xa hi v cc mi trng k thut. Cc k thut v nn cng nghip vin thng, thng tin, gii tr, in t dn dng ang hi t thng qua s ha v mang n cc ng dng a phng tin trong cc lnh vc ny. Trong cc mi trng mi nh vy thi cc chun ang c pht trin bi cc t chc v cc nhm tr nn ngy cng quan trng. Thng thng cc chun cng nghip c pht trin rt nhp nhng. Cc t chc chun ha nh ITU-T, ISO/IEC, v JTC1 oi hi phi hot ng nhanh hn. C s h tng thng tin ton cu(GII) l im mu cht trong hi t cng ngh v cc ngnh cng nghip, v s cung cp a dng cc dch v a phng tin. Lin kt v hp tc ton cu l mt trong nhng tiu ch chnh ca GII v oi hi cc chun ton cu. Nm 1994, ETSI, y ban T1 v TTC ca Nht Bn a thnh lp mt y ban c bit cho vic nghin cu cc kha cnh ca cc chun v truyn thng a phng tin v GII. Nm 1995, ITU-T to ra nhm cc bo co vin lin on trong GII(JRGGII). Nm 1996, ISO/IEC, JTC1 a to lp mt nhm hot ng c bit trong GII (SWG-GII). Cng vi l m a c nhiu nhng hot ng chung lin quan ti cc chun GII cho vic xc lp nhng vn bao trm v thit lp mi quan h hi hoa gia cc t chc cho chun quc t, vng v khu vc. Truyn thng a phng tin bao gm nhiu cc cng ngh vin thng, x l thng tin, v pht thanh. Cng ngh thng tin gii quyt cc qu trinh nh tng hp, vn chuyn, thu hi, lu tr, trinh by v bin i tn hiu thnh nhiu dng. Trong nhng dng ny bao gm thoi, ting ni, video, ha, vn bn, hinh nh, d liu v s kt hp gia chng, trong khi nhng ngi s dng u cui ti pha thu c th l ngi s dng, my mc hoc kt hp c hai. Vi th chun ha vin thng v IT cn phi c m rng xa hn trong tng lai v nhng mi quan tm n vn qun l. Nhng ngi sn xut c gng cn bng vi nhng chun cn thit bo v th trng ca h. Cc nh cung cp dch v cng c gng gim gi thnh sn phm a chun ha. Trong nhng gi sau y chng ta s c gng bao qut nhng kha cnh k thut v kinh t xa hi ca nhng chun v vic qun l cc chun. Chng ta cng s miu t nhng quan im v nhng im ni bt trong qu trinh a ra cc chun, lm cho chng tng thch, ro rng 2.2. Cc hot ng tiu chun ha. Cc chun nhm duy tri nhng tng thch trong mi trng a phng tin ngy cng phc tp. Thnh cng trong vic chun ha oi hi s hiu bit v mi trng
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trong n c tin hnh. S pht trin ca cc h thng thng tin nh in thoi di ng, internet, multimedia.. oi hi nhng hp ng c bit gia cc bn lin quan: nh sn xut thit b, vn hnh mng, nh cung cp dch v, ngi s dng u cui. Nhiu cc h thng mi hng ti s hp nht cc phn t t cc cng ngh vin thng, x l thng tin v cng ngh pht thanh. Ngy nay, i a s cc chun c lm trong, thi thong lm trc qu trinh thit k sn phm. Kt qu l khng nhng c nhiu k thut cn thit m thi gian hon thnh mi sn phm cng nhanh hn. iu ny trc tin lm gia tng cc nhm chun khu vc v quc gia, sau lm tng s lng cc congxoocxiom. Tuy nhin, chun ha oi hi thi gian v nhng ti nguyn hiu nhng ci gi thc s cn c chun ha v lm th no thnh tu t c phi hi hoa gia cc quyn li i lp. S thnh cng trong vic truyn ti kin thc t nghin cu cho n qu trinh ng dng vo thc hnh lun lun oi hi nhng cuc th nghim. Nu chun ni n cc khi nim mi, thi cn phi b i cc kha cnh khng ro rng lc u. Nhng nhn t chin lc l nhng l do yu cu mt chun, giao din c chun ha, v thi gian tiu chun ha. Mt khc, vic xem xet cc chin thut lin quan ti nhng cu hi sau: chun ha s din ra nh th no? Ai s ch o hot ng chun ha? V cc chun s c s dng u. 2.2.1. Nhng li do tim ki m m t tiu chun . Chun ha l mt quyt nh kh khn. Trong trng hp nhng cng ngh a c xem xet cn thn, mt t chc thng mi s chp nhn v s dng cc chun nu chng gip h m rng th trng. Tuy nhin chun ha cng l cch gip cc t chc mi trong th trng gm nhng cng ty c u th vt tri hn. Chun ha cng gip hp php ha cc cng ngh mi v cho phep cc t chc s dng cc cng ngh ny chim c v tr trung tm. V pha ngi dung, cc chun m tnh sn c ca ca mt thit b, thnh phn t mt vi ngun, c bit l chng cho phep ta s dng ln cc sn phm t nhiu nh cung cp. Quyt nh khng chun ha cng cha 2 n . Nhng nh sn xut c l mun minh l ngi duy nht iu khin c thi trng . S khn cp tiu chun ha ngh rng nhng sn phm v nhng ngi tiu dng theo ui s n nh sut thi ki di. V d, th trng ton cu cho nhng th thng minh trong thng mi in t oi hi mt chui cc chun cho cc h thng vn hnh, nhu cu, cc giao din.. khuyn khch s pht trin ca cc ng dng. 2.2.2. Nhng giao din c tiu chun ha. Hinh II-1 minh ha nhng giao din c t chc trong tng lp khun dng. Chng gm cc chun cho tham chiu, tng ng, tng thch v linh hot. Thm vo , nhng chun cho thi hnh v cht lng c th tt c cc tng.
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Nhng chun tham chiu cung cp cc thit b o lng m t nhng thc th thng thng bng nhng b tham chiu. V d in hinh l nhng chun n v cho cc n v o lng vt l (Ohm, volt, watt, dBm). V d khc trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin v vin thng l b k t ASCII tiu chun ha cc ngn ng my bc cao, m hinh kt ni cc h thng m, v k hoch a ch ha cho cc dch v thoi v internet quc t. Nhng chun tng ng vch ro nhng kha cnh phi ng nht c hai pha ca ng truyn tin cng nh nhng s thay i hoc dung sai cho phep nu c. S tng ng cn thit thit lp thnh cng kt ni. Nhng v d gm c nhng tiu chun thng thng ca cc mc tn hiu, hinh dng nhng xung hin ti, thut ton ma ha ngun cho ting ni v video tng tc, thut ton mt ma v cc h thng vn hnh my tnh. Nhng chun tng thch phi hp cc lung sinh ra bn truyn v bn nhn pha cui bn kia. Nhng chun ny c lin quan ti cc cu hinh, cc chun chc nng, cc mu giao din, cc hp ng ngi s dng. Cc cu hinh, chun chc nng, cc mu giao din xc nh mt tp hp cc la chn c nh thi hnh cc dch v c a ra. V d nh nhng chun kin trc ch ra nhng cch sp xp c th ca cc thnh phn v nhng khi kin trc thc hin mt chc nng c bit cc bn lin quan. Mt v d khc bao gm cc giao thc giao din xc nh cc khi chung ca bn pht v bn thu phi m bo s thnh cng trong giao tip mc d c hai bn khng phi ng nht.

Hnh II-1 Cc tiu chun k thut vi kin trc phn lp

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Nhng tiu chun linh hot ch trng vo s tng thch cc tnh hn tp, kh nng ca mt bn n so vi cc nhm khc vi nhng h thng khc nhau, v chiu hng ln xung ca n. V d nh m phn gia cc nh sn xut s dng khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v modem cho phep s thay i ca d liu ngi dng vi nhng modem trc thng qua nhng quy tc chung. 2.2.3. Thi gian tiu chun ha C hai kiu cho vic nh thi cc chun: mt kiu m t v mt kiu d on. a/ Kiu m t Ki u m ta miu t mi quan h v thi gian gia chun v chu ki sn xut sn phm. N gip chng ta hiu mi quan h hu nghim ca chun ti s pht trin th trng, nhng khng hng dn trong vic a ra cc kt lun v nh thi hoc trinh by t m v s chun ha. V tr ca chun trong chu ki sn phm c ch ra Hinh II-2. i vi sn phm ca chu trinh dch v cuc sng, cc chun c th l chun on trc, hoc p ng. Cc chun on trc l nhng chun cn thit cho s cng nhn rng rai mt thit b hoc dch v. Chng rt quan trng lin kt cc h thng thng tin, v iu ny gii thch vi sao li c nhiu cc chun d on trc(V.32 mode, giao din gi X.25, ISDN, TCP/IP, Recomm. H.323 cho thit b u cui a phng tin, tng bo mt cho thng mi in t-SSL).

Hnh II-2 V tri tiu chun trong chu ky san ph m Cc chun d on trc phi c phm vi v ch th rnh mch v a ra mt tp nhng kha cnh kich thch th trng. Cc chun participatory theo ui tng bc vi nhng s b sung kim tra nhng c im k thut trc khi lm theo chng. Mt vi chun participatory l thut ton ma ha thoi v ting ni trong cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T G.726, G.724, G.728 v G.729. Cc ng dng khc nhau ca internet trn tng TCP c th cng c xem nh l cc chun participatory( MBONE, MMUSIC).
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Cc chun p ng h thng ha cc sn phm hoc dch v a c bn, hoc vch ro cht lng mong i ca mt dch v. Cc chun ny a ra mt cch c h thng thng tin khoa hc v d liu sn c bn trong cc sn phm k thut hu dng. Kiu d on lm cho ph hp thi gian ca cc chun vi nhng kh nng thc cht bn trong cng ngh s dng cng ngh ng cong hinh S. nh thi gian ca cc chun trong mi quan h vi cng ngh ng cong hinh S c m t Hinh II-3 di y:

Hnh II-3 inh thi gian cua cac tiu chu n lin quan ti ng cong S cng ngh Trc tung i din cho vic thc hin cng ngh. nh thi cho cc chun on trc phn gii thiu cng ngh. Cc chun participatory c sinh ra trong khi vic thi hnh nhng ci mi pht trin theo hm m v cc sn phm ban u a c thng mi ha. Cc chun participatory cng ch vo trng thi ca cc h thng ng dng m bo mt s pht trin linh hot ti mt trng thi mi ca qu trinh hot ng. Mt chun p ng lin quan ti s biu l ca cng ngh trong h thng dch v: mt tp hp cc h thng cng ngh bin i c kt ni y s dng trong cc hot ng truyn thng v giao dch. Cc chun p ng c ngha rng nhng ngi i u trong vic i mi s ng gp ti s pht trin ca cc tiu chun trong khi tip tc pht trin cc sn phm ca h. Cui cng, c th thy rng cc tiu chun c th lm d dng qu trinh chuyn tip trong thi gian mt cng ngh gin on. 2.2.4. S chun ha s din ra nh th no ? Cc hang tip cn s chun ha trong mt vi cch m c th c lit k t s p ng nh nht ti ln nht nh sau:
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 Khng lm gi c v i cho ti khi mt xu hng xut hin. S tham gia th ng trong cc chun ca cc t chc thu thp nhng ti

liu cn thit v hiu nn tng ca chun ha. S tham gia ch ng trong cc nhm chun ha ang tn ti thu thp nhng thng tin cn thit v hiu ngha ca cc chi tit k thut, v tc dng ca s iu khin ca qu trinh chun ha .
Xy dng hoc tham gia vo cc khi lin minh, v d nh c nh hng

gin tip thng qua s tham gia khc nhau v c c thng tin v nhng chi tit k thut.
Khi u mt cngxoocxiom mi v thu ht cc thnh phn khc ci thin

v nng cao mt cng ngh a c a ra.

Cc chun t nguyn da vo s nht tr m c th l s xu xoa trong tt c

cc quan im k thut, vi iu kin l tt c cc bn tham gia phi m phn vi nhau v c s m bo tt. 2.2.5. Ai s qun l cc hot ng chun ha? Hot ng ng gp v tham gia vo cc cuc tranh lun v chun ha, m c ngha quyt nh tin trinh chun ha, hon ton da trn s hiu bit v k thut. iu ny dn ti mt vi vn th v, chng hn nh: Ai quyt nh chin lc chun ha; ai chuyn mc tiu kinh t sang mt mc tiu k thut. Ai vn hnh k hoch chin thut ; ai s xc nh ng minh v i th v la chn, nh gi vn hnh ca mt i din hang. Ai xc nh lng thng tin tham gia c cho phep tit l. 2.2.6. S chun ha c s dng nhng ni no ? ng dng ca cc chun c th c gi s trong th trng, mt nn cng nghip, hoc mt khu vc a l. Ngi c thm quyn thuc chnh quyn thng qua cc chun v sau thi hnh chng qua mt vng a l xc nh. S pht trin nhanh chng trong cc ng dng ca cng ngh thng tin a thc y s pht trin nhanh ca cc chun, cc t chc a phng, cc cngxoociom, v cc din n. C nhiu l do cho s pht trin ca consortia. Lm vic trong mt consortia khep kn c li th l tp trung c cng vic trong nhng d n hon ton xc nh. Hn na, n mang li cho cc hang s hn ch hn do c s c quyn v thng tin. Khi cc ng dng a phng tin tr nn sp nhp vi nhiu doanh nghip, ngi s dng v nh sn xut c th tham gia vo cc nhm cng nghip phi hp cc quan im v nhu cu ca h. Mt cch c th thu ht s ch ti mt cng ngh hay mt ng dng mi l bt u mt consortia tp trung trong mt vng hp. C nhiu loi consortia: consortia kim chng khi nim, consortia thi hnh v consortia ng dng:
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 Consortia kim chng khi nim tin hnh chuyn mt cng ngh hay mt

khi nim mi c dng th. Chng cung cp mt cch chia s s i mi gia cc nh nghin cu cng tc vi cnh tranh cc hang khi h pht trin cc chun trc ki hn.Nhim v ca chng l cht lc cc kt qu ca cc nghin cu trc ki hn v lng thng tin thnh cc chun cng ngh v cc bn bo co k thut.
Consortia thc thi cung cp mt cch thc ph bin rng rai cng ngh ti

mt b phn ca nn cng nghip. Gia cc hot nngj ca chng l pht trin cc chi tt k thut, pht trin cc cng c, kim tra s vn hnh ca cc chi tit k thut, v hoc thc y cng ngh pht trin
Consortia ng dng cung cp mt khung trung lp cho s dn xp gia cc

bn tham gia bng vic xc nh yu cu ca ngi s dng v pht trin cc kin trc k thut. Chng tp trung ch yu trong cc h thng, thc y s i mi, v cung cp cc hp ng thi hnh. La chn mt t chc pht trin chun c th pht trin mt chun da trn nhiu nhn t thm vo, chng hn nh:
Cc th tc v cch thc lm vic Cu trc, kt cu, v tin trinh a ra quyt nh ca cc t chc thng ch ra

s chun ha ng hn trong vong quay sn xut. Cc th tc trnh s bao vy m c th ny sinh t s c gng khng nh quyn s hu tr tu (IPR). Gnh nng cng vic ca cc t chc, s thnh tho trong ch , ti nguy n, v cc cu trc ro rng cng nh tim n. 2.2.7. Chu trnh cng ngh v sn phm hoc dch v s c chun ha. Trong s c gng cung cp mt s hiu bit hn v vai tro ca cc t chc khc nhau, s lin quan gia cc t chc pht trin chun, loi sn phm, v cng ngh c ch ra trong hinh 3.4. N minh ha cho s ph hp gia cc chun v pha c th ca mt chu ki thay i. Khi cng ngh l mi v sn phm l mi, cc s tranh lun nhm nh l ph hp hn. Trong trng hp ny, consortia kim chng khi nim dng nh ph hp nht cho s tho lun ny. iu ny c chng minh bi thnh cng ca chun TCP/IP trong giai on u ca Internet (cui nhng nm 1970, u 1980) trong hon cnh gn ging vi consortia nh ngha khi nim . Khi Internet pht trin rng khp ton cu, nhm c cch k thut Internet (IETF) a thm mt s kha cnh ca vic b sung v cc ng dng consortia.

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Hnh II-4 S lin h gia chu ky cng ngh va san ph m dich v c tiu chu n hoa Mt u ra khc ca mt consortia kim chng khi nim l s pht trin ca K thut i tng phn phi (CORBA) di s ng h ca Nhm qun l i tng (OMG). Ni cch khc, s chun ha h thng ha to ra v ph bin kin thc cho tng lai tham chiu. Trong trng hp rt xa, n din ra khi m cng ngh a c bit n, sn phm sn sng c thng nghip ha, v s cnh tranh th trng a n nh. 2.3. Cc tiu chun xy dng mt c s h tng thng tin ton cu mi C rt nhiu cc hot ng a c tin hnh hon tt c s thng tin ton cu GII (Global Informatin Infrastructure) k t khi n c a ra ln u tin vo thng 3 nm 1994. Cc t chc chun ha a lm vic rt tch cc vi GII. H a lp ra cc y ban hoc l cc nhm m nhn cng vic chun ha hon tt GII v kt hp tt vi cc chun ca cc t chc chun ha khc. Mt s tiu chun ca cc khu vc a c gng h tr cho c s h tng thng tin quc gia (National Information Infrastructure (NII)) mt s nc v khu vc. Vo thng 11 nm 1994, y ban T1 a lp ra mt nhm d n ad hoc thuc y ban T1P1 ca n. Nhm ny a a ra mt bn bo co trong a xc nh cc mc (items) c bn cho cc chc nng v cc kiu chc nng cn thit m bo cho vic kt hp hot ng v lm vic cho cc loi phng tin truyn thng khc nhau. Ti chu u, SRC6 (Strategic Review Committee 6) a c thnh lp thuc ETSI vo thng 9 nm 1994 xc nh mt tin trinh kt hp cc chun cho c s h tng thng tin chu u EII (European Informatin Infrastructure). Cc bo co ca SRC6, c tn thnh bi ETSI vo thng 6 nm 1995, xc nh c cc vn ct loi cho EII nh cc c im cho EII,cc kiu khi nim , cc trng a c chun ha.V vic qun l cc chun ny l do ETSI m nhn.Nhm chin lc cao cp HLSG (Hight Level Strategy Group ) a c t chc bi bn t chc cng nghip thng tin
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v truyn thng chu u l: Hip hi chu u ca cc nh sn xut in t tiu dng EACEM (European Association of Consumer Electronics Manufacturers), Vin thng chu u v cc chuyn ngnh cng nghip in t ECTEL(European Telecommunications and Professional Electronics industry), Hi ng hot ng mng vin thng cng cng chu u ENTO (European Public Telecommunications Network operations Association) v Hip hi chu u ca cc nh sn xut my kinh doanh v Cng nghip Cng ngh thng tin EURO-BIT(European Association of Business Machines Manufacturers and Information Technology Industry ). tng ny l cung cp cc chun kt hp tng th cho thng tin v truyn thng ICT. Cc chun ca GII c phn loi nh sau :
Cc vng ng dng (Application areas): Gii tr ti nh, thng mi in

t,hot ng lin kt kinh doanh, truyn thng c nhn, Cc dch v truyn thng cng cng, Cc vn bn cng b (vn bn +a phng tin) (ISO TCs,DAVIC,ETSI,). Cc dch v GII: Trao i d liu, ha,m thanh, x l d liu, qun l d liu, thanh ton chi ph, iu khin mng (ITUT,IETF,JTC1,SC6,SC18,SC21,SC24,SC29). Xy dng cc khi(Building blocks): Cc phng php truy nhp, a ch ha,nen,gi thnh, nh gi, d liu hng hi, d liu di ng, nhn din, lin kt quc gia,iu khin tr, tim kim, bo mt, nh tuyn, cht lng dch v, qun l u tin, bo mt/quyn s hu. Cc cng c thc hin dch v: truyn thng (broadcast, multicast, unicast), cc cu trc d liu cho vic truyn thng tin, s tng tc gia ngi dng (ITU-T, IETF, JTC1 SC6, SC18, SC21, SC24, SC29) HLSG ng mt vai tro tng t nh My. Mt trong nhng mc tiu ca HLSG l xc nh nhng tr ngi ngn cn vic thc hin GII v ra nhng t vn cho cc t chc lin quan nhm gii quyt cc cn tr ny.Mt mc tiu khc l xc nh cc vng (areas) yu cu c chun ha a phng tin v lm mi th h tr cc chun ny.Cc d n quan trng di y to iu kin cho vic thc hin cc mc tiu trn: Kh nng tng tc ca cc mng bng thng rng. Cc dch v thng tin th Thng mi in t cho cc doanh nghip va v nh Ti Nht Bn, y ban ky thut vin thng TTC (Telecommunications technology committee) a t chc ra nhm nhim v cu trc thng tin IITG (Information Infrastructure Task Group ) vo thng 3 nm 1995, hot ng di s gim st ca y ban k hoch v nghin cu chin lc (Strategic Research and Planning Committee).
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Cc bn bo co ca IITG a lm r vai tro ca TTC trong vic cam kt chun ha cho GII v NII Nht Bn.Cc bn bo co ny xc nh cc nguyn l c bn c th kt hp cc tiu chun TTC cho GII v NII. Mt cch tip cn da trn 2 mc a c xut. Cc chun mc thp dnh cho cu trc mng.Chng da trn cc chun de jure . Cc chun mc cao lin quan n cc ng dng v dch v. Chng u tin c chp nhn trong cc chi tit ky thut ca cc t chc lin doanh. thc hin theo cc hot ng ca GII ton cu v lin h vi cc t chc chun ha khc trn th gii, mt nhm lm vic c bit v cu trc thng tin c thnh lp vo thnh t nm 1996 thay th cho IITG. kt hp cc t chc chun ha quc gia, khu vc , Cc nhm cng tc chun ha ton cu GSCG (Global Standards Collaboration Goups ) c thnh lp vo nm 1994,m khi u l hip hi vin thng lin vng ISC (Interregional Telecommunication Standardizations Conference). Cc thnh vin bao gm ITU, T1, ETSI, TTC, hip hi ky thut vin thng ca Hn Quc TTA (Telecommunication Technology Association),v mt s t chc chun ha khc. Trong cuc gp ln 2 ca GSC vo thng 6 nm 1995 cc kha cnh ca GII a c tho lun.V cng ti y a c c mt tha thun rng cc tiu chun ca GII l nn c pht trin bi ITU-T. 2.3.1. Khi nim Trong khi s nhin nhn v GII thay i mt cch to ln gia cc quc gia thi c mt s yu t quan trng ca GII m dng nh chng a c ng gia cc quc gia (While visions of the GII vary enormously from country to country, there are several key elements on which they seem to agree). Khi u, Cc mng v dch v to thnh khung GII l s. Cc mng ny t chc mt cch thng minh.iu ny c ngha l chng ph thuc phn ln vo cc phn mm thc hin cc chc nng ca chng v chng cng c th ti lp trinh t ng p ng cc nhu cu thay i. Cc kiu dch v chy trn GII l khc nhau. Da trn s tng tc ca cc chng trinh ng dng, cc mng cn mang thng tin trong nhiu dng khc nhau khng ch l ting ni v d liu m con l cc hinh nh,ting ni v nh, e-mail, cc on clips thi gian thc. Cui cng, thng qua kh nng ca 3G c a ra bi cc h thng truy nhp khng dy, chng c h tr v thi gian, bt c ni no, thi im no di ng. Cc mng vin thng v cc thit b ngi dng c pht trin v thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau ti cc khu vc trn th gii. Do lu lng v cch s dng khc nhau hoc l cc c trng a l khc nhau m ti mt s nc c th c cc yu cu c bit cho ht thng vin thng ca h. Tuy nhin cc mng quc gia nhanh chng

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mt i s hu dng ca n nu chng khng th kt hp c vi cc thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau v khng th kt ni c vi cc h thng khc trn th gii. thc s c mt cuc cch mng trong GII, thi khng ch n gin l c mt mng vin thng ln hn v nhanh hn .N con phi i ph vi s thay i ca m hinh dch v vin thng, h tr nhiu kiu giao thc v tn hiu mi v quan trng nht l vn a ch ca truy nhp c bn cho mi ngi trn th gii. Siu sa l thng tin tng lai s c to ra nh mt cng ngh v ng dng mi c tch hp trong cc cu trc mng ang tn ti, to ra cc mng lai m cc phn t mng mi v mng c c th ni chuyn c vi nhau v trao i thng tin mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu. 2.3.2. Mc ich thc hin S pht trin ca GII v s m t vic thc hin ca n chu tc ng mnh m bi s t nhn ha, s quc t ha ca ngnh cng nghip vin thng. Trn khp th gii, cc chnh ph v cc t chc trong nghnh cng nghip vin thng ang m ca th trng ca minh. Do vy cc nh cung cp c quyn cng phi chu s cnh tr anh ca cc nh cung cp khc. chng li xu hng ny thi cc cng ty a quc gia a thnh cng khi a ra cc dch v tng hp. S tch v hp nht ng thi v quyn s hu trong ngnh cng nghip vin thng v c bn lm thay i cc thng s ky thut v hiu nng v s phn phi(The simultaneous fragmentation and consolidation of ownership in the telecommunications industry fundamentally change performance specification and allocation). Ngay c nhng phn ng nht trong GII, s thay i trong quyn s hu cng to ra cc quyn mi trong phm vi quc gia ni m hiu nng s c phn b bng cc tha thun a phng hoc song phng. GII s nh hng n s lng, v tr v bn cht ca vic m t cch thc hin trong nhiu khuyn ngh. Cc giao din ngi dng u cui s c m rng kt hp thc hin cc phn mm iu khin h thng(Middleware) vo trong GII. Vic thc hin iu hnh h thng, thc thi cc giao thc truyn thng, trinh duyt web, cc cng c qun l c s d liu,e-mail, cc cng c truyn dn file s c xc nh khi thc hin GII. Thc hin GII cng bao trm c m thanh, hinh nh, lin kt d liu, v cc cng c pht li hoc hin th. GII khng tnh n cc chng trinh ng dng c th hoc l cc ni dung truyn thng ca n (The GII will not include applicationspecific software or the communicated content itself ). T quan im ca ngi s dng thi cc phn cng dng cho vic trinh din nh loa, in thoi, tv, cc loi card m thanh v hinh nh l mt phn ca GII. Con theo quan im ca nh cung cp dch v thi phn cng v phn mm h tr cho vic ch dn, trinh duyt v chc nng tim

41

kim l cc thnh phn ca GII. Cc kt ni lin quan n GII nn c tnh n trong cc phn t phn cng mi c xc nh trn v cc phn mm kt ni ca chng. Cc gii hn cho ngi dng u cui c m rng xc nh cc phn mm iu khin vi cc thng s ky thut phc tp v cc s o c tham chiu n cc s kin xy ra ti h thng u cui ni vng(end-system-internal). Vic xc nh v gii thch cc s kin ny c th l kh kh khn khi thng tin ca ngi dng c ma ha v c nhng vo trong mt s cc lp lng vi nhau ca cc giao thc. Cc mng a c kt ni c th lm vic vi nhau thng qua c vic nh x giao thc v ng gi giao thc. Cc im tc ng ti cc bin ca cc giao thc s c m t thc hin nu cc giao thc nh x tham gia. S m t ny s khng c s dng xc nh vic ng gi giao din, tr phi c mt s chuyn giao quyn hn xy ra ti mt im. Khi c s chuyn i giao thc xy ra, n l cn thit xc nh cc thng s cho vic truyn thng im cui trn c s cc ci t cc thng s khc nhau ca cc s kin lin quan. iu ny c th lm c bng cch va so snh cc s kin tham kho u vo vi bn sao ca chng u ra v va xc nh cc s kin tham kho c hiu nng ng k ti c hai giao din trong cc giao thc c lp . Giao thc v phng tin chuyn i c th lm phc tp cc thng s thc hin trong GII bi to ra tinh trng khng chc chn trong vic nh thi cc s kin tham kho. Khi cc s kin u vo c phn chia khc nhau ti u ra thi ngay lp tc cc s kin u ra r rng c th tr nn m h. a/ Cc thng s thc hin GII Cc thng s mi c nh ngha cho GII c xc nh phn ln bi cc chc nng mi ca GII.

Hnh II-5 Gi ha n th c thi c xu t cho GII

42

Vic xc nh cc thng s nh tc , chnh xc, s tin cy cho cc chc nng mi ca GII vn theo cc th tc hin ti. Nhiu xut cho cc chc nng ca GII c th c biu din trong cc khung lm vic kiu ma trn 33 bng cch thm cc hng. S tin li ca cc dch v GII khin c mt s mong mun xc nh c tiu chun chung cho vic thc hin GII, thm vo l cc tiu chun cho tc c bn u ra, chnh xc, tin cy cng c mong mun, nhm cung cp ton din hn cc chi tit ky thut cho vic thc hin khung lm vic. Mt tiu chun chung mi c xut bao gm tnh an ton v d dng trong s dng. Tnh an ton l mt vn ct loi trong khi a ra mt thit k. Khi c th thi chc nng an ton s c nh gi trong cc tnh cht nh tc , chnh xc v tin cy trong khung lm vic ma trn 33. Tnh d dng trong s dng cng tng t nh tnh an ton, c ngha l n c th xc nh trong cc tnh cht nh tc , chnh xc, tnh tin cy khi c th. Trong mt s trng hp, iu ny c th c thc hin c bng cch p dng hiu qu cc bin php dng chc nng p ng ngi dng v nh gi GII trn c s hiu sut ngi dng. Cc yu t con ngi nghin cu cng c th h tr v c th xut cc cch t ng ha qu trinh ny. Cc chc nng mi c hinh dung cho GII lm cho u ra c th l lin tc hoc khng lin tc. Cc chc nng khng lin tc ca GII bao gm cc chc nng x l cuc gi mi, lu tr v xy dng li thng tin, chuyn i cc nh dng v phng tin, bo mt ngi dng v dch a ch. Cc chc nng lin tc c nh lng hoc l nh tnh trong mt s kha cnh . Kt qu ca chng l bao gm mt lot cc kt qu thnh cng tng phn vi cc mc li ch khc nhau cho ngi dng. Cc chc nng lin tc ca GII bao gm vic tim kim v trinh duyt cc chi ph, yu cu dung lng v quan trng nht l cht lng dch v. Xc nh ro cc thng s thc hin GII, chng ta c th a ra c cc thng s c bn v cc thng s kh dng. S gia tng ca cc cng ngh lm gim hiu sut trong GII s c gii quyt bng cc pht trin cc thng s khch quan o c ti giao din khch hng hn l c gng nh lng tc ng ca mt cng ngh c th no . iu ny oi hi cc giao thc phi c lp vi cc bin c tham chiu nh a c xc nh cc phn trc. Khi u ra l lin tc thi vic xc nh cc thng s c bn l rt phc tp. Nhin chung cc thng s nh th c trng cho cc kt qu trong cc mc phn phi v cc s liu thng k. GII s nh hng ti cc tiu chun ky thut bng cch thc y vic xem xet li cc tiu chun con thiu st. Trong nhng nh ngha truyn thng thi cc trng thi khng kh dng s c nhn ra bi cc trng thi ny hu nh khng c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng c bn mt khong thi gian nht nh no . Theo
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truyn thng thi xc sut kha thp v tn sut li cuc gi cao l mt tiu ch ph hp khai bo s hao ht. Vic thc thi cc giao thc chuyn giao v cc cng ngh c kh nng phc hi nhanh trong GII s tc ng ti cc thng s ky thut kh d bng cch thay th mt s hao ht ln vi cc bin c tm thi m c mt s tc ng khng ng k i vi cc bin c nh nht v to ra cc thng s mi tnh ton cc s kin gin on ring r. Vic pht trin cc tiu chun hao ht trong GII nn c tip tc phn bit cc bin c tm thi t mt chui cc s kin. 2.3.3. M hin c nng h ch Kiu chc nng ca GII c nh ngha nh mt c s nh dng cho vic chun ha. Kiu ny l mt s m t tru tng mt h thng v c pht trin c lp vi vic x l ca h thng. Cc mc tiu ca n l:
Cho phep t do thc thi cc phng php m khng nh hng n hot ng

ca ton h thng.
Cho phep mt s tch hp quy m ln trong mt thit b hoc trong mt phn

mm trong khi vn c th qun l v m rng vic m t cc khi phn cng v phn mm.
Cho phep to ra cc dch v ng ph hp vi ngi dng.

S dng kiu chc nng c s dng rng rai trong c cc ngnh cng nghip vin thng v cng ngh thng tin. C rt nhiu cc v d v kiu chc nng v vic m hinh ha chc nng, bao gm: Thng tin v quan im tnh ton ca kiu x l phn tn m S dng cc dch v c lp trong cc mng thng minh. M t theo lp ca cc giao din s phn cp ng b v s dng cc khi chc nng trong cc chi tit ky thut ca thit b. Vic m rng s dng cc lp ca cc giao din ng dng c th lp trinh c trong vic iu hnh cc kin trc phn mm h tr h thng. Hinh II-6 minh ha cc kiu chc nng c bn trong GII v nhng kiu giao din logic c bn trong GII: Cc chc nng l: cc chc nng ng dng, cc chc nng iu khin h thng (middleware) v chc nng kt ni h thng (baseware). Bng cc thc th logic ca cc chng trinh ng dng, chng c dng nh gi chc nng ca cc chng trinh ng dng. Cc thc th lun lun c thc thi trong phn mm v v thng c gi l cc i tng ng dng. Cc chc nng Middleware l cc thc th logic ca middleware bao gm cc chc nng iu khin v qun l dch v: Cc chc nng iu khin dch v l cc chc nng Middlewave (Service control functions are the middleware functions), gm cc thc th logic xy

44

dng dch v t cc thnh phn dch v v cc lin kt ti nguyn, v kim sot tc ng ca ngi dng i vi cc dch v. Cc chc nng Middlewave l tp cc thc th logic thc thi vic qun l tt c cc chc nng khc. Cc chc nng Baseware l tp cc thc th logic cho phep cc chng trinh ng dng v Middlewave chy v truyn thng vi cc chc nng khc bng cc giao tip vi cc chc nng mng v giao tip vi ngi dng. Chng bao gm cc chc nng mng, chc nng x l v lu tr v chc nng tng tc gia ngi v my tnh.

Hnh II-6 Cc da ng chc nng GII co cac ki u giao din khac nhau Cc chc nng mng l cc chc nng Baseware m cc thc th logic h tr kt ni cc vng (locations) tch bit trong GII li vi nhau v bao gm c chc nng iu khin v truyn dn. Cc chc nng x l v lu tr l cc chc nng Baseware m cc thc th logic dng thc thi cc chc nng ng dng v Middleware v lu thng tin. Chc nng tng tc gia ngi v my l cc chc nng ca Baseware m cc thc th logic cho phep cc thnh phn ng dng th hin thng tin v ly thng tin t ngi dng. Quan h gia cc chc nng v vai tro ca chng m trong chng thc hin cc chc nng ring ca chng c xc nh bi s cn thit ca cc chc nng. V d, cc chc nng truyn thng v kt ni mng yu cu nhiu chc nng ca Middleware nhm c cc ngun ti nguyn c th a ra cc dch v ph hp lin quan n vic truyn thng v kt ni mng. 2.3.4. M hin h thc thi

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M hinh thc thi m t vic thc thi cc chc nng ca m hinh chc nng nh th no trong cc thit b v c s hu bi cc nh khai thc. Cc l do pht trin mt m hinh thc thi l : S khc nhau v cc c tnh ca cc giao din l rt quan trng trong qu trinh chun ha.(chng hn cc dng giao din gia cc nh khai thc v cc nh cung cp khc nhau). Do vy cho phep u tin cho s chun ha cc giao din . S chun b ci t cc m hinh minh ha cho vic hiu nng h thng c th b tc ng bi vic thc thi nh th no. Mt kiu thc thi ch ra cc chc nng no c thc thi trong mt thit b. N cng nhn din cc giao thc dng trn cc giao din ca thit b. Kiu thc thi trong GII lin quan n vic kt ni mt s cc thnh phn thc thi vi nhau bao gm : Cc thit b thng tin
Cc khi phn mm iu khin (Middleware) Cc khi phn mm ng dng Cc phn ca mng vin thng

Tt c chng c phn ra trong cc khi thc thi v c kt ni vi nhau bng cc giao din. Cc giao din gia cc thit b thng tin v cc phn truy nhp ca mng vin thng l cc giao din vt l, nh l gia phn truy nhp v phn loi. Cc giao din khc nh l cc giao din lp trinh c nm trong thit b thng tin hoc l cc giao thc ci m c truyn trn mng vin thng. Mi on cha hai chc nng chinh l : chc nng iu khin v chc nng truyn dn. Bng cc thit b thng tin, chng ti ch ra cc thnh phn cho phep ngi dng nhn c truy nhp t GII v/hoc c th ci t, nhn din v x l cc khi phn mm bao gm cc cc c s d liu v cc th vin video. Bng cc khi phn mm iu khin(Middleware) chng ti ch ra cc khi phn mm cha cc chc nng iu khin (Middeware). Cc khi ny chy trong cc thit b thng tin. Cc phn ca mng vin thng kt ni vi cc thit b thng tin v cho phep cc chc nng iu khin v ng dng c ci t trn cc thit b thng tin khc nhau giao tip vi nhau. Cc phn on bao gm cc phn on truy nhp, phn on loi, cc phn on cung cp cc dch v cao, v cc phn on tha thun. Hinh II-7 gii thiu mt v d cc thit b thng tin c kt ni bi cc mng vin thng to ra cc phn on khc nhau. Cc phn trong mng vin thng c th c iu hnh bi cc t chc khc nhau v thng c lin h vi nhau. Mi on l mt cng ngh, mt s thc thi ph thuc nhau. Vic phn phi cc dch v c nhn yu cu phi chc mt chc nng ca GII c ci t mi phn on.
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Hnh II-7 Cc thit b thng tin c ni bi m t ma ng vin thng 2.3.5. Cch tip cn theo kch bn (Scenarios Approach ) Trong mt s trng hp GII bao gm nhiu thnh phn t cc ngnh khc nhau nh vin thng, cng ngh thng tin, gii tr Khi vic hi t gia cc lnh vc tng ln v cc cng ngh a dng v dch v mc ra. cc m hinh c th c phn tch v pht trin mt cch nht qun thi mt phng php m tt c cc thnh phn khc nhau c th hiu c cn phi a ra. Vic cung cp cc dch v khc nhau bng mt nh cung cp a dch v thng qua cc cng ngh a dng t cc ngnh khc nhau lm cho vic cung cp cc dch v cui cng ca mt h thng tr nn quan trng. hiu c cc tiu chun a ra thi cn thit phi hiu s ph thuc ln nhau gia cc thnh phn trong h thng cng nh cc thnh phn lin k nhau ti mt cng n. iu ny ch c th thc hin c bng cch kim tra mi quan h gia tt c cc thnh phn trong mt m hinh a cho . Mc ch ca mt m hinh l sp xp cc thnh phn ca GII mt cc r rng. Cc trng hp hay trong mt m hinh l cc cng ngh ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau c kt ni vi nhau hoc l cc dch v truyn thng khng c cung cp bi cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng v khng qua cc cng ngh truyn thng. V d dch v in thoi qua cp ca TV hoc cc dch v video qua cc mng lp a phng (PSTN chng hn). Mc ch chnh ca m hinh l: Nhn din cc im m to ra cc giao din kt ni, giao din truy nhp, hoc l giao din thit b trn mt cu hinh c ci t ca cc nh cung cp v

dch v, mng v thit b. Nhn din cc chun c ci t c th c s dng ti cc giao din chnh Xc nh cc t chc pht trin cc chun chnh hoc l cc hip hi cng nghip m lin quan n cc chun a ra. Ngoi ra, mt m hinh con cung cp mt phng tin : To thun li cho vic phn loi cc giao din Thun li trong vic nhn din cc dch v m c mang qua cc giao din Thun li trong phn loi dch v Thun li trong vic xc nh im cui phn phi dch v
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 Cha thng tin ca cc giao thc trc tip hoc gin tip ti giao din nhn Ly cc ti liu lin quan khc

Tip cn theo kch bn s: Cung cp mt phng tin kim tra y mt gii php
Thun li cho vic pht trin cc gii php chung Thun li cho vic so snh cc gii php Cung cp mt danh mc cc gii php c chun ha nhm trnh s pht

minh li khng cn thit Gip xc nh cc l hng trong cc chun.

Xc nh li ch chung cho cc t chc pht trin chun ha v cc tiu chun

cn phi c s hp tc gia cc t chc.

Thun li cho vic kho st cc phn t trong m hinh a cho.

V d 2.1: Cho mt kch bn trong c cung cp cc dch v d liu, m thanh, ting ni tn ti trong cu trc mng hin ti . Cc knh cung cp video c thit lp t cc server video ti khch hng thng qua v tinh hoc l qung b mt t hoc thng qua giao din Bvideo gia server video v u cui ca cp mng. y Bvideo i din cho giao din gia nh cung cp video v mng truy nhp. V d 2.2: Mt kch bn s dng ADSL v VDLS cung cp bng thng truyn video qua cp ng nhm gii thch vic s dng 2 cng ngh phn phi bng thng cho truyn video. Cc ky thut c pht trin truyn bng thng cao (1.5-50Mhz) qua mng cp ng ang tn ti. Vic truyn ti ny ch tn ti trong khong cch ngn. ADSL c tc bit down xung khong 1.5-6Mbps v tc up ln khong 16 n 64kbps. Vi tc 2Mbps thi khong cch c th ln ti 5km nhng ty loi cp, v khong cch ny cng gim khi tc bit tng. VDLS pht trin vi tc down l t 25-50Mbps nhng khong cc thp hn (50-500m). Trong trng hp ny cp quang c s dng truyn ti mt im kt ni cheo thun li trong mng a phng trc khi chuyn sang cp ng chuyn phn con li ca kt ni. 2.3.6. Cc n lc tiu chu n ha Mt xa hi c th c coi nh gm c cc thnh phn kinh t xa hi v cc thnh phn cng nghip v mi phn c mt vai tro nht nh trong xa hi. Mt xa hi thng tin hot ng da ch yu vo vai tro ca hai thnh phn ny. Vai tro ca kinh t xa hi l : Xy dng mt li sng lch s v nhng phong tc (hot ng mua bn trn mng, nhng quy tc cho mt xa hi o) To ra vn ha v ngh thut (cc sch a phng tin hay cc ph nhc in t)
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 Xy dng cc quy tc, lut, cc iu khon (v d lut y t v y hc t xa)

(medical laws in telemedicine). Mt khc, vai tro ca cng nghip cng rt quan trng: To ra cc chng trinh ng dng v cc dch v (mua bn qua mng, cc dch v video)
To ra cc mng thng tin ( mng vin thng, mng qung b, v tinh) Cc phng tin sn xut (cc thit b u cui hay cc h thng truyn dn)

GII c nhin nhn nh l mt phng tin mi ngi c th truy nhp vo xa hi thng tin (Information Society) v n l mt phn ca xa hi ny.N cng thc y s pht trin kinh t, tnh cnh tranh v vn ha xa hi. V hn th na n gip cho c s h tng ca mt s nghnh nh h thng giao thng, truyn thng pht trin, cng to ra s ph cp v chuyn nghip trong gio dc. Cng theo cc ny, s pht trin ca GII cng lm tng v ci thin giao tip gia ngi vi ngi. iu ny to s d dng cho mt xa hi thng tin m trong cc c th ring l c th an tm khi truy nhp vo mt loi dch v v thng tin no. Thc t thi thch thc ginh cho vic chun ha l rt ln, bi vi phi a ra c cc chun cho 3 thnh phn bao trm trong GII l: cc chun ton cu, thng tin, v h tng c s. Cc tiu chun ton cu c yu cu cho cc thnh phn thng tin v h tng c s ca GII. S ton cu ha ca hot ng bun bn, s d dng truy nhp thng tin v s thun tin trong i li lm cho th gii tr nn khng bin gii v hot ng kinh doanh. Mc ch ca c s h tng ton cu l to kh nng cho ngi dng c th qun l, lu tr, phn phi v s dng thng tin ton cu. Cc tiu chun ton cu y cho vic truy nhp an ton hoc l vic trao i thng tin khng ph thuc vo v tr ca thng tin nh cung cp v thng tin ngi dng l cn thit thy r cc li ch ca GII. S hi t ca cng ngh, v s lin kt cc thit b vin thng, my tnh v rt nhiu in t tiu dng a dn n nhu cu mi trn c s thng tin ca cc nh cung cp thng tin v ngi dng. Mc tiu chnh ca vic chun ha GII l trnh chng cheo cng vic cho cc t chc chun ha nhm kt hp cc tiu chun cn thit li vi nhau. GII l mt trong cc lnh vc c chun ha bi s kt hp cc tiu chun ton cu gia cc quc gia, vng v cc c quan tiu chun quc t tr gip cho ITU. Cc cuc gp g a ra cc chng trinh lm vic trao i thng tin, a ra cc mc tiu thc y nhanh hn qu trinh chun ha vin thng ton cu, v thc y qu trinh lin kt v qu trinh hot ng vi nhau. Hot ng chun ha ca ITU ch yu da vo 3 t chc thnh vin ca n l Telecommunication Standardization (ITU-T), Radiocommunication
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(ITU-R), and Development (ITU-D). Nhn ra s quan trng ca vic chun ha GII, ITU a nhanh chng a ra mt k hoch cho vic chun ha GII v a ng c cc nguyn tc v cu trc khung lm vic cho GII. Mc ch c bn ca GII l lm cho vic kt ni gia cc mng tr nn d dng hn. Vic kt ni ny s cung cp cho ngi dng dch v v chng trinh ng dng kt hp. Cc chun a ra trong GII phi cho phep s tng thch cc mng mi v cc cng ngh mi. 2.3.7. Chng trin u cua cc nhm tiu chu n hoa ca ITU-T cho GII h nghin c ITU c t chc thnh mt s nhm nghin cu. Mi nhm s chu trch nhim cho cng vic ca minh. Cc nhm lin quan n GII l :
Nhm 2 hot ng mng v dch v Nhm 3 - Cc nguyn tc v tnh ton v thu lin quan n kinh t vin thng

v a ra cc chnh sch. Nhm 4- Mng qun l vin thng v bo tri mng

Nhm 7- Cc mng s liu v h thng truyn thng m Nhm 8- Cc c tnh ca cc h thng telematics Nhm 9 Cc ngn ng v phn mm chung cho h thng vin thng Nhm 11- Cc giao thc v yu cu cho bo hiu Nhm 12- Hiu nng truyn dn u cui (end- to end) ca cc mng v thit

b u cui Nhm 13- Cc kha cnh chung ca cc mng (general networks aspects) Nhm 15- Cc mng truyn dn, cc h thng v thit b Nhm 16- cc dch v v h thng a phng tin Nhm 13 lm v cc chun cho ISDN v BISDN v cng l nhm chu trch nhim cho ton b cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn trong GII. Hn na nhm ny cng c b nhim l qun l cho ton b d n, chu trch nhim khng ch cho cc khuyn ngh ca minh m con kt hp c nhng khuyn ngh ca cc nhm khc v ca cc t chc khc. Trong s pht trin cho GII ca ITU T, thi ITU T ang tp trung vo 4 b phn chnh:
S pht trin cc chun c kh nng tng tc nhanh hn (the development

of standards to faster interoperability) Phn phi cc gii ph tn v tuyn cho cc dch v di ng mi m cc dch v ny l mt b phn khng th tch ri ca GII a ra cc chnh sch v h tr cng ngh cho cc nc ang pht trin Thit lp cc dng m , ni m cc chnh ph v i din cc nghnh cng nghip c th nhanh chng bin c m v GII nhanh chng tr thnh hin thc
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Su cng ngh ang xy dng cho GII l:

Cc ky thut truyn dn Cc ky thut mng Cc giao din ngi dng a phng tin H thng v tuyn v v tinh Mng truyn dn

Cc cng ngh truyn dn s lm c s cho trao i thng tin qua GII bao gm X.25, frame relay, ISDN and BISDN, cng nh ATM. Mt trong nhng h thng truyn dn c nht vn c dng l X25. N vn l mt thnh phn quan trng ca cc mng cn tnh ton chnh xc, v d nh tnh ton ti chnh. Frame Relay c ITU-T a ra v c nh ngha ti khuyn ngh I.223, n s dng trong cc mng truyn d liu tc cao bng cch gim i cc tiu so vi X25. Frame Relay c xem nh l cu ni cho cc cng ngh i c, tc chm nh X25 vi cc cng ngh mi, v tc cao hn nh ISDN, BISDN hay ATM. Cc nhm nghin cu ca ITU tip tc iu chnh n v dn tch hp n vo cc cng ngh mi. ISDN l mt chun c pht trin bi ITU v n c dng rng rai hn bi n h tr truyn d liu vi bng thng cao hn v ci thin cht lng cuc gi.Vi n truyn tc rt cao cho mt lng ln d liu t im ti im, do n thch hp cho cc ng dng nh cc ng dng tp trung d liu , truyn hinh hi ngh, v cc dch v a phng tin. BISDN l phin bn cao hn ca ISDN, n h tr chun tc ln n 155Mbps thng qua cc mng cp quang. C hai chun ny u ang c tip tc pht trin trong ITU. Ngy nay, tc truyn dn c pht trin rt nhanh, c th ln n Gigabit/s. Do cng ngh ATM ra i, v n l mt thnh phn chnh trong GII. Kh nng ca n l c th truyn dn tc cao cc lu lng khc nhau qua cc ng o vi tc c th ln ti vi Gigabit/s, lm cho n tr thnh mt phng tin l tng truyn cc dch v a phng tin nh video thi gian thc, truyn file dung lng ln, cc ng dng mi da tren voice v audio. H thng truyn dn ng b SDH cng l mt thnh phn quan trng trong GII. Cng ngh ngy lm tng kh nng s dng bng thng trong h thng vin thng v n cho phep cu hinh mm do c th thay i lu lng truyn dn theo yu cu ca ngi dng. Trong SDH cc mng c phn cp do vy n s x l tt hn cc loi lu lng vi tc khc nhau. SDH cng ci thin ng k chi ph gi thnh mng do n tn dng hiu qu hn bng thng ca h thng. ITU cng va mi pht trin mt lng ln cc chun cho SDH bao gm : kin trc v hot ng ca h thng, hiu nng v qun l kh nng ca cc mng SDH v cc giao din ca chng , cc phn t ghep knh SDH v lin mng quc t gia cc mng SDH v cc mng c
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hn. Ci thin vic qun l mng cng l mt vic quan trng cn tnh n vi s phc tp ngy cng tng ca cc thit b v s khng ngng m rng cc tnh nng ca cc thit b trong cc mng. gii quyt vn ny, ITU a khng ngng ci thin cc chun mng qun l vin thng (Telecommunications Management Network ) ph hp hn vi cc cng ngh hin ti. Lin minh cng lm vic trn Human Computer Interfaces bn v cc nhim v phc tp trong qun l mng ton cu v qun l mng cng s tr thnh vn ct loi trong GII. Pht trin cc giao tip mi s gii quyt c vn mt s lng ln ngi dng tham gia vo mng. Khi cp n vn giao tip ngi s dng thi rt nhiu ngi ngh ngay n internet v World Wide Web . Thc vy, s pht trin ca internet l mt s pht trin tuyt vi cho cc dch v ca GII. Hin nay ITU ang tham gia vo mt s d n xc nh v cng nhn tm quan trong ca mng IP i vi cc mng khc trong c mng vin thng. Hin nay, mt s nhm nghin cu ca ITU ang pht trin mt s dch v khc ca mng IP nh multimedia over IP , tc ng ca cc dch v Web vi cc dch v PSTN v ISDN, bo mt v hot ng tng tc im im, a ch IP, h thng tn v dng IP trong cc mng di ng v v tinh. Mt s giai on quan trng trong vic chun ha nhm cung cp cc phng tin cho truyn dn a phng tin, mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn trong GII l: Di s lanh o ca nhm 16, ITU hin ti ang thc hin chun ha trong cc vng nh cc thnh phn cu trc, cc giao din chng trinh ng dng (API), cc cng c v cc th tc hot ng cn thit mang cc dch v a phng tin nhanh chng ti cc my destop trung binh. Cc chun m thanh v hinh nh nh JPEG, ITU H.262/H.222.0 (tng t MPEG) s gip cc chng trinh ng dng c pht trin hn v thch ng c vi cc sn phm ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Thm vo , phin bn u tin H.323 ca ITU dnh cho voice, d liu v voice qua cc mng IP a ph hp vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc phm mm player nh ca Microsoft v Intel. Nhng chun cn bn ny dng nh chc chn lm c s cho in thoi Internet (Internet Telephony) cng nh cc ng dng tng tc khc m kt hp voice, data, video. ITU cng pht trin cc chun quan trng trn tt c cc thnh phn nhm tin kp vi s pht trin mi nht t cc nh sn xut. ITU gi vai tro sng con trong vic qun l cc gii tn v tuyn . Do vy mt s tng thm ca cc ngun ti nguyn khan him s nhanh chn c pht trin v ph bin trn cc h thng di ng . S pht trin ca h thng v tinh l rt quan trng cho h thng thng tin ton cu trong tng lai. Cc h thng truyn thng c nhn di ng ton cu bng v tinh ( Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite GMPCS) khng ch cho cc dch v truyn thoi v d liu di ng ti bt k ni no trn hnh tinh m con cc dch v a phng tin hay con c gi l Internet in the
52

Sky. GMPCS cng c dng phn phi cc dch v qung b nh truyn hinh v point-casting. 2.3.8. Cc nh hng cho tng lai ITU a tha thun vi mt s cc din n v lin doanh cng nh cc t chc chun ha khc v vic trao i thng tin, cng nhn cc kt qu v tham kho cc chun a ra trong cc khuyn ngh ca ITU. Mt vn quan trng l nh gi nh hng ca Internet trong GII. Mt iu ng ch l cc nhm lm vic lin quan n GII ang ngy cng kt hp tt vi IETF, iu ny m bo mt s thng nht cc chun c thit lp. Cc mng vin thng ang cung cp cc dch v thoi v d liu vi tin cy cao v Qos c m bo v da trn cc cng ngh mng khc nhau v s kt hp lm vic gia chng. S m rng cc mng bng thng rng da trn cng ngh ATM. Cc mng da trn IP cung cp mt dng m cho phep cc ngi dng kt ni ti cc cu trc mng khc nhau vi mt ci t chung cc chng trinh ng dng v trao i thng tin khng cn QoS. Chng giao thc IP c pht trin cung cp cc chng trinh ng dng nh thoi, d liu, video vi QoS. Thm vo cc mng v tuyn mt t, cp, v tinh cung cp cc dch v gii tr cc b v cng a ra cc dch v voice, video v d liu. 2.4. Tiu chun ha cc qu trnh truyn thng a phng tin Nghe nhin a phng tin (Audiovisual multimedia) s ng mt vai tro quan trng trong nhiu ng dng ca dch v truyn thng. a phng tin con cha thc s pht trin ht hiu sut my tnh v cng ngh truyn dn tc cao ky thut s. Do , cc dch v a phng tin ang c ci tin hng ngy vi nhng tin b ky thut. thc hin dch v truyn thng, nhng t chc tiu chun ha khc nhau ang cng tc vi nhau, lin lc. trao i, v chp nhn cc tiu chun hin hnh v cc thng s ky thut t cc din n lin quan y nhanh tc v nng cao hiu qu hot ng tiu chun ha. 2.4.1. Chin lc ca ITU-T ITU-T a c lin tc thch nghi vi phng php lm vic ca minh v Study Group (SG) c cu duy tri vai tro chnh ca ITU-T trong vic pht trin cc tiu chun ton cu. T chc Tiu chun Vin thng th gii nm 2000 (WTSA2000) ph duyt phng php lm vic sau y i ph vi mi trng mi. Trc tin, thi gian cho vic chun ha a c rt ngn. Cc kin ngh c chp nhn bi s ng thun nht tr, cc nc thnh vin c quyn b phiu sau khi ph duyt cc th tc truyn thng (TAP) ti cuc hp ca SG. Mt khuyn ngh v cc th tc ph duyt thay th (AAP) trong vong 4 tun, trong trng hp ti thiu, sau khi ph duyt cp ca Study Group. Cc AAP s p dng ky thut phn phi,
53

v thch thc t ra l duy tri c s phn phi . Thi gian trung binh gia cc cuc hp ca SG l 10 thng, c th rt ngn xung nu cc d n c bit cn ph duyt. Vn s c chp thun nu c t nht 5 thnh vin ca ITU-T ng . C cu hin hnh ca ITU-T tng ng vi GII C s h tng thng tin ton cu. Mt nhm nghin cu mi ca ITU-T, SSG nhm nghim cu c bit a c thnh lp ti WTSA2000 gii quyt vi chun ca t chc vin thng di ng quc t IMT-2000 v xa hn na. SSG khng ch cp n s tn ti ca IMT-2000 m con khi xng v nghin cu cc dch v v cc yu cu mng vt qu kh nng ca IMT-2000 trong s hp tc cht ch vi 3GPP T chc chun ha cc cng ngh mng t bo. ITU-T c truyn thng quan h cht ch vi cc t chc pht trin tiu chun khc (SDOs) nh ISO v IEC. Cc vn bn thng thng c pht trin v cc bin php c tha thun hp tc, ng thi tn trng nhng quy tc khc nhau ca h. T chc t vn chun vin thng (TSAG) nh gi nhng u im, chng trinh, hot ng, vn ti chnh, v chin lc cho ITU-T, bm st thnh qu ca cc chng trinh lm vic, c cu li v thit lp cc ITU-T SG, cung cp hng dn cho cc SG, c vn cho nhng ngi lanh o ITU-T, v son tho mt b nhng ngh v t chc v th tc lm vic. N c lp thnh Khuyn ngh ITU-T A.23, hp tc vi T chc tiu chun quc t (ISO) v y ban ky thut in Quc t (IEC) Cng ngh thng tin (1996) v hp tc vi SDOs khc bng vic lin lc gia trao i v tham kho vn bn c lin quan trong khuyn ngh ca ITU-T. ISOC Hip hi Internert - a c chp nhn nh l mt thnh vin ca ITU-T. Hi ng ITU-99 ng h s tham gia ca ITU-T trong PSO T chc h tr tiu chun - ca Tng cng ty Internet cho tn min v s (ICANN). N cng xc nhn s qun l ca ITU vi nhng tn min cp cao. Sau mt cuc hp gia Gim c khu vc ca IETF lc lng qun l ky thut - v SG ca ITU-T, s c mt phn tch c thc hin bi cc TSAG nhm t vn ky thut chin lc. Kt qu phn tch ny c th hin trong Bng II-1. Nhng con s i din cho s ca WGS IETF v ITU-T SGS c lin quan vi cc khu vc tng t. Mt s ITU-T SGS c tnh lin tc trong cc lnh vc khc nhau, vi cc nhm SG ITU-T c mt vng bao qut rng hn so vi cc nhm WG IETF, trong khi mt s SG c lin quan n nhiu lnh vc. Bng II-1: Nhng ch s lin quan gia WG IETF v SG ITU-T trong cng linh vc Cc nhm nghin cu IETF Applications General area 17 2 Cc nhm nghin cu ITU-T 6 2
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Cc nhm nghin cu IETF Internet area Operations and management area Routing area Security area Transport area 13 17 12 12 14

Cc nhm nghin cu ITU-T 7 6 5 3 5

S cng tc cng a c thit lp vi khu vc/t chc khc nhau trong nc. V d, Cc giao thc vin thng v internet cng hi hoa tn ti trn mng (TIPHON) l mt trong nhng d n ca ETSI dnh ring cho s pht trin ca in thoi IP . ITU-T c quan h cht ch vi cc d n ny, k t SG2 cho vic phn b ma ton cu cho in thoi IP. C cu t chc ca ITU-T c minh ha trong Hinh II-8.

Hnh II-8 C cu t chc ca ITU-T R: Cc nhm quan h (Rapporteur Group) 2.4.2. nh hng ca ISO/IEC JTC1 trong nhng tiu chun a phng tin (T chc ISO thc hin tiu chun ha cho rt nhiu lnh vc. Cc lnh vc khc nhau c chia thnh cc y ban ky thut (TC Technical Committee) khc nhau ph trch v lnh vc . Mi y ban ky thut c th phn thnh cc Tiu ban (SC SubCommittee) v lm vic theo cc Nhm lm vic (WG Working Group). Cc tiu chun v mt ma ban hnh bi ISO ch yu c thc hin bi hai y ba n ISO TC68 v ISO/IEC JTC1.

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ISO/IEC JTC1 (Joint Technical Committee) l mt t cng tc gia ISO v IEC. Cc vn c gii quyt bi JTC1 rt rng ln, bao trm ton b lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. Trong khi phn ln cc cng vic ca y ban ny khng lin quan n lnh vc an ton thi c mt s tiu ban rt quan trng lm vic trong lnh vc mt ma v an ton. JTC1/SC17 lm vic trong lnh vc an ton cho card phn cng v nhn dng con ngi, JTC1/SC27 lm vic v cc ky thut an ton CNTT v JTC1/SC 37 lm vic v ky thut sinh trc hc. TC68 lm hng n vic tiu chun ha cho lnh vc cng nghip dch v ti chnh, c mt s tiu ban thuc y ban ny s dng mt ma bo v d liu ti chnh. Ch yu cc tiu ban ny chi tit ha cc tiu chun mt ma chung a ra bi ISO/IEC JTC1 v p dng chng vo khu vc ti chnh. S chi tit ha y thng thng l la chn mt hoc mt s lc mt ma t mt s lc c a ra bi ISO/IEC JTC1 v m bo rng tt c thng tin lin quan n lc phi chi tit, chng hn nh cch khi to cc bin, hm bm, thut ton ma khi c s dng ra sao trong tng lc . D nhin, TC68 cng a ra cc tiu chun mt ma mi, c bit l cc lnh vc khng c cp bi cc tiu chun JTC1. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IEC l c quan tiu chun ha cng b cc tiu chun v in t v cng ngh in t. Cc tiu chun cng b bi IEC lin quan n lnh vc mt ma v an ton ch yu c thc hin thng quan y ban hp tc vi ISO (l ISO/IEC JTC1). c thm thng tin v IEC c th truy cp website ca t chc ny ti http://www.iec.ch/. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ITU l mt t chc tiu chun ha bo tr bi chnh ph Hoa K nhm tim kim s hp tc tm chnh ph v cc n lc hp tc trong vic to ra cc mng li v dch v truyn thng ton cu. T chc ny c chia lm ba nhnh chnh: ITU-R lin quan n truyn thng sng radio, ITU-D lin quan n pht trin vin thng v ITU-T lin quan n cc tiu chun v vin thng. Chng ta ch quan tm n cc tiu chun ITUT, c bit l cc tiu chun h X ca ITU-T v mng d liu. Cc tiu chun ny hng n vic thit k mng hn l lnh vc mt ma nhng n bao hm cc khi nim quan trng v h tng c s kha cng khai cng nh vic s dng cc dch v mt ma trn mng. Cc tiu chun ITU-T thng c bit n dng cc "khuyn co" (recommendations). Thng tin chi tit hn v ITU c th xem ti website ca c quan ny http://www.itu.int/, con thng tin v ITU-T c ti http://www.itu.int/ITUT/.) T chc tiu chun quc t v t chc tiu chun cng ngh in t (ISO / IEC) l mt ngun chnh v nm ton quyn a ra cc tiu chun quan trng cn thit cho GII v truyn thng a phng tin. Phm vi nh hng ca tiu chun ISO v IEC, c
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tnh ca qu trinh pht trin m, qu trinh hp tc v cc cng vic lin quan cung cp thng tin tiu chun ha cng ngh a dng, cht lng v bo m cn thit trong mt mi trng ton cu. Nhng thch thc phi i mt ca tt c cc t chc pht trin tiu chun l m bo mc ch kinh doanh v nhu cu th trng cho cc tiu chun trong phm vi ca h c hiu v p ng mt cch hiu qu v kp thi. S phi hp gia cc t chc v li ch khc nhau l cn thit. Nm 1987, ban ISO/IEC JTC1 c thnh lp a ra nhng tiu chun chung c p dng cho c ISO v IEC m bo phi hp nhanh chng trn nhiu lnh vc tiu chun ha cng ngh. JTC1 ngay lp tc tr thnh mt nhm nghin cu ky thut (TSG-1) nghin cu cc tiu chun cn thit xc nh cc s kt ni cho ng dng. Hn 10 nm sau, nhiu vn a c gii quyt bi TSG-1. Tuy nhin, con rt nhiu cc vn v quan im rt khc nhau xut hin cng vi s pht trin trong truyn thng a phng tin. ISO/IEC l t chc tiu chun cng ngh c vai tro quan trng c cng nhn trn th gii. Li ch quan trng l nng cao s ph hp ca sn phm, quy trinh, v dch v cho cc mc ch d nh ca h, phong chng cc ro cn thng mi, v to thun li cho hp tc cng ngh. S dng cc tiu chun thng nht lm tng quy m th trng cho cc sn phm v dch v bng cch cung cp cc tiu ch ro rng xc nh v la chn t phn cng tng thch nhiu, phn mm, v cc nh cung cp dch v. Tuy nhin, cc tiu chun c th thay i, pht trin v suy tn. Do tc nhanh chng v mc pht trin cng ngh a phng tin ky thut s v cng ngh truyn thng, s tiu chun ha ca cc cng ngh ny l phc tp v c mt s c im c bit. a/ Cch tip cn ca ISO/IEC Mt phin hp m v s oi hi ca a phng tin cho cc tiu chun quc t c phi hp t chc bi ISO / IEC / ITU vo nm 1994. Trong sut cc phin hp tip theo, cc nguyn tc chnh sau y lin tc xut hin, v a c s dng cho cc hot ng chuyn hng tip theo trong qu trinh tiu chun pht trin v cng ng: kinh doanh v th trng, hp tc, tham gia, v chng trinh qun l. ISO l mt t chc phi chnh ph thc hin tiu chun ha trong lnh vc cng nghip khc ngoi in v in t. ISO c cc y ban ky thut (TC) v cc c quan t cc quc gia khc nhau. IEC thc hin tiu chun ha trong cc lnh vc cng nghip in v in t. N cng l mt t chc phi chnh ph, bao gm cc y ban quc gia, mi mt i din t cc nc thnh vin. IEC bao gm cc TC, trong c Uy ban quc t c bit v can thip radio (International Special Committee on Radio Interference). Nm 1996, IEC a tin hnh mt c cu li quy m ln tng tc ca qu trinh ra quyt nh bt kp vi tc ngy cng cao ca s i mi ky
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thut, n gin ha qun l ca cng ngh, v to ra mt t chc c th thc thi mt cch hiu qu nhng vn bn c coi l hp l nht. y nhanh qu trinh tiu chun ha quc t, ISO v IEC a thng qua mt th tc theo doi nhanh, trong kim tra c loi b cho cc tiu chun a c chp nhn bi cc t chc khc. Uy ban ky thut ca ISO / IEC a ra tiu chun quc t bng cch s dng mt qu trinh vi mt s giai on. Mi giai on khc bit, v s tin trin gia cc giai on c theo doi v l iu kin thc hin thng li cc ch tiu c th. C th b qua mt s giai on nu chng khng thc s cn thit. Cc hot ng chun ha ca uy ban tiu chun ky thut ISO/IEC a ra nhng quy nh chung cho ISO v IEC. b/ K hoch tiu chun ha ca JTC1 Nm 1987, JTC1 trc thuc ISO/IEC c thnh lp bi s hp nht gia ISO v IEC nhm loi b cc hot ng trng lp trong vic a ra cc tiu chun gia hai t chc ny. JTC1 thc hin vic chun ha trong cng nghip cng ngh thng tin. Mi thnh vin ca JTC1 l mt i din mi quc gia thnh vin. Hot ng ca JTC1 c chia lm cc tiu ban. p ng nhng nhu cu ca thi i a phng tin, JTC1 ang sp xp hp l ha nhng hot ng ca h. N theo doi, qua cc tiu chun hin hnh c th c trc tip biu quyt chp nhn nh d tho tiu chun quc t. a ra ISP vn bn tm lc cc tiu chun ky thut gii thiu v thc hin d dng hn cc tiu chun . Qu trinh cng b cc c im ky thut PAS a c gii thiu cho qu trinh p dng tiu chun trn thc t c cc c tnh m. Mc ch ca qu trinh ny l tng tc pht trin ca cc tiu chun quc t. JTC1 a a ra mt s nh hng ky thut (TDs) nh c nu trong hinh 3.9. nh hng dn ky thut (TDs) l nhm hip ng gia cc tiu ban ca JTC1 v WG trong cc lnh vc c coi l chin lc v th trng lin quan. Nhng TD JTC1 khng phi l thc th t chc. Chng l mt cng c khi nim c s dng xc nh cc lnh vc c th c tm quan trng cho c vic chun ha v c ngi s dn g. JTC1 nh ngha TDs v c th to ra, xc nh li, hoc loi b chng ty hon cnh. C quan JTC1 v SC ti cc quc gia c th ngh thay i tiu chun no hoc m t s tn ti ca TDs hin c v xut hng mi xem xet, s c ph duyt bi JTC1.

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Hnh II-9 C cu t chc ca JTC1 C hi tham gia vo mt i kinh doanh ca JTC1 c m cho tt c mi ngi. Mc ch ca n l ch ng lin kt n ngi s dng cc tiu chun, cc nh lanh o trong kinh doanh v chnh ph, cng nh cc hip hi thng mi, v cc tiu chun pht trin khc t chc to ra cc tiu chun quc t mi. C th cp n y Nhm kinh doanh v Thng mi in t, nhm kinh doanh cc hinh nh v ha (IGBT). Phm vi IGBT bao gm tt c cc mt ca cc nh dng thng tin tiu chun v cc giao din s dng cho tng tc v trinh by, bao gm nhng khng gii hn ha my tnh, x l hinh nh, v cc phng tin truyn thng duy nht bao gm c hinh nh ng, m thanh, video, v a phng tin. ISO/IEC JTC1 hot ng tt vi cc TC khc nhau, ITU-T v ITU-R b phn chun ha cho thng tin v tuyn - v cc din n cng nghip. Cc tha thun gia ITU-T v JTC1 a c kt qu trong vic ph bin nhiu vn bn v tiu chun ging nhau. S lin kt phi hot ng theo c hai hng vi s sp xp ph hp i ng. S lin kt ISO/IEC bao gm cc hip hi nh sn xut, cc hip hi thng mi, cng nghip, cc nhm ngi dng, v cc xa hi chuyn nghip v khoa hc. Vic pht trin cc tiu chun ca ISO/IEC l mt hot ng hon ton t nguyn, ph thuc vo ngun cung cp bi cc tp on, ngi dng v doanh nghip nh. Phi m bo s phi hp gia cc t chc chun ha loi b s trng lp v nng cao sc mnh tng hp cho cc tiu chun pht trin. Vi s gia tng nhanh chng trong vic s dng Internet do tng cc kt ni mng, my tnh c thm nhiu tnh nng, v cc cng ngh hin th c ci thin, mong i ca ngi s dng IT cho giao lu a phng tin cht lng cao a tng ln rt nhiu. Kt qu tip theo l cng ngh a phng tin ky thut s gn nh tr thnh ng ngha vi cng ngh thng tin. Do , nhiu tiu chun quan trng JTC1 c lin quan n truyn thng a phng tin. JTC1 ang tch cc pht trin tiu chun cho
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truyn thng a phng tin nh JPEG-2000, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, v ngn ng m hinh ha thc t o (VRML). 2.4.3. Cc tiu chun IETF Lc lng qun l ky thut (IETF) thm tra v xem xet cc tiu chun ca giao thc Internet. Qu trinh quyt nh v tiu chun c qun l bi IETG, trong bao gm cc thnh vin c bu t IETF c cc hot ng c tin hnh trong WG trong cc lnh vc sau: cc ng dng, IP th h k tip, Internet, qun l mng, cc yu cu hot ng, nh tuyn, an ninh, giao thng vn ti, dch v ngi dng, v mt s lnh vc khc. Ti liu RFC m t cc c im ky thut ca mt tiu chun giao thc IETF v c mt s phin bn nh sau:
Phin bn Standard Track c s dng cho ba loi tiu chun: xut, d

tho, v kt lun cui cng. Phin bn Experimental dnh cho cc giao thc to ra cho cc th nghim m khng nht thit phi hon thin. Phin bn Infomational dnh cho giao thc kt ni h thng m (OSI), nhng hn ch phn phi hoc thc hin
Phin bn Historic l nhng phin bn tiu chun a c thay th bng cc

phin bn mi hn. IETF ang a ra mt s cc ch quan trng nh: IPv6: IP phin bn 6 NHRP: Next Hop Resolution Protocol nh tuyn qung b lin vng: interdomain multicasting routing Bo mt IP: IP security RSVP (Resource resorvation setup protocol): Giao thc thit lp hn ch ti nguyn. Mc tiu ca IPv6 s tng kh nng a ch v gim bt chi ph ca vic tnh ton bng iu khin l trinh chng trinh chuyn vn loi. NHRP xc nh a ch (a ch lp mng v khng qung b a try nhp, a ch mng con) cho bc nhy tip theo dc theo tuyn ng t mt ngi gi ( my tnh hoc router) n ch. Nhim v ca nh tuyn qung b lin vng l pht trin mt giao thc nh tuyn m bo kh nng m rng kh nng gi d liu n nhiu ngi cng mt thi im v xut cc tiu chun. Phng php ny a ra bn d tho bao gm: protocol-independent multicast - sparse mode (PIM-SM), PIM, dense mode (PIMDM), v core-based tree (CBT). Cc nhm cng tc bo mt IP c xc nh tt c cc kha cnh ca cp bo mt IP, bao gm xc thc, tnh ton vn, kim sot truy cp, v bo mt. Cc giao thc
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IP an ton bao gm tiu v ng gi, v ma trao i. Chng s dng cc thut ton ma ha khc nhau. Cc ma ha c th din ra gia cc my hoc gia cc router. RSVP c pht trin s dng khi my tnh ch yu cu cht lng dch v (QoS) xc nh lung d liu, m c thc hin bng vic d tr cc ngun ti nguyn trn mng. 2.4.4. D n chun ha ca ETSI i vi cc ng dng, phn Middleware v mng Nhiu thnh phn i vi nhau to c s h tng thng tin: mng vin thng da trn mt lot cc cng ngh khc nhau v hot ng ca cc t chc cnh tranh, my tnh s dng nn tng phn cng v phn mm khc nhau, phng tin ch bin v phn phi thng tin. Mc tiu ca EII l cho phep tt c cc thnh phn lm vic cng nhau nh mt khi thng nht. M hinh doanh nghip l mt phng tin xc nh cc thnh phn ny. S thnh cng ca cc cu trc thng tin s yu cu, ngoi cc kha cnh ky thut, s ni ln ca mt khun kh cho cc quyn v ngha v lin quan n lt ngi trong ngnh cng nghip thng tin. Nhng chc nng lin quan trong s tng tc trong c s h tng thng tin c th coi l nhn ca tt c cc mi quan h gia vai tro v cu trc c s h tng bt k. Nhng chc nng c th k n l: Chc nng yu cu v x l cc chng trinh ng dng cho phep yu cu, s dng, v iu khin cc chng trinh ng dng. H tr ng dng nn tng h tr cc chc nng cao hn. Cc chc nng c bn v tng cng ca vin thng ph hp vi mng vin thng ngy nay v tng lai, bao gm mng thng minh v kh nng bo mt, qun l chng. Chc nng lu tr v phn phi thng tin ph hp vi qu trinh phn phi nn tng, c lp ca cc phng tin truyn thng d liu mt t. Hai chc nng u tin, l, chc nng yu cu v x l cc chng trinh ng dng cng nh l chc nng h tr ng dng nn tng, trong s kt hp h tr nhng vai tro cu trc ca m hinh doanh nghip. Mt yu t quan trng ca m hinh l s tn ti ca ng dng c lp. Cc chc nng chnh ca chng c s dng bi nhiu cc ng dng khc nhau. V d: Truy nhp tp tin t xa, cung cp phng php truy nhp d liu t xa t cc h thng khc. Cuc gi t xa, cung cp nhng truy nhp v kh nng x l ti mt h thng t xa.

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 Ma ng k v qun l, cung cp cc thng tin cn thit trong mt thi trang

ng tin cy xc thc ca thng tin chuyn giao gia cc giao thc khc nhau. Nhng chc nng t chc v cc lin kt gia chng bao gm cc lnh vc: cc t chc ring bit, thng l trong cnh tranh vi nhau nhng cng cn hp tc. Cc lnh vc c chia thnh nhiu mng nh: cc thnh phn ring l, s hp tc cung cp cc dch v. V d nh cc yu t ca cc qu trinh ring l trong nn tng ca qu trinh x l, hoc s phn chia mng loi v mng truy nhp hinh thnh ln mng li vin thng hon chnh. Cc tiu chun v c im ky thut chnh a c xc nh, s dng m hinh doanh nghip:
Mng theo nh hng chun ha/cc c im ky thut ca highway trc

thng tin chnh.

Phn sn theo nh hng chun ha/cc c im ky thut ca highway. Cc chng trinh ng dng nh hng chun ha/cc c im ky thut ca

highway.
Kin trc theo nh hng chun ha/cc c im ky thut ca highway.

Mi trc thng tin chnh c lc theo iu khon ca mt s d n c th mang tnh tiu chun ha. i vi tng d n, chi tit iu khon tham chiu c xc nh c th, trong bao gm cc m t ca ngy mc tiu v ngy phn phi. i vi nh ngha ca cc d n tiu chun ha, theo cch nghin cu thc t a c chn, m a thnh cng trong qu kh gn y ca tiu chun ha khc v cc d n c im ky thut nh DAVIC v cc d n MPEG trong ISO/IEC. Cch tip cn ny bao gm cc bc sau: Lin kt cng nhau a ra cc yu cu tiu chun ha K hoch cnh tranh cho d n Hp tc chng thc ca iu khon tham chiu, s la chn ca c quan lanh o v yu cu phn phi
Xy dng lc lng thc hin cng vic hiu qu Kp thi hp tc pht trin tiu chun

Cc d n mng lin kt cp ti s pht trin ca nhng tiu chun cung cp cc dch v vin thng c bn v nng cao, yu cu bi EII. N c bao ph bi cc gim nh hin c ca thnh vin ETSI v cc chuyn gia. N bao gm cc kha cnh ca cng ngh mng v kt ni, bao gm c t tn v a ch, v mng li qun l vin thng (TMN). Do tm quan trng trn ton th gii ca Internet, mt chia kha hp tc ton cc l IETF. y l mt b my ky thut lm vic, trong pht trin cc chi tit ky thut c s dng trong Internet v cho cc ng dng chy trn n.
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Cc d n v a m lin kt lin quan n mc ch chung trong vic h tr h thng my tnh cho nhng ng dng ca EII/GII. Cc tiu chun bo hnh theo cc d n c cc tin ch chung v khng hng n bt k ng dng c th. C nhiu c quan chu u v trn ton th gii c lin quan n sn xut tiu chun cho lnh vc ny. Cc d n ng dng lin kt c tr gip bi mt nhm h tr c bit thch hp cho EII/GII. S lng cc ng dng ca EII c tim nng v hn. Cc d n kin trc lin kt a thit lp mt khun kh m cc d n khc c th c trang b v m bo tnh nht qun. 2.4.5. Cc hot ng lin quan ti GII Nhiu hot ng a c nh hng t c mt c s h tng thng tin ton cu (GII). Cc t chc tiu chun a cam kt bng cch thit lp cc y ban c bit hoc cc nhm xc nh, phn phi nhng nhim v cn lm t c GII Trong mt s lnh vc tiu chun ha khu vc v quc gia a c mt s hnh ng c th pht trin mt c s h tng thng tin quc gia (NII) Khung cu trc thng tin chun (IISP) c thit lp nm 1994 vi mc tiu chnh phi hp cc hot ng ca ANSI, y ban T1, v IEEE nhm a ra NII ti Hoa K. y ban T1 thnh lp tiu ban ky thut T1P1. Nhm ny a ra nhng nh hng chnh cho NII/GII, v d nh cc thng tin cn thit v cc chc nng, m hinh chc nng vin thng m bo tnh tng tc, nh hng ln nhau, hi nhp v hat ng ca cc phng tin truyn thng khc nhau. Ti chu u, y ban chin lc SR C6 c thnh lp trc thuc ETSI phn phi cc hot ng a ra EII. Cc bo co ca h c chp nhn ti hi ngh chung ca ETSI, ban hnh cc quy tc cho EII, nh: thnh phn ca EII, khi nim cc ch , cc chun, v s qun l cc chun bi ETSI. Ti Nht Bn, y ban cng ngh thng tin TTC a lp ra n v qun l c s h tng thng tin IITF trong khun kh ca y ban nghin cu chin lc v k hoch. Mt bo co a ra bi IITF c coi nh nguyn tc ca TTC tron vic thc y tiu chun ha cho GII v NII ti Nht Bn nm 1995. tp trung cc hot ng lin quan n ton cu GII v phi hp vi cc t chc tiu chun ha khc, mt WG c bit c thnh lp nm 1996 thay th IITF trong vic nghin cu c c h tng mng. 2.5. ISO/IEC MPEG-21 MPEG-21 l n a vo(hp nht, gn vo) mt tiu chun khung a truyn thng (a phng tin) thng mi in t (electronic commerce) v bo v ni dung phng tin truyn thng. MPEG-21 nh a ch ton b chui ni dung t khi bt u pht trin n lc s dng. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 khi xng n MPEG-21.
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Mc tiu ca MPEG-21 l tch hp cc k thut quyt nh cho phep s dng ro rng v tng cng cc ngun ti nguyn a phng tin qua mt lot cc mng li(mng phm vi rng) v cc thit b. Mc tiu ny h tr cc chc nng nh l to ni dung, pht trin ni dung (production), phn pht ni dung, s dng ni dung, ng gi ni dung, qun l v bo v quyn s hu ni dung, nhn dng v miu t ni dung ,qun l ti chnh, ngi s dng ring bit, s tru tng ha ti nguyn v cc thit b u cui, trinh by (miu t) ni dung, v bo co s kin. Khun kh a phng tin MPEG-21 xc nh 7 yu t kin trc quan trng (key architectural element) trong phin bn ca n (Version), Technologies and Strategy Technogy Report (bng bo co k thut cc k thut v chin lc) (ISO/IEC 21000-1) cn h tr cung cp chui a phng tin, v ang trong qu trinh xc nh cc mi quan h gia cc hot ng c h tr bi chng. Cc yu t kin trc quan trng c nh ngha trong MPEG-21 l:
Khai bo cc phn t s Nhn dng v miu t cc phn t s X l (handling) v s dng ni dung Qun l v bo v quyn s hu tr tu Cc thit b u cui v mng Miu t ni dung Bo co s kin.

Cc bi gii thiu v MPEG-21 c xc nh bi cc yu cu kh nng tng thch v cc mc chi tit ca thit b (levels of detail) c th thay i theo mi yu t kin trc. Cc gii php a phng tin vi chc nng tin tin ang ngy cng quan trng vi cc c nhn ang sn xut ngy cng nhiu phng tin s, khng nhng cho ngi s dng chuyn nghip m cho c ngi s dng ring. Tt c nhng nh cung cp ni dung c nhiu mi quan tm tng t nhau: qun l ni dung, re-purposing content (ni dung vi mc tiu c ci tin) da vo ngi tiu dng v cc kh nng ca thit b, bo v cc quyn, bo v do truy nhp khng nhn thc/ sa i (thay i), bo v quyn ring t ca nh cung cp v ngi tiu dngvvv. S cn thit cho cc gii php cng ngh trong nhng thch thc ny l ng c thc y cc sng kin khun kh a phng tin MPEG-21 (MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework) m mc ch l cho phep s dng ro rng v tng cng cc ngun ti nguyn a phng tin qua mt lot cc mng li v cc thit b. Da trn cc quan st trn, MPEG-21 hng vo xc nh mt khun kh quy phm m cho chuyn ch v tiu dng a phng tin c s dng bi tt c cc b c (players) trong chui chuyn ch v tiu dng (consumption). Khun kh m ny
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s quy nh nh to ni dung (creator), cung cp ni dung (producer), nh phn phi ni dung, v nh cung cp dch v. MPEG-21 da trn hai khi nim c bn: nh ngha ca n v phn phi v giao dch c s v khi nim ca ngi s dng tng tc vi cc phn t s (digital item). Vi th mc tiu ca MPEG-21 c th ni li theo cch khc l nh ngha (xc nh) k thut cn thit h tr ngi s dng thay i, truy nhp, tiu th, mu dch (bun bn), v iu khin cc phn t s khc theo cch c hiu qu, minh bch (ro rng), v c kh nng tng thch. MPEG -21 nhn dng v xc nh cc k thut, cc phn t c yu cu h tr chui truyn ti a phng tin nh a miu t cng nh cc mi quan h gia cc hot ng c h tr bi chng. Cc phn t bn trong MPEG-21 c chi tit ha bng cch nh ngha c php v ng ngha hc da trn cc c im ca chng, th d nh cc giao din ti cc phn t. 2.5.1. M hnh ngi s dng (User Model) Mt ngi s dng l mt i tng bt ki tng tc vi mi trng MPEG-21 hoc s dng mt phn t s. Ngi s dng nh th bao gm c nhn, ngi tiu dng, nhm ngi (tp th), t chc, cng ty, lin minh, chnh ph, v cc nhm tiu chun khc trn khp th gii. Nhng ngi s dng c nhn dng ro rng bi mi quan h ca chng vi ngi s dng khc. mc c bn nht ca n, MPEG -21 cung cp khun kh cho mt ngi s dng, tng tc vi ngi s dng khc, v thng thng i tng tng tc l cc phn t s gi l ni dung (content). Mt vi tng tc nh l tng ni dung, cung cp ni dung, lu tr ni dung, phn loi ni dung (rating content), lm ni bt v truyn ti ni dung, tp hp ni dung, iu chnh ni dung. 2.5.2. Cc phn t s (Digital Items) Vi cc h thng bt ki (nh MPEG-21) c xut to iu kin thun li cho cc hot ng lin quan n cc phn t s, cn c miu t tht ro rng xc nh chnh xc th no l mt item (phn t). C nhiu loi thnh phn (kinds of content), c l ng nh nhiu cch miu t c th chp nhn c thi mi phn nh ng thuc tnh s dng (context of use). iu ny a ra mt thch thc ln pht trin mt m hinh ln v linh ng cc digital items c th ph hp cc kiu(form) thnh phn (content) c th thc hin v trong tng lai n s th nhn cc kiu mi. l mt m hinh ch c th s dng c nu m hinh cung cp thnh cng mt nh dng c th s dng miu t bt ki digital items a c xc nh mt cch ro rng trong m hinh v truyn t chng, thng tin v chng. V d 2.3: Xet mt trang Web n gin coi nh mt digital item. Trang Web c trng gm mt bn ghi ngn ng HTML (ngn ng nh du siu vn bn- Hypertext mark-up language document) vi cc link c t vo (embedded link) ti cc file
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hinh nh khc nhau v vi cch xp dt thng tin mt cch hp l (possibly some layout information). Trong trng hp n gin ny, l bi tp khng phc tp kim tra d liu HTML (HTML document) v suy ra rng digital item ny bao gm HTML document, theo n ph thuc tt c cc ti nguyn khc trn. V d 2.4: Cho bit trang Web bao gm custom scripted logic xc nh ngn ng u tin ca chng trinh hin th (preferred language of the viewer) (trong s vi la chn) v xy dng/hin th trang bng ngn ng hoc khi phc la chn dch chuyn ngm nh (default choice of the preferred translation). im quan trng trong v d ny l s c mt ca cc m my ngn ng logic (language logic clouds) yu cu chnh xc cu to digital item by gi l gi v c th xc nh nh th no. 2.5.3. K hoch thc hin (Work Plan) MPEG-21 a thit lp mt mt k hoch thc hin cho cc tiu chun ha. Chn tiu chun (parts of the standardization) trong khun kh a phng tin (multimedia framwork) a c: Tm nhin, cc k thut, v chin lc (Vision, technology, and Strategy) Khai bo digital item Nhn bit (identification) digital item Qun l v bo v quyn s hu tr tu Ngn ng th hin quyn li Th mc d liu quyn li iu chnh (adaptation) digital item Phn mm tham kho nh dng file (file format) Ngoi cc c im k thut ny, MPEG duy tri (maintain) mt document cha cc iu kin (requirement) chc chn i vi MPEG-21. Document ny s tip tc pht trin trong sut qu trinh pht trin ca cc phn khc nhau ca MPEG-21 phn nh cc iu khin (requirement) mi v thay i cc iu kin hin ti.

a/ Tm nhn, Cng ngh v chin lc (Vision, technology, and Strategy) Mt bn bo co k thut c vit miu t multimedia framework v cc phn t kin trc (architectural elements) cng vi cc yu c u chc nng (functional requirement) i vi cc ch tiu k thut, c ph chun ln cui cng vo thng 9 nm 2001. Mc ch ch yu ca bn bo co k thut Vision, Technology and Strategy l Xc nh mt cch nhin (Vision) cho multimedia framework cho phep s dng mt ro rng v tng cng cc ngun ti nguyn a phng tin thng qua mt lot cc mng li v cc thit b ph hp vi nhu cu ca tt c ngi s dng.
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 Hon tt vic hp nht cc b phn v cc chun d dng hoa hp cc k

thut to, qun l, truyn ti, vn dng, phn phi, v loi b cc digital item. Xc nh chin lc hon thnh mt multimadia framework bng vic pht trin cc chi tit k thut ( specification) v cc chun da trn iu kin thc t c xc nh ro rng thng qua vic cng tc vi cc nhm(bodies). 2.5.4. Cc kch bn s dng MPEG-21 iu khon (clause) ny trinh by MPEG-21 s dng case scenario thch ng nht a c s dng trong MPEG-21. iu khon tip theo trinh by vic s dng case scenario a c nhm . Nhm ny c th sa li v m rng ci thin. a/ Truy nhp a phng tin ph bin (Universal Multimedia Access) Cc ti nguyn s (bao gm ni dung nghe-nhin) c th chuyn giao thnh mt tp h p cc u cui theo cac i u ki n cua ma ng trong mt scenario a c bo v bi yu cu ca truy nhp a phng tin ph bin (UMA). UMA cho phep cc thit b u cui vi qu trinh x l truyn thng, lu tr, v kh nng hin th b gii hn truy nhp nhiu ni dung a phng tin, nh hinh 3.14. Cc yu cu lin kt UMA a c x l (addressed) bng vic th nghim l dung lng thit b u cui, cc c im mng, v tt c cc u ai i vi ngi s dng c mt tc ng (impact) trn lu lng ti nguyn a phng tin (media resource delivery). Cc gi tr (characteristic addressed) c x l l bng thng sn c, kch thc mn hinh, ti nguyn a phng tin, kh nng m rng, v kh nng sng st (survivability). Mi knh c th c cu hinh ring, v cc gi c chuyn tip ti knh tng thch s dng b lc gi v ng dng gii hn/tr khc nhau. Cc thay i ng c th ng dng vi bng thng ca knh, cc tr lan truyn, v tn tht gi. Nhng thng s ny c th ng hoc tnh.

Hnh II-10 Truy c p a phng tin ph thng

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b/ Phn phi bn tin vn ban ti cc WebSite Mt cng ty bo ch (news company) to bn tin nguyn bn cha x l v phn phi ti Web sites s dng ch l v cung cp d liu thi gian thc. Phn phi cu trc h tng da trn cc k thut nh l giao thc truyntair file (FTP) v giao thc truyn ti d liu Web. Cng ty cung cp tin tc xc nh kh nng truy nhp i vi bn thn im mng (site) thc hin chc nng lin quan no theo tin tc, nh l:
i hng vo HTM Ch gii Sa tn triu tp vng cc b

Tuy nhin bn thn Website khng cho phep:

Thay i ngha Li din gii Dch sang ngn ng khc

c/ Phn phi bn tin Video d/ Phn phi E-commerce v channel Partner e/ Phn phi Real-time Financial Data 2.5.5. Cc yu cu cua ngi s dng Mt user l bt ki i tng no tng tc vi mi trng MPEG-21 hoc s dng mt digital item. Nh vy users bao gm cc c nhn, tp th, t chc, cng ty lin doanh, lin minh, chnh ph, v cc t chc tiu chun. Users a c xc nh bi vai tro ca chng trong giao dch ring, nh Hinh II-11.

Hnh II-11 Quan h cua ngi s du ng vi m t tng tac Theo quan im k thut, MPEG-21 khng thc hin phn bit gia nh cung cp ni dung (content provider) v khch hng (customer). C hai u l users. Mt i tng n l c th s dng ni dung theo nhiu cch (xut bn, giao pht, ..). Do nhng ngi tham gia tng tc trong MPEG-21 a c phn loi nh nhau i vi users. MPEG-21 cung cp mt framework vo lc mt user tng tc vi mt user khc v i tng tng tc l mt digital item c gi chung l ni dung (content). Nh th, s tng tc lm tng ni dung, cung cp ni dung, lu tr ni dung, phn loi ni
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dung (rating content), lu tr v truyn ti ni dung, tng hp ni dung, truyn ti ni dung, s dng ni dung (consuming content), v iu chnh ni dung. Nhng tng tc gia cc users s dng digital contents c th c miu t bi 7 b nh tnh loi (core qualifier) a c trinh by trong hinh 3.16. l khai bo digital item (Digital Item Declaration), nhn dng digital item (Digital Item Identification) v miu t (Description), iu khin ni dung (Content Handling) v cch s dng (usage), qun l v bo v quyn s hu tr tu, mng v cc thit b u cui, trinh by ni dung (content Representation), v bng bo co s kin (event Reporting).

Hnh II-12 Tng tac gia nhng ngi s dng Users trinh by mt tp cc li ch rng v khc nhau v danh sch cc yu cu khng bao gi hon thnh. Mt vi cc yu cu chung v rng rai cho mt khun kh a phng tin MPEG-21 l: D dng hiu cc iu kin s dng
Cng bc bun bn (enforcement of business) v quy tc s dng thng qua

chui gi tr H tr nhng quy nh, quy tc v hp nht cc ch tiu xa hi thi cn thit iu khon bo v user, bao gm tin cy ca dch v, quyn li n nh, trch nhim v bo v i vi ngi mua.. Qun l v bo v s ring t ca user C nhn ha ni dung Kh nng thm vo siu d liu khi ni dung di chuyn thng qua chui gi tr.
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 Kim tra tnh ton vn ca digital item v iu khon cn bng khi kim tra. Kh nng kim tra (track) ni dung v giao dch Bo mt s dng ni dung v thay i gi tr Cho phep dch v tng tc cht lng v linh ng iu khon ca metrics thc hin lin lc i vi mi phn on v chc

nng ca cc giao dch MPEG-2, tng tc ni dung,..

Kh nng tng kt ca cc khun kh a phng tin khc vi nhau v trong

MPEG-21. H tr cc chun a c ngoi cc chun ca MPEG

Kh nng cung cp, h tr, chp nhn, tham kho..

T quan im k thut, nhng chc nng ny a c biu din nh cc yu cu (requirement) trong mi phn t kin trc: s tng kt, trong sut, chc chn, tnh ton vn, c th m rng, c s ty bin (c kh nng sa i-customization), qun l bin c (event management), bo v, qun l quyn, cc metric v giao din tiu chun, s bo mt, v tnh tng tc. 2.6. Cc tiu chun internet v a phng tin cua IETF IETF l mt nhm tiu chun ha c hi t trn s pht trin ca cc giao thc s dng trong cc mng IP c bn. n bao gm nhiu nhm lm vic v c qun l bi IESG, IBA v ISOC. IETF l 1 nhm tiu chun ha quc t m ca nhng nh thit k mng, qun l mng, nh cung cp dch v v cc nh nghin cu c hi t trn s pht trin ca cc giao thc chun internet cho vic s dng trn mng internet v cc mng ni b. vic x l tiu chun internet ca IETF di khung yu cu ca ISOC. IESG (the Internet Engineering Steering Group): Nhm iu hnh ky thut Internet. chu trch nhim v cc hnh ng lin quan n vic xut ca c t ky thut theo doi cc tiu chun, bao gm c vic ph duyt ban u ca nhm cng tc mi v ph duyt cui cng cc tiu chun, thng s ky thut nh Internet. IAB (Internet Architecture Board): l y ban c vn internet. cung cp s gim st kin trc ca Internet v cc giao thc ca n. N ch nh gh IETF v chu trch nhim ph duyt cc ng c vin khc IESG a ra bi y ban c IETF. Internet Society - "ISOC": l mt t chc quc t hot ng phi li nhun, phi chnh ph v bao gm cc thnh vin c trinh chuyn ngnh. Hip hi Internet i din cho mt t chc quc t c lin quan vi s tng trng v s pht trin ca Internet trn ton th gii, xa hi, chnh tr, v cc vn cng ngh pht sinh t vic s dng n. IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority): T chc cp pht s hiu Internet. IANA chu trch nhim cp pht cc gi tr ca cc tham s giao thc cho mng
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Internet. cc bng cng b ca IANA cc s hin ang c giao v cc thng s trong Yu cu (RFC) c cp pht s. IANA chc nng nh phn trn cng ca hinh chp chuyn nhng a ch Internet, thit lp chnh sch i vi cc chc nng ny. Vic xy dng GII s dng cc giao thc IP c bn. n l s cn thit c c s truyn dn IP ton cu qua nhiu cng ngh lp thi gian. IP c th c truyn dn qua nhiu truy nhp khc nhau v quay li mt lin kt cc lp giao thc. cho cc truy nhp mng n gin. IETF c IP qua mng d liu cp (IPCDN) v IP qua Vertical Blanking Interval (VBI). Mt nhm lm vic mi (WG) c xem xet cho IP qua ADSL(asynchronous digital subcriber loop). Bi vi cp v ADSL modems s dng well-know Ethernet hoc cc cng ngh lp lin kt ATM, n khng cn thit to mi mt giao thc s dng IP qua chng. N s cn thit ti vic nh ngha mt s qun l thng tin c s (MIB) cho cc modem mi. mt khc, mt lin kt v tinh l cng ngh mi s dng cc giao thc IP v cc giao thc ph bin phi c pht trin h tr n. cc Lin kt v tinh c nh dng gi s hu ca chng, cc a im ch nhn v tr nhiu. c nhiu IP over VBI, nh tuyn lin kt duy nht v TCP qua v tinh. Cho cc mng ng trc, IP qua ATM qua mng quang ng b/ SDH. V IP qua giao thc im ti im qua SONET/SDH l 2 cm giao thc ch yu cho tt c cc tiu chun ha ca IETF c hon thnh. Tuy nhin, mt mng IP hon ton, mo u ca tiu ATM. IETF khng c a v thnh vin chnh thc, l m cho nhiu c th v c hot ng vi s nht tr ln. n khng tht y ngha cho cc nhm tiu chun khc thay i lin lc vi IETF. Trong khi mt s lin lc t IETF ti t chc khc c th c hiu qu ng k cho t chc, mt lin lc t t chc c th ch l mt hnh ng tt nh mt thnh vin thng thng. cho s tp hp ng lc ti qu trinh tiu chun internet, cc t chc tiu chun ha s gi cho cc thnh vin ca h xa hn ti IETF. 2.7. Din n v lin doanh cng nghip Mi trng vin thng ang trn thay i mnh m v nhanh chng, c v chnh sch ln ky thut. S xa b quy nh ca th trng vin thng ang c thc hin mt vi nc v ang c ln k hoch mt s nc khc. S xa b quy nh s lm nh hng n qu trinh chun ha gia cc t chc quc t. Ky thut a phng tin xut hin v GII c yu cu s cng tc rng ln hn khng ch gia cc t chc chun ha de jure m con cc khi chun ha cng nghip de facto. Truyn thng a phng tin l mt c trng quan trng ca GII. S hp tc v chia s thng tin vi cc t chc pht trin tiu chun v cc t chc cng nghip vin thng l rt quan trng trong c c c s h tng a phng tin hot ng ton cu. Chia s thng tin v hp tc gip trnh s hot ng song song hay che ph ln nhau v cung cp hng gii quyt chung.
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Chng ti s gii thiu v hot ng ca din n v lin doanh cng nghip v a phng tin, c m t t quan im trong tinh trng hin ti ca cc chun lin quan n truyn thng a phng tin nh din n ATM, tp on ti chnh vin thng (IMTC), hi ngh Digital Audio-Visual (DAVIC), din n cng nghip MPEG-4, lin on Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA), d n 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), Digital Video Broadcasting/Advanced Television Systems Committee (DVB/ATSC). a/ Kin trc mng thng tin vin thng (TINA) TINA c thit k pht trin mt tip cn dch v tch hp, a vo xem xet bt c iu gi m cc ngnh cng nghip thng tin v/hoc vin thng cung cp v th trng yu cu. N cho phep cc cu trc thay i t ng vi cc bn lin quan v vai tro ca chng, cc bin gii min, quyn s hu, v cc cu trc v gi. S pht trin ca TINA c gia tc t ngt bi vic to ra tp on ti chnh TINA (TINA-C - TINA Consortium) cui nm 1992 bi 40 cng ty dn u v c trng mng, cc cng ty vin thng, v cc cng ty cng ngh thng tin (IT). TINA-C c to ra vi mc ch chnh l sn xut mt tp cc chi tit ky thut phn mm kin trc c kim nh bi nhiu th nghim khc nhau. n cui nm 1997, TINA -C a bn giao mt kin trc my tnh, mt kin trc dch v, v mt kin trc mng, l b mt c trng ca cc dch v vin thng dng gii quyt hp tc trong mt th gii cnh tranh. Tp on ti chnh a c mt lc lng vin thng kt hp vi ky thut thng tin. N ra mt tp nht qun, cc c im ky thut c ph chun ci m c th dng nh ton th, hay nh mt tp cc gii php ky thut ring, khi pht trin mt vi loi dch v vin thng v thng tin. giai on u (1993-1997), TINA-C a t c mc tiu ban u ca n trong thut ng kt cu khung kin trc, cc c im ky thut thnh phn, v chng t s kh thi. Giai on th 2 ca TINA-C bt u nm 1998 chn nh hng th trng cho kin trc TINA-C. i vi ngi kin trc vin thng, TINA c ci nhin mng vin thng vt qua mng thng minh; TINA cng c ngha l mng tch hp dch v v mng hot ng bng phn mm trn cng mt nn tng. i vi cc kin trc s phn mm my tnh, TINA l mt c hi gii thiu nhng nguyn tc hin i cho my tnh, hng i tng, v phn phi my tnh cho mi trng thi gian thc v mt ng dng thc trn phm vi ton cu. Khi TINA 1 ci nhin v cu trc h tng trong tng lai, n cng cho phep pht trin tng bc v cng tn ti nhng ci mi vi hin ti, cho phep cc c ng c th la chn cc ty chn khc nhau, t ngt quang n cc bc nh, ch ra cc k hoch kinh doanh ca h. Mt tp cc mc tiu khc ca TINA bt ngun t quan im qun l. N c th nhanh chng thch ng vi thay i, c bit s tham gia d dng ca cc thc th
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kinh t cho phep thay i mi quan h gia cc phn khc nhau ca ngnh cng nghip. Mt vi d n ca TINA l: H tr nh ngha ro rng cc giao din H tr cc im tham chiu mm do
H tr qun l thng nht H tr cc dch v mi H tr di ng thng minh Kh nng m rng C th dng phm mm (cc dch v gii thiu nhanh) Chia nh dch v t mng truyn ti c lp v ky thut

C nhiu trong nhng mc tiu ny khng khc vi cc mng tr tu, mng qun l vin thng (TMN), v cc mng khc na. S khc bit l TINA c th kt hp mt hp nht mt tp cc cng ngh mi tin n gn hn cc mc tiu. T chc ca TINA-C c th hin nh trong hinh 3.18. din n chung chu trch nhim thit lp cc hng chin lc chi tp on ny, nh vn qun tr, v bu c Hi ng thnh vin. Din n ky thut chu trch nhim v cc vn ky thut. Bng cu trc (AB) chu trch nhim v tnh nht qun ca cc chi tit ky thut TINA. Cc nhm gp nhau thng xuyn. Vn phong qun tr TINA-C gm c Chief Executive Ofcer (CEO), Chief Technical Ofce (CTO) v mt s nh nhn vin h tr. Bn cnh vic cung cp c s h tng hot ng, mc ch ca vn phong trung tm l phi hp ton b cc d n ky thut ca cc cng ty thnh vin, v TINA-C trong cc hot ng cng nghip. TINA-C l mt tp on m cho tt c cc t chc quan tm n hot ng ca n. Cc ti liu cui cng c vit ln 1 website cng cng, nhng cc bo co hi ngh v cc ti liu trong qu trinh thc hin ch dnh cho thnh vin Gi tr v nh hng ca TINA c o bng rng ln m n cung cp cho cc ngnh cng nghip. Mc tiu ca TINA-C l cung cp mt kin trc mm chung cho cc dch v d liu ca vin thng v thng tin, chy trn phm vi ton cu, trn cc cng ngh khc nhau, linh hot mm do trn nhiu loi phng tin (l liu, thoi,) cho cc dch v a phng tin, v cc loi kt ni, cho phep bn th 3 (nh cung cp dch v, thit b th 3) c th ci t v qung b. Do , sng kin TINA-C c th xem nh mt s b sung c gi tr cho cc hot ng ca GII. Cc ng dng c bn c mong i l hi ngh truyn hinh, cng vic cng tc vi s h tr ca my tnh, cc dch v thng tin lin mng vi cht lng cao, mua hng qua mng, truyn hinh theo yu cu (VoD), h thng vin thng di ng ton cu(UMTS), v mng ring o v qun l trong mt mi trng ton cu.

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TINA c cc quan im ring c nh ngha bng m hinh tham chiu qu trinh phn phi m (RM-ODP), gm cc quan im v doanh nghip, thng tin, s tnh ton v quan im ky thut . Trong h thng TINA:

Hnh II-13 Cu trc t chc TINA-C Quan im doanh nghip nh ngha mc ch kinh doanh v cc chnh sch Quan im thng tin tp trung vo cc phn t mang thng tin v quan h gia chng Quan im tnh ton nh ra cc loi d liu v cc chc nng. Quan im thut s m t s phn phi v trin khai cc kch bn ca i tng cho phep s thc hin v tng tc ca chng da trn mt mi trng phn phi (DPE), mt mng bo hiu kt ni c gi l mng truyn ti loi (KTN), v h tng mi trng tnh ton v truyn thng (NCCE). Cc ky thut m t hinh thc c p dng cho qu trinh xc nh mng c dng trong TINA l mt phin bn rt gn ca cc nguyn tc nh ngha trn cc i tng c qun l (GDMO) ln nhau vi kiu quan h chung (GRM) cho m hinh thng tin, v ch ro cng vic sp ti v ngn ng m t (SDL) m t cc hnh vi hinh thc. TINA-ODL c th c xem nh mt tp ln ca ngn ng nh ngha giao din ca nhm qun l i tng (OMG-IDL). Cc m rng l cn ch ro cc kt hp yu cu vin thng trong cc thut ng cc giao din a iu khin, cc giao din lung thng tin lin tc, cc thng s QoS, v mt s thut ng khc. TINAODL c mt vai tro ln trong ngn ng m t cc thnh phn OMG hin ti. Kiu x l phn phi m nh ngha trong TINA nh hinh 3.19.

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Ton b cu trc ca h thng TINA c cho nh hinh 3.20. ng dng dch v ng gi v thnh phn ngun mng c t pha trn ca DPE, ci m lm n i s phn phi v khng ng nht phc tp t nh cung cp dch v. Do , mt s tru tng ha cc th hin ca cc d liu khc nhau, hoc v tr hin ti ca i tng hoc, nu c yu cu, mt mt n pht hin li v cc hnh ng khi phc c thc hin. Cc c trng ph ca mi trng giao tip DPE c bn c cung cp bi cc dch v DPE c nh ngha chung. V d nh cc dch v cung cp trader v cc chc nng thng bo, gim st hiu nng, v cc dch v giao dch. Mt vi ng dng TINA c th to ra cc dch v ny. cng vic c thc hin trong TINA c nh hng ti cc yu cu ca cc dch v DPE ci m vin thng cn. Mt mng logic ring, kTN c thit k truyn ti thng tin gia cc nt DPE khc nhau. C nhng s thc hin khc nhau ca cc nt DPE, mt c trng c th hin bi kin trc mi gii yu cu i tng chung (CORBA). S m t lp NCCE cha cc h iu hnh, cc chng giao thc truyn thng, v cc phn khc. Mng truyn ti m bo iu khin lung thng tin lin tc nh lung m thanh, hinh anh. Khi nim m hinh phin TINA chia tt c cc qu trinh phc tp ca s cung cp dch v trong mt frame thi gian. 3 phin chnh c ch ra hinh 3.21: phin truy nhp, phin dch v v phin truyn thng. Tt c cc hot ng tng tc gia ngi s dng v nh cung cp dch v c thnh lp v duy tri, bao gm th tc thu, thit t cc d liu v ng s dng, v xc thc, c ch nh phin truy nhp, cho phep t hp hay dn nhiu dch v cng 1 thi im. Phin dch v tng ng vi cc lin kt d liu v s dng dch v ca chnh n, iu khin v qun l dch v v tng tc ngi s dng qua thi gian thc. N c th c chia thnh phin dch v ngi dng v phin dch v nh cung cp dch v. Phin dch v ngi dng c th p ng qun l cc hot ng ca ngi dng v cc thuc tnh ca ngun ti nguyn. Phin dch v nh cung cp dch v cung cp dch v logic v cc chc nng cn thit cho vic tham gia v mi tham gia. Phin truyn thng cung cp ngun ti nguyn mng c yu cu ty theo cc yu cu v QoS ca phin dch v. N cung cp mt kt ni thc s cn cho cng vic chy dch v. M hinh phin TINA c th ng dng cho mt di rng cc quan h min kinh kinh doanh khc nhau. V d, trong kin trc dch v TINA l mt phn m rng ca cc khi nim user agent/provider agen thng qua cc agent ngang hng trong m hinh tnh ton.

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b/ Lin doanh vin thng th gii (IMTC) International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium (IMTC) l mt nhm trn phm vi quc t gm cc cng ty cng lm vic gip cho kh nng truyn thng thi gian thc, a phng tin (rich media) d dng hn gia nhng ngi nhiu ni trn th gii. Rich media l cc phin truyn thng hi t bao gm thoi, d liu v video. Cc thnh vin ca lin doanh ny bao gm cc nh pht trin ng dng Internet v cc nh cung cp dch v, nh cung cp phn mm v phn cng hi ngh truyn hinh, cc cng ty vin thng v nh cung cp thit b vin thng, ngi dng, t chc gio dc, trung tm chnh ph v cc tp on phi li nhun. IMTC tp trung vo:
xng cc chun cho phep truyn thng thi gian thc, a phng tin

(rich media) ng nht ha vic s dng cc dch v v sn phm a phng tin.

Pht trin v a cc khuyn ngh hp tc cng ngh ti cc t chc chun

ha chnh thc (official) nh ETSI, IETF, 3GPP, ISO v ITU-T. Bt u cc phin kim tra hot ng chung gia cc nh cung cp cc sn phm v cc nh cung cp dch v a phng tin (rich media). Gio dc v thc y cc lin minh khch hng v cc cng ty v li nhun v s b sung cc sn phm a phng tin. IMTC nhn ra rng kh nng c th cng hot ng l tr ngi ln nht cho s pht trin ngnh v a khi u cc khuyn ngh cho cc chun chnh thc v cc chng trinh kim tra ci thin kh nng cng hot ng gia cc dch v v sn phm. IMTC c thnh lp vo nm 1994 thng qua s st nhp ca mt thnh vin ca Lin doanh chun hi ngh truyn hinh (CATS Consortium for Audio graphics Teleconferencing Standards) v Hi ng truyn thng a phng tin v Internet (MCCOI Multimedia Communications Community of Internet). CATS c thnh lp vo nm 1993, tp trung vo chun T.120 cho hi ngh d liu a im (multipoint data conferencing). MCCOI cng c thnh lp vo nm 1993, tp trung vo chun ITU-T H.320 (ISDN) v H.324 (POTS) cho truyn thng c hinh a im. Vo nm 1995 IMTC st nhp vi Nhm hi ngh c nhn PCWG (Personal Conferencing Work Group). PCWG cng tp trung vo chun hi ngh truyn hinh a phng tin v yu cu ca ngi dng v cc sn phm v dch v loi ny. Vo gia nhng nm 1990, do khi nim truyn thng a phng tin m rng ra khi mng truyn thng, n bao gm c mng IP, IMTC ng vai tro nh mt im hi t cng nghip cho thoi, data v video trn IP. thi im , nhng c gng ca IMTC a ti kt qu l s ban hnh chnh thc ca chun ITU-T H.323, tha thun

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nht tr v vic b sung Voice over IP, cc kim tra hot ng hi t bao gm cc chun ITU-T T.120, H.320, H.324, H.323 v cc RFC ca IETF nh SIP. Ngy nay, IMTC vn tp trung vo cc cn tr khi trin khai a phng tin v kh nng cng hot ng trong mng din rng v mng x nghip. Hin ti cc nh ti tr IMTC ban u bao gm IPv6, cng ngh 3GPP, ky thut lung chuyn mch gi, NAT v di ng khng dy. N lc ca t chc ny l cc nh cung cp dch v v cc cung ng thit b to ra cc sn phm, dch v v ng dng tng thch a phung tin hn. Cng vi din n Ipv6 (IPv6 Forum), IMTC a khi ng cc hot ng lin kt tp trung vo pht trin cc ng dng a phng tin trn nn IPv6, p ng nhu cu nh tuyn v an ninh cn c ci thin, vn di ng v xc nh cc vn tng la, an ninh v qun l. Gn y, IMTC a bt u ch trng vo vic lin kt gia cc dch v a phng tin cho ngi dng in thoi di ng. Cc dch v ny da trn cc chun ca 3GPP cho lung v tng tc vi ni dung a phng tin theo yu cu thi gian thc trong mng di ng 3G. c/ Din n cng nghip MPEG-4: M4IF M4IF l mt t chc phi li nhun vi mc tiu l y mnh thng qua chun MPEG-4, bng vic thnh lp MPEG-4 l mt chun c chp nhn v s dng rng rai gia cc nh pht trin ng dng, nh cung cp dch v, ngi sng to ni dung v ngi dng. Cc cng vic hin ti ca M4IF l: xng cc chun Thc hin cc kim tra hot ng chung, dn ti mt h cc sn phm cng hot ng vi nhau Pht trin v thnh lp mt chng trinh chng nhn MPEG-4, c quyn mang logo ca M4IF Sp xp v tham gia vo nhiu s kin thng mi Nghin cu mu licensing cho cc b gii ma phn mm c th download c, v d nh Internet player Mc ch ca M4IF l y mnh MPEG-4, lm cho thng tin available (c th) trong MPEG-4, lm cc cng c MPEG-4 available (c th) hoc a ra thng tin rng u c th thu c chng, to ra mt im n thng tin v MPEG-4, v to ra cc tp trung vo vic s dng MPEG-4. MPEG-4 a chng minh c thnh cng trong 3 lnh vc l: Truyn hinh s Cc ng dng ha c tnh tng tc a phng tin tng tc

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MPEG-4 cung cp cc yu t ky thut c chun ha cho phep s tch hp ca sn phm, s phn phi, v mu truy nhp ni dung ca 3 lnh vc trn. M4IF l thit yu cho s thnh cng ca chun MPEG-4, bi c nhiu vn phi gii quyt ngoi vn ky thut. V d, M4IF lm nhiu cng vic qung b v cc tranh lun cng ng v licensing cho MPEG-4. d/ Internet Streaming Media Alliance ISMA ISMA to ra mt tp quy nh cho lung internet. ISMA chn MPEG -4 Audio v Visual Profile ring v mc v ci thin chng vi cc quy nh truyn dn ca IETF to ra cc tng thch gia cc nh cung cp thit b cho video trn Internet. ISMA khuyn ngh cc giao thc lung cho Internet, bao gm MPEG-4 Simple Visual v Advanced Simple Profile for video, MPEG-4 High Quality Audio Profile for audio, MPEG-4 file format for file storage, v giao thc thi gian thc RTP cng nh giao thc lung thi gian thc RTSP cho cc giao thc lung v iu khin lung. Ni chung, ISMA l mt tp on phi li nhun c thnh lp cung cp mt din n to ra cc quy chun, cc chun nh ngha s b sung hot ng tng thch cho cc lung a phng tin trn mng IP. ISMA cung cp mt din n cho s to lp v s ng h cho th trng v cc chng trinh gio dc ngi dng thc gic yu cu cc sn phm da trn cc chun ny. e/ Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP/3GPP2) 3GPP c mt tha thun hp tc c thit lp vo thng 12 nm 1998. Tha thun hp tc a ti mt s hi ng chun ha vin thng, c gi l Organization partners. 3GPP nh ra chun cho mng 3G v cc dch v xut pht t h thng trn nn GSM. Trong cc chun u cui khng dy, 3GPP s dng MPEG-4 Simple Visual for video, MPEG-4 file format for multimedia messading, v RTP, RTSP cho cc giao thc lung v iu khin lung. Phm vi ca 3GPP l cung cp cc chun ky thut c th ng dng c trn ton cu v cc bo co ky thut cho h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 trn nn mng loi GSM v cc ky thut truy nhp v tuyn m chng h tr (UTRA, FDD, TDD). Phm vi sau c b sung bao gm bo dng v pht trin cc h thng ton cu cho truyn thng di ng, chun ky thut, v bo co ky thut bao gm ky thut truy nhp v tuyn v EDGE. 3GPP2: L mt d n cng tc chun ha vin thng 3G. Bao gm Bc My v Chu , quan tm pht trin chun quc t cho cc mng tng tc di ng t ong tin ti 3G v cc chun quc t cho ky thut truy nhp v tuyn (RTTs).
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3GPP2 a ra chun cho mng di ng 3G v dch v bt ngun t h thng trn nn CDMA v dnh nhiu quan tm ti a phng tin di ng. Trong cc chun u cui khng dy, 3GPP2 dng MPEG-4 Simple Visual for video, MPEG-4 file format for multimedia messading, v RTP, RTSP cho cc giao thc lung v iu khin lung. 3GPP2 c sinh ra t d n IMT-2000 ca ITU - tc cao, bng rng, h thng IP di ng lin kt mng- ti- mng, trong sut dch v, chuyn mch quc t, v dch v c lp v tr. IMT-2000 hng ti vin thng a phng tin di ng cht lng cao ti th trng ton cu bng cch t ti mc tiu tng tc v thoi mi truyn thng khng dy, cung cp dch v bt k u vo bt c thi im no (anytime, anywhere) f/ Truyn hnh s (DVB) Vo nm 1991, cc i truyn hinh v cc nh sn xut thit b in t dn dng tho lun lm sao to ra mt nn tng phi hp trn ton chu u pht trin truyn hinh s mt t. n cui nm, cc i truyn hinh v cc nh sn xut thit b in t dn dng v ban iu chnh (regulatory bodies) a thng nht tha thun thnh lp mt nhm d on xu hng pht trin ca truyn hinh s Chu u European Launching Group (ELG). ELG m rng thnh cc nhm c public v private, cc nh sn xut thit b in t dn dng, pha nh phn pht dch v v nhng nh iu chnh (regulators). H a d tho (draft) Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) a ra cc quy tc m nh m cc tro chi mi v y th thch vi cc hnh ng tng hp c th c chi. T tng ca MoU l xut pht t cc lnh vc cha c khm ph v c ngha l cc i th thng mi cn nh gi cao cc chng trinh ngh s v cc yu cu chung ca h. Tt c cc thnh vin tham d ELG trong thng 9/1993, v Launching Group tr thnh DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting). Trong khong thi gian ny, nhm lm vic v truyn hinh s chun b mt nghin cu v vin cnh v trin vng ca truyn hinh s mt t Chu u. Bn bo co gii thiu cc t tng mi quan trng nh xut cho phep mt s th trng tiu th mi c phc v trong thi im (truyn hinh di ng v HDTV). Cng vi hot ng ny, thay i cng din ra lnh vc truyn hinh v tinh Chu u. DVB cung cp din n tp hp tt c nhng s quan tm chnh v truyn hinh Chu u vo mt nhm. iu ny ha hn pht trin mt h thng thng nht v truyn hinh s. Ro rng l v tinh v cp c th phn pht dch v truyn hinh s qung b u tin. DVB a ra phng php gii quyt thc t v ti u nht cho cc nh sn xut thit b in t dn dng, nh cung cp dch v truyn hinh v ngi xem. Thnh cng ca DVB ph thuc vo s pht trin ca mt tp thng nht cc phng php mang
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truyn hinh s ti nh khch hng, nh cc tnh cht c bit ca cc mi trng phn pht, bao gm v tinh, cp, v mt t, cng nh SMATV (satellite master antenna television) v MDS (multipoint distribution systems: h thng phn pht a im). DVB cng m bo rng cc thnh phn thit yu ca chun DVB l chung cho tt c cc mi trng phn pht, cung cp li ch kinh t. H thng DVB cung cp mt gii php hon thin cho truyn hinh s v qung b d liu theo mi trng phn pht. DVB thm vo a lung truyn ti MPEG, cc phn t cn thit mang truyn hinh s ti gia inh bng cp, v tinh, v h thng truyn hinh mt t. Cu hi thng xut hin l lm th no DVB c th gip cc dch v truyn hinh tng tc trong tng lai. H thng loi DVB c cc trit l sau:
H thng c thit k nh mt container mang s kt hp linh hot ca

MPEG-2 video v audio v cc d liu khc.

H thng s dng a thnh phn lung truyn dn (TS) MPEG-2 chung. H thng s dng mt h thng thng tin dch v (SI) chung cung cp chi tit

ca chng trinh s c pht.

H thng s dng sa li chuyn tip (FEC) Read-Solomon (RS) mc th

nht chung. H thng iu ch v ma ha knh, nu c, c chn tha man yu cu ca cc mi trng truyn dn khc nhau. H thng xo trn m chung Giao din truy nhp c iu kin chung H tiu chun DVB bao gm: H thng v tinh s DVB-S dng trn bng tn 11/12 GHz H thng truyn ti bng cp DVB-C, tng thch vi DVB-S H thng SMATV s DVB-CS, k tc ca DVB-C v DVB-S, phc v s lp t anten cng ng H thng phn pht a im s DVB-MC, s dng tn s viba khong 10 GHz cho phn pht trc tip ti nh ca khch hng da trn h thng phn pht v tinh DVB-S H thng truyn hinh s mt t DVB-T, thit k cho knh mt t 8 MHz (v 7 MHz) H thng thng tin dch v DVB-SI s dng bi b gii ma DVB t cu hinh v gip ngi dng iu chnh lung bit. DVB-TXT quy nh v truyn ti teletex format c nh DVB DVB-CI giao din chung DVB s dng trong truy nhp c iu kin v cc ng dng khc
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 Truyn ti DVB-IPI ca cc dch v DVB trn mng IP

DVB-S l h thng n sng mang. N c th c m hinh ha nh mt c hnh. trung tm, loi ca c hnh l payload (ti trng), l tc bit hiu dng. Bao quanh n l mt s lp lm cho tn hiu nhy cm vi li hn v sp xp ti trng mt cu trc ph hp truyn. Video, audio, v cc data khc c chn vo cc gi lung truyn dn MPEG chiu di c nh. D liu c ng gi cu thnh ti trng. Bc u tin l nh dng d liu vo cc cu trc c quy tc bng cch o cc byte ng b mi tiu gi th 8. Bc tip theo trong qu trinh x l l ngu nhin ha ni dung. Bc tip theo l thm vo mo u sa li chuyn tip Read Solomon vo d liu gi. y l mt h thng rt hiu qu vi vic thm vo t hn 12% mo u vo d liu. c gi l ma ha ngoi. Tip theo, an xem c p dng vo ni dung gi. Tip theo , mt h thng s li na c thm vo, s dng punctured convolutional code. H thng sa li th hai ny, gi l ma ha bn trong, c th c iu chnh, v lng mo u ph hp vi yu cu ca nh cung cp dch v. Cui cng, tn hiu c dng iu ch sng mang v tinh s dng QPSK. V mt bn cht, gia ghep knh v truyn dn vt l, h thng hon ton thch hp vi cc c tnh knh ring. H thng c thit k chp nhn c tnh li ca knh. Li cm l ngu nhin v hai lp sa li chuyn tip c thm vo. Lp th hai, ma ha trong, c th c iu chnh ph hp vi hon cnh (cng sut, tc bit). Do c hai bin cho nh cung cp dch v: kch thc tng ca c hnh v dy ca lp v ngoi sa li th hai. mi trng hp, my thu s tim ra s kt hp chnh xc dng bi th nghim rt nhanh v li tn hiu thu. Mt s kt hp c nh gi cao kch thc ti trng v ma ha trong c th c chn sao cho ph hp vi mi trng ca nh cung cp dch v. Trong DVB-C, h thng mng cp c loi ging nh h thng v tinh. H thng iu ch s dng QAM ch khng phi QPSK. Sa li chuyn tip ma ha bn trong l khng cn thit. H thng tp trung 64-QAM nhng cc h thng mc thp hn, nh l 16-QAM v 32-QAM cng c th c s dng. Trong mi trng hp, dung lng d liu ca h thng c tr gi bi mnh ca d liu. Cc h thng mc cao hn nh 128-QAM v 256-QAM, cng c th tr nn kh thi, nhng s s dng ca chng ph thuc vo dung lng ca mng cp i mt vi d tr gii ma gim. DVB-MC l h thng phn pht a im s, n s dng tn s vi ba di khong 10 GHz phn phi trc tip ti nh khch hng. N da trn h thng phn phi bng cp DVB-C v do mt my thu chung c th c dng cho c truyn dn cp v loi truyn dn vi ba ny.

81

Nhng chun v h thng DVB-T, truyn hinh s mt t qung b, c ph chun vo nm 1995. Cng vic ny da trn mt tp yu cu ca ngi dng. Cc thnh vin DVB a ng gp cho s pht trin ky thut ca DVB-T thng qua DTTVSA (Truyn hinh s mt t cc kha cnh h thng) ca Modul ky thut. Cng ging nh vi cc chun DVB khc, MPEG-2 sound v vision coding to nn ti trng ca DVB-T. Cc thnh phn khc ca chun bao gm c ch truyn da trn OFDM, n cho phep s dng 1705 hoc 6817 sng mang con. Sa li concatenated (mc ni/rng buc) c dng. Cng nh vi cc chun DVB khc, ma ha ngoi RS v outer convolutional interleaving c dng. Ma ha trong ging nh DVB-S. Ma ha ngun hai lp phn cp khng c dng, bi vi li ch ca n khng b li c phc tp my thu cn b sung. Do trit hin tng a ng OFDM, c v rt tim nng chy mt mng overlap cc my pht vi mt sng mang n. Trong vng overlap, tn hiu nh hn trong 2 tn hiu thu c c coi l ting vng. Tuy nhin, nu hai my pht kh xa nhau thi tr thi gian gia hai tn hiu s ln v h thng do s cn mt khong bo v ln. DVB-SI cung cp cc phn t cn thit cho s pht trin ca cc hng dn chng trinh in t (EPG) m c th tr thnh mt thuc tnh ca cc dch v truyn hinh s mi. Cc EPG t m hn cng c th c cung cp nh l cc phn t b sung qua giao din my thu. DVB-SI cn miu t cc c tnh ky thut mi dch v c cung cp bi mt nh cung cp ring. Cc thng tin khc, v d thi gian bt u, tn nh cung cp dch v, v loi s kin (th thao, tin tc...) c a ra. H thng DVB c pht trin qua s thng nht trong nhm lm vic ca modul ky thut (Technical Module). Nhng thnh vin ca nhm c a ra t cuc hp chung ca d n. Mt khi cc chun a c ETSI a ra, n c gi rt thp cho tt c mi ngi trn ton th gii. Bi vi chun l m, tt c cc nh sn xut to ra cc h thng m bo rng cc thit v DVB ca h s c th d dng lm vic vi cc thit v DVB ca cc nh sn xut khc. Nh s dng gi MPEG-2 nh data container v cc thng tin dch v DVB then cht bao quanh v nhn dng cc gi ny, DVB c th phn pht ti nh gn nh l tt c nhng th c th s ha, d l HDTV, SDTV nhiu knh, hoc l cc d liu dch v a phng tin bng rng mi hp dn hay cc dch v tng tc. Vi mi chun, mt tp cc yu cu ca ngi dng c bin son bi modul thng mi (Commercial Module). Chng c dng nh l s thc ep vi cc chun. Ngi dng yu cu cc tham s th trng ca h thng DVB nh gi c, chc nng ngi dng... Technical Module sau pht trin chun, theo cc yu cu ny ca ngi dng. Qu trinh ph chun DVB yu cu Commercial Module h tr cc chun trc khi chng cui cng c thng qua bi Steering Board.

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Tri ngc vi s bt u sm hn Chu u v My, d n DVB lm vic cc yu cu thng mi nghim ngt c thit lp bi cc t chc m lm vic hng ngy p ng cc yu cu. Mc d DVB bt u l mt d n ca Chu u, cc thnh vin ca n gi y a pht trin trn ton th gii v do vy, cc thnh vin trong d n mun t c cc chun th gii. S lin h vi ITU-R v ITU-T c pht trin di d n DVB. g/ Hi ng nghe nhn s (DAVIC Digital Audio Visual Council) T khi DAVIC xut hin, cc thnh vin DVB a nhn ra tm quan trng ca vic kt hp cht ch vi n. DAVIC bao ph mt lnh vc rng, thng m rng ra ngoi phm vi truyn hinh, v DAVIC c gng cung cp s tng thch u cui u cui cho vic dng m thanh v hinh nh s qua cc quc gia v gia cc ng dng v dch v. Cc thnh vin lin lc DAVIC a c ch nh trong DVB cng thc y s c gng ca c hai nhm. S hoa hp vi DAVIC t c trn nhiu lnh vc. DVB cp v h thng v tinh a c thng qua bi DAVIC. Nhm ph DVB a t c s ng vi DAVIC, sau khi tha thun v sn sng thay i chnh bn d tho chun ca n. S ng hoa hp khc t c trong cc lnh vc bao gm: cc dch v tng tc, giao din my thu, v thng tin dch v, v cng vic s tip tc chc rng s thng nht c th l ln nht. Mc ch chung ca DAVIC l chun ha kin trc h thng, giao din gia cc h thng, v cc giao thc truyn thng cn thit cho vic cung cp cc dch v nh VoD v cc h thng ng dng. DAVIC bao gm ban gim c, y ban qun l, y ban b nhim v t cch hi vin, y ban kim ton v ti chnh, y ban t vn d kin k hoch v y ban ky thut (TCs), y ban ny nghin cu cc chun. Chun u tin ca DAVIC, DAVIC 1.0, c hon thin vo thng 12/1995. Vo thng 9/1996, chun th hai ca DAVIC, DAVIC 1.1, c xut bn. Nhng thnh phn chnh c thm vo bi DAVIC 1.1 l: Cc chun c bn cho truy nhp t mt thit b u cui set -top ti mng Internet
Cc chun v Giao din lp trinh ng dng (API) Java cho thay i mt set-

top box vo mt my o (virtual machine) bi phn mm download Chun truyn dn cho truyn hinh mt t dng sng viba DAVIC 1.2 c thnh lp vo nm 1996. N b sung cc ni dung: An ninh c bn cho h thng DAVIC 1.0 Cc chun video v audio cht lng cao Trup nhp Internet bng mng video tc cao ADSL ATM mapping DAVIC 1.3 c cng b thng 9/1997. N bao gm mt s c im ky thut:
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 Qun l h thng v dch v DAVIC Cc dch v truyn thng (in thoi, hi ngh, v tro chi nhiu ngi cng

chi) a dch v v nhiu nh cung cp

iu khin hin th nh tnh API cho set-top unit

S nht tr trn phm vi ton cu ca cc chun l cao bi vi ty l cc thnh vin trong DAVIC khu vc Chu , Chu u v Chu My l kh ng u. Ngoi s tham gia ca cc thnh vin DAVIC, mt cuc hp ca DAVIC c th c s tham d ca cc quan st vin bn ngoi. Lin hip DAVIC a ng sau 5 nm hot ng v ch gi trng thi active thng qua website ca n. h/ y ban h thng truyn hnh tin-ATSC ATSC l mt t chc quc t phi li nhun pht trin cc chun t nguyn cho ton b phm vi ca cc h thng truyn hinh tin tin. Mt cch c th, ATSC lm vic vi cc chun truyn hinh c tnh hp tc gia cc hang truyn thng m tp trung vo truyn hinh s, h thng tng tc, v truyn thng a phng tin bng rng. ATSC c thnh lp t nm 1992 bi cc t chc thnh vin Joint Committee on Inter Society Coordination (JCIC), the Electronic Industries Association (EIA), IEEE, the National Cable Television Association (NCTA), v the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE). ATSC a c hp nht v thng 1/2002. Cc chun truyn hinh s ca ATSC bao gm: HDTV, SDTV, qung b d liu, multichannel surround sound audio (cch ti hin m thanh gy tac du ng cac m n t nhng ni khc nhau a knh), v truyn hinh v tinh trc tip ti nh. Thng 12/1996, y ban truyn thng lin bang My (FCC) a thng qua cc ni dung chnh ca chun truyn hinh s ATSC DTV (A/53). Chun ATSC DVT a c thng qua bi chnh ph Canada (thng 11/1997), Hn Quc (thng 11/1997), i Loan (thng 5/1998), v Argentina (1998). i/ y ban truyn hnh Chu u-EBU EBU l hip hi chuyn nghip ln nht ca cc i truyn hinh quc gia trn th gii. Cc hot ng bao gm hot ng ca mng v tuyn ton Chu u v h th ng truy n hin h toan Chu u (Eurovision and Euroradio network), thc y li khuyn hp php chun ky thut, v hng ro phong th qung b dch v cng cng. Nhm chin lc s (Digital strategy group) l mt nhm ca hi ng qun l EBU c thnh lp nh gi vic la chn chin lc v chnh sch cho cc thnh vin ca EBU trong mi trng s. Nhm ny chia s kinh nghim v cc nghin cu xem liu chng l cc phn t chung ca cc chnh sch trong cc s kin nh l mi trng mi. Nhm dch v on-line bao gm phn u ca a phng tin v cc dch
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v Internet trong cc thnh vin EBU. Nhm chia s cc kinh nghim trong pht trin cc dch v trn nn Internet v cc hot ng kt hp vi cc s kin chnh m c cung cp thng qua Web. Forum l mt s kin thng nin c thit k mang ti cc vn mi v hng gii quyt mi trong lnh vc truyn thng mi. N ch yu tho lun v kinh t v cc kha cnh ni dung v l m cho tt c cc thnh vin EBU. 2.8. K t lu n Chng 2 trinh by khung c s thc hin tiu chun ha a phng tin , phn chia tiu chu n hoa va cac hoa t ng cua cac t chc tiu chu n qu c t nh ITU , ETSI, IETF..., mc tiu hot ng ca cc din n a phng tin .

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 P NG DUNG CHNG III L

Thch thc ca truy n thng a phng ti n la cung c p cac ng du ng h p nh t vn ban , nh v thng tin hinh nh nhng li phi d s dng v c tnh tng tc . Chng ta s bt u t cc ng dng ca ITU v MPEG theo quan im lin kt , tng tc, lu tr, to dong, khi phu c va phn ph i thng tin . Sau o m ta quang ba s . B t u t h i tu cua ha t ng vin thng va di ng , chng ti ti p tu c vi gii thi u t ng quan pht thanh qung b s , truy n hinh quang ba s va cac dich vu tng tac trong h tng truyn hinh s . Chng nay cng gii thiu li cc dch v , ng dng v dch v di ng (cc kiu , cc m hinh kinh doanh , cc thch thc v cc abstract trong ch p thu n cac dich vu di ng ) cng nh cc hot ng nghin cu v kh nng s dng, giao di n ngi s du ng , truy c p di ng ti c s d li u agent. v cc cng ngh

Cu i cung cua chng se k t lu n v tinh hinh hi n nay cua cac cng ngh truy c p a phng ti n va cac inh : bi u din n i hng tng lai trong lin h vc nay dung, thch ng v vn chuy n, cc thit b di ng v cc thit b thch hp . 3.1. Cc ng dng ca H.323 cho truy n thng a phng tin H.323 l mt khuyn ngh ca ITU-T xc nh phng thc lung a phng tin c truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi. H.323 a s dng li mt s chun sn c (v d nh l Q.931) t c mc ch ny. Trong giao thc H.323, vic truyn cc lung voice ch l mt trong cc ng dng ca n, v phn chnh ca giao thc chnh l vic chia s d liu v video [3]. 3.1.1. Cc giao thc s dng trong H.323 Cc giao thc c s dng trong H.323 c th hin Bng III-1. Bng III-1 Cc giao thc s dng trong H.323 Tinh nng Bo hiu cuc gi iu khin phng tin B ma ha m thanh B ma ha hinh nh Chia s d liu Truyn ti H.225 H.245 G.711, G.722, G.723, G.728, G.729 H.261, H.263 T.120 RTP/RTCP Giao thc

Trong mng H.323, cc th tc iu khin cuc gi da trn khuyn ngh H.225 ca ITU. Khuyn ngh ny ch ro cch s dng v h tr cc bn tin bo hiu Q.931. Trong khi H.245 c s dng x l cc bn tin iu khin gia cc thc th
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H.323. RTP l giao thc cung cp truyn ti phng tin trong H.323. C th hn, RTP to kh nng truyn ti d liu tng tc thi gian thc trn cc mng unicast hoc multicast. 3.1.2. Cc thnh phn ca H.323

Hnh III-1 Cc thnh phn ca H.323 H.323 Terminal: Gm c: o Kh i i u khi n h th ng . o Phng ti n truy n dn . o Codec m thanh. o Giao di n ma ng . o Codec video. o Knh d li u ng dng h tr. Gateway: thc hin chuyn i gia cc nh dng audio, video v d liu. N ng thi thc hin vic thit lp v huy b cuc gi trong mng IP v mng chuyn mch (Switched Circuit Network SCN). Gatekeeper: cung cp vic iu khin cp cuc gi n cc u cui ca H.323. MCU: h tr hi ngh vi ba hay nhiu u cui H.323. 3.1.3. Qu trnh kt ni Qu trinh thc hin kt ni gia hai im u cui H.323 c m t Hinh III-2.

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Hnh III-2 Kt ni gia hai im u cui H.323 Qu trinh thc hin kt ni nh sau:
im u cui A gi bn tin setup n im u cui B trn cng TCP 1720. im u cui B tr li bn tin setup ny bng mt bn tin thng bo km

theo s cng bt u qu trinh bt tay H.245.

Qu trinh bt tay H.245 bao gm loi codec (v d G.729 v G.723.1), s cng

cho lung RTP v thng bo v cc ti nguyn m im u cui c. Cc knh logic cho lung UDP sau c thit lp, m ra v bt u hot ng. Lu lng thoi sau c truyn qua cc lung RTP ny. Giao thc iu khin truyn thi gian thc (Real Time Transport Control Protocol) c s dng truyn i thng tin v lung RTP n c hai im u cui. 3.2. ng dng H.264 v MPEG-4 trong nen truy n hin h s 3.2.1. ng dng MPEG-4 Thng 10 nm 1998 vi s xut hin ca chun nen MPEG4 a to ra mt phng thc thit lp v tng tc mi vi truyn thng nghe nhin trn mng Internet, to ra mt phng thc sn xut, cung cp v tiu th mi cc ni dung video trn c s ni dung v hng i tng (content/object-based). y chnh l mt cng ngh trinh din truyn thng a phng tin phc hp, c kh nng truyn thng ti cc mi trng truyn thng a phng tin phc hp, c kh nng truyn thng ti cc mi trng : truyn hinh s, ho tng tc, World Wide Web. Vi vy, nhim v ca MPEG 4 l nhm pht trin cc chun x l, ma ho v hin th nh ng, audio v cc t hp ca chng. MPEG4 ang c trin khai bi nhiu nh vn hnh mng v
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dch v trn th gii vi cc dch v mi ang c b xung chim cc li th cu trc h tng bng rng ang pht trin. MPEG 4 bao gm rt nhiu phn c th thc hin cng nhau hoc ring bit: Phn 1: Systems.
Phn 2: Visual. Phn 3: Audio. Phn 4: Confomance xc nh vic trin khai mt MPEG 4 s nh th no. Phn 5: Cc phn mm tham chiu, a ra mt nhm cc phn mm tham

chiu quan tong c s dng trin khai MPEG 4.

Phn 6: Khung chun cung cp truyn thng a phng tin tch hp DMIF

(Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework), xc nh mt giao din gia cc ng dng v mng/lu tr. Phn 7: Cc c tnh ca mt b ma ha video ti u (b xung cho cc phn mm tham chiu, nhng khng phi l cc khai trin ti thiu cn thit) Cc phn mi b xung trc tip cho chun MPEG 4 sau ny l: Phn 8: Giao vn (v nguyn tc khng c xc nh trong chun, nhng

phn 8 xc nh cn nh x th no cc dong MPEG 4 vo giao vn IP) Phn 9: M t phn cng tham chiu (Reference Hardware Descripsion) Phn 10: MPEG 4 Advanced Video Coding/H.264 l thnh tu mi nht v nen video, trn c s ng b vi kh nng tnh ton v dung lng b nh ca cc my PC hin nay, ng dng cc phng php ma ha phc tp hn nhiu cc phng php trc v c th thc hin c trong mi trng phn mm v phn cng, do nhm chuyn gia MPEG hp tc vi nhm IUT Study Group pht trin. Phn 11: M t khung: (Scene Descripsion c tch ra t phn 1) Phn 12: nh dng file truyn thng ISO (ISO Media File Format). Phn 13: Quan l bn quyn ni dung IPMP (Intellectual Property Management and Protection Extensions)

Phn 14: nh dng file MP4 (trn c s phn 12). Phn 15: nh dng file AVC (cng trn c s phn 12) Phn 16: AFX (Animation Framework Extensions) v MuW (Multi user

Worlds) a/ Cng ngh ma ha v gii ma video trong MPEG 4 Chun MPEG-4 l mt chun ng, d thay i: vi MPEG -4 cc i tng khc nhau trong mt khung hinh c th c m t, ma ho v truyn i mt cch ring bit n b gii ma trong cc dong c bn ES (Elementary Stream) khc nhau. Cng nh xc nh, tch v x l ring cc i tng (nh nhc nn, m thanh xa gn, vt,
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i tng nh video nh con ngi hay ng vt, nn khung hinh) nn ngi s dng c th loi b ring tng i tng khi khun hinh. S t hp li thnh khung hinh ch c thc hin sau khi gii ma cc i tng . Trn Hinh III-3 l v d v s t hp khun hinh MPEG -4. Trong hinh c nhiu i tng nh: bn, qu cu, bng en, ngi hng dn v audio c t vo mt h thng to khng gian 3 chiu (3-D) i vi v tr ngi xem gi nh. Cc thit b ma ha v gii ma video u p dng s ma ha nh nhau cho mi i tng video VO (video object) ring bit, nh vy ngi s dng c th thc hin cc hot ng tng tc ring i vi tng i tng (thay i t l, di chuyn, loi b, b xung cc i tng) ngay ti v tr gii ma hay ma ha.

Hnh III-3 S t hp khung hnh trong MPEG 4 Trn Hinh III-4 l cu trc ca b ma ho v gii ma Video MPEG - 4, cc thit b ma ho v gii ma video u p dng s ma ho nh nhau cho mi i tng video (video-object) ring bit. V d khi ta ma ho v tng hp mt khung hinh, nhiu i tng u vo nh: t, nh, ngi c tch ra khi video u vo. Mi i tng video sau c ma ho ring r bi b ma ho i tng video VO (video object) v c truyn i trn mng. Ti v tr thu, nhng i tng ny c gii ma ring r nh b gii ma VO decoder v gi n b tng hp Compositor .Vi vy ngi s dng c th thc hin cc hot ng tng tc ring vi tng i tng (thay i ty l, di
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chuyn, kt ni, loi b, b xung cc i tng) ngay ti v tr gii ma hay ma ho. Ngoi ra, ngi dng c th download cc i tng khc t th vin c s d liu (c sn trn thit b hay t xa thng qua mng LAN, WAN hay Internet) chn thm vo hay thay th cc i tng c trong khun hinh gc. Cc b phn chc nng chnh trong cc thit b MPEG -4 bao gm:
B ma ho hinh dng ngoi Shape coder dng nen on thng tin, gip xc

nh khu vc v ng vin bao quanh i tng trong khung hinh scene. B d on v tng hp ng gim thng tin d tha theo thi gian. B kt cu mt ngoi Texture coder dng x l d liu bn trong v cc d liu con li sau khi a b chuyn ng.
B ma ha VO-1 B gii ma VO-1

Video u vo

Phn chia Video object (VO)

B ma ha VO-2
B dn knh

Dng bit

B phn knh

B gii ma VO-2

Phn chia Video object (VO)

Video u ra

B ma ha VO-n

B gii ma VO-n

Hnh III-4 Cu trc ca b ma ha v gii ma video MPEG 4 Trong MPEG-4, tt c cc i tng c th c ma ho vi s ma ho ti u ring ca n: video c ma ho theo kiu video, text c ma ho theo kiu text, cc ho c ma ho theo kiu ho thay vi vic x l tt c cc phn t nh pixels nh l ma ho nh ng. Do cc qu trinh ma ho a c ti u ho cho tng loi d liu thch hp, nn chun MPEG -4 s cho phep ma ho vi hiu qu cao tn hiu nh video, audio v c cc ni dung tng hp nh cc b mt v c th hot hinh. 3.2.2. ng dng H.264 S pht trin ca cc tiu chun ma ha video quc t nh MPEG-1, MPEG-2 v H.261 a thc y s pht trin ca nhiu ng dng a phng tin khc nhau, gm c vic ghi tn hiu video s v hi ngh truyn hinh. Kt qu ca yu cu ngy cng tng v cht lng nen tt hn, nhng tiu chun tin tin nh MPEG-4 v H.263 cng a c gii thiu. cung cp nhng tiu chun nen video tt hn so vi nhng tiu chun trc y, tiu chun ma ha video H.264/MPEG-4 mi y a c pht trin bi JVT (Joint Video Team), nhm nghin cu ny bao gm nhiu chuyn gia n t VCEG (Tp on chuyn v ma ha video) v MPEG (Tp on chuyn v hinh nh ng). H.264 thc hin ma ha c hiu qu ng k, cc ch tiu ky thut n gin v
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l tch hp lin tc ma ha video trong cc giao thc hin hnh v cc kin trc ghep knh. Vi vy, H.264 c th h tr nhiu ng dng khc nhau nh qung b video, lung video v hi ngh truyn hinh qua cc mng c nh, v tuyn v qua cc giao thc truyn ti khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cc u im v hiu qu ma ho ca H.264 t ti s phc tp tnh ton cao hn. M t s nghin cu a ch ra rng cc b gii ma ca H.264 c phc tp gp 2 ln b gii ma ma H.263. Hn th na, cc nghin cu trc y cng ch ra rng phep ni suy b chuyn ng phn on im nh v lc vong tiu tn mt lng ln nng lc tnh ton trong cc b gii ma ca H.264. Vi cc phep ton l b phn c trong m t khi H.264, cn thit phi c nhng phng php mi nh gi phc hp nh nht m cc b gii ma H.264 c th thc hin trn cc thit b c phc hp thp. c bit, trong cc thit b v tuyn mi c s rng buc gia phc hp v tc ly bit. Tuy nhin, loi rng buc y l khc so vi trong cc h thng truyn thng (v d nh kh nng cc PC c ni mng Internet tt nht c th). Thng qua nhiu chui cc tnh ton thng thng, mt thit b v tuyn phc hp thp c th c phc hp/ly tha rng buc ln hn ng k so vi hn ch v tc ly bit. (v d nh qua truy nhp v tuyn LAN). a/ Cc ng dng v cc c im ni bt. H.264 c thit k vi cc mc ch k thut, ti thiu phi bao gm cc lnh vc ng dng sau: Qung b qua cp, v tinh, cp modem, cc knh thu bao s DSL, cc trm mt t Tng tc hoc lu tr theo chui trn cc thit b quang tnh v t tnh, DVD Cc dch v hi thoi thng qua ISDN (Mng s lin kt a dch v), Ethernet, LAN (mng cc b), DSL, cc mng v tuyn v di ng, modemhoc cc thit b tch hp ca chng. Video theo yu cu (VOD) hay cc dch v a phng tin thng qua ISDN, cp modem, DSL, LAN, cc mng v tuyn Cc dch v tin nhn a phng tin (MMS) qua ISDN, DSL, Ethernet, LAN, cc mng v tuyn v di ng Hn th na, cc ng dng mi ny c th c trin khai trn cc mng a sn c v trong tng lai. iu ny a ny sinh yu cu lm th no x l cc ng dng v cc mng a dng ny. gii quyt vn ny linh hot v p ng theo khch hng, thit k H.264/AVC (Ma ho video tin tin) bao trm: Lp ma ho video (VCL), lp ny c thit k biu din hiu qu ni dung video
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 v mt lp mng tru tng (NAL), lp ny nh dng truyn t VCL ca

video v cung cp thng tin tiu trong phm vi ph hp vi cc lp truyn ti hoc cc phng tin lu tr khc nhau. Lin quan n cc phng php ma ha video trc, mt s c im ni bt ca thit k cho phep lm tng hiu qu ma ha bao gm vic tng kh nng d on ni dung ca mt bc tranh c ma ha nh sau:
B chuyn ng kch thc khi thay i vi cc kch thc khi nh: tiu

chun ny h tr chn lc cc kch c khi b chuyn ng v chn lc cc hinh dng linh hot hn so vi tiu chun trc y, vi mt kch c khi b ti thiu ca phn b chuyn ng l 4x4.
B chuyn ng vi chnh xc ti mu: Hu ht cc chun trc y cho

phep chnh xc chuyn ng na mu. chnh xc c tng ln bng cch thm vector chuyn ng ly mu, vector ny ln u tin c tim thy trong h s m t tiu chun MPEG-4 o, nhng hn na s chnh xc con lm gim phc tp x l ni suy so vi thit k trc kia. Cc vector chuyn ng qua ng bin ca nh: trong khi cc vector chuyn ng ca MPEG-2 v cc phin bn trc n oi hi ch ra cc vng trong nh a gii ma trc y, thi ky thut ngoi suy ng bin nh (a c tim ra u tin nh l mt thuc tnh la chn trong H.323) a c a vo H.264/AVC. Phn b chuyn ng nh a tham chiu: d on cc bc nh a c ma ha (nhng bc nh gi l P) trong MPEG-2 v cc phin bn trc n ch dng 1 nh xut hin trc d on cc nh xut hin sau . Thit k mi ny m rng tin b trong ky thut la chn nh tham chiu ca H.263++, n gip cho vic ma ha tr nn hiu qu hn bng cch cho phep b ma ha la chn gia s lng ln cc nh a c gii ma v lu tr trong b gii ma vi mc ch b chuyn ng. Suy lun chuyn ng trc tip hoc b qua: Trong cc chun trc y, mt vng b qua l vng ca mt bc nh ma ho d on nhng khng th suy lun theo ni dung ca cnh, gy bt li cho ma ho video c chuyn ng ton cnh. Vi vy thit k H.264/AVC mi thay th suy lun c cc vng b b qua. i vi cc vng ma ho d bo (c gi l cc lt ct B), H.264/AVC cng bao gm phng php suy lun chuyn ng m rng c bit n nh b chuyn ng trc tip, cch b ny ci thin hn na cc thit k d on trc tip trc y c trong H.263+ v MPEG-4 Visual. D on nh hng theo khng gian trong ma ha bn trong: mt ky thut mi ngoi suy cc bin ca cc phn bc nh hin ti a ma ho trc c
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ng dng trong cc vng ca cc bc nh c ma ha bn trong (v d nh ma ho khng c tham chiu ni dung mt s nh khc). Vic ny ci thin cht lng ca tn hiu d on, v cng cho phep d on t cc khu vc ln cn, cc vng ny a khng ma ho bng ma ho bn trong (mt s th khng c phep khi s dng phng php d on chuyn i min trong H.263+ v MPEG-4 Visual).
In-the-loop deblocking filtering (Lc tch khi trong theo vong): Ma ha

video theo khi to ra cc khi nhn to. Chng c th c to ra theo c hai cch d on v ly phn d gia cc giai on ma ha khc nhau trong tin trinh gii ma. ng dng ca mt b lc tch khi thch ng c l phng php c bit n rng rai gip ci thin cht lng video, v mt khi c thit k tt, n c th lm tng cht lng video c v mt khch quan ln ch quan. Pht trin ln t mt thuc tnh la chn ca H.263+, b lc tch khi trong thit k H.264/AVC c a vo trong vong d on chuyn ng c b, vi mc ch va lm tng cht lng nh hin thi va lm tng kh nng d on nh khc.
Khi chuyn i kch thc khi nh: Tt c cc tiu chun ma ha video

trc y u s dng mt khi chuyn i c 8x8, trong khi thit k H.264/AVC mi v c bn s dng khi chuyn i c 4x4. Vic s dng khi kch c nh hn a c kim chng tnh ng n da trn nhng u im trong vic ci thin kh nng d on ni dung video vi vic s dng cng ngh ni trn v da trn nhu cu v cung ng phm vi chuyn i n tn cc ng bin tng ng vi nhng cc vng d on nh nht. Chuyn i khi phn bc: trong hu ht trng hp, vic s dng khi chuyn i kch c 4x4 c cho l hp l, c nhng tn hiu bao gm tng quan gi mt s phng php s dng cc chc nng c bn lu di hn. Tiu chun H.264/AVC cho phep thc hin vic theo hai cch: dng b chuyn i phn bc m rng s dng kch c khi ph hp vi thng tin sc mu c ph tn thp thnh day 8x8, cho phep b ma ha la chn loi ma c bit cho ma ni b, v nh cho phep b ma ho la chn dng ma ho c bit cho ma ho trong nh, cho phep m rng di chuyn i cc thnh phn chi cho thng tin tn s thp thnh mt khi c 16x16 trong phm vi tng t nh ng dng cho sc mu. B chuyn i di t ngn: tt c cc thit k tiu chun trc y v hiu qu u yu cu cc b ma ha v gii ma s dng x l phc hp hn i vi tnh ton chuyn i . Trong khi cc thit k trc y thng oi hi c b

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x l 32bit, thit k H.264/AVC ch yu cu 16 bit s hc cho DCT s nguyn 4x4. B chuyn i o ph hp-chnh xc: trong cc tiu chun ma ha video trc y, b chuyn i c s dng trinh din video thng c ch nh ch c sai s mc gii hn c vi khng th thit k c mt b chuyn i o chnh xc-ph hp l tng khng sai s. Kt qu l mi thit k b gii ma s gii ma video khc nhau cht t, nguyn do l lch gia b ma ha v gii ma trong m t video v gim bt hiu qu cht lng video. H.264/AVC l chun u tin t n vic gii ma ni dung video chnh xc nh nhau ca tt c cc b gii ma.
Ma ha entropy s hc: phng php ma ha entropy tin tin c bit n l

vic ma ha s hc c tch hp trong H.264/AVC. Trong khi cch thc ma ha s hc trc cng a c s dng trong H.263, ky thut ny c p dng c hiu qu hn trong H264/AVC to ra mt phng php ma ha s hc entropy y tim nng gi l CABAC (ma ha s hc nh phn theo iu kin ng cnh)
Ma ha entropy thch ng theo ng cnh (theo tinh hung): hai phng php

ma ha entropy c ng dng trong H.264/AVC, c gi l CAVLC (ma ha di thay i thch ng vi ng cnh) v CABAC, c hai u s dng s thch ng theo ng cnh tng cng hiu nng so vi cc thit k tiu chun trc y. Trinh t ct lt bt k: vi mi lt ct ca nh ma ha c th c gii ma ha (xp x) c lp vi cc lt ct khc ca nh, thit k H.264/AVC cho phep gi v nhn cc vng nh sp xp theo bt k th t no. Kh nng ny gip ci thin tr u cui ti u cui, c th khi s dng trn cc mng phn pht khng theo th t (v d nh mng Internet IP). nh d phong: tng cng sc mnh, hn ch vic mt d liu, thit k H.264/AVC c kh nng mi l cho phep mt b ma ha c th gi m t d phong ca cc vng nh, cho phep m t cc vng nh (b suy gim ch no ) ban u b mt mt trong qu trinh truyn dn. Chia ct d liu: Bi vi mt s thng tin ma ha m t mi vng nh (v d nh vector chuyn ng v thng tin d on khc) quan trng hn hay c gi tr hn thng tin khc vi mc ch m t ni dung video, nn H.264/AVC cho phep c php ca mi lt ct c tch ring thnh 3 phn truyn dn, tu theo phn loi cc thnh phn c php. y thit k c n gin ho bng mt c php duy nht vi phn chia c php tng t nh vy c iu khin bi mt phn loi ring cc thnh phn c php.
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Hnh III-5 Cc h s trong H.264 b/ Cu trc phn lp. Chun H.264 c thit k gm c 2 lp ring bit: mt lp ma ha video (VCL) v mt lp tng thch mng (NAL) nh Hinh III-6 .

Hnh III-6 Cu trc phn lp ca Video H.264 Lp mng tru tng NAL tch ra d liu VCL theo phm vi thch hp vi vic vn chuyn trn nhiu knh truyn thng khc nhau hoc cc phng tin lu tr. Vi s thm thin ca knh truyn thng, mt khi NAL xc nh c hai khun dng lung byte v khun dng gi. Cng vy khi non-VCL v VCL NAL l mt loi NAL. Khi non-VCL cha cc thng tin thm nh thng s ci t. Cc chun trc y a cha cc thng tin tiu v cc lt ct, nh v trinh t a c ma ha khi khi ng mi phn t. Tn tht gi cha thng tin tiu s khin cho d liu ph thuc vo tiu ny. H.264 a khc phc c thiu st nh thc hin pht li ng b
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trong mt mi trng t cha. Cc tham s thay i thng xuyn c b sung vo lp ct lt.

Lp ma ha video

Khi VCL cha d liu ma ha video loi, d liu ny gm c chui video, nh, lt ct, v vi khi. Nh trong tt c cc chun video trc y ca ITU-T v ISO/IEC JTC1 t H.261, thit k VCL tun theo phng php tip cn ma ho video lai c gi l theo khi, trong mi nh a ma ho c biu din theo cc n v hinh khi ca cc mu mu v chi lin quan c gi l vi khi. Thut ton ma ha ngun c bn l d on lai gia cc nh khai thc s ph thuc thng k khng gian. Mt nh a ma ha c th miu t ton b khung hoc ch mt trng n l nh trng hp i vi video MPEG-2. Nhin chung, mt khung video c th c xem nh bao gm 2 trng an xen, trng nh (Top Filed1) v trng y (Bottom Fileld2). Trng nh cc hng nh s chn 0, 2,, n vi n l s chn. Trng y cha cc hng nh s l. Nu 2 trng ca mt khung c ly (bt gi) cc thi im khc nhau thi khung c tham chiu ti nh l mt khung an xen v nu ngc li khung c tham chiu nh l mt khung luy tin (Progress Frame 3) (Hinh III-7 ). BaseLine Profile4 b hn ch quet ly tin.

Hnh III-7 Cc khung, cc trng tich lu v an xen 3.3. Cc ng dng MPEG-2 trong truy n tai IPTV Mt trong cc phng php c s dng truyn pht IPTV qua ng gi MPEG-2 s dng UDP ti lp truyn ti. Khi vic ng gi xy ra, UDP c th la chn s dng RTP cung cp khung lp ng dng xc nh ti c truyn v cung cp chui cho mi gi d liu RTP, cho phep cc gi b mt c pht hin.
1 2

Top Fileld: Bottom Fileld: 3 Progressive Frame: 4 Baseline Profile: 97

UDP/RAW v UDP/RTP: Ch rng video cng c th c truyn trc tip trong cc gi UDP m khng phi s dng RTP. Khi , lung truyn c gi l UDP/RAW. Khi UDP/RAW c dng, vi li v iu kin thng tin c th c pht hin, bao gm: b gi thay i, bytes ng b li, kch thc gi sai, qu thi gian, jitter qu mc, tc UDP khng ph hp.

Hnh III-8 Truyn pht MPEG-2 qua IP Khi RTP c s dng vi UDP, nh Hinh III-8, cc gi c th ng gi thi gian v xc nh qua vic s dng mt chui s. iu ny cho phep pht hin mt vi kt ni li nm ngoi kh nng pht hin khi m UDP/RAW c s dng. Cc iu kin li pht hin mi ny s dng gm c UDP/RTP:
Xc nh cc gi nhn c sai Pht hin cc gi b nhn i Xc nh nu mt gi b mt Xc nh cc gi c mt kch thc khng ng

C UDP/RAW v UDP/RTP c th c dng truyn hinh nh, sau cung cp kh nng n b cho nhng iu kin li nh cc gi c nhn hng, cc gi sai kch c, hoc cc gi b nhn i. Thm na, vi UDP/RTP cho phep b thu xc nh nu b mt gi, v cng cho phep b n b khi thy s mt gi. Ph thuc vo phn mm c s dng bi mt b thu, n c th khng lm gi trong sut thi gian mn hinh xut hin trng khng hoc lp cc khung a nhn trc . Tip theo, vi cc khung c nhn tip theo c th hoc khng th xem xet khc t cc khung c lp li, kt qu c th l s chuyn tip trn chu hoc b ngt quang. Mt nhan thi gian cho phep b thu thc hin ng b cng nh phn gii jitter vi tr mt gi qua mt mng. Hinh III-8 ch ra qu trinh ng gi cho phep video MPEG-2 c truyn pht qua cc gi IP. Vi RTP l tin tinh truyn y cho phep gi hinh nh truyn b mt c ti to li, ch ti giao thc ny. u tin ta s kiu tra mo u lin quan vi vic s dng giao thc ny. Sau ta s kim tra giao thc chi tit.
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Mo u RTP: Trong qu trinh kim tra ng gi lung d liu MPEG-2, nh trong hinh 1.4, ch mo u ca giao thc ti lp mng. Tiu IP, UDP, v RTP kt qu l 40 byte mo u trong 1316 byte video c truyn ti qua MPEG -2. Vi vy, mo u ca lp mng l 40/1316, xp x 3 %. Nu gi d liu IP chy qua mt mng Ethernet c mt mo u 26 byte v 4 byte c, kt qu l mo u thnh 70/1316, xp x 5,3%. Khi s dng UDP/RAW, mo u RTP b loi b. Vi 12 byte mo u RTP b loi, mo u ti lp mng thnh 28/1316, xp x 2,1%. Khi UDP/RAW trong gi d liu IP bt ngun t mng Ethernet, kt qu mo u thnh 58/1316, xp x 4,4%. Ch rng c lp lin kt d liu v lp mng u khc nhau trong mo u gia UDP/RTP v UDP/RAW thp hn 1%. Thm RTP vo ngn xp giao thc khng t s tng mo u. 3.4. Cc ng dng qung b s Cc phng tin cha m thanh , video va a phng ti n con co thm cac anh tnh, ho a va cac hi u ng may tinh . Tr n chung la i se co nhi u k t h khac nhau . Cc ng dng nh phim , nhc, tro chi ... hi n ang r t ph bi n . S phn phat thng tin co th thc hi n da trn r t nhi u giai phap ky thu t khac nhau . Cng ngh s co nhi u ti n b va cung vi nhau ta o ra cac dich vu TV s m t t cng nh truyn hinh s , ni chung bao g m: Pht trin cc tiu chun nen video MPEG -2 Thc hi n bi n i Fourier nhanh trong COFDM cho truy n hinh s m t t S phat tri n cng ngh ban dn a ta o ra thi trng Qung b c ngha l phn pht t mt ni ti nh i u/mi ni qua mng qung b . Qung b truyn thng c hiu l s dng mng qung b nh mt t , cp hoc v tinh. Trong tng lai , cc mng bng rng mi nh gii php truy cp cp quang -cp ng ho c truy c p bng r ng v tuy n c inh cung se cung c p cac dich vu quang b. Phn ph i thng tin qua cac ma ng nh v y go i la phn ph i dong thng tin ho c ch l dong im -i m ho c giai phap multicast . To dong thng tin thng s dng 2 cng ngh khac nhau : to dong thi gian thc v to dong ly tin (ti v). 3.4.1. H i tu vin thng va quang ba Qung b lin quan ti truyn dn mt ti nhiu v n ph hp vi phn pht cc n i dung m thanh /hinh nh /a phng ti n . Knh nay la 1 chi u. i vi cc ng dng tng tc , m t knh h i ti p c n c cung c p , ch ng ha n , qua ma ng vin thng. Ng c la i vin thng lin quan ti cac k t n i i m -i m. ng dng im hinh l in tho i, trao i d li u hai hng , v truy cp theo nhu cu ti ni dung a phng ti n . Knh truy n thng la 2 hng va thng nho hn t c bit cua no . Cc
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h th ng UMTS va DVB co th tr thanh 2 thnh phn trong mt h thn g vin thng v qung b hp nht . S h p tac ma ng quang ba va vin thng mang la i s du ng k t h p cua 2 cng ngh b sung cung c p cac thu c tin h mi ma mi cng ngh c l p khng th cung c p . S h p tac nh v y c th nng ci thin hiu qu cc dch v ang c nh s du ng trai ph t t hn va ch t l ng cao hn . V d TV/Internet. Cc dch v v ng dng c th c phn nhm theo cc tiu ch khc nhau nh sau: Theo quan i m ngi s du ng : ci gi ngi s dng hi vng t mt ng dng, ci gi cht lng hng ti tc , QoS..., trong mi trng nao cac ng dng s c s dng: xch tay, di ng va .v.v.
Theo quan i m ma ng : m t ng du ng /dch v c th c thc hin nh th

no, cc kh nng no sn sng bng mt cng ngh mng 3.4.2. Dch v pht thanh/truy n hin h s -DAB/DMB DMB l s m rng ca cng ngh pht thanh s (DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting). Cng ngh DAB a c thit k v pht trin vo cui nhng nm 1980 cho pht s cc chng trinh pht thanh. Trong thp ky 90 rt nhiu nc trn th gii a trin khai cng ngh ny. V ngun gc s pht trin ca DAB a c khi u bi EUREKA, Hip hi cc cng ty kinh doanh Chu u. Hip hi ny a cung cp ti chnh v iu phi cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin. Vi DAB l d n th 147 c m nhn bi EUREKA nn DAB cng c bit n di thut ng EUREKA-147. Sau , DAB a c chp nhn l mt tiu chun ca Chu u Error! Reference source not found.], v t nm 2005 DAB cng l mt c s tiu chun ho ca DMB. DMB dng cng ngh truyn dn DAB, nhng cng vi mt vi m rng nh b sung cc phng thc ma ho cho ni dung video v ni dung nghe nhin. Hn na, DMB cung cp nhng gii php hiu qu cho s sa cha li, ci cho phep nhn cc chng trinh truyn hinh di ng cht lng cao, ngay c khi ngi i ng tc cao ln ti 200km/h. DAB/DMB s dng nhng knh tn s ca bng tn 1,536 MHz v tc d liu mng (net rate) t 1 n 1,5 Mbps cho nhng knh truyn hinh di ng v knh d liu khc. DMB h tr mt s ch truyn dn tng thch vi nhiu hin trng kiu truyn lan c bit ca tn hiu v tuyn trong nhng di tn s khc nhau, v vi vy cc h thng DMB c th vn hnh linh hot gia di tn t 30MHz ti 3GHz trong ph in t. Kt qu, truyn dn DMB khng ch gii hn i vi mng mt t (Terrestrial DMB, T-DMB), m con c th c thc hin bi nhng v tinh (Satellite DMB, S-DMB). Nhng di tn s chung c dng trong truyn dn l:
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 Di tn t 174 - 240MHz (bng III) cho T-DMB (DMB truyn trn mt t), Di tn t 1452 - 1492MHz (bng L) dng cho T-DMB Di tn t 2605 - 2655MHz (bng S) dng cho S-DMB (DMB truyn bng v

tinh) Trn thc t s s dng nhng bng ny ph thuc vo nhng iu chnh trong nhng quc gia ni m DMB c trin khai.

Hnh III-9 Mng n tn (A) v mng a tn (B-mi mu mt tn s khc nhau) T-DMB c thc hin bi mt mng cc my pht, chng c hot ng hoc nh mt mng tn s n (SFN) hoc mng a tn s (MFN) (xem Hinh III-9). Trc y, tt c cc my pht chim dng cc knh tn s ging nhau. trnh nhiu ng knh cc my thu, tt c cc my pht phi ng thi pht ra cc dong d liu ging nhau v phi ng b ho ln nhau. Hu ht cc mng n tn DMB chim gi cc knh tn s trong bng III, v mt my pht c th t c bn knh ph sng ln n 100km. Trong cc mng a tn s cc my pht gn nhau c n nh nhng knh tn s khc nhau. Vng ph ca mt trm pht khng vt qu 25km, v vi vy chi ph cho MFNs t hn nhiu so vi SFNs trin khai v khai thc. Ngoi ra, MFNs con yu cu hot ng chuyn vng ca cc thit b cm tay ti cc trm thu, trnh b ngt quang tn hiu thu khi i qua ng bao ca hai vng ph gn nhau c cung cp bi cc trm pht khc nhau.

Trm lp Thit b u cui c b thu DMB Thit b u cui 3G

Trm gc 3G

Tip cn theo DAB/EUREKA

Tip cn theo 3G

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Hnh III-10 Cc bin th ca S-DMB S-DMB tn ti di mt s bin th c so snh trong Hinh III-10. Ni chung, mt v tinh S-DMB cung cp mt vng ph sng vi bn knh ti vi trm km v c t trn quy o a tnh. Vng truyn dn rt ln so vi vng ni ht hay vng khu vc ca cc trm pht T-DMB v thm ch l bao trm ton b cc nc. Tn hiu pht t mt v tinh c th nhn c bi mt thit b u cui c b thu v tinh trc tip hay t mt mng cc trm lp. Trm lp c thun li nhng vng m tn hiu thu ca v tinh qu yu, chng hn bn trong cc to nh hoc bn cnh cc bit th rng ln. mt bin th khc, S-DMB c th h tr mng 3G ging nh UMTS. Tn hiu t v tinh c th thu trc tip hoc t trm gc gn ca mng UMTS mt t. Mng mt t s khuch i v chuyn i tn hiu v tinh. Do UMTS ban u a c thit k cho truyn dn im-im,nn iu tin quyt p dng bin th ny l mng UMTS ring ny a c m rng cho pht qung b. a/ Cc dch v DAB v DMB Hinh III-11 a ra mt ci nhin tng qua v cc dch v v cc b phn dch v m c a ra bi DAB/DMB. Chng c th c phn chia thnh video, audio, cc dch v d liu.
MPEG-4 AVC MPEG-4 BSAC Dch v video DMB MPEG-4 BIFS MPEG-1 Layer 2 Cc dch v d liu khc MOT IP Tunnelling Cc dch v d liu khc Cu hnh ghp knh & Thng tin dch v

Dch v m thanh DAB

Dch v d liu

Knh dch v chnh (MSC)

Knh thng tin nhanh (FIC)

DAB (EUREKA147)/DMB

Hnh III-11 Tng th cc dch v v thnh phn dch v DAB/DMB b/ Dch v video DMB: Dch v video DMB cho phep truyn qung b ky thut s cc chng trinh truyn hinh di ng, chuyn giao pht thanh ky thut s thnh cc chng trinh truyn hinh di ng, sao cho cc knh chng trinh c ma ho c bit cc thit b di ng c th thu v th hin li c. T Hinh III-12, nhng chc nng quan trng ca dch v video l ma ho ngun nen hinh nh, m thanh v d liu b tr cng nh ng b v hp nht cc dong d liu khc nhau.

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M ho ngun MPEG-4 AVC Video

ng b ng b MPEG-4

Hp nht cc dng d liu

MPEG-4 BSAC Audio

ng b MPEG-4

Ghp MPEG-2

MPEG-4 BIFS Ni dung tng tc

ng b MPEG-4

Hnh III-12 Ma ho ngun, ng b v ghep knh cho dch v video DMB Mc ch ca ma ho ngun l gim mt lng d liu c truyn bng cch loi b tt c cc phn d liu d tha v khng cn thit. Vi mt knh v tuyn DMB c tc thc b gii hn ln nht l 1,5 Mbps nn phng php ma ho ngun phi rt hiu qu. Mt khc phng php ma ho li khng c qu phc tp v s dng t nng lc ca CPU con thc hin gii ma vi cng sut thp v chi ph thit b phn cng ca cc thit b di ng khng cao. nen cc lung video, DMB s dng MPEG-4AVC (Advanced Video CodingMa ho video tin tin). Tiu chun ny c Nhm chuyn gia nh ng (MPEG) v Lin minh Vin thng th gii ITU) pht trin-tiu chun ny cng c gi l tiu chun H.264. Tiu chun ny thc hin rt tt cc yu cu trn v a c tiu chun ho vo nm 2003. Cc chng trinh truyn hinh di ng c th c ma ho vi cc phn gii khc nhau nh CIF (352x 288 im nh), QCIF (176x144 im nh), QVGA (320x240 im nh) and WDF (384x224 im nh). Tt c cc phn gii c th p dng c vi tc lm ti ln nht l 30 khung nh trong 1 giy. phn gii a chung hn c l CIF. phn gii ny yu cu tc d liu t 250 n 300 kbps. ma ho cc dong m thanh (audio), DMB h tr MPEG-4 BSAC (ma ho s hc phn chia bit) v AAC (Ma ho m thanh tin tin). AAC m bo cht lng m thanh tuyt vi tc bt thp khi s dng trong bin th AAC/HE (High Efficiency). Ngoi ra, dch v video DMB con h tr ma ho ni dung tng tc v nghe nhin c nh mt phng php gi l ma ho da trn i tng. tng ny l ma ho v truyn mt s phn t nh, chng hn nh cc nh nn, cc dng, nhn vt v cc i tng 2D hoc 3D khc tch bit vi nhau. Sau cc phn t tch bit ny c th c ghep li khi th hin trn hinh nh. S tng tc i vi ngi xem cng c h tr bng nhiu cch, chng hn nh cc i tng c th c trinh din, n hoc dch chuyn theo nhu cu, cc hinh nh c th c trinh din hoc cc trang web c th c ti khi ngi xem bm vo mt i tng. Cng ngh ng sau ma ho
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da trn i tng c gi l MPEG4 BIFS (Binary Format for Scenes-Khun dng hinh nh nh phn). Sau khi ma ho ngun, cc phn t video, audio v cc phn t nghe nhin khc, m mt knh truyn hinh di ng c, c th hin di cc dong d liu c lp. gia c s ng thi v thi gian ni dung m thanh v hinh nh khi trinh din thit b u cui ca ngi xem hoc biu din hoc giu cc i tng thi im truyn hinh tng tc, thi cc dong d lu ny phi c ng b mt bc na. Tiu chun MPEG-4 cung cp mt c ch ng b dnh ring cho n. Cui cng cc dong d liu ng b c hp nht thnh mt dong truyn ti chung, qu trinh ny c xem nh mt qu trinh ghep knh v c hon thnh nh s dng mt phng php MPEG-2 (tin thn ca MPEG-4). c/ Dch v m thanh DAB Mc ch ban u ng sau DAB l phn phi cc chng trinh pht thanh v tuyn s v nh vy l mt s thay th v tuyn VHF tng t. Tri vi truyn dn tng t, cc li b gy ra trn cc tn hiu s do nhiu trong sut qu trinh truyn dn c th pht hin c v thm ch chun ho c mt mc nht nh. Hn na, DAB a c thit k phn phi ni dung m thanh vi cht lng CD, tc l tt hn nhiu truyn thanh VHF tng t. Phng thc ma ho ngun c s dng cho dch v DAB c gi l MPEG-1 lp 2. Tc d liu cn thit ph thuc vo cht lng m thanh mong mun v c th thay i t 8 n 384kbps. Dch v m thanh DAB h tr pht cc chng trinh pht thanh mono hoc stereo. Bn cnh cc chng trinh v tuyn, dch v DAB cng cho phep pht cc bn tin ngn, cc bn tin ny mang d liu lin quan n chng trinh pht thanh (programme associated data-PAD). Cc bn tin ny c truyn i song song vi chng trinh pht thanh ang din ra v c hin th trn mn hinh ca thit b u cui, chng hn thng bo cho ngi nghe v tn bi v ca sy ca mt bi ht ang biu din hoc chuyn thng tin v tc ngn giao thng gn nht. Vic pht cc bn tin PAD v thi gian th hin chng trn mn hinh ca thit b u cui c th ng b vi dong m thanh m bn tin tham chiu n. d/ Cc dch v d liu Dch v d liu chuyn giao d liu bng cc gi c kch thc c nh. Khc vi PAD, cc chuyn giao ny xy ra c lp vi cc dong m thanh hoc hinh nh, v do dng d liu ny c xem nh l d liu khng lin quan n chng trinh pht sng (NPAD). ng dng quan trng nht ca dch v d liu l dng cho chuyn giao i tng a phng tin (MOT) v ng hm IP. MOT cho phep theo chu k cc i tng c yu cu thng xuyn, chng hn nh cc trang Web ph thng, cc hinh nh, m thanh hoc tun t cc on phim.
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Cc i tng ln c phn on thnh cc on nh hn, sao cho sau chng c th c chuyn i c ring r. Vic truyn cc on c lp li theo chu k tng ng vi mt mu nht nh. Mu ny c k hiu l carousel (n keo qun). u im ca phng php ny l ni dung khng cn c yu cu ro rng t mt my ch t xa khi n c thc hin chng hn nh trong mng Internet truyn thng. D nhin, b thu phi ch cho n khi cc on, m ni dung mong mun c, c pht qung b trn carousel v nm bt chng. Hn na, nu mt on no nb ph huy do li m khng th chun ho c thi n c th nhn li trong chu k tip theo ca carousel. ng ng IP cng c bit n di thut ng IP trn DAB v tham chiu n qung b cc gi giao thc IP qua DAB/DMB. Th tc c s ng sau ng hm IP l ng gi cc gi d liu IP thnh cc gi dch v d liu, truyn chng qua DAB/DMB v rt ra t my thu. Bng cch ny DMB c th s dng cc ng dng Internet truyn thng nh b trinh duyt Web m khng iu chnh chng thnh cc khun dng gi c bit ca dch v d liu DAB/DMB. Khi cc gi d liu IP c kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi kch thc gi ln nht c phep, thi s c yu cu phn on chng ra trc khi truyn v chuyn chng thnh mt s gi DAB/DMB ni tip nhau. ng ng IP c th c s dng phn phi ni dung Internet qua giao din khng gian nhanh chng v hiu qu. V d l chuyn giao cc file ln cng nh truyn cc dong hinh nh v m thanh. i vi truyn hinh nh v m thanh, ng ng IP l mt la chn hp hn cho dch v video DMB. N l gii php a thch bt c khi no ni dung m thanh v hinh nh, a c phn phi trn Internet, c chp nhn qung b qua DAB/DMB. Mt khc ni dung hinh nh, m thanh chuyn dng c to ra c bit v c to ra c bit truyn qua DAB/DMB, sau dnh v hinh nh hiu qu hn nhiu, bi vi trnh c ng gi v phn on cc gi IP cng nh tiu thng thng ca giao thc IP. e/ Cc dch v tng tc S kt hp DMB vi cc mng t bo di ng nh GSM hay UMTS cho phep phn phi cc chng trinh truyn hinh di ng tng tc, tc l ngi xem c th la chn v thc hin hnh ng. Nh m t trong Hinh III-13 dch v d liu nh SMS hoc GPRS ca mng di ng c th phc v nh cc knh hi tip thc hin cc giao dch v tr d liu ca ngi xem li cho cc nh cung cp chng trinh ny (dch v). Tuy nhin cc giao thc cn thit cho truyn hinh tng tc khng c nh trong cc tiu chun m trong hu ht cc trng hp c da trn cc gii php ring.

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Gate way

Nh cung cp dch v

h hn n d uy g / Tr n hc di u k li

Mng truyn T/S-DMB

Hnh III-13 Kt hp cc mng DMB v GSM/UMTS cung cp cc dch v tng tc Sinh vin tim hiu v: i u ch /ghep knh cua DMB , DVB Dich vu truyn hinh s DVB 3.4.3. Cc dch v tng tc trong truyn hnh s

Hnh III-14 Cng ngh dch v v d liu tng tc Dch v d liu tng tc cung cp nhiu d liu b sung khc nhau trong cc chng trinh AV v cc dch v ny c khi ng bi ngi s dng. Cc dch v ny bao gm: - Biu din thi u
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D
Thit b u cui ch kp

c t g n em t x u i li g n t
Gate way Mng t bo (GSM/UMTS)

Mua bn ti nh t ch khch sn, du lch Tin tc thi tit Thng tin th trng chng khon ..

3.5. K t lu n Chng 3 t p trung vao cac ng du ng cua cac giao thc a c tiu chu n hoa trong truy n thng a phng ti n nh cac giao thc H .323, H.264, MPEG-4..., ng thi cung trin h bay v cac ng du ng quang ba s , cc ng dng hi t gia truyn hinh qung b v vin thng .

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 P MIDDLEWARE CHNG IV L
Middleware la m t phn m m h th ng n m gia cac ng du ng va cac h i u hnh, mng bn di . Nh s du ng cac middleware an ton, hi u qua va linh hoa t cao c th gim bt c nhiu s phc tp v chi ph ca vic xy dng cc ng dng ni mng. Lp Middleware cung c p cac dich vu co th dung la i c , cc dch v ny c th c ta o r a, c c u hinh va tri n khai ta o ra cac ng du ng nhanh va vng ch c. Chng nay c t chc nh sau : u tin gii thiu middleware cho a phng tin , ti p theo m ta ma hoa thng tin . c bit l phn tch biu din n i dung a phng tin MPEG -4, cc cng ngh nen ct loi , cc kin trc v cc ky thut chuyn ma cng nh phn tic h qua trin h thc hi n a phng ti n . Vi s phat tri n bung n va thanh cng ln cua Internet ngy cng tng i vi cc dch v a phng tin , cng nh nh u c u

, thng tin theo dong qua

Internet a thu hut c s quan tm to ln cua ca nhng nha nghin cu l n cng nghi p.
Gii thi u la i cac ha t ng quan ly n i dung a phng ti n, cc khung c s v

cc cng ngh watermarking , cc h thng qun l bn quyn s , v cc h t ng an ninh cho phn ph i n i dung cung nh bao v ban quy n . Cu i cung la cac cng ngh middleware cho cac ma ng a phng ti n. 4.1. Gii thiu Thu t ng middleware co nhi u nghia khac nhau : Theo nghia he p , middleware la ph n m m truy n tai , ph n m m nay c s dng chuyn thng tin t mt chng trinh ti mt chng trinh khc , ch n cho ngi s dng khng b phc thuc vo cc giao thc truyn thng , cc h i u hanh va cac n n tang ph n cng . Middleware cung c p s chin h xac c n thi t cho cac ng du ng trao i d li u ma khng phu thu c mi trng ma chng ang hoa t ng . Cc giao dch , qung b d liu , ong goi va ngn ng XML thng n m trn middleware trong cac doanh nghi p . Thu t ng nay a li thi vao vao nhng nm 80 khi cac cng ty mu n ong goi chuy n d li u gia cac khung chin h , cc c s d liu v cc thit b u cui ca ngi s du ng. Middleware hi n a i m r ng khai ni m nay ti phn phat trai r ng d li u theo thi gian thc qua m t s l ng ang k cac dich vu , cc khach hang va cc v tr . Theo ng canh nay Middleware co nghia la d li u c phat i gia cac h th ng b ng cac ban tin tng t nh cac goi d li u trn ma ng . Cc bn tin ny c cc tiu (header) ch th nhng net c bit v ti

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(payload) c kch thc , khun da ng khac nhau . Middleware inh hng ban tin (MOM) c ngun gc xut hin di dng cc hng i bn tin. Khi m t ban tin a phat ti m t h th ng khac , bn tin c l u tr trong m t hng i bn tin trn h thng ch . B t c khi nao h th ng ic h c n d li u , thi d li u c tim ki m trong hang i . N u co trong o , bn tin c khi phc ; n u khng h th ng ch cho n khi d li u ti hang i . Phng phap nay tin c y nhng ch m. Ngy nay phng php ny vn c s dng trong nhiu mi trng nh hng giao dich -mi trng co an ninh giao dich va tinh toan ve n co mc u tin cao ., M t m hin (pub/sub) lin h th hai c go i la xu t ban va theo n t hang quan ti nhu c u v n chuy n ban tin theo thi gian thc , c bi t i vi s l ng ngi s du ng ln . Trong m hin h nay , cc khch hng ng k cc dng bn ti n nh t inh ma chung quan tm va m t may chu gi cho cac khach hang cac ban tin nay theo thi gian thc . i m ma nh cua m hin h pub /sub la phat d li u t m t may chu ti nhi u may khach cang nhanh cang t t . 4.2. Middleware cho a phng tin

Hnh IV-1 Cc linh vc nghin cu v cc t chc pht trin Mc tiu ca ITU l ng mt vai tro xc tc lm cho thun tin trong pht tri n xa l thng tin toan c u thanh hi n thc. C 3 cch thc chnh s c thc hin : Pht trin cc tiu chun cho phep cc mng khc nhau cu thnh h tng thng tin toan c u (GII) nh ma ng dich c nhn vu v tinh truy n thng (GMPCS) v tr gip qun l s dng Cung c p chin h sach va h tr ky thu t cho cac nc ang phat tri n cac nc trong h i nh p vi kinh t t nhn va cac t chc tiu chu n khac Cung c p m t din an ma ta i cc c quan chnh ph v cng nghip c th trao i cac chinh sach va chi n l c th ng nh t t m nhin cua GII thi t thc.
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Nhin vo 3 cch chnh ny , c v nh rt gn vi cc hot ng ct loi ca ITU , m c du c hng c thc hin mt mc v mt phm vi khc , nhng cha bao gi phat tri n GII nh la m t h th ng y u . 4.3. Ma ha thng tin Trong dong thng tin , cc trinh t m thanh -hinh nh c ma ha offline v c lu tr trong m t may chu . M t ngi s du ng co th truy c p may chu qua m t knh t c bit khng i . V d , trong ta o dong video chung ta co phim theo yu c u (VoD), hc t xa khng tng tc ... Trc khi phat la i , dong bit vid eo c tai v trc theo thi gian a c l p lich . i vi cc ng dng video dong ny , vi video c ma hoa ofline va cac khung anh tng lai cvos th s du ng c cho cac b ma ha, m t phng thc c p phat bit tinh vi hn co th c s du ng co c ch t l ng video t t hn. Trong su t qua trin h ma hoa , 2 yu c u c n c xem xet : Thi gian tai trc ma ngi xem video phai ch
V kch thc b m vt l my thu (pha b gii ma)

4.3.1. Bi u din n i dung thng tin M t h th ng a phng ti n chung co th c phn oa n thanh 4 thnh phn vt l v/ho c logic: N i dung bao g m ca bi u din va quan ly My ch cha ni dung Mng vn chuyn ni dun g V Thit b u cui ca ngi s dng biu din v biu din li ni dung Hinh IV-2 ch ra cc thnh phn ca mt h thng a phng tin . Cc thnh phn c th l vt l hoc logic vi c c giao din nh ngha ro rng gia chng . C 3 giao di n nh v y, trong o mi thanh ph n co th cha nhi u giao di n hn .

Hnh IV-2 Cc thnh phn ca mt h thng multimedia e nd-to-end Thi t k m t h th ng nh la m t t p cac phn h n i vi nhau ta i cac giao di n a cng b l c n thi t phat tri n h th ng trong m t pha m vi r ng . i u nay cung cho phep nhiu nh cung cp thit b v c c nha cung c p dich vu cung c p c cac thanh ph n va cac dich vu . Qu trinh kin to ni dung l mt qu trinh kin to gn ging vi to ra mt chng trin h TV . Khi s l ng n i dung trn m t h th ng tng ln , s tr nn kh khn trong quan ly n i dung di da ng tim va v n chuy n . ki m , son tho , bin dich Cc ky thut biu din bi dung cn a cc yu t ny vo xem xet . Vi truy c p bng r ng ang tr nn ph bi n , cc nh cung c p dich vu se co th v n chuy n n i
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dung nghe nhin ch t l ng cao ti cac PC . Xem xet chinh cho cac b ta o n i dung la kh nng vn chuyn v biu din li ni dung trn nhiu nn tng khc nhau (PC va TV). Cc ky thu t bi u din n i dung c n cho phep v n chuy n cng cu bi u din n i dung trn cac tai nguyn cua thi t bi u cu i khac nhau . Bi u din n i dung theo i t ng cho phep s du ng la i cac i t ng khi ta o ra cc biu din m i. Khi s l ng n i dung tng ln , kh nng tim kim qua cc i t ng va inh vi m t i t ng ung se tr nn kho khn . Lp h th ng MPEG -4 bao g m m t dong d li u meta c go i la dong thng tin n i dung i t ng (OCI), dong thng tin ny c th c s dng bi cc h thng qun l ni dung nh v i t ng va khi phu c i t ng . Qun l ni dung cn c cc cng c cho phep cc i t ng s du ng tim ki m n i dung da trn m ta ch ho c hin h cua cac i t ng . Chc nng c ban cua may chu la quan ly cac phin gia may chu va may khch v cung cp cc dch v kh dng . My ch cng c trch nhim cng b n i dung va cac di ch vu sng sang cho cac may khach va h tr tng tac cua ngi s du ng . Xem xet chinh trong thi t k may chu la kha nng m r ng . Cng vy cc my ch phn tn c th vn chuyn ni dung ti nhiu khch hng . i vi cac dich v da trn i tng , my ch phi qun l vn chuyn nhiu i tng c cng cch bi u din ng thi . phc tp ca my ch tng ln khi n h tr tng tc , c bi t i vi cac dich vu da trn i t ng. Khi m t i t ng c b sung vao m t trin h din theo tng tac cua ngi s dng, my ch phi nh v v tr i tng ny , truy v n i t ng va sau o v n chuy n no ti may khach . Kh nng ca cc my ch thc hin cc chc ny hiu qu ph thuc vo cc ky thut sp xos i tng cng nh khun dng trinh din ni dung c s. Mng truy cp gia mt my ch v mt my khch vn chuyn ni dung a ma ha t i ngi s dng cui . C u hin h cua ma ng truy c p phu thu c vao mi trng hot ng . C u hin h cua ma ng truy c p thay i theo kha nng k t n i cua ngi s dng. M t s ma ng truy c p chung g m co ma ng cap , xDSL, dch v phn phi a i m n i b (LMDS), dch v phn phi a im -a knh (MMDS). V n chinh trong v n chuy n n i dung nghe nhin qua ma ng truy c p la t trc va am phan la i ti nguyn . Trong cac ma ng nh Internet khng h tr t trc tai nguyn , nhi u ky thu t co th c s du ng giam t c bit i t ng , da trn tra ng thai cua ma ng . V n chuy n cac dich vu da trn i t ng lin quan ti thi t l p va k t thuc k t n i khi cac i t ng trong cac trin h din c b sung ho c xoa . MPEG-4 xc nh m t khung c s v n chuy n go i la DMIF , DMIF cho phep truy n thng i t ng hi u qua. Khng phai t t ca cac ma ng phu h p vi mang lu l ng a phng ti n th i

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gian thc . c im ring ca cc mng d liu v s ph hp ca chng vn chuy n cac lu l ng c t ng k t trong . Tiu thu n i dung , thng thng m t thi t bi u cu i cua ngi s du ng co m t mn hinh gn v o, l thnh phn cui cng ca dy chuyn vn chuy n a phng ti n. Cc thit b ca ngi s dng c ni ti cc mng truy cp v c th c mt k t n i hng i cho tng tac va bao hi u vi may chu . Trong ha t ng TV s s du ng dong truyn ti MPEG -2 vn chuyn m thanh , phim va anh a ghep . i vi TV s cac thi t bi u cu i bao g m cac b giai ma m thanh va phim bi u din la i n i dung. 4.3.2. Cc cng ngh nen ct loi N lc tiu chu n hoa qu c t ISO MPEG -4 h tr khai ni m tin ti n cua thng tin hin h anh , trong o co ma hoa chung thng tin nghe nhin cho dai r ng cac t c va ng dng . Trong MPEG-4, thng tin hin h anh c t chc trn c s khai ni m i t ng hinh anh phim (VO), bi u din thc th hinh anh thay i theo thi gian . ITU-T a nghin cu m t tiu chu n ma hoa go i la H .26L vao nm 1997. Thng 4/1998, m hinh th nghi m u tin a c thc hi n xong va 07/2001 a c trinh din ta i MPEG Open . n cu i nm 2001, ISO/IEC MPEG va ITU -T VCEG a quy t inh h p tac chung m r ng hoa t ng ma hoa hin h anh tiu chu n - c bi t trong cc lnh vc b gii hn bng th ng va kha nng lu tr . Nhm nghin cu chung ny ca c hai t chc tiu chun gi tn l JVT . Tiu chu n nay c go i tn la H.264/MPEG-4, v hin nay c xem nh H .26L/AVC (ma ha video tin tin ). a/ H.264/AVC (MPEG-4) Cc tiu c hu n ma hoa video n nay a khng th ap ng c t t ca cac nhu c u c n thi t cho cac cac t c bit thay i cua cac ng du ng khac nhau va cung luc tha man cc yu cu cht lng . Cc ng dng H .264/AVC cho n i du ng video bao g m (khng ha n ch ): CATV Truy n hin h cap trn cac ma ng quang , cp ng v .v.v. DBS Cc dch v video v tinh qung b trc tip
DSL Cc dch v video trn ng dy thu bao s DTTB Qung b truyn hinh s m t t ISM Thng tin lu tr tng tac (cc a quang ...) MMM Th a phng ti n MSPN Cc dch v a phng tin qua cc mng gi RTC Cc dch v i thoi theo thi gian thc

(H i nghi truy n hin h , i n

thoi c hinh...) RVS Gim st video t xa SSM Thng tin lu tr n i ti p (VTR s ...).
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Cc yu cu i vi H .264/AVC tng ln t nhi u ng du ng video khac nhau ma n hng n h tr nh : dong video, h i nghi truy n hin va v h , cc mng c inh tuy n va qua cac giao thc truy n tai khac nhau . Cc thng s ca H .264/AVC hng ti thoa man cac yu c u ngay cang tng t cac ng du ng nh v y . b/ Ki n truc c ban cua tiu chu n Thit k H.264/ AVC h tr ma ha video (trong nh dng 4:2:0) c cha cc frame lin tc hoc xen k, hoc c th c trn vi nhau trong cng mt day. Nhin chung mt frame video cha hai field an xen, c cch ly v mt thi gian bi mt chu k field (na thi gian ca chu k frame), c th c ma ha ring bit nh hai nh field, hoc cng vi nhau nh mt nh frame. Mt frame lin tc phi lun lun c ma ha nh mt nh frame n; tuy nhin n vn c xem nh gm hai field cng mt thi im. Lp tru tng mng (NAL Network Abstaction Layer) Lp ma ha video (VCL-Video Coding Layer), s c trinh by phn sau, c nh ro biu din hiu qu ni dung ca d liu video. Lp tru tng mng (NAL) c xc nh nh dng d liu ny v cung cp thng tin header trong cch thch hp cho vic chuyn ch bi cc lp truyn ti hoc mi trng lu tr. Tt c d liu c cha trong cc khi NAL, mi khi cha mt s nguyn byte. Mt khi NAL xc nh nh dng chung cho vic s dng trong c h thng nh hng gi (pa cket oriented) v h thng nh hng dong bit (bitstream). nh dng ca cc khi NAL l ng nht cho c vic phn phi dong truyn ti nh hng gi v nh hng dong bit, ngoi tr rng mi khi NAL trong lp truyn ti nh hng dong bit c th c mt tin t ma ha khi hnh trc. Lp ma ha video (Video Coding Layer) Lp ma ha video ca H.264/AVC thi tng t vi cc tiu chun khc nh MPEG-2 video. N l s kt hp d on theo thi gian v theo khng gian, v vi ma chuyn v. Hinh 1 l s khi ca lp ma ha video cho mt macroblock.

Hnh IV-3 C u truc ma hoa c ban cua H .264/AVC cho m t macro block
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nh c tch thnh cc khi. Anh u tin ca day hoc im truy nhp ngu nhin thi c ma ha Intra, c ngha l khng dng thng tin no ngoi thng tin cha trong bn thn nh. Mi mu ca mt khi trong mt frame Intra c d on nh dng cc mu khng gian bn cnh ca cc khi a ma ha trc . i vi tt c cc nh con li ca day hoc gia cc im truy cp ngu nhin, ma ha Inter c s dng, dng d on b chuyn ng t cc nh c ma ha trc. c/ Cc nghin cu so sanh MPEG-2, H.263, MPEG-4, v H.264/AVC da trn cac khai ni m tng t nhau v c s khc bit l tn hiu d on , cc kch thc khi dng ma ha bi n i va ma ha entropy . H.264/AVC co m t s cac thu c tnh b sung phn bit vi cc tiu chu n khac . H.264/AVC s du ng m hin h tr cac h bu chuy n ng linh hoa t hn ph n hin h ch nh t trong mi macroblock . Cc tiu chun trc y ch cho phep cc ph n hin h vung trong mi ma croblock. Nhi u bc anh tham chi u ng thi cung h tr d oan t t hn m c du phc ta p tng ln . Hn na , chinh xac quarter-pixel cung c p chinh xac cao khng gian hn . Bng IV-1 cung c p so s nh MPEG -1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, v H.264/AVC. Bng IV-1 MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, v H.264/AVC
STT 1. Feature/Standard Macroblock size MPEG-1 16 16 MPEG-2 16 16 (frame mode) 16 8 (eld mode) 8 8 DCT 8 8 Increases with constant increment VLC different VLC tables for intra and intermodes) Yes Integer pel Five proles Several levels within a prole Yes One frame I, P, B MPEG-4 Visual 16 16 16 16, 8 8, 16 8 DCT/Wavelet transform 8 8 Vector quantization used H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 16 16 8 8, 8 16, 16 8, 16 16, 4 8, 8 4, 4 4 4 4 integer transform 4 4 Step sizes that increase at the rate of 12.5%. VLC, CAVLC, and CABAC Yes, more exible, up to 16 MVs per MB Integer pel pel Three proles Several levels within a prole Yes Multiple frames (as many as ve frames allowed) Picture types I, P, B, D

2. 3. 4. 5.

Block size Transform Transform size Quantization step size

8 8 DCT 8 8 Increases with constant increment

6.

Entropy coding

VLC

VLC

7.

Motion estimation and compensation Pel accuracy Proles

Yes Integer pel No

Yes Integer pel Eight proles Several levels within a prole Yes One frame I, P, B, SI, SP

8.

9.

10.

Reference frame

Yes One frame I, P, B

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STT 11.

Feature/Standard Playback and random access Yes

MPEG-1

MPEG-2 Yes Data partitioning, redundancy, FEC for important packet transmission 2 15 Mbps Medium

MPEG-4 Visual Yes Synchronization, data partitioning, header extension, reversible 64 kbps 2 Mbps Medium

H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 Yes Deals with packet loss and bit errors in error-prone wireless networks 64 kbps 150 Mbps High

12.

Error robustness

Synchronization and concealment

13. 14.

Transmission rate Encoder complexity

Up to 1.5 Mbps Low

4.3.3. Cc kin trc v cng ngh chuyn ma Ni chung , chuy n ma co th c inh nghia nh la chuy n i m t tin hi u nay thnh mt tn hiu khc . Trong khi khai ni m nay co y nghia r t r ng thi c n chu y r ng nghin cu chuy n ma video thng r t t p trung . Vi s lng cc mng , cc ki u thi t bi va cac khun da ng bi u din n i dung tng ln , nn kha nng lin k t gia cc h thng khc nhau v cc mng khc nhau ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn . Nh v y cac thi t bi nh cac gateways , cc khi iu khin a im v cc my ch phi c phat tri n cung c p m t tng tac lin tu c gia ki n ta o va tiu thu n i dung. Chuy n ma n i dung video la m t cng ngh co th thc hi n vi c nay . Trong cac nghin cu mi nh t v chuy n ma , m i quan tm chu y u t p trung vao gim tc bit tha ma mt dung lng knh . a/ Gim tc bit Mc tiu ca gim tc bit l gim tc bit trong khi vn duy tri mc phc ta p th p va a t c ch t cao nh t co th . Cc ng dng yu cu dng chuyn i ny bao gm cc ng dng qung b v Internet . V y tng , ch t l ng cua m t dong bt c tc gim xung cn c cht lng ng dng c tc dong bit cha gim. Cch d thc hin nh t t c l gii ma dong bit video v ma ha li ton b tin hi u t c mi . Phng phap nay m ta trong Hinh IV-4.

Hnh IV-4 Ki n truc chuy n i min im nh xp tng gim tc bit

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b/ Cc kin trc chuyn ma

Hnh IV-5 Cc kin trc chuyn i c n gin ha gim tc bit : a/ vong m b/ vong ng Hinh IV-5 ch ra cc kin trc chuyn ma a c n gian hoa giam t c bit trong m t h h th ng ma ch vong m trong (a) v trong mt h thng mch vong ng (b). Trong h th ng ma ch vong m , dong bit c ma hoa vi dai thay i trch cc t ma di bin i theo cc h s DCT lng t cng nh d liu MB tng ng vi cac vector chuy n ng va thng tin mc MB khac . Trong phng thc nay cac h s l ng t c l ng t hoa ao va sau o c l ng t hoa la i m t cach n gian thoa ma t c bit u ra mi . Cu i cng, h so l ng t hoa la i va thng tin mc MB c ma hoa co dai thay i. M t phng thc mch vong la chn lun phin t phc tp hn ct trc ti p d li u t n s cao khoi tng MB . Khi cac MB uWocj x ly , cc t ma tng ng vi cac h s t n s cao bi loa i bo khi c n sao cho t c bit c tha man . B qua cng ngh thi cac h th ng ma ch vong m tng i n gin vi mt b nh khung khng cn thit v khng c nhu cu cho IDCT o . V ch t l ng , c th c h s ma ha tt hn nh phng php lng t ha li bi vi cc ma c di bin i s dng cho d liu lng t ha li hiu
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qu hn . Tuy nhin cac ki n truc ma ch vong m phai chiu bi tri . Ni chung l do tri l do mt thng tin tn s cao . B t u vi khung I -m t tham c hi u ca khung P tip thep , thng tin t n s cao bi b bi n i ma loa i bo thoa man tc bit mi . Cc khi con li cng phi chu s mt (t n th t) my. Khi b giai ma nh n dong bit a chuy n ma , n s gii ma khung I vi ch t l ng gim xung v lu tr n vo b nh . thi im gii ma khung P , khung I suy bi n c s du ng nh la m t thanh ph n dictive va uwocj b sung vao m t thanh ph n con la i bi suy bi n . Mc ch c a ph n d la bi u din chnh xc s chnh lch gia tn hiu gc v d bo b chuyn ng . Hi n nay c hai thnh phn d v thnh phn d bo l khc vi thnh phn m b ma ha rt ra , vi vy cc li c th x y ra trong khung c ti to li . Li nay la do s ghep i khng cn xng gia cac thanh ph n d bao va cac thanh ph n d. Sau thi gian s khng cn xng tng ln luy ti n , gy ra cac khung tai ta o li b suy gim rt mnh. Ki n truc h th ng ma ch vong ong hng ti loa i bo s m t cn b ng gia cc thnh phn d bo v thnh phn d nh xp x kin trc b ma ha -gii ma xp tng . S khac bi t chin h trong c u truc gia ki n trc min im nh theo t ng va phng thc c n gian hoa (ti cu trc trong kin trc min i m anh theo t ng c ) c thc hi n trong mi n khng gian , d yu c u hao ma ch vong tai c u truc vi DCT va hai IDCT . Mt khc , trong c u trc n gin ha a ch ra trong hinh 5.44b, ch c mt mch vong ti to li c c n ti vi m t DCT va m t IDCT . Trong c u truc nay m t s i m khng tinh ung c chi ra do tinh phi tuy n khi k t h p cac ma ch vong tai to. Tuy nhin vi c tim ra cac x p xi nay lam anh hng i chut ti ch t l ng. Vi vi c loa i tr s khng chin , ki n truc nay tng h xac nho nay ng v toan ho c i vi ti p c n b ma hoa -b giai ma x p tng. c/ C u n i video a i m H i nghi video a i m la m t m r ng t nhin cua h i nghi video i m -i m.

Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca hi ngh truyn hinh , nhu c u h i nghi truy n hinh a i m cung ngay cang tng . Cng ngh video a i m lin quan ti n i ma ng , k t h p video va trin h din cac tin hi u video c ma hoa ng thi . C th s dng cng ngh nay ng du ng cho ao ta o t xa , h p tac t xa va giam st video t xa nhiu i m cung luc .

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Hnh IV-6 H i nghi truy n hin h 4 i m quan ma ng WAN thc hi n h i nghi truy n hinh a i m quan m t ma ng vung r ng (WAN), cc thnh vin tham gia phai n i ti m t MCU . Tn hiu video trong MCU kt hp vi cc dong video s khc t cc thnh vin ca hi ngh thnh mt dong bit video a ma ha, dong bit ny tun th cu trc tiu chun ma ha , sau o MCU gi dong bit ny li cho tt c cc thnh vin hi ngh gii ma v biu din . Kch bn ng dng ca h i nghi co 4 ngi tham gia c chi ra trong Hinh IV-6. M t phng phap s du ng trong b k t h p video k t h p nhi u dong video s a ma hoa la phng phap k t h p mi n a ma hoa . B ng phng phap ny, b k t h p thay i cac tiu cua cac dong bit video a ma hoa cua tng thnh vin, ghep cc dong bit vi nhau va ta o ra nhng tiu mi san xu t c m t ma h p l va k t h p dong bit video theo tiu chu n ma hoa video . V d mt b kt hp ma min c th thay i tiu ca 4 trinh t video a ma ha QCIF (176x144 i m anh ) v ghep chng vo mt trinh t video ma ha CIF (352x288 i m anh ). Khi s du ng phng phap k t h p mi n a ma ha ny , vi b kt hp ch cn thc hin cc chc nng ghep v thay i tiu nn qu trinh x ly la t i thi u . Cng vy bi vi khng thc hin gii ma v ma ha li cc dong video , nn phng phap nay khng lam suy giam ch t l ng. Tuy nhin phng phap nay lam cho ngi s du ng khng linh hoa t trong thao tac cac dong bit video. M t phng phap khac la s du ng chuy n i ma . Khi s du ng phng phap chuy n i ma k t h p video , b k t h p video giai ma tng dong video ,
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k t h p cac dong video a giai ma va ma hoa la i video a k t h p phu h p vi t c knh truy n dn . Hinh 5.48 ch ra mt s khi ca kt hp video cho h i nghi truy n hin h a i m s du ng phng phap chuy n i ma . Phng php ny yu cu tnh ton nhiu hn : phi gii m a tng dong video v ma ha tn hiu video a tng hp . Ch t l ng video cung se chiu anh hng t qu trinh ma ha kep v s b suy gim bi vi video t mi khach hang c n c giai ma, k t h p va sau o ma hoa li. So sanh hai phng phap : o Phng phap k t h p mi n ma hoa co t c dong bit k t h p bng t ng cc tc bit ca tt c cc dong bt ring chuy n i ma thic h ng vi t c knh . o Phng phap k t hp min ma ha khng nh hng ti cht lng video nhng phng phap chuy n i ma se lam anh hng va suy giam ch t l ng video. , trong khi phng phap

Hnh IV-7 K t h p video b ng cach ti p c n chuy n i ma hoa 4.4. To dong thng tin Nhng ti n b trong may tinh , n i ma ng va truy n thng a ta o ra cac knh phn ph i vi va cac c h i kinh doanh ph bi n n i dung a phng ti n . Dong m thanh va hinh anh qua cac ma ng nh Internet , cc LAN , cc mng trong nh v cc h th ng i n thoa i di ng a tr thanh m t hi n thc va g n nh thi t bi ta o dong se tr thnh mt phng tin to dong chnh trong truyn thng . M c du co m t s t hnh cng thng ma i ban u , nhng ta o dong thng tin vn ng u vi nhng thach thc v m t ky thu t , bao g m ch t l ng dich vu (QoS), v hiu qu chi ph .

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V d trin khai cc dch v a phng tin qua mng di ng 2,5G va 3G v n a g p phai cac v n nghim tro ng i vi cac may chu va may khach thi gian thc do s thay i ln cua thng l ng ma ng va t n th t goi do b m ma ng bi tran va cc knh b nhiu . Cc kin trc ta o dong mi nh cac ma ng ngang hang (P2P) v cc mng ad hoc v tuyn cng t ra nhiu thch thc nghin cu . 4.4.1. To dong video qua Internet Nhng ti n b hi n nay trong cng ngh tinh toan , cng ngh nen , cc thit b lu tr bng thng cao va cac ma ng t c cao a giup cho cung c p c cac dich vu a phng ti n thi gian thucj qua Internet . a phng ti n thi gian thc co cac rang bu c thi gian , nh la d li u m thanh va hin h anh phai c biu din lin tc . N u d li u khng ti ung luc , qu trinh trinh din s b tm dng , gy kho chiu cho ngi xem. Truy n tai video trc ti p va video lu tr theo thi gian thc la m t ph n chi m u th cua a ph ng ti n theo thi gian thc . y chng ta quan tm ti to dong video truy n dn video lu tr theo thi gian thc . C 2 ch truy n dn video lu tr qua Internet la Ch tai v va ch ta o dong (v d nh to dong video).

Hnh IV-8 Cc khi c bn trong kin trc to dong video Trong ch tai v , m t ngi s du ng tai v toan b file video va sau o bi u din la i file video . Tuy nhin truy n toan b file trong ch tai v thng r t m t thi gian va co th qua dai . Ng c la i trong ch ta o dong , cc ni dung video va nh n va va giai ma . Do theo thi gian thc , nn ta o dong video thng co cac y u c u bng thng , tr va t n th t . Tuy nhin , Internet best -effort hi n nay khng cung c p b t ky bao am ch t l ng dich vu nao cho nhng ngi s du ng . Vi vy thit k cc c ch v cc giao thc cho to dong video qua Inte rnet t ra nhi u thach thc . xac inh cac thach thc nay , cc nghin cu m rng a c tin hnh . a ra c s c n thi t va cung c p cho ngi o c m t bc tranh y u v lin , h vc nay chng ta cp li m t s lin , i u h vc chinh cua ta o dong video nh nen video
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khi n QoS lp ng du ng , cc dch v phn phi thng tin lin tc , cc my ch to dong, cc c ch ng b thng tin , v cc giao thc cho to dong thng tin . Cc quan h gia cac kh i c ban c m ta trong Hinh IV-8. D li u video va m thanh c nen trc, sau o lu vao cac thi t bi lu tr . a/ Nen video Vi cc tn hiu video gc tiu th mt lng bng thng ln, nn nen thng c s du ng co c hi u qua truy n dn t t hn . Trong nen co nhi u phng phap nen khc nhau v cc yu cu nen b bt buc bi cc ng dng to dong trn cc b ma ha v gii ma video .

Hnh IV-9 a/ B ma hoa video khng co gian b/ B giai ma video khng co gian Thc ch t cac phng thc nen video co th phn chia thanh 2 phng phap : ma ha video c th m rng v kh ng th m r ng . M t b ma hoa video khng th m r ng c chi ra trong Hinh IV-9a, b ma hoa nay ta o ra m t dong bit nen trong khi b gii ma video c th m rng c c ch ra trong Hinh IV-9b. B ma hoa video co th m r ng nen m t trin h t video g c thanh nhi u dong nho nh bi u din trong hin h 5.53a. M t trong nhng dong nho la dong nho c s , c th c gii ma c lp v cung c p ch t l ng hin h anh th . Cc dong nh khc c th ch c gii ma cng vi dong nho c s va cung c p ch t l ng hin h anh t t hn . Dong bit y (k t h p ca tt c cc dong nh ) cung c p ch t l ng cao nh t . M t b ma hoa co th m r ng SNR cung nh b giai ma co th m r ng c chi ra trong hinh 5.53.

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Hnh IV-10 a/ B ma hoa video co th co gian b/ B giai ma video co th co gia n b/ Cc yu cu khc nhau ca cc ng dng to dong Bng thng a t c ch t l ng co th ch p nh n c cua cac giac quan

, m t ng du ng

to dong thng c yu cu bng thng ti thiu . Tuy nhin Internet hi n nay khng cung c p t trc bng thng h tr yu c u nay . Ngoi ra , mong mu n i vi cc ng dng to dong video s dng iu khin tc ngn trnh tc ngn khi mng c ti cao . i u khi n t c ngen i vi dong video thc hi n di a ng i u khi n t c , o la thich ng t c phat vi bng thng kha du ng trong ma ng . So vi video khng th m r ng , video co th m r ng thich ng t t hn vi bi n i bng thng kh dng trong mng .
Tr

To dong video yu c u tr end -to-end gii ha n cac goi co th ti b thu ung thi gian c giai ma va hi n thi . N u m t goi video khng ti ung luc , qu trinh bi u din s b tm dng v s gy kh chu cho m t ngi . N u m t goi ti qua tr , n s khng c s dng v b li b . Vi Internet c tr thay i theo thi gian , cung c p bi u din lin tu c , c n co m t b m phia thu trc khi giai ma .
T n th t

T n th t (m t) gi l khng th trnh c trong Internet v c th gy hi n cc bc anh v lm kh chu mt ngi xem . Vi vy chng ta mong mun dong video phi mnh i vi mt gi . Ma ha nhiu miu t ng thi l mt k y thut nh vy i vi m t goi.
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 Cc chc nng ging nh ghi lai bng video (VCR)

M t s ng du ng ta o dong yu c u cac chc nng gi ng VCR nh la dng dng/h i phu c la i, tua i nhanh, tua la i nhanh va truy c p ngu nhi n.
phc tap giai ma

, tm

M t s thi t bi nh cac i n thoa i di ng va cac thi t bi h tr s ca nhn (PDA) yu c u tiu thu ngu n th p . Do o cac ng du ng ta o dong video hoa t ng trn cac thi t bi nay phai n gian , c th mong mun phc tp gii ma thp . c/ i u khi n QoS lp ng du ng Mc tiu ca iu khin QoS lp ng dng l trnh tc ng n v ti a cht

l ng video mc t n th t goi hi n ta i . ng u vi bi n i cc iu kin mng v cht lng ngi s dng yu cu biu din khc nhau , nhi u ky thu t i u khi n QoS lp ng du ng khac nhau a c xu t . Cc ky thut iu khin QoS lp ng dng bao gm iu khin t c ngen v iu khin li . Cc ky thut ny c s dng trong cac h th ng cu i va khng yu c u b t ky h tr QoS nao t ma ng .
iu khin ngen

M t chum va tr qua mc co m t tac ng pha huy ch t l ng trinh din video

chng thng b gy ra do tc ngn mng . Nh v y cac c ch i u khi n t c ngen cc h thng cui cn h tr gim mt gi v gim tr . i vi to dong video , i u khi n t c ngen thc hi n di da ng i u khi n t c . o la m t ky thu t dung xac inh t c lu l ng video phia phat da trn bng thng kha du ng d tin h trong mng. i u khi n t c co th giam thi u kha nng t c ngen ma ng nh cn i gia t c cua do ng video va bng thng ma ng co th s du ng c . Cc phng thc i u khi n t c ang co co th phn lam 3 loi: i u khi n da trn ngu n , i u khi n da trn b thu va i u khi n da trn k t h p ngu n -b thu. Theo iu khin tc da trn ngun , b phat co trach nhi m thic h ng t c truy n dn video . C ch nay s du ng h i ti p , da trn thng tin phan h i v ma ng my pht c th iu chnh tc ca dong video . C ch i u khi n da trn ngu n c th p dng cho c hai truyn dn multicast (a phng ) v unicast (n phng). Hinh 5.56 bi u din phn ph i video n phng va a phng . i vi video truyn n phng , cc c ch iu khin da trn n gu n co 2 phng phap: da trn thm do va da trn m hin h: - Phng phap da trn thm do c da trn th nghi m thm do . C th l cc thm do ngu n i vi bng thng ma ng co th s du ng nh i u chin h t c phat s ao cho t n th t goi co th duy tri di mc ngng P th. C 2 cch iu chnh tc pht l (1) tng theo c p s c ng va (2) gim theo cp s nhn hoc tng theo cp s nhn va giam theo c p s nhn .

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- Phng phap d a trn m hinh da vao m t m hinh thng l ng cua k t n i TCP. c bit , thng l ng cua k t n i TCP co th c c trng hoa bng cng thc:
Trong o: - l thng lng kt ni TCP, - MTU (kh i truy n ln nh t ) l kch thc goi c s du ng bi k t n i, - RTT la thi gian kh h i i vi k t n i - v p l ty l tn tht gi gy ra bi kt ni .

Di i u khi n t c da trn m hinh , cng thc (5.1) c s du ng xac inh t c phat cua dong video . Nh v y k t n i video co th tranh c t c ngen theo cach tng t vi TCP . Vi vy phng php iu khin da trn m hinh cng c go i la i u khi n t c thn thi n TCP . i vi a phng , b phat s du ng m t knh duy nh t truy n tai video ti cac b thu . Truy n a phng nh v y go i la a phng 1 knh duy nh t va chi co th ap dng iu khin tc da trn thm do . Truy n a phng 1 knh hi u qua vi t t ca cac b thu s du ng chung 1 knh. Tuy nhin a phng 1 knh khng th cung c p cac dich vu m m deo theo cac yu c u khc nhau vi cc bng thng knh truy cp khc nhau ca b thu . Tri li , n u video a phng c v n ch uy n qua cac dong n phng ring le , hi u qua bng thng r t th p , nhng dich vu co th c phn bi t vi mi b thu co th am phan cac tham s dich vu vi ngu n. i vi iu khin tc da vo b thu , b thu i u chinh t c thu cua cac dong video nh cc knh trn /tch, trong khi b phat khng tham gia vao i u khi n t c . i n hinh , i u khi n t c da trn may thu thng s du ng trong video co th m r ng a phng , c mt s lp v mi lp tng ng vi mt knh trong cy a phng. Tng t nh i u khi n t c da trn ngu n , i u khi n t c da trn b thu cung bao g m 2 phng phap: da trn thm do va da trn m hin h . iu khin tc da trn thm do c s gm 2 ph n: - Khi khng phat hi n c t c ngen , m t may thu thm do bng thng co th s dng nh kt hp lp /knh, k t qua la tng t c thu cua no . N u khng phat hi n t c ngn sau kt h p , tc la th nghi m k t h p thanh cng . M t khac , b thu bo lp mi b sung. - Khi phat hi n t c ngen , m t b thu bo m t knh , nh o giam c t c thu . Khc vi phng php thm do -phng phap anh gia hoan to n bng thng kh dng ca mng thng qua th nghim thm do , phng phap da trn m hin h s dng nh gi ro rng bng thng kh dng ca mng . i vi iu khin tc kt hp thu -pht: b thu i u chinh t c nh n c ca cc dong video nh thm /bt cac knh , trong khi b phat cung i u chinh t c
124

truy n dn cua mi knh da trn h i ti p t b thu . Cc v d ca iu khin tc k t h p bao g m phng thc ghep nhom t p h phn lp.
iu khin l i

p ic h va phng thc a phng

Trong Internet cac goi co th bi bo do t c ngen tuy n cua cac b inh

(router),

chng c th b mt tuyn hoc c th ti ch nhng tr ln hn cho phep hoc b mt. M t goi co th suy giam r t ma nh ch t l ng trinh din hinh anh . nng cao ch t l ng hinh anh khi bi m t goi , cc c ch iu khin li a c xu t . i vi cc dng d liu nht nh (nh vn ban ), m t g i khng th chu dng c nhng tr thi ch p nh n c. Khi m t goi bi m t co 2 cch khi phc gi : D li u bi sa phai c chu n hoa la i bi chu n hoa li chuy n ti p (FEC) truy n th ng , o la ma hoa knh ho c goi phai c truy n la i . M t khac , i vi video thi gian thc m t s suy giam ch t l ng hin h anh thng ch o nh n c trong khi tr bi gii ha n . c im ny ca video a ra nhiu c ch i u khi n li mi , nhng cac c ch nay chi co th ap du ng cho video thi gian thc ma khng th ap du ng cho truy n vn ban . Cc c ch iu khin li cho video co th chia thanh 4 dng: FEC, truy n la i , phc hi li v che giu li . FEC, truy n li v phc hi li c thc hin c hai pha ngun v b thu , trong khi che gi u li chi c thc hi n phia thu . - Nguyn ly cua FEC l b sung thm thng tin d phong sao cho bn tin gc c th c tai ta o la i trong trng h p m t goi . Da trn da ng thng tin d phong thm vo, c th phn loi FEC thnh 3 loi: ma ha knh , FEC ma hoa da trn ngu n va ma ha ngun/knh k t h p . o i vi cc ng dng Internet , ma ha knh c s dng di dng cc ma khi . c bit , m t dong video bi ch t ra thanh cac oa n , mi oa n c ong thanh K goi ; sau o mi oa n co m t ma kh i c ap du ng cho K goi nay ta o ra m t kh i n goi . khi phu c hoa n hao m t oa n, m t ngi s du ng chi c n nh n k goi trong kh i n goi . o Nguyn ly cua FEC (SFEC) da trn ma hoa ngu n la m t bi n th cua FEC cho video Internet . Gi ng nh ma hoa knh , SFEC cung b sung thng tin d phong khi phu c khi li . V d , gi th n cha nhm th n cac kh i (GOB) v thng tin d phong v GOB th (n-1), o la m t phin ban nen cua GOB (n-1) vi b l ng t hoa ln hn. o Ma ha ngun /knh k t h p la m t phng phap ti u cp php tc gia ma hoa ngu n va ma hoa knh . - Truy n la i co gii ha n tr : Truy n la i thng bi ga t bo la m t phng phap khi phu c cac goi bi m t trong video thi gian thc bi vi m t goi phat la i c th mt
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trong thi gian trinh din . Tuy nhin, n u thi gian kh h i (round-trip time) ng n hn so vi tr ln nh t c phep , thi m t phng phap phat la i ( c go i la phat la i rng bu c theo trc) l mt la chn c th cho i u khi n li . - Ma ha phc hi (an h i ) li : Mc tiu ca ma ha phc hi li l tng sc mnh ca video a nen i vi mt gi . Cc phng thc ma ha phc hi li a c tiu chu n hoa bao g m anh d u ng b la i , phn chia d li u va khi phu c d li u . Tuy nhin anh d u ng b la i , phn chia d li u va khi phu c d li u c hng vo cho cc mi trng li t do nh cc knh v tuyn v khng th p dng c cho mi trng Internet . i vi truyn dn video qua Internet , ranh gii cua goi a cung c p m t i m ng b trong dong bit ma hoa vi dai thay i phia b thu M t cng cu y ha he n cho truy n dn video vng ch c trong Internet la ma hoa a miu ta (multiple description). Vi MDC , m t trin h t video gc (th) c nen thanh nhi u dong ng thi ( c xem nh la nhi u miu ta ) nh sau : mi miu ta cung c p m t ch t l ng nhin th y ch p nh n c ; nhi u miu ta k t h p cung c p m t ch t l ng nhin th y t t hn . u i m cua MDC la : o Vng ch c vi m t goi -th m chi n u b thu nh n c chi m t m ta (cc m t khc b mt ) c vn c th ti to li vide o vi ch t l ng ch p nh n c. o Ch t l ng c nng cao -n u b thu nh n c nhi u m ta ng thi , n c th kt hp chng li vi nhau to ra mt ti t o t t hn l t m t m ta. Tuy nhin cac u i m i li n v i chi phi . thc hi n mi m ta cung c p ch t l ng ch p nh n c , thi mi m t phi mang thng tin v video gc . i u nay s lm gim hiu qu nen so vi ma ha m t duy nht thng thng . Ngoi ra , m c d cng k t h p nhi u m ta cung c p ch t l ng hin h anh cang t t , nhng m t mc tng quan nh t inh , do o gy ra gia cac m ta phai c nhung vao mi m ta cng gim hiu qu nen . Vi vy cn ti mt thm nh tim r a s cn b ng gia hi u qu nen v cht lng ti to li t mt bt k m t . - Che gi u li: Ma ha phc hi li c thc hin bi ngun nng cao n nh video nen trc khi xay ra m y goi thc s (y c go i phng phap phong nga ). Con che giu li c thc hin bi b thu khi my gi a xy ra ( c go i la phng php chng ). c bit che giu li c s dng bi b thu che giu d liu b mt v thc hin trinh din bt kho chiu hn i vi m t ngi . C 2 phng phap che gi u li: n i suy khng gian va n i suy ta m thi . o Trong n i suy khng gian , cc gi tr im nh b my c ti to li thng qua s du ng thng tin khng gian ln c n . N i suy khng gian c s du ng tai ta o la i d li u bi m y trong khung ma hoa
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o Trong n i suy ta m thi , d li u bi m t c tai ta o la i t cac khung trc o. N i suy ta m thi c s du ng tai ta o la i d nhi u khung ma hoa - Dch v phn phi thng tin lin tc: liu b mt trong

cung c p cac trin h din a phng ti n co ch t l ng , s h tr y u t ma ng l rt quan trng, bi vi h tr cua ma ng co th giam c tr v ty l mt gi . - Lc mng : l mt ky thut iu khin tc ngn , lc mng hng ti ti a cht l ng video trong su t thi gian ngen ma ng . B lo c may chu video co th thich ng t c cua cac dong vid eo theo tra ng thai ngen cua ma ng . Hinh 5.59 m ta m t vi du ca t cc b lc trong mng . d/ a phng m c ng du ng Thi t k g c cua Internet phu h p vi cac ng du ng i m -i m nh email , truy n file va duy t web , khng h tr hi u qua v n chuy n cac n i dung co pha m vi ln nh truy n a phng thng tin dong . IP multicast a ra i phu c vu ng du ng nay . M t m r ng cua lp IP , IP a phng (IP multicast) c th cung cp vn chuyn gi a im hiu qu . u i m cua a phng mc ng du ng la pha v cac rao can nh kha nng m r ng, qun l mng v h tr iu khin tc ngn . e/ Ti to ni dung M t ky thu t quan tro ng cai thi n kha nng m r ng cua h th ng v n chuy n thng tin la thay th thng tin n i dung . Thay th n i dung c thc hi n di hai dng: phn chiu (gng) v caching (lu m ). C hai phng php tim kim v tr t may chu n i dung g n vi khach hang h n va ca hai co u i m : Tiu thu bng thng giam trn cac knh cua ma ng Ti trn cc my ch gim Khong lng ca khch hng gim Kh nng s dng tng ln ( kha du ng tng ) Phng phap Phan chi u la t cac ban sao cua c c file a phng tin gc ln cc my khc phn tn xung quanh mng . C ngha cc file a phng tin gc c lu tr trn may chu chinh trong khi cac ban sao c t trn cac may chu nhn ban . Nh o cac khach hang co th ly c cc d liu a phng tin t mt my ch nhn bn gn nht v cho cc khch hng cht lng tt hn . Phng phap nay co m t s nh c i m: Phi c cc c ch thit loj mt gng chuyn dng trn my ch Khng co m t phng thc tiu chu n nao ta o ra cac script va thi t loj cac my ch c th chuyn giao d dng t mt my ch ny ti mt my ch khc
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Phng phap lu m (caching) c da trn nguyn t c cac khach h ng khc nhau se tai n i dung gi ng nhau , thc hi n chi sao chep nhng n i dung ma khach hng gi ra . i n hin h , cc khch hng trong mt t chc gi ra tt c cc ni dung t m t may duy nh t c go i la m t cache . Cache go i ra m t file video t m t may chu g c, lu tr ban sao n i b va sau o chuy n no ti m t khach hang yu c u no . N u m t khach hang yu c u m t file video ma cache a lu thi cache se tra la i bn sao ch khng phai ti t n may chu g c . Ngoi ra s dng chung cache v h thng phn cp cache cho phep mi cache truy c p cac file lu trn cac cache khac cho tai trn may ch gc c th gim xung v cc c chai ca mng c th gim bt. f/ Cc my ch to dong Cc my ch to dong ng mt vai tro chnh trong cung cp cc dch v to dong. cung c p cac dich vu ta o dong ch t l ng , cc my ch to dong c yu c u x ly d li u a phung ti n trong thi gian gii ha n tranh cac hi n t ng nh gi t hinh , meo ting trong qu trinh biu din li ch khch hng . Ngoi ra my ch to dong cng cn h tr cc hot ng iu khin nh VCR nh dng , tm dng /khi phc, tua i , tua v . Cc my ch to dong phi gi ra cc thnh phn thng tin trong hot ng ng b . V d nh phim v m thanh ca bi ging phi ng b vi cc slide bai giang . M t may chu ta o dong g m co 3 phn h : truy n thng , h i u hanh v h thng lu tr. B truy n thng lin quan ti lp ng du ng va cac giao thc truy n tai c thc hi n trn may chu . Qua b truy n thng cac khach hang co th trao i vi m t may ch v gi ra cc ni dung a phng tin lin tc v ng b . H i u hanh , khc vi cc h iu hnh thng thng , c n thao man cac yu c u thi gian thc cho cac ng du ng ta o dong H th ng lu tr cho cac dich vu ta o dong phai h tr lu tr va go i thng tin lin tu c g/ ng b thng tin ng b thng tin l mt thuc tnh chnh khc bit so vi cc ng dng d liu truy n th ng khac . Vi cac c ch ng b thng tin , cc ng dng pha b thu c th bi u din cac dong thng tin khac nhau theo cach tng t nh cach co c chng. M t vi du cua ng b thng tin la s chuy n ng cua mi ngi noi phu h p m thanh phat ra . M t thu c tin h chin h khac bi t vi cac ng du ng d li u truy n th ng khac la s lin k t nhi u dong thng tin khac nhau nhng ng b vi nhau . ng b thng tin tc l duy tri cc quan h tm thi trong mt dong d liu v gia cac dong thng t in khac . C 3 mc ng b : ng b trong m t dong , ng b

128

gia cac dong va ng b gia cac i t ng . Ba mc ng b tng tng vi 3 lp ng nghia cua d li u a phng ti n nh sau : ng b trong m t dong : Lp th p nh t cua thng tin lin tu c ho c d li u ph thuc thi gian (nh la video va m thanh ) l lp thng tin . Kh i lp thng tin la m t kh i d li u logic nh la khung video li n vi cac rang bu c ta m thi /m thanh , khung g n bo m ngi xem chp nhn c khi

xem la i . ng b lp ny c xem nh l ng b trong mt dong , n duy tri lin tc cc khi d liu logic Khng c ng b ny , bi u din cua dong c th b gin on bi tm dng ho c cac khoang tr ng .
ng b gia cc dong : Lp th hai cua d li u phu thu c thi gian la lp

dong. n vi cua lp dong la ca m t dong . ng b lp ny l ng b gia cc dong , ng b nay duy tri qua n h ta m thi gia cac thng tin lin tu c khc nhau . Khng co ng b nay , s xin l nh gia cac dong co th bi khng chu ng c . V d , nhng ngi s du ng co th bc minh n u chuy n ng cua mi ngi noi khng tng ng vi m thanh phat ra . ng b gia cc i tng : Lp cao nh t cua tai li u a phng ti n la lp i t ng , lp nay lin k t cac dong va d li u c l p thi gian nh vn ban v nh tnh . ng b lp ny g i l ng b gia cc i tng . Mc tiu ca ng b ny l bt u v dng mt trinh din d liu c lp thi gian trong khoang thi gian co th chiu ng c . Khng co ng b nay , v d nh cac thinh gia cu a trinh din slide co th kho chiu n u m thanh thuy t minh trn m t slide trong khi m t slide khac c bi u din . h/ Cc giao thc cho to dong thng tin Cc giao thc c nh ngha v tiu chun ha cho truyn thng gia cc my khch v my ch to dong . Cc giao thucs cho to dong thng tin cung cp cc dch v nh nh a ch mng , truy n tai va i u khi n phin . Theo cac chc nng cua giao thc , cc giao thucs c th phn lm 3 loi: Giao thc lp ma ng (nh IP ), giao thc truy n tai (nh TCP v UDP ) v giao thc iu khin phin (nh giao thc ta o dong thi gian thc-STRP) Giao thc lp ma ng cung c p h tr dich vu ma ng c s nh anh ia chi mng. IP phu c vu nh giao thc lp ma ng cho ta o dong video qua Internet . Giao thc truy n tau cung c p chc nng truy n tai ma ng end -to-end cho cac ng dng to dong . Cc giao thc truyn ti bao gm UDP , TCP, RTP (giao thc truy n tai thi gia n thc ) v RTCP (giao thc i u khi n thi gian thc ). UDP va TCP la cac giao thc truy n tai lp th p hn trong khi RTP va RTCP l cc giao thc truyn ti lp cao hn , thc hi n bn trn cua TCP va UDP . Cc ngn xp giao thc cho ta o dong thng tin c chi ra trong hinh 5.62.
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 Giao thc i u khi n phin inh nghia cac ban tin va cac thu tu c i u khi n

v n chuy n cac d li u a phng ti n trong su t thi gian m t phin a thi t l p. RSTP va S IP (giao thc khi ta o phin ) l cc giao thc iu khin phin nh v y. To dong video l mt thnh phn quan trng trong nhiu ng dng a phng ti n Internet nh ao ta o t xa , th vi n s , mua ban ta i nha va video theo yu c u. Bn cht best -effort cua Internet hi n nay t ra nhi u thach thc cho thi t k cac h th ng ta o dong video . Mc tiu ca chng ti l a ra cho ngi c mt vin cnh cc la chn c th s dng v cc cn bng l in quan gia ch t l ng , chc nng va phc ta p. 4.4.2. Nhng thach thc truy n tai video thi gian thc qua Internet Truy n tai video qua Internet la m t thanh ph n quan tro ng cua nhi u ng du ng a phng ti n . Thi u h tr Q oS trong Internet hi n nay va tin h khng ng nh t cua cc mng v cc h thng cui t ra nhiu vn thch thc cho thit k cc h thng v n chuy n video . B n v n cua cac h th ng v n chuy n video la bng thng , tr, m t goi va tinh khng ng nh t . Hai phng phap xac inh cac v n nay la : phng phap ma ng la trung tm va phng phap da trn cac h th ng cu i . Qua m t s nm, nhng nghin cu da trn phng phap da trn h th ng a a ra nhi u xu t. M t c s cho truy n tai video thi gian thc trn Internet bao g m hai thanh ph n: i u khi n t c ngen va i u khi n li . Chng ta a bit iu khin tc ngn bao g m i u khi n t c , ma ha thch ng v rate shaping . i u khi n li bao g m FEC (sa li chuy n ti p ), pht li, phc hi li v che giu li . Nh chi ra trong Bng IV-2 Phn loa i khng gian thi t k , cc phng php thit k co th phn loa i theo 2 chi u hng: truy n tai va nen . Bng IV-2 Phn loa i khng gian thi t k Truy n tai Da trn i u khi n t c ngu n Lai da trn b thu La cho n b l ng t ha La cho n t c khung Hy b khung chn lc Channel Rate shaping ng SFEC
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Nen

i u khi n t c ngn

Ma ha ha thch ng tc Rate shaping

i u khi n li

FEC

Truy n tai coding Joint channel/source coding i u khi n da trn may phat i u khi n lai da trn may thu

Nen

Truy n li c gii hn tr

Khi phu c li Error concealment

Chn lc ch ti u Ma ha a m t EC-1, EC-2, EC-3

a co nhng n lc thm cho k t h p phng ph p truyn ti v phng php nen. S hi p lc cua truy n tai va nen co th cung c p cac giai phap t t hn trong thi t k cac h th ng v n chuy n video . Theo phng phap end -to-end, 3 y u t c nh n da ng co anh hng t l ng bi u din video ta i b thu la : X ly cua ngu n (ch ng ha n nh l ng t hoa va ong goi ) Cc c trng ng dn X ly cua b thu (ch ng ha n nh che gi u li ) i cht

Hinh IV-11 trinh by c c yu t co anh hng ti ch t l ng video . Nh xem xet trng thi tc ngn mng v x l ca b thu , phng phap end -to-end co th cung c p ch t l ng t t h n vi phng phap c i m i vi cac ng du ng video Internet . M t hng nghin cu y ha he n la t h p cac ky thu t i u khi n da trn h th ng cu i vi h tr QoS t ma ng .

Hnh IV-11 Cc yu t tc ng ti cht lng biu din v ideo 4.4.3. Ki n truc end-to-end cho truy n tai video MPEG -4 qua Internet

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Vi s thanh cng cua Internet va s linh hoa t cua MPEG -4, truy n tai video MPEG-4 qua Internet c ky vo ng la m t thanh ph n quan tro ng trong nhi u ng dng a ph ng ti n trong tng lai g n . Cc ng dng video thng c cc yu cu tr va m t goi , cc yu cu ny khng th c h tr y trong Internet hin nay . Vi vy vn thch thc l thit k mt h thng vn chuyn video MPEG-4 nh th no c th ti a cht lng trong khi vn t c hiu sut s dng ti nguyn cao. MPEG-4 xy dng trn cac ph n t t m t s cng ngh thanh cng nh video s , ho a may tin h va WWW . Hinh IV-12 ch ra mt kin trc end -to-end truyn ti video MPEG -4 qua Internet. Ki n truc nay co th ap du ng c cho ca hai video nen trc va video trc ti p. N u la ngu n video nen trc , t c bit cua do ng co th thic h h p vi t c tun theo giao thc i u khi n h i ti p . N u ngu n la m t video trc ti p , n thng s du ng thu t toan thich ng t c MPEG -4 iu khin tc ra ca b ma ha . pha b pht , dong bit th ca video trc tip c ma ha bng b ma ha MPEG -4 thch ng . Sau giai oa n nay , dong bit video nen trc ht c gi lp ng b v sau o c chuy n qua cac lp RTP /UDP/IP trc khi a vao Internet . Cc gi c th b mt mt router /switch (do t c ngen ) ho c ic h (do qua tr ). cac goi c v n chuy n thanh cng ti ic h , cc gi trc ht c chuyn qua cc lp RTP /UDP/IP theo th t ng c la i trc khi c gii ma ti b gii ma MPEG-4.

Hnh IV-12 Ki n truc end-to-end truyn tai video MPEG-4 4.4.4. Truy c p bng r ng C nhiu cng ngh khc nhau c th s dng vn chuyn cc dch v r ng: Cc mng quang th ng Cc mng truy cp v tuyn ng dy thu bao s xDSL bng

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 Mng v tuyn t bo

Cc kin thc ny nm trong Tng quan vin thng. 4.4.5. C s cua ch t l ng dich vu Ch t l ng dch v (QoS) a la m t t thng xuyn c s du ng va la m t chu nghin cu c quan tm rt nhiu . Tuy nhin cac ma ng IP va cac ma ng di ng a nhin vi c cung c p QoS theo nhi u cach khac nhau . Trong ma ng IP va may tinh , cc nh nghin cu chu yu t p trung vao cac ky thu t nay va co th cho ph ep dch dch v Internet best -effort khng am bao v tr ho c thng l ng ho c v n chuy n tin cac gi tin cy sang mt kin trc c th d bo tt hn . Cc dch vu phn bi t (DiffServ), cc dch v lin kt (IntServ) v nhiu t hp khc ca hai ky thut ny a th thc hi n QoS trong Internet b ng inh nghia cac ki n truc va ky thu t t trc . Trong khi cac nghin cu v ch t l ng dich vu va cac ky thu t am bao QoS vn ang ti p tu c , thi do kin trc ca Internet ton cu rt ln v s a dng ca cc nt , cc router v cc my ch Internet ,nn QoS trn Internet con lu mi tr thanh hi n thc. 4.5. An ninh cua cac h th ng a phng tin An ninh cua h th ng a phng ti n g m cac thanh ph n : An ninh n i dung s (DRM) An ninh truy n dn s (CA) 4.5.1. H th ng truy c p co i u kin (CA) Mt h thng truy nhp c iu kin CA (Conditional Access ) vn hnh vi mt vai tro quan trng trong phn phi truyn hinh tr tin. Mc ch chnh ca mt h thng CA l cung cp mt c ch kim tra m bo truy cp ng ni dung a c tr tin. N tn dng s xo trn v mt ma ngn chn truy cp khng c nhn dng, bo v ni dung v dch v. S xo trn c s dng bo v tn hiu chng trinh vi mt thut ton xc nh, nh l thut ton xo trn chung CSA (Common Scrambling Algorithm). Thut ton xo trn thc t c s dng trong hu ht cc h thng qung b s CA hin nay trn ton th gii, trong khi mt ma y hng vo vic bo v chia kha xo trn thng c gi l kho iu khin CW (Control Word), n cho phep xo trn my ch v gii xo trn my thu. Do s qun l kha m bo CW c trao mt cc an ton cho ng ngi s dng a c nhn dng, l mt yu t cn thit trong mt h thng CA.

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a/ Cu trc chung cho h thng CA

B gii xo trn

B xo trn

Hnh IV-13 Cc thnh phn ca mt h thng CA DVB chung Hinh IV-13 a ra tng th mt h thng CA cho truyn hinh s ni chung. Mt h thng CA bao gm nm thnh phn quan trng:
H thng qun l thu bao SMS, H thng xc thc thu bao (SAS), B xo trn, B gii xo trn v th thng minh.

Ba hot ng u l bn my ch con 2 hot ng sau l trn my thu (thng l set-top-box). b/ H thng qun l thu bao (SMS) Da theo bo co ky thut ca EBU (Lin hip pht thanh truyn hinh qung b Chu u), SMS l mt trung tm kinh doanh, n pht hnh th thng minh, gi ha n v nhn tin tr t thu bao. Mt ti nguyn quan trng ca SMS l c s d liu khch hng, n bao gm thng tin nhy cm cao trong kinh doanh, nh l thng tin c nhn v thu bao, nhng s seri ca cc set-top box v thng tin v cc dch v, t ngi s dng t hng. u tin, c s d liu c s dng qun l quyn truy cp ca thu bao v bo v cc ni dung v cc dch v. Nu ngi vn hnh dch v cn thay i thng tin ca khch hng, c s d liu s cp nht bng cch thm vo cc tham s vi nh thay i quyn truy cp ca thu bao bo v cc dch v v cc ni dung. V SMS s gi mt yu cu cp nht vi thng tin mi ti SAS. c/ H thng nhn dng thu bao (SAS) H thng nhn dng thu bao c trch nhim to, t chc v phn phi lung d liu iu khin, v d bn tin qun l quyn hn EMM v bn tin iu khin quyn hn
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ECM, da trn SMS. Mt EMM l mt bn tin nhn dng mt ngi dng gii xo trn mt dch v, trong khi ECM l mt ti liu mt ma ca kho iu khin v thng tin v quyn hn. d/ B xo trn Thit b ny s dng mt thut ton mnh xo trn cc ni dung (hay con c gi l lung truyn ti TS-Transport Stream). Trong h thng DVB, b xo trn s dng CSA xo trn. e/ B gii xo trn Thit b ny cng s dng mt thut ton mnh gii xo trn lung d liu a b xo trn. Trong h thng DVB, b gii xo trn s dng h thng gii xo trn (CDS) chung gii xo trn, f/ Th thng minh Th thng minh c s dng nh mt du hiu ca quyn hn gii xo trn cc tn hiu qung b. SMS pht hnh th thng minh v xc nhn hp l thng qua vic lp trinh chng trc vi cc kha nhn dng truy cp ti cc ni dung chng trinh hay cc dch v, hoc c hai. g/ Xo trn v gii xo trn Mt TS c mt ma bi b xo trn vi mt thut ton mnh, n c th ti thiu kh nng tn cng ca mt xm phm qua mt thi gian di. B xo trn c th c bt u t mt CW nh l mt chia kha mt ma, hoc c to bi mt CW c s dng t cho trng thi u ca mt b to ma gi ngu nhin n a ra mt kho mt ma. u ra ca b trn c phn phi n ngi s dng qua mng qung b. CW c ly li t TS a b trn v c s dng tr li ni dung gc vi thut ton gi xo trn tng ng. T chc DVB chu u a pht trin mt chun cho xo trn v gii xo trn,v d nh CSA. CSA bao gm hai phn: h thng gii xo trn (CDS) v cng ngh xo trn (ST). C nhng giy phep phn phi ring s dng yu cu ky thut cho tng phn. ETSI hot ng nh l ngi trng coi bn cng ty pht trin CSA. Cc hang sn xut STB, s tr tin giy phep cng ngh xo trn v tip tc tr tin giy phep con cho nhng ngi mua b xo trn. h/ H thng phn cp kho Ni chung, mt h thng CA s dng h phn cp kho ba lp nh c ch ra trong Hinh IV-14. CW thay i ngu nhin l lp di cng trong h phn cp kho. N c s dng nh lm ht ging ca b to ma gi ngu nhin PRG (Pseudo Random Generator) to ra mt chui gi ngu nhin, chui ny c dng xo trn TS. CW l mt kho b mt, hu ht h thng truyn hinh tr tin s dng mt ma
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i xng, tc l CW va l kho xo trn va l kho gii xo trn. Xem xet n tnh bo mt thi CW nn c lm mi trong khong 5 n 20 giy. S lin kt cc lp ca h thng phn cp kho l s dng mt kho nhn dng AK (Authorization Key) mt ma CW v sau to ra ECM. Kho nhn dng AK l n nht cho tng knh v i khi c gi l chia kha dch v cho nh cung cp CA. N thng xuyn c cp nht mi chu k np tin, iu ph thuc vo chnh sch dch v np tin ca nh kinh doanh, c th l mt tun hay mt thng. Mi khi CW c lm mi, ch mt ECM duy nht cn c qung b, n gip tit kim bng thng hiu qu v gim ti trao i vi h thng phn cp kho hai lp. Lp trn cng l s dng kho ring chnh MPK (Master Private Key) mt ma AK cng vi thng tin quyn truy cp khc. on mt ma a c to ra l EMM. MPK l duy nht cho mi thu bao. N c lu trong mt th thng minh, th ny c SMS pht hnh m bo an ninh.

B xo trn

B gii xo trn

Hnh IV-14 Cu trc ba tng kho ECM, EMM v TS a xo trn s c ghep vo mt TS mi v phn phi ti thu bao qua knh qung b. My thu s chn th nh vo STB, gii ma EMM ri n ECM, v cui cng nhn li CW gii xo trn TS a c bo mt. Cn ch rng pha my thu phi s dng PRG ging vi chui gi ngu nhin gii xo trn. 4.5.2. H th ng quan ly ban quy n s DRM-K thut Watermarking Ngy nay, vic biu din thng tin v vn bn, m thanh, phim nh di dng s a tr nn v cng ph bin. Mt phn trong s thnh cng l nh kh vo hiu qu truyn dn, lu tr v c bit l sao chep rt d dng ca thng tin dng s. Vic pht trin cc cng ngh nen multimedia nh cc chun JPEG, MPEG v gn y l JPEG2000 a lm cho vic s dng, pht hnh v trao i cc ni
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dung multimedia s tr nn d dng hn v bng n qua mng Internet. ng thi, n cng to ra nhng thch thc cho vic bo v bn quyn, chng copy hoc s dng tri phep cc ni dung s ny. Trn thc t, nhu cu v bo v quyn tc gi, quyn s hu cho cc thng tin s l rt ln. Phng php watermark s (digital watermarking) ha hn l mt phng php hiu qu bi vi n cho phep ch s hu ni dung s c th nhng v giu nhng bng chng v bn quyn ca minh, t c th xc nh c quyn s hu, pht hin ra vic s dng tri phep m vn khng lm nh hng n ni dung ca ni dung s. Watermarking l mt trong nhng ky thut giu d liu hin i. N c nh ngha nh l qu trinh chn thng tin vo d liu a phng tin nhng bo m khng cm th c, ngha l ch lm thay i nh d liu gc. Thng thng ngi ta ch cp n watermarking s. l mt tp cc d liu s th cp - gi l watermark (ma nh du bn quyn) -c nhng vo d liu s s cp - gi l d liu bao ph (v d nh vn bn, hinh nh, video v audio s, ...). D liu sau qu trinh nhng c gi l d liu nhng. Tanaka (1990), Caronni v Tirkel (1993) ln lt a ra nhng n bn u tin v watermarking nhng cha nhn c s quan tm ng mc Mai n nm 1995, ch ny mi bt u c quan tm v k t , watermarking s a pht trin rt nhanh vi nhiu hng nghin cu v phng php thc hin khc nhau.Watermarking c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh bo v quyn s hu, iu khin vic sao chep, xc nhn giy t, hay truyn t thng tin khc, trong ng dng ph bin ca n l cung cp bng chng v bn quyn tc gi ca cc d liu s bng cch nhng cc thng tin bn quyn. Ro rng trong ng dng ny, thng tin nhng cn phi bn vng trc cc thao tc nhm loi b chng.

Cover work Watermark message

Watermark Insertion

Watermarked work

Verification

Watermark extraction

Watermark Insertion: Chn bng m hoc chn xm im nh)

Attacks/Distortions: Tn cng/Lm bin dng Watermark Extraction: Tch bng m Verification: Kim tra bng m 137

Watermark message: Bn tin watermark cn nhng vo

Hnh IV-15 S nhng watermark v s khi phc watermark. Tt c cc phng php watermarking u c chung cc khi sau: mt h thng nhng watermark vo mt h thng khi phc watermark. Hinh IV-15 trinh by qu trinh nhng watermark tng qut. Ngo vo l watermark, d liu cn nhng v ma c nhn hay cng cng. Watermark c th bt ki dng no nh ch s, vn bn hay hinh nh. Kho c th c dng tng cng tnh bo mt, ngha l ngn chn nhng k khng c bn quyn khi phc hay ph hy watermark. Cc h thng thc t dng t nht l mt kho, thm ch kt hp nhiu kho. Ngo ra l d liu a c waterma rk. Qu trinh khi phc watermark tng qut c cho Hinh 30. Cc ngo vo l d liu a watermark, kho v d liu gc (c th c hoc khng tu thuc vo phng php). Ngo ra hoc l watermark khi phc c hoc i lng no ch ra mi tng quan gia n v watermark cho trc ngo vo. Ph thuc vo mc ch v ng dng m cc yu cu ca h thng watermarking c t ra. Vi cc h thng thc t, chng oi hi cc yu cu sau: Khi hin thc digital watermarking thi cn phi c mt s tnh cht nh gi cht lng ca gii thut. Cc tnh cht nh sau: Tinh v hnh (Imperceptibility): Khi a watermark vo cha bn trong media content, thi ta phi a theo gii thut thch hp ngi dng khng nhn thy s thay i . Watermark phi khng nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca media content. Thng thng cc bit t cm nhn c bi con ngi s c u tin dng cha watermark. Tinh bn vng (Robustness): Ty vo tng loi ng dng m ta c th xem tnh bn vng ny bng nhiu quan im khc nhau, nu nh i vi cc ng dng dng bo v quyn s hu thi watermark cn phi bn vng qua mt s cc hnh ng cp nht ni dung ca digital media. Nu nh i vi ng dng chng lm gi hoc chng li s thay i trn digital media thi oi hi watermark phi huy b khi c cc tc v ny xy ra. Tinh khng phn chia (Inseparability): Sau khi digital media cha watermark thi yu cu l phi rt kh hoc khng th phn chia thnh 2 thnh phn ring bit lc u. Bo mt (Security): Sau khi a a watermark vo digital media, thi yu cu l ch cho phep nhng user c quyn mi chnh sa v pht hin c watermark iu ny c thc hin nh vo key dng lm kho trong gii thut a watermark vo digital media v gii thut pht hin ra watermark trong digital media. Digital watermarking c ng dng rt rng trong nhiu lnh vc, di y s lit k mt s ng dng chnh ca water marking.
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Hnh IV-16 Cc loi watermark Bo v quyn s hu (Copyright Protection): Digital watermark c th c dng bo v quyn s hu i vi cc sn phm digital media. Ni dung ca cc digital media ny s cha thm cc thng tin v ngi s hu. Khi cc digital media ny c s dng bt hp php thi ta c th dng b watermark detector pht hin. Chng nhn bn bt hp php (Copy Protection): Cc sn phm c cha digital watermark biu hin cho vic sn phm ny khng c nhn bn, vi nu nhn bn s phm lut. Nh sn xut s trang b cho cc phng tin dng nhn bn (nh CD writer) kh nng pht hin xem digital media c cha watermarks hay khng, nu c thi s t chi khng nhn bn. Theo doi qu trnh s dng (Tracking): Digital watermarking c th c dng theo doi qu trinh s dng ca cc digital media. Mi bn sao ca sn phm c cha bng mt watermarked duy nht dng xc nh ngi user l ai. Nu c s nhn bng bt hp php, ta c th truy ra ngi vi phm nh vo watermark c cha bn trong digital media. Chng gi mo (Tamper Proofing): Digital water marking c th c dng chng s gi mo. Nu c bt c s thay i no v ni dung ca cc digital media thi watermark ny s b huy i. Do rt kh lm gi cc digital media c cha watermark.

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Theo doi truyn thng (Broadcast Monitoring): Cc cng ty truyn thng v qung co c th dng ky thut digital watermarking qun l xem c bao nhiu khch hng a dng dch v cung cp. Truyn tin bi mt (Concealed Communication): bi vi digital watermarking l mt dng c bit ca vic che du d liu (steganography) nn ngi ta c th dng truyn cc thng tin b mt. Digital watermark c rt nhiu ng dng v c p dng rt nhiu vo cc lnh vc khc nhau trong thc t. Hinh IV-16 m t cc lnh vc khc nhau ca digital watermarking. Do bi ton digital watermarking kh ln v c p dng vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau. C nhiu phng php thc hin Watermarking khc nhau nh: Thc hin watermarking trong min thi gian, trong min khng gian, trong min tn s bng bin i FFT, ng ch nht hin nay l cc phng php thc hin watermarking bng cc bin i DCT(Digital Cosine Transfrom) v DWT (Digital Wavelet Transform-bin i sng con) a/ Phep bin i Wavelets dng trong Watermarking Wavelets l cc hm c nh ngha trong khong hu hn v c gi tr trung binh bng 0. tng c bn ca phep bin i sng con l khai trin hm (t) bt k nh mt xp chng ca cc sng con (wavelets) hay cc hm c s. Cc hm c s ny c c t mt wavelet nguyn mu gi l wavelet m (motherwavelet) bng cch ly t l v dch. Trong thc t tnh ton, bin i sng con ri rc thun v nghch (DWT v IDWT). Trong nhiu ng dng, dng bin i sng con a t ra u th so vi bin i Fourier ri rc DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) hay bin i cosine ri rc DCT truyn thng. Do c tnh a phn gii, s ma ho Wavelets c bit thch hp cho cc ng dng m tnh v hng v suy bin ng vai tro quan trng. Minh chng cho iu ny l bin i sng con a c dng nh mt tiu chun trong nen JPEG2000. Ngoi ra, tnh a phn gii ca Wavelets con hu ch trong vic phn phi thng ip vo i tng bao ph trong khi vn m bo tnh bn vng v cht lng hin th. Do , watermarking dng DWT d bo s sng con ca watermark sau tc ng nen c tn hao JPEG2000 trong khi vn m bo s suy gim cht lng nh cho phep. Tng qut, bin i sng con thc hin khai trin tn s - khng gian a t l ca mt nh. Khai trin ny to ra cc h s xp x v cc h s chi tit ngang, dc v cheo. Qu trinh khai trin li tip tc vi cc h s xp x cc mc phn tch cao hn. Cc h s xp x sau cng cha thng tin v bng tn thp nht trong khi cc h s chi tit cha thng tin v bng tn cao hn.

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b/ ng dng ca watermarking cho cc nh dng audio, video Cng ngh s a gip cho cng nghip truyn hinh chuyn dng tin b trn nhiu mt. Hiu sut s dng bng thng, lu tr chng trinh v phn b tn hiu a v ang c ci thin; kh nng ca thit b to ra cc hiu ng ky xo t bit, iu khng th t c trong nhng nm trc y, thi nay l mt thc t hin nhin. Tuy nhin, vic chuyn dch t tng t sang s cng gp nhiu thch thc. Trn ht, giai on nen/gii nen, ghep/tch knh v gii ma/ ma ho li. Trong thit b qung b, cc tn hiu video v audio c x l ring, sau lin kt li to thnh mt dong chng trinh. Cc chu trinh ma ho v gii ma cng vi vic tn hiu video audio c truyn theo cc nhnh ring bit thng to ra li thi gian tch luy ng k gia cc tn hiu ny. Nu cc li ny ln v khng c sa chng c th gy ra vn lip-sync (khng ng b gia ngi ni v ting pht ra) kh chu hoc ln hn na. Gii php khc phc lip - sync l thit lp dng quan h khng th xo c (indelible relationship). V d watermaker, gia tn hiu audio v tn hiu video, gn watermaker vo d liu, nhng khng th thc hin trn tn hiu video. Quan h ny c duy tri sut qu trinh sn xut v phn b chng trinh. Kt qu thi gian gia hinh nh v m thanh s c phc hi trc khi pht sng. Hang Tektronix a pht trin mt gii php mi kim sot lip - sync. l cng ngh Digital watermaking (Bng m hoc xm nh s) vo tn hiu video s. Bng m l cc thng tin ph, c ci vo tn hiu video trong tng frame, c dng cho cc mc ch ring. Cng ngh du nc ca tektronix dng nhiu gin bit mc thp biu din cc bit s ph vo tn hiu video. Vi 16 gin bit trong video frame s to knh d liu ph (knh du nc) 480 baud trong tn hiu video. Bng m c ci trong d liu video, khng nhn nhng c th gii ma d dng, cho phep phc hi d liu (payload) trong knh du nc. Payload c th c dng bt k, tuy nhin dung lng ca n khng vt qu kh nng tc ca knh du nc. Gii php sa li lip-sync ny oi hi ci vi dng tham chiu thi gian audio vo tn hiu video khi lm chng trinh. Tn hiu audio tng t ny cng c x l s (ly mu, s ho v nen) ph hp vi knh du nc, to payload v c ci vo tn hiu video. Payload c ci sn ny l im tham chiu, c gii ma v c dng lm chun so snh vi dng sng tn hiu audio gc bt k im no ca dong tn hiu ngun. Ngun ny c th c nh dng bt k vi tn hiu audio hoc video i qua. Thi gian tr gia tham chiu audio c nh du v tn hiu audio gc l do tr audio-video. Thng tin v li ny c s dng t ng iu khin mch gy tr audio ph. Cng ngh ny loi b c vn lip-sync hinh thnh t cc tn hiu
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audio v video dn ti studio v video bng nhiu ng khc nhau. Hinh 1 trinh by cc nhnh x l audio v video bng knh du nc. Trong cc xe truyn hinh lu ng b ma ho bng m ly mu tn hiu audio to tham chiu thi gian, ri ci n vo tn hiu video. Sau hai tn hiu ny c truyn ti studio qua cc nhnh ring r . Ti studio tn hiu video c thu li v dch tn xung trong my thu (IRD) ri c x l trong thit b ng b frame. Thit b ny c th iu chnh tr video trong phm vi mt ti hai frame. Sau , video v audio (thu qua mng ISDN) c da ti b gii ma bng m B gii ma ny hin th cc bng m trong tn hiu video v gii ma tham chiu thi gian ca audio. Tng quan gia tham chiu thi gian audio vi audio thu t chng trinh qua ISDN cho phep o thi gian (li lip-sync) v c s dng chun li thi gian cc tn hiu audio v video. Mt trong cc thit b sa t ng li lip-sync v hin th cc trng thi video v audio l AVDC 100 ca hang Tektronik. Thit b ny va thc hin vai tro ca b ma ho bng m pha thu. Trn y l tng quan v li lip-sync v phng php khc phc. Kinh nghim cho bit ngi xem coi lip-sync l yu t u tin v cht lng chng trinh. Vi truyn hinh s, m bo lip-sync cho thit b ma ho v gii ma trong phm vi hp l l vn rt phc tp, c bit khi tn hiu video dng nh dng surround 5.1 s hoc nhiu loi audio trong mi chng trinh. l vi mi b gii ma MPEG-2 da vo chun thi gian ci trong dong truyn (Transport Stream - TS) nhm ng b cc thnh phn audio v video trong chng trinh. Nu b ma ho khng dn ng nhan thi gian chun trong dong truyn, hoc nu b gii ma c nhm nhan thi gian do b ma ho truyn n, n khng khi phc li chng trinh ng b. ng b gia cc thnh phn trong dong truyn da trn c s ng h h thng ca b ma ho. Trn c s ng h, b ma ho dn nhan chun thi gian, c gi l chun thi gian chng trinh (PCR-Program Clock Reference). Khi dong truyn ti, b gii ma s dng PCR to ng h 27 MHz, ng nht vi ng h h thng t b ma ho. B ma ho cng ci thi gian cho cc dong audio v video s cp. Cc nhan thi gian ny, gi l nhan thi gian gii ma (DTS-Decoding Time Stamp) v nhan thi gian biu din (PTS-Presentation Time Stamp), bo cho b gii ma bit cn phi gii ma v cung cp frame hoc phn audio ring l cho ngi xem thi gian no. Nen MPEG-2 truyn cc frame video khng theo th t; mt s frame phi c gii ma trc khi biu din chng. DTS trong header ca mi gi video thng bo cho b gii ma bit thi gian m frame phi c gii ma. Nu DTS vt trc PTS i vi mt frame no , frame c gii ma v nm trong b nh m cho n thi gian biu din n. pha ma ho, mi chng trinh c dn nhan PCR, PTS v DTS
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tng ng. pha gii ma, cc PCR c a ti vong kho pha (PLL -Phase Lock Loop) to li ng h h thng ca b ma ho. iu ny m bo rng b ma ho c ng b vi b ma ho, do vy b nh m trong b gii ma khng b trn hoc vi. C mi ln ng h h thng gc c phc hi, b gii ma dng DTS v PTS trong header ca mi gi audio v video xc nh thi gian gii ma v thi gian biu din chnh xc cho gi o. 4.6. K t lu n Sau khi gii thi u khai ni m v middleware trong truy n thng a phng ti n , ma ha thng tin a c m t . Cc kin thc v nen nh MPEG -4, cc ky thut , ki n trc chuyn ma a c phn tch v gii thiu . ng thi trong chng ny cng a trinh by cc h tng qun l ni dung a phng tin , bo v bn quyn .

143

 P MANG CHNG V L
, trong o trin h by v nhiu vn lin quan ti ni mng . S phat tri n cua lp ma ng trn di n r ng t ra nhi u thach thc ky thu t trong nhi u lin h vc a phng ti n khac nhau . Trong phn tic h lu l ng ma ng , n i dung nh n mnh vo iu khin qun tr kt ni , c p pht ti nguyn v bng thng , i u khi n t c ngen cho truy n thng a phng cung nh m hinh hoa lu l ng . Sau o i m qua cac v n lin quan ti QoS trong cac h th ng n i ma ng , c bi t hng vao IP . Sau khi trinh bay cac tham s QoS , chng ta bn lun n cc yu cu QoS , duy tri am bao QoS . Trong trin h bay v cac ma ng chung c p ti cac ma ng truy c p , cc cng ngh mng loi bng rng . trung tm ca cc mng ny l cc cng ngh tc tc cao , bm bit ch t l ng cao , bm d li u qua cac ng dung l ng cao gia cac i m trong ma ng . V cui cng l mt v d v mng vn chuyn ni dung (CDN). 5.1. Gii thiu Cc h th ng a phng ti n n i ma ng cung c p nhi u thu n l i so vi cac h th ng c l p , trong khi cac ma ng a phng ti n t ra nhi u thach thc thi t k ma cc h thng vin thng khng phi ng u . Trong m t h th ng a phng ti n n i ma ng , thi t bi cua ngi s du ng c n i ti ngu n thng tin xa . M t s ho c t t ca n i dung ta o ra t cac thi t bi lu tr ho c cac b chuy n i ma u vao thi gian thc n m u o . Ngi s dng lun hy vng rng khng c s chnh lch gia cc ni dung lu tr gn v xa . Bi v y nhi m vu thi t k cac ki n truc ph n cng v phn mm ph hp cho cc ng dng ny ang l thch thc rt ln . Lin quan ti thi t k c n phai xac inh c bng thng c n thi t , gi tr trong gii ha n cho phep , t i thi u m t d li u ho c thi t k cac ng du ng va bi u din d li u khng qua nha y vi m t d li u. Vi nhng thun li ca ti n b trong cac ma ng truy n thng may tin h , c nhng ti n b ang k trong cung c p cac tiu chu n va thi t bi cho phep cac may tinh t do trao i thng tin vi nhau mc ng du ng . S truy n thng nay thng c tham chi u ti m hinh lin k t h th ng m (OSI) do ISO a ra. Cc giao thc mng khc nhau lin quan ti thit lp qua cc mng c s , cch anh ia chi va chc nng inh tuy n . N u s du ng cac gateway (cc router ) gia cc mng khc nhau vi i u ki n la tun thu m hin h OSI va c da trn cac giao thc ISO, thi lp ma ng se cung c p cac dich vu cua no c l p vi cac ma ng . Lp ma ng cng cho phep 2 h th ng k t n i qua m t ho c nhi u ma ng con , nh v y cung c p m t dich vu end -to-end th ng nh t cho lp truy n tai . Hai da ng dich vu c inh ngha: Chng nay t p trung vao lp ma ng truy n thng a phng ti n

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 inh hng k t n i (CO): trong o m t k t n i c inh c thi t l p trong

su t thi gian truy n thng nh hng phi kt ni (CL): trong o m t k t n i khng c c n n va phng phap th t t nh t c ch p thu n . 5.2. Cc chc nng mng S du ng hi u qua cac tai nguyn ma ng thc ch t la cung c p cac dich vu a phng ti n h i u qua v chi phi ma cac yu c u QoS cho cac ng du ng ma ng khac nhau vn c thoa man . Qun l lu lng hiu qu v thit k mng hiu qu lin quan ch t che vi nhau . Trong su t giai oa n quy hoa ch ma ng , quan tro ng la phi xem xet li ch nh qun l lu lng (ch ng ha n i u khi n inh tuy n va i u khi n t c ngn) trong vi c s du ng hi u qua cac tai nguyn ma ng . Khi m t quy t inh c thc hi n thi c n xem xet chc nng quan ly lu l ng nao c n ti , c u hin h ma ng va thi t k ma ng. v n v n chuy n cac dich vu a phng ti n hi u qua , ti t ki m chi phi va mc ch t l ng ch p nh n c thi h th ng truy n tai vng ch c la c n thi t . H th ng truy n tai nay am bao k t n i gia khach hang va nha cung c p dich vu , k t n i gia cac khach hang va k t n i gia cac nha cung c p dich vu . H th ng truy n tai bao g m ca h th ng truy c p va h th ng truy n tai trung k . 5.2.1. M hin h tham chi u OSI M hinh kt ni cc h thng m OSI l m hinh cn bn v cc tin trinh truyn thng, thit lp cc tiu chun kin trc mng mc Quc t, l c s chung cc h thng khc nhau c th lin kt v truyn thng c vi nhau. M hinh OSI t chc cc giao thc truyn thng thnh 7 tng, mi mt tng gii quyt mt phn hp ca tin trinh truyn thng, chia tin trinh truyn thng thnh nhiu tng v trong mi tng c th c nhiu giao thc khc nhau thc hin cc nhu cu truyn thng c th.

Hnh V-1 M hin h 7 lp OSI

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a/ Nguyn tc nh nghia cc tng h thng m M hinh OSI tun theo cc nguyn tc phn tng nh sau: M hinh gm N =7 tng. OSI l h thng m, phi c kh nng kt ni vi cc h thng khc nhau, tng thch vi cc chun OSI.
Qu trinh x l cc ng dng c thc hin trong cc h thng m, trong khi

vn duy tri c cc hot ng kt ni gia cc h thng.

Thit lp knh logic nhm thc hin vic trao i thng tin gia cc thc th.

b/ Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI

Hnh V-2 Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI Trong m hinh OSI c hai loi giao thc c s dng: giao thc hng lin kt (Connection - Oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (Connectionless). Giao thc hng lin kt: Trc khi truyn d liu, cc thc th ng tng trong hai h thng cn phi thit lp mt lin kt logic. Chng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on truyn d liu. D liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/hp d liu, nhm nng cao tin cy v hiu qu ca qu trinh truyn d liu. Sau khi trao i d liu, lin kt s c hy b. Thit lp lin kt logic s nng cao tin cy v an ton trong qu trinh trao i d liu.

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 Giao thc khng lin kt: D liu c truyn c lp trn cc tuyn khc

nhau. Vi cc giao thc khng lin kt ch c giai on duy nht truyn d liu. c/ Vai tro v chc nng ch yu cc tng Vai tro & chc nng tng ng dng (Application Layer) Xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI. Bao gm nhiu giao thc ng dng cung cp cc phng tin cho ngi s dng truy cp vo mi trng mng v cung cp cc dch v phn tn. Khi cc thc th ng dng AE (Application Entity) c thit lp, n s gi n cc phn t dch v ng dng ASE (Application Service Element). Mi thc th ng dng c th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin kt gi l i tng lin kt n SAO (Single Association Object). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng v cho phep tun t ha cc s kin truyn thng.
Vai tro & chc nng tng trinh by (Presentation Layer): Tng trinh by gii

quyt cc vn lin quan n c php v ng ngha ca thng tin c truyn. Biu din thng tin ngi s dng ph hp vi thng tin lm vic ca mng v ngc li. Thng thng biu din thng tin cc ng dng ngun v ng dng ch c th khc nhau bi cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng c th khc nhau. Tng trinh by phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din truyn thng chung cho phep chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li. Vai tro & chc nng tng phin (Session Layer): Tng phin cho phep ngi s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit lp, duy tri, huy b v ng b phin truyn thng gia h vi nhau. Ni cch khc tng phin thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc thc th u cui. Dch v phin cung cp mt lin kt gia 2 u cui s dng dch v phin sao cho trao i d liu mt cch ng b v khi kt thc thi gii phng lin kt. S dng th bi (Token) thc hin truyn d liu, ng b ha v hy b lin kt trong cc phng thc truyn ng thi hay lun phin. Thit lp cc im ng b ha trong hi thoi. Khi xy ra s c c th khi phc hi thoi bt u t mt im ng b ha a tha thun. Vai tro & chc nng tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer): L tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m, kim sot vic truyn d liu t mt ti mt (End- to -End). Th tc trong 3 tng di (vt l, lin kt d liu v mng) ch phc v vic truyn d liu gia cc tng
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k nhau trong tng h thng. Cc thc th ng tng hi thoi, thng lng vi nhau trong qu trinh truyn d liu. Tng vn chuyn thc hin vic chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i v nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. L tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Tng vn chuyn c th thc hin vic ghep knh (multiplex) mt vi lin kt vo cng mt lin kt ni gim gi thnh. Vai tro & chc nng tng mng (Network Layer): Thc hin cc chc nng chn ng (Routing i cho cc gi tin t ngun ti ch c th trong cng mt mng hoc khc mng nhau. ng c th c c nh, cng c th c nh ngha khi bt u hi thoi v c th ng i l ng (Dynamic) c th thay i vi tng gi tin tu theo trng thi ti tc thi ca mng. Trong mng kiu qung b (Broadcast) routing rt n gin. Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca tng mng l chc nng iu khin tc nghn (Congestion Control). Nu c qu nhiu gi tin cng lu chuyn trn cng mt ng thi c th xy ra tinh trng tc nghn. Thc hin chc nng giao tip gia cc mng khi cc gi tin i t mng ny sang mng khc ti ch. Vai tro & chc nng tng lin kt d liu (Data link Layer): Chc nng ch yu ca tng lin kt d liu l thc hin thit lp cc lin kt, duy tri v huy b cc lin kt d liu. Kim sot li v kim sot lu lng. Chia thng tin thnh cc khung thng tin (Frame), truyn cc khung tun t v x l cc thng ip xc nhn (Acknowledgement Frame) t bn my thu gi v. Tho g cc khung thnh chui bt khng cu trc chuyn xung tng vt l. Tng 2 bn thu, ti to chui bt thnh cc khung thng tin. ng truyn vt l c th gy li, nn tng lin kt d liu phi gii quyt vn kim sot li, kim sot lng, kim sot lu lng, ngn khng nt ngun gy ngp lt d liu cho bn thu c tc thp hn. Trong cc mng qung b, tng con MAC (Medium Acces Sublayer) iu khin vic truy nhp ng truyn. Vai tro & chc nng tng Vt l (Physical layer): Tng vt l l tng thp nht trong m hinh 7 lp OSI. Cc thc th tng giao tip vi nhau qua mt ng truyn vt l. Tng vt l xc nh cc chc nng, th tc v in, c, quang kch hot, duy tri v gii phng cc kt ni vt l gia cc h thng mng. Cung cp cc c ch v in, c hm, th tc ...nhm thc hin vic kt ni cc phn t ca mng thnh mt h thng bng cc phng php vt l. m bo cho cc yu cu v chuyn mch hot ng nhm to ra cc ng truyn thc cho cc chui bit thng tin. Cc chun trong tng vt l l cc chun xc
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nh giao din ngi s dng v mi trng mng. Cc giao thc tng vt l c hai loi truyn d b (Asynchronous) v truyn ng b (Synchronous). Tm tt chc nng cc tng nh sau: STT 1. 2. 3. Tng 7- Application 6-Presentation 5-Sesion Chc nng ch yu Giao tip ngi v mi trng mng yu cu truyn thng ca cc ng dng. bng cch thit lp, duy tri, ng b ho v huy b cc phin truyn thng gia cc ng dng 4. 5. 4-Transport 3-Network Vn chuyn thng tin gia cc my ch (End Giao thc Vn to End). Kim sot li v lung d liu. chuyn Thc hin chn ng v m bo trao i Giao thc Mng thng tin trong lin mng vi cng ngh chuyn mch thch hp. To/g b khung thng tin (Frames), kim Th tc kim sot sot lung v kim sot li. m bo cc yu cu truyn/nhn cc chui Giao din DTE bt qua cc phng tin vt l. DCE Giao thc ng dng i ma

Chuyn i c php d liu p ng Giao thc Bin Qun l cc cuc lin lc gia cc thc th Giao thc phin

6. 7.

2-Data Link 1-Physical

5.2.2. Bo hiu trong cc mng truyn thng Bo hiu l mt trong cc chc nng quan trng nht trong h tng vin thng bi vi n cho phep nhiu thnh phn mng khc nhau trao i thng tin vi nhau thit l p va giai phong cac cu c go i . Qua nhi u th p ky , nhi u giao thc bao hi u a c nghin cu va tiu chu n hoa . Mng PSTN (mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng ) ngy n ay s du ng h th ng bao hi u s 7 theo tiu chu n ITU -T Q.931. Cc h thng bo hiu trc l R2, C5... H.323 l tiu chun VoIP u tin . Ki n truc H .323 vn ang phat tri n trong nhi u lnh vc nh kin trc gatewway v t ch hp H 323 vi IN . Tuy nhin ngi ta cung xc nh c mt s hn ch ca H .323. Cc giao thc khc nh SIP (Giao thc khi ta o phin ) cng a c gii thiu nh la m t s thay th H .323. S tranh lu n cua gii cng nghi p v ki n truc bao hi u VoIP se con ti p tu c va thu hut c nhi u s quan tm , v cui cng s pht trin ny s do th trng VoIP quyt nh . Sinh vin tim hiu thm cc giao thc bo hiu SS7, H.323, SIP....
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Sinh vin tim hiu thm cc h thng bo hiu SS7, Softswitch, IMS 5.2.3. Th tc nh tuyn cho truyn thng a phng tin inh tuy n -S la cho n ng dn t lu a la m t trong nhng v n quan tro ng trong thi t k va quan ly ma ng . nh tuyn trc tip tc ng ti thng lng mng . Ngoi ra tim ra mt tuyn vt l c bng thng (ho c cac knh bc song kha dng), mc tiu thit k ca cc thut ton chn ng l tri cc lung lu lng tr n ton b mng m vn trnh c phn on ti nguyn . Cc thut ton nh tuyn theo QoS c n thi t cho t trc k t n i hi u qua . Cc thu t toan nay nghi m t ho c nhi u ng dn phu h p hng ti ic h vi m t t p h p cac yu c u QoS . M t thu t toan inh tuy n QoS phai xem xet dung l ng co th s du ng hi n ta i cua m t tai nguyn tranh t ch i ngay m t yu c u t trc va tim ra m t tuy n phu h p nh t vi QoS nay . Ti ca ti nguyn cng phi c xem xet sau quy t inh inh tuy n . M t s v n c n c giai quy t vi inh tuy n QoS la :
Bao nhiu thng tin tra ng phai c n c trao i gia cac b inh tuy n Thng tin h th ng c n c c p nh t vi t n su t nh th nao C phi c s khc bit no hay khng gia cc h thng bn ngoi v bn

trong, n u co no c thc hi n nh th nao ? C th n cc chi tit bn trong ca mt h thng t hnh hay khng? phc tp ca tnh ton ng dn co th quan ly hay khng ? 5.3. Phn tich lu l ng ma ng Thu t ng lu l ng vin thng (teletraffic) c ngha l lung thng tin hoc d li u trong cac ma ng vin thng bao g m t t ca ca c da ng nh thoa i , video, m thanh , tr chi, vn ban . Hi n nay thay vi s du ng cac knh thu ring ho c cac knh chuyn dng ca mng chuyn mch knh , cng ngh chuy n ma ch goi thng c s du ng mang lu lng ca tt c cc loi di mt khun dng thng nht : l mt dong cc gi , mi goi co m t tiu ma ng mang thng tin n i ma ng va ph n d li u thc (payload of data). Lu l ng vin thng co nhi u mc phc ta p hn ma ng c s . C th phn bi t 3 loi chung nh sau: S ph ly ong m t vai tro chinh : M c du ai o co th nghi r ng c ta p ia Internet bao g m m t loi cac knh co bng thng r t cao va cac b chuy n mch rt nhanh thi cc ngun lu lng bin mng , khong cch t bin ti loi thay i rt ln v cu hinh mng c quan h rt cht ch . Bng thng truy c p bi n i r ng , t cac modem ch m ti cac ma ng n i b Ethernet Gigabit , v truy cp di ng to ra lu l ng thay i vi cac c trng khac nhau . Cc ngu n phn b khng ng u , v d nh tp trung cc vng nh trng hc v cc tp on ln . Hn na cac dong lu l ng bi chia ra va k t h p la i
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trong cac b chuy n m ch theo nhiu khch khc nhau , v tr ca cc ngun so vi loi cung khac nhau cung vi mc phc ta p cua ngu n cung khac nhau . M c ph c ta p ta m thi lin quan ti ban ch t a lp cua nhu c u lu l ng: Cc i t ng s dng to ra cc phin duyt Web gi i v nhn v cc mu ngu nhin trong cc khong thi gian khc nhau , ng thi mc hoa t ng cua ho cung thay i ca v s l ng va ch t l ng . Cc ng dng ca ngi s du ng se t s du ng cac giao thc khac nhau ta o ra cac mu lu l ng khac nhau va cu i cung la cac i t ng thc hi n nh text , m thanh , nh, video co nhng c i m r t khac nhau .
M c ph c ta p ta m thi c mt kh p ni: T t ca cac khia ca nh trn cua

lu l ng thay i v thi gian va thc hi n trn dai r t r ng v thi gian , t mili giy cho cac goi giao thc mc ma ng LAN cho ti cac chu ky hang ngy, hng tun , hng thng v h ng nm . Di rt ln ca phm vi thi gian ny trong lu lng v c bng thng em n mt phm vi rt ln cc quan h phu thu c pha m vi trong lu l ng . Cc dch v Internet mi to ra mt s bng n lu lng . Vi h t ng ma ng vin thng hi n nay ang thc hi n nhng thay i nhanh va c ban , nn cac dich vu mi se c b sung . Vi vy nhu cu v bng thng s nhiu hn . Cc dch v mi s tri ra t t ca cac lin h vc vin thng t ma n g i n thoa i cho ti TV cap , cc mng LAN v cc truyn thng di ng , v tinh . Ngi s du ng cac vung nng thn se truy c p c ti t t ca cac dich vu Internet va ngi tiu dung di ng se co th thc hi n cac cu c gi a phng tin v ti v cc file video tc 20Mbps. Lu l ng ma ng se bi n ng nhi u hn va phc ta p hn khi cac dich vu mi c b sung . Theo o s c p phat tai nguyn ma ng hi u qua (b m bng thng ) s l m t nhi m vu ngay cang kh khn . Cc ky thut thch ng mi c th s bo bin i lu lng v cp pht ti nguyn ng se r t hu du ng . S phn tic h va m hin h hoa lu l ng ma ng t c cao la m t v n quan tro ng trong nhng nhi m vu n i ma ng va truy n thng nh thi t k , i u khi n , quy hoa ch v duy tr mng , xc nh cc phng thc gi v cht lng dch v (QoS), cng nh cung c p an ninh ma ng . Sau khi cac ma ng v n chuy n tho i, chuy n ma ch knh c s du ng, cc m hinh hp l cho quan h mng a c a ra . Tuy nhin i vi cac mng chuyn mch gi , t c cao lu l ng c cho la phc ta p hn va kho phn tch m t hn. Sinh vin tim hi u va oc thm v ky thut lu lng noi chung va ky thut lu lng multimedia. 5.4. Ch t l ng dich vu trong cac h th ng a phng tin n i ma ng
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5.4.1. nh nghia QoS Trong mi trng mng hi t, c nhiu loi ng dng v dch v nh video, thoi, d liu, ... c thc hin trn cng mt c s mng a c, nhng mi loi hinh dch v c yu cu khc nhau v bng thng, tr, tin cy... V d, yu cu ca cc ng dng thi gian thc (nh video, thoi) l tr, v bin thin tr nh, t l mt gi tin nh trong phm vi cho phep, thi cc ng dng v truyn d liu khng cn quan tm nhiu n tr, ch cn tin cy m bo khng mt gi tin v khng qu chm. Nh vy, vn t ra l lm sao cc yu cu khc nhau trn u c p ng, v va trnh lang ph ti nguyn. QoS (Quality of Service) chnh l phng thc gii quyt cc vn tn ti trn. C nhiu nh ngha v QoS, mt trong s l khuyn ngh E.800 ca t chc ITU-T (ITU-TE.800) v c bn a nh ngha QoS nh sau: QoS l mt tp hp cc nh hng ca c tnh dch v xc nh nn mc hi long ca ngi dng cui khi s dng cc dch v . Trong khi , IETF li nh ngha QoS l kh nng phn mnh hoc phn bit cc lung d liu nhm cung cp kh nng x l cc lung d liu theo cc cch khc nhau. QoS trong mng vin thng c nh ngha c th qua cc tham s ky thut. Trn nn mng IP, QoS c nh ngha theo mc gi IP hoc theo mc kt ni. mc gi IP, cc tham s QoS in hinh bao gm tr ca cc gi IP, bin thin tr ca cc gi IP, ty l mt gi IP. mc kt ni cuc gi, QoS c th c nh gi qua cc tham s nh ty l cuc gi/kt ni b chn, ty l cc cuc gi/kt ni b rt gia chng. Trong bi cnh hin nay, khi cc dch v vin thng trn nn mng IP, c bit l VoIP ngy cng tr nn ph bin v thng dng, trong khi vic xy dng mt mng bng rng p ng nhu cu ca ngi dng l kh kh thi thi c ch QoS cng c vai tro quan trng trong vic x l cc vn ang tn ti. 5.4.2. Cc m hnh QoS C ba m hinh khc nhau cho vic thc thi QoS trn mng. M hinh Best-Effort c thit k theo c ch n lc ti a, khng m bo vic truyn cc gi tin c n ch thnh cng hay khng, v m hinh ny ang l m hinh c trin khai nhiu nht trn mng Internet. M hinh Integrated Services (IntServ) c a ra theo c ch dnh sn bng thng cho cc ng dng u tin c yu cu v bng thng v tr. Differentiated Services (DiffServ) c a vo tng kh nng trong vic cung cp QoS cho cc gi tin IP. Hin nay, cc mng IP c th s dng ng thi c ba m hinh ny. Cc m hinh ny s c xem xet qua cc phn sau. a/ M hnh Best-Effort M hinh Best-Effort khng m bo QoS cho vic truyn cc gi tin. Nu cc ng dng khng yu cu m bo thi gian n ca cc gi tin cng nh yu cu bng
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thng thi m hinh best-effort l thch hp. Nu khng c cc chnh sch QoS, thi mc nh lu lng s c chuyn tip s dng m hinh Best-Effort. Tt c cc gi tin s c mng x l mt cch ging nhau. Nu khng thc thi QoS thi mng s khng phn bit c s khc nhau gia cc loi lu lng v vi th s khng c mt s u tin no cho cc loi lu lng khc nhau. M hinh ny c u im, l khng gii hn kh nng m rng, n gin v khng cn cc c ch ky thut ring nh cc m hinh khc. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca m hinh ny l cc gi tin s khng c mng m bo cc yu cu ring bit. iu ny dn n s cht lng dch v khng c m bo. Mng khng phn bit c cc loi lu lng dn n kh p dng cho cc ng dng nhy cm thi gian nh voice, video, hi ngh truyn hinh, b/ M hnh IntServ Mt s ng dng, nh l video phn gii cao, yu cu bng thng chuyn bit, ph hp cung cp cht lng ng dng yu cu. IntServ c gii thiu m bo cho hot ng ca mng c th c d on trc. IntServ c th cung cp QoS rt cao cho cc gi tin IP. V bn cht, cc ng dng bo hiu cho mng l chng s yu cu mt lng bng thng nht nh trong mt khong thi gian v bng thng s c dnh ring cho ng dng [7]. Vi IntServ, vic truyn cc gi tin c m bo. Tuy nhin, vic s dng m hinh IntServ s hn ch kh nng m rng mng. Bi vi IntServ s dnh ring bng thng t u n cui trn mng, s khng c mt lu lng no c th chim dng bng thng , nhng bng thng b chim dng m nu khng c s dng s b lang ph. u im chnh ca m hinh IntServ l m bo QoS end-to-end cho cc ng dng yu cu. Tuy nhin, m hinh ny c hn ch l kh m rng trn ton mng khi m c rt nhiu ng dng cng yu cu QoS, m hinh ny cng cn phi bo hiu lin tc nn lm tng lu lng mng. V d v QoS p dng m hinh IntServ c th hin Hinh V-3.

Hnh V-3 Vi d v QoS p dng m hnh IntServ

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c/ Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) RSVP l mt giao thc cho vic thit lp cc d tr ti nguyn. Giao thc RSVP c cc my ch s dng yu cu cc cht lng dch v c bit t mng cho cc ng dng ring bit nh cc dong d liu hay cc lung thng tin. Cc b nh tuyn cng c th s dng giao thc ny thit lp, duy tri v phn phi cc yu cu QoS cho cc node hot ng dc theo ng dn. Kt qu l cc ti nguyn s c d tr cho mi node theo ng d liu. RSVP phi mang cc thng tin sau: Thng tin phn loi, nh n m cc lung lu lng vi cc yu cu QoS c th c th c nhn bit trong mng. Thng tin ny bao gm a ch IP pha gi v pha nhn, s cng UDP. Ch tiu ky thut ca lung lu lng v cc yu cu QoS Ro rng l RSVP phi mang nhng thng tin ny t cc my ch ti tt c cc tng i chuyn mch v cc b nh tuyn dc theo ng truyn t b gi n b nhn, vi vy tt c cc thnh phn mng ny phi tham gia vo vic m bo cc yu cu QoS ca ng dng. Cch thc hot ng ca RSVP: Cch thc hot ng ca RSVP da trn vic ginh d tr ti nguyn trc khi truyn d liu. C hai loi bn tin RSVP chnh c s dng bo hiu. Bn gi s gi bn tin ng dn PATH v cc thng tin phn loi n bn nhn xc nh cc thuc tnh ca lu lng s gi. Mi node trung gian s chuyn tip b bn tin PATH ti cc node k tip. Khi nhn c bn tin PATH, bn nhn c s p ng li bng mt bn tin RESV. Bn tin RESV xc nhn phin c cha thng tin v s cng dnh ring v mc QoS m bn nhn yu cu. Cc node trung gian trn ng i c th chp nhn hay t chi cc yu cu trong bn tin RESV. Nu yu cu b t chi, b nh tuyn s gi bn tin Error cho bn nhn v qu trinh bo hiu s kt thc. Nu yu cu c chp nhn ti nguyn s c d tr cho lung v cc thng tin trng thi lin quan ca lung s c ci t vo b nh tuyn.

Hnh V-4 Hot ng ca giao thc RSVP

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Mt c im quan trng ca RSVP l vic d tr ti nguyn c thc hin bi trng thi mm. C ngha l trng thi d tr ti nguyn c lin quan ti mt b nh thi, v khi b nh thi ht hn, vic d tr trc ti nguyn c loi b. Nu bn nhn mun lu li trng thi d tr ti nguyn no, n phi u n gi cc bn tin d tr ti nguyn. Bn gi cng phi thng xuyn gi cc bn tin ny. RSVP c thit k dnh cho kin trc Intserv nhng vai tro ca n cng c m rng cho giao thc bo hiu trong MPLS. d/ M hnh DiffServ DiffServ c thit k gii quyt cc gii hn ca hai m hinh Best -Effort v IntServ. DiffServ c th cung cp mt QoS gn nh m bo, trong khi vn gi nguyn v chi ph v kh nng m rng phm vi. DiffServ l m hinh a dch v cho vic thc hin QoS trong mng. Vi DiffServ, mng s n lc phn phi cc loi dch v ring bit da trn QoS c nh ra bi mi gi tin. S nh ro ny c th xy ra theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nh l s dng cc n v ma ha dch v phn bit (differentiated services code point - DSCP) trong cc gi tin IP hoc cc a ch ngun v ch. Mng s dng s nh ro QoS ca mi gi tin phn lp, nh hinh, v kim sot lu lng v thc hin sp hng thng minh. Mt trong nhng nguyn l ct yu ca DiffServ l vic nn nh du cc gi tin cng gn bin mng thi cng tt. Vic xc nh lp lu lng cho gi d liu thng l mt nhim v kh v mt thi gian. Do nn phn lp d liu cng t ln cng tt. Bng cch nh du lu lng ti bin mng, cc thit b loi mng v cc thit b khc dc theo ng chuyn tip s c th nhanh chng xc nh lp QoS ng p dng cho mt lung lu lng a cho.

Hnh V-5 Kin trc Diffserv DiffServ tng t nh khi nim QoS mm. Vi QoS mm, cc c ch QoS c s dng m khng cn bo hiu trc. Hn na, cc c tnh QoS (bng thng, tr) c qun l theo kiu hop-to-hop bi cc chnh sch c to ra c lp ti cc
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thit b trung gian trong mng. Vi DiffServ, lu lng mng c phn chia vo cc lp da trn c s cc yu cu ca mi ng dng. Mi lp c th c gn mt mc dch v khc nhau. Khi cc gi i vo mng, mi thit b mng nhn dng lp gi v dch v theo lp . M hinh DiffServ c u im chnh, l kh nng m rng phm vi cao, v cung cp nhiu mc cht lng dch v. Tuy nhin, m hinh ny cng c hn ch l khng m bo cht lng dch v tuyt i, n oi hi mt c ch thc hin phc tp hot ng phi hp trong mng. 5.4.3. Cc tham s cht lng dch v a/ Bng thng Xet m hinh mng trn Hinh V-6

Hnh V-6 Bng thng kh dng Hinh V-6 cho ta v d v mng c ba b nh tuyn gia server v my trm. Mi kt ni s dng mt loi ng truyn khc nhau v c bng thng khc nhau. Do bng thng kh dng ln nht chnh l bng thng ca lin kt chm nht. V d vi trng hp nu trn thi Bandwidthmax = min (10 Mbps, 256 kbps, 512 kbps, 100 Mbps) = 256 kbps. Trong trng hp khng bng thng nh yu cu ca ng dng c th t ra thi s c cc vn v hiu nng kem xy ra, c bit l vi cc ng dng oi hi nhy cm v thi gian (v d nh VoIP). Bng thng l mt trong nhng yu t chnh c nh hng n QoS. Bng thng cng ln thi QoS s cng tt. Tuy nhin, ch n gin tng bng thng s khng th gii quyt ht c cc vn v tc nghn. Phng php n gin nht tng bng thng chnh l tng bng thng ca ng truyn p ng cho tt c cc ng dng v ngi dng. Mc d phng php ny nghe c v n gin, nhng tng bng thng ng truyn rt t v chi ph v tn nhiu thi gian trin khai. Trn thc t, khi mng nhanh hn thi cc lung d liu s tng ln v do vn thiu ht bng thng s li quay li.

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b/ tr tr l khong thi gian tnh t lc mt gi tin c gi i n khi n c ch. Khong thi gian ny c gi l tr end-to-end, v n bao gm tng cng cc loi tr sau.
Tr ni tip: l qu trinh sp xp cc bit trn cc mch. Tc x l ca vi

mch cng cao thi thi gian sp xp cc bit cng nh. Do , tc ng truyn cng cao thi tr ni tip cng nh. Tr truyn lan: l thi gian cc gi tin c truyn trn ng truyn vt l. Tr x l: l thi gian yu cu ca cc thit b mng tim kim ng i, thay i mo u v hon thnh cc nhim v chuyn mch khc.
Tr hng i: l thi gian mt gi tin nm ti hng i u ra. Tr hng i

ty thuc vo s lng gi tin nm trong hng i v kch c ca cc gi tin. N cng ng thi ty thuc vo bng thng ca giao din u ra cng nh c ch hng i c s dng.

Hnh V-7 Cc loi tr khi truyn gi tin qua b nh tuyn c/ bin thin tr bin thin tr l s bin thin thi gian n ch ca gi tin. bin thin tr l vn ch tn ti trong cc mng chuyn mch gi. Xet khi tn hiu thoi c truyn trong mi trng chuyn mch gi, bn gi lun hy vng truyn cc gi tin n ch mt cch tin cy vo cc khong thi gian c nh (v d gi cc khung u n mi 20ms). Cc gi tin thoi ny c th b tr trong qu trinh truyn v khng n ch ng cc khong thi gian mong mun (v d khng nhn c cc khung mi 20ms). S khc bit gia khong thi gian cc gi tin n ch mong mun v thc t c gi l bin thin tr. Ting ni qua b CODEC c s ha v chia thnh cc gi tin theo mt tc xc nh. khi phc li ting ni ti pha thu thi tc thu phi bng vi tc pha pht. Pha thu phi c b m ln cha c gi tin ti mun nht ri sp xp li trc khi khi phc ting ni. Ton b cng vic x l ny gy ra mt tr. Thng thng, lng tr ny vo khong 50 ms l chp nhn c.
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y l tham s ring bit ca ting ni. gii quyt hin tng ny, ta phi xc nh kch thc b m hp l, thng qua hai cch : o cc mc gi tin khc nhau ca b m trn ton b thi gian v iu chnh kch thc b m thch hp. Cch ny ch ph hp vi loi mng n nh nh cc mng cc b, mng ATM.
m s lng gi tin n mun v tnh ty l ca chng trn tng s gi tin

nhn c trong sut tin trinh. T ty l ny, ta c th sa li kch thc b m. Cch ny rt thng dng. d/ Mt gi tin Mt gi tin l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy nn cht lng kem trong cc mng VoIP. N c tnh bi ty l gi tin khng nhn c chia cho tng s gi tin a gi. Thng thng, mt gi tin xy ra khi cc b nh tuyn b y b m.

Hnh V-8 Minh ha hin tng trn b m Mt s nguyn nhn dn n vic trn b m l: B x l trung tm qu bn v khng th x l thnh cng cc gi tin B nh tuyn s dng ht khng gian b m
CPU qu bn v khng th gn gi tin mi vo b m B nh tuyn nhn thy c li khung d liu, v d nh li kim tra CRC

Sinh vin tim hiu th m v ch t lng dich vu trong cac mang th h sau (NGN), c ch am bao QoS trong IMS. 5.5. Mng vin thng th h sau NGN 5.5.1. M hnh kin trc chc nng NGN Khuyn ngh Y.2001 ca ITU-T nh ngha v mng th h k tip nh sau: Mng th h k tip l mng chuyn mch gi c kh nng cung cp cc dich vu vin thng v to ra ng dung bng thng rng, cc cng ngh truyn ti m bo cht lng dich vu v trong cc chc nng dich vu c lp vi cc cng ngh truyn ti lin quan. N cho phep truy nhp khng gii hn ti mng v l mi trng cnh tranh

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gia cc nh cung cp dich vu trn cc kiu dich vu cung cp. N h tr tnh di ng ton cu cho cc dich vu cung cp ti ngi s dung ng nht v m bo. Di gc kin trc mng, mng th h k tip NGN c mt s c im sau: Truyn ti trn nn chuyn mch gi;
Tch bit cc chc nng iu khin vi cc kh nng mang, cuc gi/ phin v

ng dng/ dch v;
Tch ring vic cung cp dch v khi mng v cung cp cc giao din m; H tr tt c cc dch v, cc ng dng v cc ky thut da trn khi xy dng

dch v (bao gm dch v thi gian thc, phn loi dch v, dch v phi thi gian thc v dch v a phng tin);
Kh nng cung cp bng thng rng vi QoS u cui ti u cui v truyn

ti trong sut; Tng tc vi cc mng truyn thng thng qua cc giao din m;
Tnh linh ng ca thit b u cui; Truy nhp khng hn ch cho ngi dng ti cc nh cung cp dch v khc

nhau;
a dng v k hoch nhn dng gii quyt a ch IP cho mc ch nh

tuyn trong mng IP; Cc dch v c hi t chung thnh mt h tng dch v duy nht di gc t pha ngi s dng; Hi t dch v gia mng c nh v mng di ng; Cung cp cc chc nng cho phep trin khai cc dch v c lp theo lp; NGN tp hp c u im ca cc cng ngh mng hin c, tn dng bng thng rng v lu lng truyn ti cao ca mng gi p ng s bng n nhu cu lu lng thoi truyn thng hin nay v nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin ca ngi dng u cui. S tch bit mt bng truyn ti v dch v trong NGN to iu kin trin khai dch v ca cc bn th 3 c mm do v khng ph thuc vo cc cng ngh lp truyn ti. Cc chc nng ca ngi dng kt ni vi NGN thng qua giao din ngi dng-mng UNI (User Network Interface), giao din NNI (Network Network Interface) v giao (Application Network Interface) s dng cho cc ng cp dch v th 3. M hinh kin trc chc nng ca khuyn ngh Y.2012 ch ra trn Hinh V-9. kt ni lin mng thng quan din ng dng mng ANI dng pht trin ca nh cung NGN do ITU-T a ra trong

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Hnh V-9 Kin trc chc nng tng quan ca NGN a/ Cc chc nng truyn ti Cc chc nng truyn ti m nhim chc nng kt ni cho cc thnh phn mng v nm trong lp truyn ti ca NGN. Lp truyn ti c chia thnh hai vng mng: Vng mng truy nhp v vng mng loi, cc chc nng truyn ti chnh c lit k di y. Cc chc nng truy nhp: Tng thch vi cng ngh truy nhp v qun l cc truy nhp ngi dng u cui ti mng NGN. Cc chc nng truyn ti truy nhp: Chu trch nhim mang thng tin qua mng truy nhp, cung cp cc ky thut iu khin cht lng dch v cho lu lng ngi s dng bao gm: qun l hng i, xp hng v lp lch, lc gi, phn loi lu lng, nh du, lp chnh sch v chia ct lu lng. Cc chc nng bin: c s dng x l lu lng khi lu lng truy nhp c ghep hp vo mng loi. Cc chc nng truyn ti mng li: m bo truyn ti thng tin qua mng loi. Cc chc nng ny cung cp phng tin phn bit cc cht lng truyn ti di s iu khin ca cc chc nng iu khin truyn ti. Thm vo , chng cung cp cc ky thut iu khin lu lng ngi dng. Cc chc nng iu khin gn mng NACF (Network Attachment Control Functions): Cung cp cc ng k ti mc truy nhp v khi to cc chc nng ngi s dng u cui cho phep truy nhp ti cc dch v NGN. Cc chc nng ny h tr nhn dng v nhn thc mc mng, qun l khng gian a ch IP ca mng truy nhp v nhn thc cc phin truy nhp. Chng cng chu trch nhim chuyn thng tin
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t cc im cng tc ca cc chc nng dch v v ng dng NGN ti ngi dng u cui h tr thit b u cui ng k v khi to cc dch v NGN. Cc chc nng iu khin qun tri v ti nguyn RACF (Resource and admission control function): Cung cp cc chc nng iu khin cng v iu khin qun tr nh iu khin a ch mng, bin dch a ch cng v qun l cc dch v phn bit, xc lp v p ng cc ti nguyn yu cu. RACF tng tc vi cc chc nng truyn ti iu khin cc chc nng thuc lp truyn ti nh: Lc gi, phn loi lu lng, nh du v lp chnh sch, d phong v ch nh bng thng. Chc nng d liu ngi dng truyn ti: Gm thng tin ca ngi s dng v cc thng tin iu khin, chc nng ny c kh nng tng tc v phi hp vi cc c s d liu ca cc chc nng khc trong NGN. Chc nng cng a phng tin: Cung cp cc kh nng lin kt ni ni vi cc mng khc. Chc nng x l phng tin MHF (Media Handling Functions): H tr cc dch v nh to m bo, chuyn ma v cung cp cu ni cho cuc gi hi ngh. b/ Cc chc nng dch v Dch v mng th h k tip bao gm cc dch v da trn phin v khng da trn phin, v d nh dch v in thoi IP v hi tho truyn hinh l cc dch v trn phin v dch v qung b l dch v khng da trn phin. Ngoi ra, NGN h tr cc chc nng vi dch v mng hin ti PSTN/ISDN v cc thit b u cui trong cc mng truyn thng. Cc chc nng iu khin v dich vu: Gm cc chc nng iu khin phin, chc nng ng k cng nh cc chc nng nhn thc v trao quyn ti lp dch v. Chc nng d liu ngi s dung dich vu: Gm cc thng tin ngi s dng v thng tin iu khin dch v, chc nng ny c kh nng tng tc v phi hp vi cc c s d liu ca cc chc nng khc trong NGN. Cc chc nng ng dung: c s dng bi cc nh cung cp dch v th 3 cung cp truy nhp ti cc nng lc v ngun ti nguyn ca lp dch v NGN thng qua cc my ch hoc cng gateway trong lp dch v. Cc chc nng ng dng ny l khng th thiu, do NGN h tr cc giao din lp trinh m API (Application Programmable Interface), cho phep nh cung cp dch v th 3 s dng nng lc ca NGN kin to cc dch v gia tng cho ngi dng NGN. c/ Cc chc nng qun l Cc chc nng qun l cho phep cc nh iu hnh NGN qun l mng v cung cp cc dch v NGN vi cc yu cu v cht lng, an ton v tin cy. Cc chc nng ny c phn tn trong cc thc th chc nng ca NGN v tng tc vi cc thc th qun l thnh phn mng, qun l mng v chc nng qun l dch v.
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d/ Cc chc nng ngi s dng u cui Mng th h k tip cung cp tt c cc giao din ti ngi s dng u cui khng gii hn kiu giao din khch hng, t cc thit b u cui thoi truyn thng ti cc mng phc hp, cc thit b ngi dng c nh hay di ng. 5.5.2. M hnh phn lp NGN chi tit v v tr chc nng ca chuyn mch mm trong kin trc NGN, ta xem xet m hinh phn lp NGN v cc thnh phn thit b trong m hinh phn lp NGN nh ch ra trn Hinh V-10. M hinh phn lp NGN c chia thnh 4 lp: Lp truy nhp,
Lp truyn ti, Lp iu khin v Lp dch v.

Cc thnh phn chc nng c tm tt di y: a/ Lp truy nhp Lp truy nhp mng c chc nng kt ni cc thit b u cui ti mng NGN v chuyn i cc khun dng d liu ti lp truyn ti. Cc thnh phn thit b c bn ca lp truy nhp gm c: Thit bi kt cui IP: Cc thit b kt cui IP nh in thoi IP, tng i PBX IP l cc thit b kt cui thng minh, thng hot ng da trn cc giao thc H.323 hoc SIP. Thit bi truy nhp tch hp IAD (Integrated Access Device): L cc thit b s dng truy nhp ti cc thu bao (tng t, ADSL, IP) trong NGN. Cng truy nhp AGW (Access Gateway): Hot ng nh mt giao din pha ng dy ti mng loi IP, kt ni vi cc kiu truy nhp: thu bao tng t, truy nhp thu bao ISDN, V5, tng i PABX v ng dy thu bao s xDSL. Mng truy nhp AN (Access Network): AN cung cp cc kt ni gia thit b pha khch hng v cng truy nhp. AN gm nhiu chc nng ph thuc vo cng ngh truy nhp. in thoi SIP: L thit b a phng tin hot ng vi giao thc SIP. in thoi H323: L thit b a phng tin hot ng vi giao thc H.323. Cng bo hiu SG (Signalling Gateway): SG cung cp giao din gia mng IP v mng bo hiu trong PSTN. SG kt cui cc lin kt bo hiu s 7 v cung cp cc chc nng MTP1, MTP2.

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Hnh V-10 Kin trc phn lp mng th h k tip NGN Cng trung k a phng tin TMG (Trunking Media Gateway): Nm gia mng chuyn mch knh v mng IP, cung cp cc chc nng chuyn i thng tin d liu ngi dng, ng gi d liu v iu khin lu lng gia hai mng. B iu khin bin SBC (Session Border Controller): Nm ti vng bin qun tr ca mng IP a ra cc chnh sch v iu khin thit lp cc phin a phng tin lin min. b/ Lp truyn ti Cc thnh phn chc nng ca lp truyn ti gm cc thit b chuyn mch v nh tuyn lp 3. Lp truyn ti da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi v cung cp ti cc khch hng mt h tng chung v tch hp m bo: tin cy cao, Cht lng dch v v nng lc truyn ti ln. Gii php cng ngh chuyn mch MPLS p ng c cc tiu ch trn v l cng ngh chuyn mch c la chn cho lp truyn ti NGN. c/ Lp iu khin Lp iu khin ng dng cng ngh chuyn mch mm thc hin: iu khin cuc gi thi gian thc v iu khin kt ni. Chuyn mch mm, c bit n nh l cc thit b iu khin cng a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller), My ch cuc gi CS (Call Server) v Call Agent l cc thit b loi mng NGN. Chuyn mch mm c t ti mng ca nh cung cp dch v v x l cc chc nng iu khin v bo hiu cuc gi, duy tri trng thi cuc gi trong mng. Chuyn mch m m

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tng tc vi cc my ch ng dng cung cp cc chc nng khng h tr trc tip ti n. Cc chc nng c bn ca chuyn mch mm gm: iu khin cuc gi iu khin truy nhp cng a phng tin
iu khin cng bo hiu iiu khin cng bin Ch nh ti nguyn X l giao thc nh tuyn Nhn thc Tnh cc

Chuyn mch mm cng hot ng nh mt im chuyn mch bo hiu SSP cung cp cc dch v thng minh IN cho ngi dng SIP. d/ Lp dch v Lp dch v cung cp cc dch v gia tng gi tr v cc chc nng h tr iu hnh, lp dch v gm c mt s thnh phn chnh sau: H thng h tr iu hnh OSS (Operation Support System): Gm cc h thng tnh cc, h thng qun l v iu hnh mng qun l v iu khin cc thnh phn trong mng NGN. My chu ng dung AS: To v qun l cc dch v gia tng gi tr v cc dch v thng minh IN, cung cp h tng cho cc nh pht trin th 3 pht trin cc dch v qua giao din lp trinh m API. My chu phng tin MS (Media Server): X l lung a phng tin, cung cp cc dch v m bo nh: dch v hi nghi, p ng thoi tng tc t ng, ghi m thng bo v cc dch v m bo tin tin. im iu khin dich vu SCP (Service Control Point): L thnh phn loi trong mng thng minh truyn thng, c s dng lu d liu thu bao v cc logic dch v. SCP khi to logic dch v da trn cc s kin cuc gi nhn c t im chuyn mch dch v SSP. SCP truy vn c s d liu dch v v c s d liu thu bao bng cc logic dch v v gi cc lnh iu khin cuc gi ti SSP. Video Server: Lp lch v qun l cc hi ngh Video v cung cp cc hi ngh video ti ngi dng NGN. 5.5.3. Phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) Nh trong chng I a trinh by, mt trong cc xu hng hi t mng l xu hng hi t mng di ng v mng c nh trn nn IP c thc hin qua phn h IMS. Kin trc iu khin chuyn mch mm c thc hin trong phn h a phng tin IP da trn mt s giao thc bo hiu k tha t h thng mng di ng v mng
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Internet. Trong mc ny trinh by khi qut kin trc phn h IMS v giao thc bo hiu c ng dng trong IMS iu khin cc cuc gi v gia cc phn t mng trong hng tip cn ny. tng chnh ca IMS l cung cp dch v Internet mi ni, ti mi thi im bng cch s dng cng ngh di ng t ong. Pht trin phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) gm 3 ng lc c bn:
y mnh cht lng dch v. Chnh sch cc ph vi cc dch v IP. Cung cp dch v tch hp v h tr nh pht trin th 3 cung cp dch v.

Phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) l phn mng c xy dng b sung cho cc mng hin ti nhm thc hin nhim v hi t mng c nh v di ng cung cp dch v a phng tin cho khch hng u cui. IMS l mt phn ca kin trc mng th h k tip c cu thnh v pht trin bi t chc 3GPP v 3GPP2 h tr truyn thng a phng tin hi t gia thoi, video, audio vi d liu v hi t truy nhp gia 2G, 3G v 4G vi mng khng dy. IMS c thit k da trn SIP cho phep truyn a phng tin cc trn cc phng tin truyn thng qua h tng mng bt k. Cc thnh t yu cu pht trin IMS nhm hng mt s c im sau: Tch lp u cui v truyn ti khi lp iu khin phin; Qun l phin qua cc dch v thi gian thc; Tng thch vi dch v mng thng minh tin tin; Tng tc trong sut vi cc mng TDM trc y; Hi t dch v mng khng dy v dch mng ng dy; Pha trn thoi vi cc dch v thi gian thc; Thng nht ky thut chia s thng tin thuc tnh ngi dng qua dch v; Thng nht ky thut nhn thc v qung b ngi dng u cui; M ra giao din chun v giao din lp trinh ng dng. Phn h a phng tin IP ng vai tro trung tm trong vic cung cp cc dch v da trn phin ca NGN. IMS da trn cc giao thc IP c nh ngha bi IETF v 3GPP. IMS gn nh c lp vi cng ngh mng truy nhp mc d trong c mt s chc nng lin quan ti truyn ti. Giao thc bo hiu s dng trong IMS l giao thc bo hiu khi to phin, c s dng to, sa i v kt thc cc phin kt ni dch v. Phn h a phng tin IP phn tch mng loi v mng truy nhp, nhm gii quyt vn kt ni ca cc cng ngh truy nhp khng dy ti cng mt mng loi truyn ti. Mt trong nhng c tnh c bn nht ca IMS l h tr tnh di ng ca ngi dng, trong c im ny s tch bit gia mng loi v mng truy nhp c mt ngha
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c bit quan trng, ngi dng c th chuyn t mt mng truy nhp ny sang mt mng truy nhp khc m truy nhp ti cc dch v mng loi vn c duy tri. Cc thc th chc nng ca IMS c trinh by trn Hinh V-11 v cc chc nng ca cc thc th c lit k di y:

Hnh V-11 Kin trc chc nng phn h IMS My chu ng dung AS (Application Server): Cung cp iu khin dch v cho IMS, AS c th kt ni trc tip ti chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi S-CSCF (Serving Call Session Control Function) hoc qua cng kt ni kin trc dch v m ti cc ng dng ca nh cung cp th 3 qua im tham chiu ISC (IMS Service Control). Giao din iu khin ISC da trn SIP v cc thng tin iu khin c mang trong bn tin SIP. AS c th tng tc vi My ch thu bao nh HSS (Home Subcriber Server) qua giao din Sh truy vn cc thng tin thu bao. Mt s dch v c h tr bi AS gm c cc dch v hin din, iu khin hi ngh v tnh cc trc tuyn. Chc nng iu khin cng bin BGCF (Border Gateway Control Function): Nhn cc yu cu phin chuyn ti S-CSCF hoc ti BGCF khc. Kh nng la chn c BGCF trong mt mng khc cho phep ti u nh tuyn t mng khch ti mng PSTN. Cc chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi CSCF (Call Session Control Functions): Chu trch nhim iu khin c tnh phin, nh tuyn v ch nh ti nguyn vi cc thnh phn khc ca mng. Khi SIP cho phep thit b u cui khi to cuc gi, CSCF ch nh ti nguyn v nh tuyn cc bn tin SIP ti u cui b gi. Nu pha b gi thuc mng PSTN, CSCF nh tuyn bn tin SIP ti BGCF, BGCF la chn chc nng iu khin a phng tin MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function) thc hin chuyn i bo hiu. Kin trc IMS gm 3 kiu CSCF: Chc nng phc v iu khin phin cuc gi S-CSCF, Chc nng truy vn iu khin phin cuc gi lin iu hnh I-CSCF (Interrogating Call Sesion Control Function) v chc nng cng Proxy iu khin phin cuc gi (Proxy-CSCF).
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 S-CSCF ng vai tro chc nng ng k, S-CSCF chp nhn cc yu cu ang

k SIP v to ra lin kt gia nhn dng ngi dng v nh v u cui. SCSCF ly cc thng tin thu bao t HSS bao gm tiu chun lc ch th AS cung cp cc dch v iu khin cho thu bao. h tr iu khin dch v, SCSCF tng tc vi cc AS qua bo hiu SIP. Trong giai on thit lp hoc sa i phin, S-CSCF gim st giao thc m t phin SDP m bo phin lm vic trong phm vi cho phep. S-CSCF cng thc hin chc nng nh tuyn cc bn tin SIP i din cho ch gi, ng k hoc hy b cc ng k ca ngi dng.
I-CSCF phc v nh mt im tip xc gia IMS v cc mng khc, n thc

hin chc nng Proxy khng trng thi, nhn trc tip cc yu cu SIP ti SCSCF, gn ti ngi dng, hoc la chn S-CSCF. P-CSCF phc v nh mt im tip xc gia IMS v thu bao, n thc hin chc nng Proxy trng thi y , gi cc yu cu ng k ca SIP t UE ti I-CSCF nm trong mng nh. P-CSCF cng m bo nhn dng ngi dng c chn vo cc yu cu khi to SIP. My chu thu bao nh HSS: Cha c s d liu thu bao cho IMS, n h tr chc nng nhn thc v trao quyn cng nh l gi cc bn ghi thu bao IMS. Ngoi ra HSS con lu tr cc d liu gn ca S-CSCF. Chc nng iu khin cng a phng tin MGCF: H tr lin kt ni gia IMS v PSTN. MGCF thc hin vic chuyn i bn tin SIP v bn tin ISUP cng nh iu khin cng a phng tin. Cng a phng tin: Kt cui cc knh mang t mng chuyn mch knh v cc lung lu lng a phng tin t cc mng gi, thc hin chc nng chuyn i phng tin. B iu khin chc nng ti nguyn a phng tin MRFC (Media Resource Function Controller): iu khin ti nguyn cc lung a phng tin ph hp vi cc dch v a phng tin da trn cc thng tin t AS hoc cc im cui SIP. B x l chc nng ti nguyn phng tin MRFP (Media Resource Function Processor): h tr cc chc nng nh ghep lung a phng tin, to tone v thng bo, phn tch v chuyn i phng tin. Chc nng inh vi thu bao SLF (Subscription Locator Function): Hot ng nh mt im cui trong h thng phn cp HSS. N c truy vn bi mt I-CSCF trong giai on ng k vo thit lp phin xc nh tn ca HSS c cha d liu thu bao.

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Thit bi ngi dng UE (User Equipment): i din cc chc nng ca thit b u cui, nhn bit cc quyn hn ca mng truy nhp m n kt ni ti. UE h tr cc chc nng SIP c nh ngha bi IMS. Sinh vin tim hiu thm v c u truc ma ng GSM, GPRS, 3G... 5.5.4. Xu hng pht trin NGN tin ti mng NGN mc tiu, l trinh chuyn i t h tng mng c sang mng NGN rt khc nhau i vi tng Quc gia, tng nh khai thc mng. Nhng nhng giai on chuyn dch c ch ra di y c coi l nhng giai on c bn ca xu hng pht trin NGN. Giai oan 1: Gii php chuyn mch mm. Mc tiu ca giai on ny l lm gim gi thnh ca qu trinh pht trin v khai thc mng, h thng chuyn mch mm c coi l tm im ca NGN v cho phep tch chc nng ng dng, iu khin cuc gi v kt ni. Cng nh ti s dng li cc h thng thit b trong mng vin thn g TDM truyn thng, c bit l mng truy nhp. Giai oan 2: Gii php IMS. Giai on chuyn dch tip theo giai on s dng chuyn mch mm l a thm phn h bo hiu da trn IP, khng ch to ra cc dch v a phng tin mi m con l phng tin hi t mng di ng v mng c nh. Giai oan 3: Hi t trn nn IMS. Giai on ny l giai on thay th cc thit b u cui truy nhp, cc cng truy nhp hon ton tng thch vi mi trng NGN. Cc cng truy nhp cung cp cc dch v thoi qua mng IP v c iu khin bi cc giao thc iu khin knh mang. IMS phn tch hn na cc chc nng ca chuyn mch mm. Cc chc nng c bn ca chuyn mch mm nh chc nng iu khin cuc gi, c s d liu ngi dng, v dch v c iu khin bi cc n v tch bit trong IMS (Hinh V-12).

Hnh V-12 So snh chc nng chuyn mch mm v IMS

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Chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi CSCF x l cc phin, sa i v gii phng cc phin a phng tin IP s dng giao thc SIP. Cc c tnh dch v c tch khi iu khin cuc gi v c x l bi cc my ch ng dng. Chc nng c s d liu ngi s dng c tch khi chc nng logic cuc gi v x l bi my ch thu bao nh HSS thng qua giao din m. 5.6. Cc mng truy cp bng rng 5.6.1. Cng ngh truy nhp xDSL Cc cng ngh xDSL c thit k gii hn 6 dB ty s tn hiu trn tp m SNR. iu ny c ngha l cc dch v xDSL c cc li bt BER l 10-7 khi nng lng tn hiu nhiu l 6 dB tc ln hn m hinh xuyn m c nh ngha l "ti nht". Trong nhiu trng hp, m hinh xuyn m ti nht l trong nhm 50 i dy c 49 ngun nhiu xuyn m. Nu ch c nhiu Gaussian, 6 dB SNR gy ra mc li l 10-24. Tuy nhin trn thc t, nhiu thng l non-Gaussian. Do trn thc t, vi mc 6 dB m bo cc dch v DSL hot ng BER tt hn 10-9 v cc DSL s cung cp dch v tin cy thm ch khi mi trng truyn dn kem hn mc binh thng.
Tc bit tn hiu hng v
52m 26m 13m 6m 3m 2m 1.5m 400k 144k

3 kft 4 kft 9 kft

1 kft VDSL 1 kft 3 kft

ADSL
12 kft BRI (15 kft) 144k 640k

E1-HDSL (7 kft) DS1-HDSL (9 kft) 1.5M 2M

13M

26M

Tc bit pht (bit/s t khch hng)

Hnh V-13 Tc bit DSL cng vi di mch vong cho dy 26 AWG (khng c b lp) Gi tr 6 dB xut pht t tiu chun ANSI ISDN c bn trong T1D1.3 (trc l T1E1.4) vo nm 1985 do Richard McDonald ca Bellcore a ra. Nh m t T1E1.4/95-133, gii hn 6 dB vn l gi tr hp l. Gii hn ny p dng cho nhiu loi cp khc nhau (cp b lao ho, cp ni, cp t), nhiu b sung trung tm chuyn mch CO, dy thu bao, cc ngun nhiu khc, thit k b thu pht khng hon ho, li do sn xut. Mc gii hn thit k l s kt hp gia vic m bo hot ng tin cy trong mi trng hp v kh nng cho phep di mch vong ti a. Cc
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phng php truyn dn phc tp c th t c cht lng lm vic tt hn, nhng vn cn cc gii hn thit k. Tuy nhin, cc h thng o gii hn khi khi ng c th cung cp cho ngi lp t ngay lp tc ch s cho bit liu mch vong c gii hn hay khng. Sau ngi lp t phi hiu chnh v d nh tim i dy tt hn hoc loi b cc cu r. C kin cho rng h thng c ch s thi gian thc ca gii hn truyn dn c th s dng vi mc gii hn l 5 dB. Tuy nhin, thay i gii hn thit k 1 hoc 2dB ch m rng phm vi mch vong truy nhp khong 1 di mch vong. a/ HDSL
HDSL nguyn bn

Khi nim ban u v HDSL (ng dy thu bao s tc cao) xut hin vo nm 1986 phong th nghim AT&T Bell v Bellcore. Cc thit k thit b thu pht HDSL thc cht l thit k ISDN c bn mc cao hn. H thng HDSL mu xut hin nm 1989. Thit b HDSL u tin c Bell Canada a vo hot ng vo nm 1992 do cng ty Tellabs Operation Inc sn xut. Nm 1997 trn th gii a c khong 450000 ng dy HDSL ang hot ng trong c khong 250000 ng dy HDSL Bc My. Mi nm c hn 150000 ng dy HDSL c lp t. Thng 10 nm 1998, ITU thng qua khuyn ngh G.991.1 cho HDSL th h th nht, tiu chun ny da trn tiu chun ETSI TM-03036. ITU bt u nghin cu xy dng khuyn ngh HDSL th h th 2 (HDSL2) gi l G.991.2. Nhu cu cho HDSL ngy cng ro rt khi h thng truyn dn E1 v T1 khng s dng nh mc ch nguyn thy ni lin i v d on s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc ng dy ring ni t trung tm chuyn mch n khch hng. Li ch ca HDSL l rt ln do khng cn c cc b lp trung gian. Mi b lp phi c tnh ton sao cho m bo mi on dy nm trong gii hn suy gim cho phep. Tn hiu lp c th gy ra xuyn m nghim trng; do cn phi quan tm c bit khi thit k cc thit b lp sao cho trnh c xuyn m qu mc ti h thng truyn dn khc. B lp c t trong hp my trong hm cp hoc trn ct. Cc hp my thng phi c gn vi cp. Cc hp my c gi thnh cao hn cc b lp n bo v. Hng b lp cn phi sa cha ti ch. Cc b lp thng thng c cp ngun t ng dy, cn phi c mt ng dy ring cp ngun t CO. Phn ln ngun cp t CO u lang ph do tiu hao trn in tr mch vong v do vy cp ngun khng hiu qu. HDSL truyn ti hai hng 1,544Mbit/s hoc 2,048 Mbit/s trn ng dy in thoi di n 3,7 km (12 kft) vi i dy xon 0,5 mm (24 AWG) khng c b lp trung gian v c th tng chiu di ln gp i vi 1 b lp trung gian. Hn 95% ng dy HDSL khng c b lp. HDSL l phng thc truyn dn tin cy cho tt c cc vng phc v vi t l li bt l 10-9 n 10-10. H thng HDSL DS1 (1,544 Mb/s)
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s dng hai i dy, mi i dy truyn 768 kbit/s ti hiu dng (784 kbit/s) tnh trn mi hng. Do thut ng song cng c s dng m t h thng truyn dn HDSL. Xem Hinh V-14 , H thng HDSL E1 (2048 kbit/s) c th la chn s dng hai hoc 3 i dy, mi i dy s dng hon ton song cng. HDSL 2,048 Mbit/s 3 i dy s dng b thu pht rt ging b thu pht h thng 1,544 Mbit/s. Mch vong HDSL 2,048 Mbit/s c th c mch r nhng khng c cun cn bng.
Thu pht ti tng Thu pht pha ngi i trung tm Mch vong ni ht s dng (hai i dy) Data Data DSI DSI Pump Pump 784kbit/s ilnterf ilnterf song song and and framer framer Data Data Pump Pump 784kbit/s song song Thit b ngi s dng

Mng

DSX-1

ANSI T1.403

Hnh V-14 H thng truyn dn song cng kep Mc d ban u HDSL c m t l cng ngh cn lp, nhng cc b lp HDSL vn thng c s dng trn ng dy HDSL khng b lp c chiu di t 2,75 km n 3,7 km (9 n 12 kft). i vi dy 0,5mm, c th t c 7,3 km khi s dng mt b lp v 11 km (36 kft) khi dng 2 b lp. di thc s c th thp hn nhng ni khng th t c b lp chnh xc v tr trung gian. Ban u h thng HDSL hai b lp c cp ngun bng cch, b lp th nht c cp qua ng dy t CO, b lp th hai c cp ngun t pha thu bao. Vic cp ngun t pha thu bao c hn ch v qun l v bo dng. Do ngun tiu th t cc b thu pht ngy nay l nh nn ngi ta c th cp ngun cho c hai b lp t ngun ca CO. Gi thnh bo dng hng nm ca HDSL thp hn ng dy T1/E1 bi vi ng dy HDSL t hng b lp hn, tin cy truyn dn cao, cc kh nng chn on li ci tin. Ngc li, ng dy T1/E1 him khi c thay th bi ng dy HDSL mi do gi thnh lp t ng dy mi cao.
Truyn dn HDSL

Truyn dn song cng 2B1Q c mch hn hp trit ting vng c s dng cho hu ht cc h thng HDSL trn th gii. Mt s ni Chu u s dng h thng a tn ri rc v AM/PM khng sng mang (CAP). i vi truyn dn 1,544 Mbit/s, truyn dn song cng kep s dng mi i dy truyn mt na ca ti hai hng (768 kbit/s) cng vi 16 kbit/s overhead dng ng khung v knh thng tin khai thc (eoc). Hai i dy to nn h thng truyn dn 1,544 Mb/s. Bi vi c hai i dy cng truyn thng tin overhead ging nhau nn thit b thu s chn mt trong hai dy thu overhead. Thng thng thit b thu s chn dy c t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) tt hn.
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C mt vi gii php c la chn cho h thng HDSL nguyn thuy: song cng n, n cng kep v song cng kep. Song cng n ch cn s dng mt i dy v mt cp thit b thu pht mi u ca ng dy. Hai hng truyn dn c th c tch bit bng ghep knh theo tn s (FDM) hoc bng truyn dn hn hp trit ting vng. Tuy nhin, truyn ton b ti trn hu ht cc mch vong u da trn cng ngh u nhng nm 90. Hn na, di thng ln cn phi quan tm n tng thch ph vi cc h thng truyn dn khc. H thng HDSL 1,544 Mbit/s i dy n (i khi gi gi l SDSL) pht trin vo u nhng nm 90 c di mch vong t hn 1,82km trn i dy 0,4mm; do c khong ngn ny a hn ch rt ln kh nng s dng ca n. Ch vi ky thut tin tin xut hin vo cui nm 90 thi truyn dn 1,544 Mbit/s n song cng mi tr thnh hin thc. HDSL2 p dng truyn dn song cng n. Truyn dn n cng kep s dng hai i dy, vi mt i dy truyn ton b ti theo mt hng v i dy th hai truyn ton b ti theo hng ngc li. Phng php ny rt n gin tch tn hiu hai hng khc nhau ca truyn dn. Khai thc T1 truyn thng s dng truyn dn n cng kep. Truyn dn n cng kep c nhc im truyn tn hiu c bng tn ln do c suy hao ln v xuyn m tn s cao. Do c xuyn m cc tn hiu truyn trn hai i dy khng hon ton tch bit. Do cc thit b thu pht n cng kep c th n gin hn nhng hot ng kem hn song cng kep. Truyn dn song cng kep ci tin di mch vong v tng thch ph bng cch gi mt na thng tin trn mi i dy. HDSL gim bng tn ca tn hiu truyn bng cch s dng truyn dn ECH truyn hai hng cng mt bng tn. Nng lng tn hiu truyn ca HDSL song cng kep gim dn i vi tn s ln hn 196 kHz. Kt qu l tn hiu xuyn m v suy hao gim. Mt u im khc ca truyn dn song cng kep l s dng mt i dy c th d dng cung cp h thng truyn dn na tc .
HDSL th h th hai (HDSL2)

Tiu chun cho cng ngh HDSL th h th hai xut hin vo nm 1995 c tc bit v di mch vong ging nh HDSL th h th nht ch khc l s dng mt i dy thay vi hai i dy. Gim s lng i dy l rt quan trng bi vi rt nhiu LECs thiu cc i dy d mt s vng. HDSL2 c ky thut ma ho cao v iu ch phc tp hn. La chn ky cng tn s pht v thu cho HDSL2 chng li xuyn m. Cc phin bn mi ca HDSL mn nhiu tng t ADSL. Phin bn tng thch tc dng nh a xut hin. Ngi ta ang xem xet t bng tn s cho HDSL ln trn bng tn thoi tng t hoc trn ISDN c bn. Thut ng SDSL (DSL i xng hay DSL i dy n) cng c s dng m t cc phin bn sau ca HDSL.
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b/ ADSL ng dy thu bao s khng i xng ADSL l ky thut truyn dn mch vong ni ht ng thi truyn ti trn cng mt i dy cc dch v sau: D liu: o Tc bit thu (v pha thu bao) ln ti gn 9 Mbit/s o Tc bit pht (v pha mng) ln ti 1 Mbit/s
Dch v in thoi thng thng (POTS, thoi tng t v.v..)
V Mng bng rng AUT-C
Cho n 9 Mb/s

U-C

Mch vng ni ht bng i dy xon

U-R AUT-R

T
u cui ng-i s dng

B tch LPF

Cho n 1 Mb/s

B tch LPF

Thoi t-ng t

POTS-C
Tng i in thoi in thoi

POTS-R

Pha nh khch hng

Hnh V-15 M hnh tham chiu ADSL Tc bit truyn v pha khch hng ln hn nhiu ln truyn t khch hng i, do c thut ng khng i xng. Thoi tng t c truyn tn s trong bng c s kt hp vi truyn d liu thng bng qua b lc thng thp (LPF) m thng thng c gi l b chia. Ngoi b chia, ADSL bao gm mt n v truyn dn ADSL pha thit b trung tm (ATU-C), mt mch vong, v mt n v truyn dn ADSL xa (ATU-R).
ADSL nguyn bn

nh ngha khi nim ban u ca ADSL xut hin t nm 1989, t J.W.Lechleider v nhng ngi khc thuc Bellcore. S pht trin ADSL bt u trng i hc Stanford v phong th nghim AT&T Bell Lab nm 1990. Mu ADSL u tin xut hin vo nm 1992 phong th nghim Bellcore, sn phm ADSL u tin c th nghim vo nm 1995. Vo thng 10 nm 1998, ITU thng qua b tiu chun ADSL c bn. Khuyn ngh G922.1 chi tit ADSL full-rate. Khuyn ngh ny gn ging ANSI T1.413 phin bn 2 vi 2 im ngoi tr c bn: 1. Trinh t khi to da trn m c thay th bi qu trinh da trn bn tin m t trong G.994.1, v 2. Ch c bit c b sung ci thin hot ng khi c xuyn m t ghep knh nen theo thi gian TCM ISDN s dng Nht. Khuyn ngh G.992.2 (trc y gi l G.lite) ch ro ADSL vi cch s dng khng c b phn chia POTS. G.992.2 c da trn G.992.1 vi nhng im khc bit sau: 1. D tr b sung i vi ch tit kim ngun ti ATU-C v ATU-R,
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2. B sung c ch cho phep khi phc nhanh t cc trng thi nhc my/t my. 3. S lng m gim t 256 n 128 4. S lng bit trn m gim t 15 n 8. Khuyn ngh G.994.1 (trc y gi l G.hs) m t th tc bt tay ban u da trn gi tin cho phep cc b thu pht DSL a ch c mt ch hot ng chung. Khuyn ngh G.955.1 cung cp tng quan h khuyn ngh DSL. Khuyn ngh G.966.1 m t phng php o s hot ng ca thit b DSL. Khuyn ngh G.977.1 m t hot ng ca lp vt l, cc quy nh v qun l v bo dng cho ADSL, bao gm knh eoc v c s qun l thng tin (MIB).
Cc kh nng ca ADSL v ng dng: ADSL1, ADSL2, ADSL3

Khi nim v ADSL xut hin vo gia nhng nm 1990. Ban u ADSL c nghin cu tc 1,5 Mbit/s thu v 16 kbit/s pht cho ng dng MPEG-1 quay s video (VDT). Mt s thnh vin trong ngnh cng nghip ny gi y l ADSL1. Sau , ngy cng ro rng l mt s ng dng yu cu tc cao hn v nhiu ky thut truyn dn tin tin hn cho phep truyn tc cao. 3 Mbit/s thu v 16 kbit/s pht ("ADSL2") c a ra cho phep 2 dong MPEG-1 ng thi. Vo nm 1993, s quan tm hng v ADSL3 vi 6 Mbit/s thu v t nht 64 kbit/s pht h tr video MPEG2. Tiu chun ADSL ANSI T1.413 phin bn 1 pht trin vt ra khi khi nim ADSL3. Thut ng ADSL1, ADSL2, v ADSL3 t c s dng sau khi tiu chun ANSI T1.413 thng qua.
RADSL

ng dy thu bao s tc iu chnh (RADSL) l thut ng p dng cho h thng ADSL c kh nng xc nh dung lng truyn ca mi mch vong mt cch t ng v sau hot ng tc cao nht ph hp vi mch vong . Tiu chun ANSI T1.413 cung cp kh nng hot ng tc iu chnh. iu chnh tc thc hin khi thit lp ng dy, vi gii hn cht lng tn hiu thch hp m bo rng tc ng dy thit lp c th duy tri trong nhng thay i danh nh trn c tnh truyn ca ng dy. Do RADSL s t ng cung cp tc bit ln hn trn mch vong c c tnh truyn dn tt hn (suy hao t hn, nhiu t hn). RADSL h tr tc thu ti a trong phm vi t 7 n 10 Mbit/s v tc pht ti a trong phm vi t 512 n 900 kbit/s. Trn nhng mch vong di (5,5 km/18 kft hoc ln hn). RADSL c th hot ng tc thu thp nht khong 512 kbit/s v 128 kbit/s pht. RADSL mn khi nim tc iu chnh t modem trong bng thoi. RADSL c li ch ca mt phin bn thit b c th m bo tc truyn dn cao nht c th cho mi mch vong v cng cho phep hot ng trn nhng mch vong di tc thp hn.
Truyn dn ADSL
174

Khi nim truyn dn ADSL c hai phn c bn: (1) Xuyn m u gn gim do c tc bit pht v di tn thp hn nhiu tc bt thu v (2) truyn ti ng thi POST v d liu bng cch truyn d liu trong di bng tn trn bng tn thoi. Truyn dn hai hng tc nhiu Mbit/s khng dng trn phn ln cc ng dy in thoi do hiu ng kt hp ca suy gim mch vong v xuyn m. Nh ch ra Hinh V-16 , nng lng tn hiu nhn c gim i tng ng vi tn s v nhiu xuyn m nhn c tng theo tn s. Do truyn dn hai hng khng th thc hin c nhng tn s m nhiu xuyn m ln t tn hiu nhn. ADSL thc hin truyn dn hai hng ti nhng ni c th: di tn s ct hai hng. Tn s cao khng thch hp cho truyn dn hai hng c s dng cho truyn dn mt hng. iu ny cho phep tc thu vt xa tc c th truyn dn hai hng.
Mc tn hiu Mc tn hiu nhn -c Mc nhiu xuyn m nhn -c

Gii hn cho truyn dn hai h-ng Tn s

Hnh V-16 Truyn dn hai hng b gii hn cc tn s thp

Mc truyn Bng POTS
Bng bo v Bng pht tc thp Bng pht tc cao

Tn s

Hnh V-17 ADSL ghep phn chia theo tn s Nhiu h thng ADSL s dng ky thut truyn dn ghep knh theo tn s, ky thut ny t truyn dn pht di tn s tch khi di tn thu trch t xuyn m. Di tn bo v l cn thit gip cho cc b lc ngn tp m POTS can nhiu vo truyn dn s (Hinh V-17).

175

Mt s h thng ADSL s dng ky thut truyn dn xo ting vng ECH, ni di tn pht c t trong di tn thu. Xem Hinh V-18 bng cch chng di tn, tng bng tn truyn c th gim. Tuy nhin, ECH kh trnh c t xuyn m v khi thc hin cn c x l s phc tp hn. Do khng c t xuyn m u cui CO, nn ghep knh phn chia theo tn s FDM ADSL lm vic theo hng pht tt hn nhiu so vi xo ting vng ECH ADSL. Tuy nhin, di thng thu ca ADSL cho phep lm vic theo hng thu, i vi cc mch vong l ngn hn.
Mc truyn Bng POTS
Bng bo v Bng pht tc thp Bng pht tc cao

Tn s

Hnh V-18 Truyn dn xo ting vng ADSL Hot ng ca DSL i xng ban u b hn ch bi t xuyn m u gn (selfNEXT). ADSL khc phc c self NEXT u cui khch hng n gin bng cch gim ngun c NEXT. Bng cch gim tc bit pht, knh pht c th t v tr xuyn m vo truyn dn thu l t nht. i vi ADSL, s thu nhn ca knh pht c xp t d dng hn bng cch t n tn s thp hn ni m suy hao mch vong l thp v nhiu xuyn m cng thp hn. H thng ADSL ng dng ky thut truyn dn tin tin nng cao hot ng. iu ch v sp t tn s ca tn hiu pht c t lm thch ng t c mc hot ng ti u nht t cc c tnh lin quan ti ng dy thu bao s dng. Ma Trellis c s dng gim hiu ng nhiu bng tn rng trng thi n nh. Cc b cn bng c kh nng thch nghi chng li nhiu bng hp v d nh nhiu tn s pht thanh (RFI). Ma iu khin li hng i v an xen (interleaving) ngn chn nhiu xung. an xen chng li li xut hin t ngt bng cch thay i cc khi d liu vi th m s xut hin t ngt li keo di dn n c mt s t li trong mt khi d liu (c th sa c) thay vi mt lng li ln xy ra trong mt khi (khng th sa c). Vi su an xen 20ms s chng li nhiu t bin c khong thi gian l 500 s. Tuy nhin, mc an xen ny gy ra tr truyn b sung m c th lm chm li

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bng thng ca cc th tc v d nh TCP/IP yu cu phi c cc gi tin phc p trc khi d liu tip theo c truyn.
Tng lai ca ADSL

ADSL s c tch hp vo h thng mch vong s (DLC) trn cp dnh cho cc mch vong khng ni trc tip t CO. ADSL rt thch hp cung cp tc bit cao trn mch vong DLC, m rt him khi di qu 3,7 km (12 kft). Mc d a c cc tiu chun cng nghip cho ADSL (ANSI T1.413), cc h thng ADSL ban u khng lm vic vi nhau. Ngi ta ch i nhng n lc ca cc nh sn xut ADSL v cc uy ban tiu chun t c kh nng kt ni cho cc h thng ADSL tng lai ca nhiu nh sn xut thit b. Ngoi lp vt l, kh nng kt ni yu cu tng thch th tc tt c cc lp. Trong thi gian ti, ngi ta tp trung vo pht trin ADSL ln ti tc cao ti 10 Mbit/s thu v 1,5 Mbit/s pht. Tuy nhin, hng ny b mt dn do trng vi VDSL, cc lo ngi v tng thch ph v cc nghi ng lin quan ti nhu cu s dng tc ny. Thay vo , hin nay ngi ta tp trung vo ci thin phm vi mch vong cc tc gn 1Mbit/s, gi thnh thp, tiu thu nng lng thp v gim xuyn m. Cc h thng ADSL ang c pht trin truyn a mch thoi s ngoi truyn d liu tc ln.
ADSL khng tch ( lc )

Vic lp t dch v ADSL pha nh thu bao c th yu cu thay ton b i dy bn trong hoc sa i. i vi cu hinh ADSL chun, ADSL kt thc thit b giao din mng (NID), ni b lc thng thp (b chia) tch tn hiu trong bng thoi c gn vi dy v dy xanh ti in thoi v tn hiu bng rng c ni ti dy vng v dy en ni ti modem ADSL ca khch hng. lm c iu ny cn phi c cc thit b tch v s dng cc dy vng v en m khng lp t mt s khch hng hoc a s dng cho dch v thoi ng dy th hai. Hn na, trong mt s trng hp dy kem tiu chun c s dng lm nh hng ti hot ng ca ADSL (v thm ch ISDN). Kt qu l thng phi i dy li t NID ti modem ca khch hng.
Tng i trung tm
ATU-C LPF NID Pha khch hng vng & en LPF & xanh ATU-R

Chuyn mch thoi

Hnh V-19 Cu hnh ADSL chun c b chia

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Cu hinh ADSL POTS c b chia ph bin nht (c ch ra trong Hinh V-19 ) t b lc thng thp LPF cho ng dy thoi gn NID v b lc thng cao HPF trong ATU-R. Mt gii php khc, cc b lc (LPF v HPF) c th tch hp trong ATU-R. S dng b lc trong ATU-R c nhc im l c th b mt dch v POTS khi b i ATU-R v c th c mc xuyn m qu mc khi s dng ng i dy hin c. Khi nim ADSL khng c b chia loi b b lc tch cui ng dy pha thu bao. Nhiu thut ng khc c s dng m t khi nim ny: ADSL lite, Consumer DSL (CDSL) hoc ADSL ph thng (UADSL). ADSL khng c b chia c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh ITU G.992.2. ADSL modem v cc in thoi c ni trc tip ti ng dy v xanh hin c, h tr ng thi thoi v d liu. Vic lp t ADSL c thc hin d dng bng cch cm ADSL modem vo bt c gic no nh thu bao, khng cn phi i dy mi cng nh lp t cc b chia.
Tng i trung tm ATU-C LPF NID Pha khch hng & xanh ATU-R

Chuyn mch thoi LPF: Lc thng thp

Hnh V-20 Cu hnh ADSL khng c b lp phia khch hng B lc ADSL c hai mc ch: (1) b lc lm suy gim nhiu tn hiu lm hng ng truyn d liu ADSL v (2) b lc lm suy gim tn hiu ADSL trnh nhiu tp m trn ng dy in thoi. Do tr khng khng tuyn tnh ca mt s in thoi, mc nng lng pht ADSL cc tn s trn bng tn m c th iu ch vo bng tn thoi. Tuy nhin iu ny s lm gim tc d liu ADSL v di mch vong. Li bt thng d xy ra khi in thoi rung chung v chc chn xy ra trong thi im ngt chung khi in thoi ang rung chung b nhc t hp. Ting rt kh chu c th nghe thy c trong in thoi. Mt gii php cho vn ny l t mt lot cc b lc thng thp vo mi in thoi (Hinh V-21). B lc ny thng khng t v c cc u ni modun cho nn bt c khch hng no cng c th t lp t trong vong vi giy. Vic lp t cho cc in thoi treo tng khng n gin nhng t nht khch hng c th mua in thoi treo tng mi "ADSL-tng thch" c cc b lc thng thp c sn trong my. Cu hinh ny c th ngn chn nhiu POTS lm suy gim truyn dn ADSL v nhiu ADSL nghe thy c trn in thoi. Khng cn i dy mi bn trong v cng khng cn lp t cc b lc NID. Khch hng c th cm ADSL modem vo bt c gic in thoi no trn tng. Tc d liu ADSL mt chng mc no thp
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hn cu hinh ADSL tiu chun. Tc d liu c th suy gim do cc ngun nhiu khc v hiu ng ti ca cc b lc cc mu dy. Khuyn ngh ITU G.992.1 ('G.lite") hot ng thp hn khuyn ngh G.992.1 ("G.DMT") do gim s m DMT v s bit trn m t hn. Cht lng truyn trong bng thoi b suy gim c th xut pht t nhiu b lc thng thp t song song vi nhau. Mt tr ngi khc lin quan n cc khch hng qun khng t LPF trn ng dy ni ti in thoi ca h.
Tng i trung tm ATU-C Pha khch hng & xanh ATU-R

LPF NID

LPF

LPF

Chuyn mch thoi

Hnh V-21 Cu hnh ADSL c b lc thng thp ti mi in thoi Nu cc chng ngi v ky thut v khai thc c khc phc, c th ADSL khng b chia s chim u th hn. Trong tng lai gn, phn ln cc ADSL c lp t vi b chia cc hai u cui ca ng dy. Vic s dng b chia pha khch hng c th c tip tc s dng cho cc khch hng yu cu dch v tc bit cao. Mt s nh cung cp dch v ADSL gi l dch v ADSL ca h c th lm vic vi c cu hinh c b chia v khng c b chia trong khi s dng cng loi ATU-C CO. Qu trinh trin khai ADSL khng c b chia c thc y bi cc hot ng th trng v ky thut ca nhm nghin cu ADSL ton cu (UAWG), nhm cc cng ty in thoi hng u v cc cng ty my tnh. c/ VDSL ng dy thu bao s tc rt cao l s m rng ca cng ngh ADSL ln ti tc cao hn, ln ti 52 Mbit/s. tc cao nh vy, mch vong phi rt ngn v hu ht s dng cp quang ngoi tr vi km cui cng. Phn ln cc DSL ban u d nh s dng trn nhng mch vong t CO n khch hng v sau l s dng t b ghep knh phn phi. VDSL ban u s c s dng cho cc mch vong t n v mng quang (ONU), trn thc t t cch nh thu bao di 1km. C t mch vong VDSL ni trc tip ti CO. Cp quang dng ni ONU n CO. Truyn dn VDSL trn i dy xon c s dng cho vi km t ONU ti nh thu bao (Hinh V-22 ). Tiu chun ky thut VDSL c pht trin bi nhm xy dng tiu chun T1E1.4 m t cc tc v khong cch t ONU ti thu bao: Bng V-1 Tc v khong cch t ONU ti thu bao
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Tc thu (Mb/s) 52 26 26 13 13
ONU VDSLs

Tc pht (Mb/s) 6,4 3,2 2,6 1,3 1,6

VDSLs

Khong cch 1000-300 2500-800 1000-300 1800-600 3750-1200

Cp quang trc tip

m n g

Mng ni tip

Mng quang

th ng

Hnh V-22 Cu hnh VDSL Cp t mng cho ti cc ONU c th c ni trc tip n ONU, theo hinh tron hoc l b chia quang th ng.
Tinh nng v ng dng ca VDSL
ONU Hub th ng VDSL Set-top Box or PC

VDSL

VDSL

Set-top Box or PC

LPF

LPF

VDSL

Set-top Box or PC

POTS

POTS Pha khch hng

Hnh V-23 Cu hnh VDSL c HUB th ng VDSL, nh mt phn ca mng a dch v, d kin h tr ng thi tt c cc ng dng: thoi, d liu v video. Sau cng, VDSL s h tr truyn hinh c net cao (HDTV) v cc ng dng my tnh tin tin. ng dng i xng ca VDSL s cung cp tc d liu hai chiu ln ti 26 Mbit/s s rt hp dn cho cc khu vc kinh doanh ni khng c cp quang ni ti (FTTB).

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Tiu chun ky thut dng DAVIC VDSL s dng iu ch bin pha khng sng mang (CAP) cho tc 13; 25,92 v 51 Mbit/s thu v 1,6 Mbit/s pht qua i dy xon. Tiu chun ky thut ca DAVIC VDSL da trn cu trc NT th ng, cho phep ni nhiu b thu pht VDSL u cui ng dy thu bao (Hinh V-23). Trn thc t, cu trc NT th ng yu cu ONU t gn hn 100 met t cc n v VDSL ca thu bao. Cu trc hub tch cc VDSL c ch ra trong Hinh V-24 cho phep c nhng sn phm c tc v di ln hn bng cch s dng cu hinh mch vong truyn dn im ni im.
ONU Set-top Box or PC Hub tch cc Set-top Box or PC Set-top Box or PC POTS Pha khch hng

VDSL

VDSL

LPF

LPF

POTS

Hnh V-24 Cu hnh VDSL c Hub tich cc d/ So snh cc cng ngh truy nhp xDSL vi cc cng ngh truy nhp khc Bng V-2 So snh cc cng ngh truy nhp xDSL Cc cng ngh IDSL HDSL SDSL ADSL RADSL VDSL Tc hng xung 128kbps 1,544Mbps 1,544Mbps 8Mbps 7Mbps 51,84Mbps Tc hng ln 128kbps 1,544Mbps 1,544Mbps 1Mbps 1Mbps 2,3Mbps Khong cch ti a (t CO ti user) 4,5km 3km 2,5km 3km 4,5km 250m

Hin ti trong h xDSL, cng ngh ADSL nhn c s quan tm c bit do n cho phep s dng chung mt ng truyn vi thoi truyn thng. Hin nay a c hn mt chun iu ch DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone ) cho cng ngh ny c ITU, ETSI v ANSI chp thun. Bng V-3 So snh vi mt s cng ngh truy nhp khc
K thut Tc Gii hn khong cch ng dng

181

K thut

Tc

Gii hn khong cch

ng dng

Modem Lung xung 56 Kbps tng t 56 Kbps ISDN <= 128 Kbps (khng nen) Song cng

Khng gii hn E-mail, Truy cp LAN t xa, Truy 28,8 hoc 33,6 Kbps cp Internet/intranet. uplink 5 Km (thm thit b Hi ngh truyn hinh, Khc phc c th m rng thin tai, D phong leased line, khong cch) Cc hot ng thng mi, truy cp Internet/intranet. 50 Km trn cp ng Truy cp Internet trc (thm thit b ph tr c th m rng ti 300 Km) 5 Km 5Km (khong cch cng ngn tc cng cao hn) 5Km (thm thit b ph tr c th m rng ti 300 Km) Truy cp Internet/intranet, duyt Web, thoi IP, thoi video. truy cp Internet/intranet, video theo yu cu , truy cp LAN t xa, VPNs, VoIP truy cp Internet/intranet, video theo yu cu , truy cp LAN t xa, VPNs, VoIP Ni ht, Thay th trung k T1/E1 c dng b lp, Kt ni cc PBX vi nhau, Tp trung lu lng Frame Relay, kt ni cc mng LAN. Ni ht, Thay th trung k T1/E1 c dng b lp, Kt ni cc PBX vi nhau, kt ni cc mng LAN.

Cable modem

1030 Mbps Lung xung, 128 Kbps10 Mbps lung ln (Bng thng dng chung) 1 Mbps lung xung 512 Kbps lung ln

ADSL Lite

ADSL/R- 1,58 Mbps lung xung, ADSL 1,544 Mbps lung ln IDSL 144 Kbps song cng

HDSL

1,544 Mbps(T1) song cng 3,6 Km4,5 Km 2,048 Mbps (E1) song cng (s dng 23 i dy)

SDSL

1,544 Mbps (T1) song cng 3Km hon ton 2,048 Mbps (E1) song cng hon ton (S dng mt i dy) 1352 Mbps Lung xung 300m1,5 km 1,52,3 Mbps lung ln (ph thuc vo tc (i xng t ti 34Mbps ) ) Ngun: 3Com, 03/ 1998.

VDSL

Truy cp Multimedia Internet, qung b cc chng trinh TV.

Bng V-4 So snh cc phng thc truy nhp Internet.

Cng ngh ADSL nh nghia Truyn dn Ln Tc ti u im Nhc im Kh nng video b
182

8Mb/s S dng y

thoi v d liu qua cp ng

hng v v mng cp ng 1,5Mb/s hng i ang c, l tng i viWeb

hn ch Gii hn khong cch Bng thng hng i b gii hn Yu cu khong cch ngn Cng ngh v sn phm phi tiu chun Kh nng m rng b gii hn Cn truyn theo tm nhin thng

VDSL

Truyn video, thoi, d liu qua cp ng

Ln ti 52Mb/s hng v v 26Mb/s i xng

H tr video qung b, VoD Internet TV, v TV tng tc. Lun online trn mng cho thoi, video v d liu Thi gian trin khai nhanh Cc t bo im a im gii hn vng a l

Cc dch v a im v tuyn

Truyn dn viba video, d liu im -im hoc im -a im Truyn video, thoi, v d liu qua cp ng trc v cp quang

Ln ti 1Gb/s

HFC

10 n 12Mb/s hng v v 2Mb/s hng i

H tr video qung b, VoD Internet TV, v TV tng tc. Lun online trn mng cho thoi, video v d liu

Thoi yu cu thit k c bit Kh bo m tc Chi ph nng cp v xy dng cao

e/ u im v nhc im ca cng ngh xDSL Cng ngh xDSL c nhng c im sau: Tc truyn d liu thay i theo tng phin bn ca cng ngh DSL, v di ca mch vong thu bao o i vi cng ngh DSL ph bin nht, ADSL, chun ADSL ca ITU-T xc nh tc ti a hng truyn xung l 6,1 Mbps v 640 Kbps hng ln. o Trong thc t, tc ti a 6,1 Mbps ch c th t c nu khong cch di 2,7 km, v gim xung ti 1,5 Mbps hoc thp hn na khong cch 4,5 km. o Tc thc t s dng thng thng nm trong khong t 640 kbps n 1,5 Mbps. o Phin bn c tc cao nht l VDSL, h tr tc ti a ng xung l 55 Mbps khong cch 300 m, v 13 Mbps nu khong cch l 1,4 km. Tc hng ln nm trong khong 1,6 2,3 Mbps.
183

Mi ngi s dng c mt ng ring kt ni ti DSLAM t ti tng

i hoc ti RT (trm thit b tp trung thu bao). Cc dch v h tr o Truyn s liu v VoDSL (vi voice gateway) o ADSL chia s cng ng cp ng vi thoi tng t o VDSL c th h tr chuyn mch truyn hinh

Yu cu ky thut o ng cp ng sch, khng c cc cun cm keo di (loading coil), khng r nhnh (bridge tap) o Hn ch khong cch ng truyn khong di 4,5 km o Khng s dng cc thit b DLC trong mch thu bao, nu c DLC thi DSLAM phi t ti cc RT Thit b pha khch hng ngoi xDSL modem o Voice gateway nu dng VoDSL

u im ca cc cng ngh xDSL Cng ngh a c kim nghim vi nhiu triu ng dy hot ng trn khp th gii. Chu , Hn quc l nc c mt thu bao ADSL cao nht Chun ho bi ITU-T S dng h thng cp ng a c trin khai rt rng khp ca cc nh khai thc Trong iu kin thun li, u t cho mng DSL khng ln i vi nh khai thc Nhng thch thc chinh ca cng ngh xDSL Kh khn khi trin khai mng li, do mng truy nhp khng ng b Chm sc khch hng, tnh cc Trin khai cc dch v gi tr gia tng Hn ch bi khong cch v nhng h thng tp trung thu bao cng ngh c a trin khai Trin vng doanh thu tng i tt i vi cc nh khai thc ch o, c c s h tng vin thng rng khp nh VNPT, nhng s rt kh khn cho cc nh khai thc cnh tranh. iu ny a c kim nghim trn th trng vin thng My. Trong nhng nm qua nhiu nh khai thc nh a lin tc thua l v phi ng ca. Cng ngh DSL hng ti th trng chnh l t nhn v cc doanh nghip va/ nh. Dch v ny c th khng thch hp vi nhiu doanh nghip ln, do cht lng dch v khng phi thng xuyn c m bo. D kin nm 2005 My s c 18,5
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triu ng dy hot ng (FCC). Trong mt vi nm ti Vit nam con s thu bao ADSL s ln ti hng nghin. Ti Vit nam, nhng vn v cht lng cp, cht lng u ni trong mng truy nhp cng nh mt s thit b tp trung thu bao gm nhiu chng loi khc nhau, s dng cc cng ngh khc nhau l nhng yu t ky thut quan trng cn lu khi pht trin thu bao xDSL. 5.6.2. Mng cp quang Nhu cu ngy cng tng i vi bng thng cng vi gim gi thnh hot ng v loi tr nhiu in t l cc nhn t nh hng n qu trinh phn phi ca mng truy nhp da trn cp quang. Cc mng dng cp quang a v ang c rt nhiu nh khai thc dch v (MSOs) dng xy dng mng trong hng chc nm qua. Do gn y gi thnh phn phi v thit b ngy cng gim, nn trong vi nm gn y vic quan tm s dng cc mng cp quang cho vic cung cp cc dch v da trn IP dng nh IPTV tng t ngt. Thm vo vic cung cp cc ng kt ni quang ring r n tn nh khch hng s rt thch hp cho vic cung cp cc ni dung a phng ti n. Cc cng ngh quang v kh nng m rng bng thng ln hn gn y ang mang li cho ngi dng c th s dng thm mt trong cc cu trc mng di y : Fiber to the regional office (FTTRO): Trong mng ny thi cp quang c lp t t trung tm d liu IPTV n cc khu vc gn nht ca cc cng ty cp hoc vin thng. Sau dy cp ng ang c s c dng mang tn hiu IPTV t cc cng ty ny n ngi s dng IPTV cui cng. Fiber to the neighborhood (FTTN): Trong mng ny cp quang c keo n cc node, FTTN thc hin lp t cp quang t trung tm d liu IPTV n cc b chia ln cn. Nhng nt ny nhin chung phi t cch nh thu bao t hn 1.500 m. Mt ky thut dng nh ng dy thu bao s (DSL) trn dy cp ng s c s dng lm ng truyn cui cng ti nh khch hng. FTTN c trin khai cho phep ngi dng c th nhn c mt gi dch v y bao gm: Tivi da trn IP, Ti vi cht lng cao, truyn hinh theo yu cu (VoD) Fiber to the curb (FTTC): H tng ca mt mng FTTC lp t cp quang ti trong vong 300 m ca mt ngi nh hoc mt cng ty. Sau cp ng trc hoc cp ng in hinh s c s dng thit lp mt kt ni t u cui ca cp quang trong mt chic hp t ti curb trn ng n cng kt ni khu vc t ti nh ring ca cc thu bao. Kiu mng ny thi in hinh c xy dng cho cc ngi nh mi c trin khai. Fiber to the home (FTTH): Vi kiu mng ny, thi ton b tuyn kt ni t trung tm d liu IPTV n nh thu bao c thc hin bng cp quang. FTTH da trn mng cp quang nn c kh nng cung cp d liu tc cao ti h thng u cui
185

ca khch hng. Cu trc mng ny cng kh ph bin cc h thng mi c lp t, t khi vic ct hay kt ni v gi c ca cp quang gn tng t nh khi lp t mng cp ng. FTTH l mt h thng vin thng truyn song cng v h tr tt c cc c tnh tng tc ca dch v IPTV. Fiber to the apartment (FTTA): Qu trinh cung cp ca mng ny thc hin bng cch lp t mt s cc si cp quang gia mt cng trung tm thng c t phong trung tm v tng phong ring l. Vic cung cp ca cc cu trc mng ny thng c chia thnh hai loi mng khc nhau l PON v AON. a/ Mng PON Passive optical network (PON): Mng quang th ng PON l mng m rng dng cu trc mt im ti nhiu im, s dng cp quang v cc thit b quang. Chng s dng cc sng nh sng c mu khc nhau mang d liu qua mng m khng yu cu phi c cc thit b in nm gia trung tm d liu IPTV v im ch. Cu trc ca mng dng xy dng PON da trn mng FTTx thng tun theo cc chun quc t. Chun G.983 ca ITU (International Telecommunications Union) ghi ro cc thng s ky thut quy nh cho mng. G.983 ch ro mng PON in hinh bao gm mt u cui ng quang (OLT: optical line termination), c t trung tm IPTV v mt s u cui mng quang (ONTs : optical network terminals), c lp nh ring ca ngi dng cui cng. Ch rng ONTs cng c th c lp t ti cc ni ln cn khc nh ch cc u cui cp quang. Trong cc tinh hung ny, thi cng ngh truyn d liu tc cao trn cp ng dng nh DSL c s dng mang tn hiu IPTV n tn nh ring ca ngi dng cui cng OLT s dng cc thnh phn nh cp quang v cc b chia quang nh tuyn lu lng mng n ONTs. Fiber cable: OLT v cc ONTs khc nhau c kt ni vi nhau bng cc si cp quang Vi suy hao truyn dn thp, t xuyn nhiu v kh nng bng thng ln, nhin chung cp quang l cng c truyn tn hiu l tng. Loi ca cp quang lm bng thy tinh v mang tn hiu i di dng cc sng nh sng. ng knh ca cp quang c thit k rt nh cho phep cc ky s mng ghep cp vo cc v tr khc nhau dc theo tuyn vt l. tinh khit ca si quang kt hp vi s ci thin ca cc h thng cp in, cho phep truyn dch v tc cao trn khong cch ln. Trong thc t, chun G983 cho phep mng PON mang cc tn hiu nh sng s vi khong cch ln nht l 20km m khng cn khuch i. Optical splitters: Cc b chia quang thng c s dng chia mt tn hiu hiu quang n thnh nhiu tn hiu, chng lm c cc chc nng ny m khng
186

lm thay i trng thi tn hiu, ngoi ra chng khng bin i tn hiu quang thnh cc xung in. Cc b chia quang cng thng c dng ghep nhiu tn hiu quang vo trong mt tn hiu quang n. Cc b chia ny cho phep ti 32 nh ring cng chia s bng tn mng FTTx, v thng dng trong cc mng khep kn Cp quang v cc b chia quang l cc thnh phn th ng. Vic s dng cc thnh phn th ng l hng cc sng nh sng truyn qua mng m khng cn s dng cc b iu khin ngun t xa, iu ny lm gim gi thnh khi vn hnh v bo dng Mc ch chnh ca ONT l cung cp cho cc thu bao IPTV mt giao din kt ni ti PON. N nhn lu lng di dng quang, kim tra ni dung a ch trong cc gi ca mng, v bin i chng thnh cc tn hiu in. ONT c th t bn trong hoc bn ngoi cc khu nh , v thng ly ngun ti lun, v n cng bao gm mt s mch ph cho phep in thoi hot ng binh thng ngay c khi b mt ngun. Phn ln cc ONTs s bao gm mt giao din ethernet dnh cho lu lng d liu, mt kt ni RJ-11 dng kt ni ti h thng in thoi nh, v mt giao din cp ng trc cung cp kt ni ti TV. ONT cng chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu thnh cc tn hiu dng quang cho truyn dn trn mng PON. Hinh V-25 minh ha cu trc mng PON c bn c th xy dng h tr cung cp IPTV v dch v Internet tc cao ti 6 nh ring khc nhau

Hnh V-25 IPTV FTTH network using PON technologies Theo Hinh V-25 mt phn ca si quang n s chy t backend ofce n mt b chia quang, chng thng c t ngay gn nh ring ca thu bao. Bng thng ca si quang ny thng c chia s v n c kh nng h tr dung lng bng thng cao trong khong t 622Mbps n vi gigabyte d liu trn mt giy.
187

Thm vo cc thnh phn vt l ca mng PON trn Hinh V-25 cng minh ha vic truyn ca 3 bc sng nh sng khc nhau trn mng. Bc sng th nht c dng mang lu lng Internet tc cao. Bc sng th hai c ch nh mang cc dch v truyn hinh IP v bc sng th ba c th c dng mang lu lng tng tc t mng nh ring ca thu bao quay tr li cc thit b u cui dch v ca cc nh cung cp. Cng trn hinh v c mt vi b lc c bit c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo bc sng c lp t tai trung tm d liu v bn trong OLT iu ny cho phep mng PON h tr truyn ti nhiu knh song song hoc nhiu bc sng trn cng mt on quang. Vi WDM, kh nng ca mng c tng ln khi gn cc tn hiu nguyn thy t cc ngun quang vo cc bc sng ring bit trn ph truyn dn quang C mt vi loi mng PON ph bin nh BPON, EPON, v GPON h tr c cc dch v TV c bn trn bng RF truyn thng v IPTV. Chi tit ca tng loi mng s c nu cc phn tip theo. b/ BPON (Broadband PON) BPON da trn chun G.983 ca ITU-T, cu trc mng FTTx loi ny h tr tc d liu t ti 622Mbps cho ng xung, v hn 155Mbps cho ng ln. Vi vy n l phng thc truyn bt i xng, ngha l giao tip ng xung cao hn tc ng ln. L do ca iu ny l do d liu ng xung truyn theo dng im ti im gia OLT v mi ONT, trong khi ng ln mi ONT s c cp mt khe thi gian truyn d liu. Vic gn cc khe thi gian s lm gim kh nng xung t lu lng gia cc ONT trn mng, tuy nhin vic gim ny cng bao gm c tc d liu ca knh giao tip ng ln. Ch rng cc mng BPON cng c th thay i h tr lu lng d liu i xng Cc mng BPON s dng phng thc truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Cc mng ATM kh ph bin cho vic cung cp d liu tc cao, thoi v cc ng dng truyn hinh. ATM chia tt c cc thng tin thnh dng cc khi gi l cc t bo. Nhng t bo ny c kch thc c nh mi t bo c 5 bytes mo u v mt trng thng tin gm 48 bytes ca d liu. Trng thng tin ca mt t bo ATM s mang ni dung ca IPTV, trong khi mo u bao gm cc thng tin cn thit cho cc chc nng ca giao thc ATM. ATM c phn loi nh mt kiu giao thc kt ni c nh hng. Tc l, mt kt ni gia bn thu v bn pht s c thit lp trc khi d liu truyn hinh IP c truyn i trn mng. Kh nng d tr bng thng cho cc thi im v ng dng nhy cm l mt c trng khc ca cc mng ATM. iu ny c bit hu dng cho vic cung cp cc dch v IPTV. Vic sp xp cc knh ring r cho cc dch v khc nhau gip loi tr xuyn nhiu.
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c/ EPON (Ethernet PON) Mng EPON l mng c cng ngh truy nhp da trn cp quang chng c pht trin bi mt nhm nghin cu ca IEEE gi l nhm EFM (Ethernet in the rst mile) c cng nhn tiu chun vo nm 2004. Trong mng ny tc c h tr ph thuc vo khong cch gia OLT v cc ONT. Ch rng EPON ch h tr lu lng mng ethernet. d/ GPON (Gigabit PON)
GPON l mt h thng truy nhp cp quang, chng c xy dng da trn tiu chun ca ITU-T l G.984, GPON v c bn l c nng cp t cc mng BPON v ngoi ra con h tr: Tc truyn cao hn: Tc ng xung 2,5Gbit/s v tc ng ln l

1,5Gbit/s. Tc ny vn c th t c khi khong cch ln ti 20km H tr cc giao thc: Ethernet, ATM v SONET
Nng cao tnh bo mt

Cc mng GPON c th h tr nhiu giao thc gip cho cc nh khai thc mng tip tc cung cp cho khch hng cc dch v vin thng truyn thng, ngoi ra cng c kh nng gii thiu cc dch v mi nh IPTV ngay trn c s h tng mng ca h. Bng 3.1 tng kt tt c cc c tnh khc nhau ca cng ngh PON dng mang tn hiu IPTV. Bng V-5 So snh cc cng ngh PON
ITU-T Specification BPON GPON EPON G.983 G.984 P802.3ah Cc tc d liu Giao th c truy n dn 622 Mbps downstream and ATM va IP over Ethernet 155 Mbps upstream 2.5 Bbps downstream and Ethernet and SONET 1.5 Gbps upstream 1.25 Bbps downstream and Gigabit Ethernet 1.25 Gbps upstream

Thm vo c tnh ca chng c th c m rng bi cc mng FTTx, cc mng PON c th phc v nh kin trc mt mng loi lai ghep cp ng trc quang v cc mng qung b khng dy. e/ Cc mng AON (Active optical networks) Cc mng AON s dng cc thnh phn in gia u cui ca ngi dng IPTV v trung tm d liu. Ngoi ra kin trc cc mng AON tn dng cc b cm ethernet t bn trong trung tm d liu IPTV v im cui ca mng quang 5.6.3. Cc mng v tuyn bng rng -Wimax Cc dch v LAN v tuyn, c th Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), a rt ph bin vi cc im hot spot v tuyn, cc im ny a cho phep s dng Internet t hng nghin v tr trong nc. Tuy nhin Wimax-mt cng ngh c ha hn cung cp tc trn
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20Mbps v vng ph sng ton thnh ph ch vi vi thp pht sng a mang li s k vng cho khch hng. Wimax c th c trin khai l Wimax c nh (802.16d) v Wimax di ng (IEEE 802.16e). a/ Wimax c nh Tham chiu ti IEEE 802.16-2004, Wimax c nh c th cung cp cc tc d liu 70-100Mbps. IEEE 802.16d da trn s dng cng ngh OFDM vi a sng mang (256 sng mang) v OFDMA cho a truy nhp vi 2048 sng mang. Cng ngh OFDM vi a sng mang bo v my thu khi fading a ng v hiu ng chn lc tn s. Truy nhp v tuyn c nh bng Wimax a c trin khai Chu u, My, Singapore, Hong Kong v nhiu nc khc. Dch v Wimax c nh khng c thit k cung cp bt k mt chc nng di ng no. b/ WiMAX di ng Trong lc ch i tiu chun, Hn quc a n nh bng tn 2,3-2,4 GHz cho cc dch v Wimax v cc cng ty nh LG v Samsung cng vi Vin nghin cu in t-Vin thng Hn quc (ETRI) a pht trin mt tiu chun gi l WiBro (v tuyn bng rng). Tiu chun ny s dng iu ch OFDM v cung cp 0,5-1 Mbps/1khch hng tc 60 km/gi. WiBro c th s dng cung cp truy cp v tuyn bng rng cho cc thit b u cui trn xe c gii. Cc tiu chun Wimax di ng a c pht trin da trn tiu chun WiBro ca Hn quc. Nhn ra bn cht khng i xng ca truyn d liu, cc tiu chun mi a da trn mt ky thut iu ch gi l OFDM c th m rng (SOFDM-Scalable OFDM). Cc tiu chun cho Wimax di ng m a kt thc vo nm 2006 cho phep di ng ln ti 150km/gi v c cc c im nh l h tr ng ten v hng-tiu chun cho thit b u cui di ng. Wimax di ng (IEEE 802.16e) cung cp cc tc d liu ln ti 15Mbps trn mt di xp x 10Km. Wimax di ng a m ra mt hng mi trong s dng cc dch v a phng tin di ng: a s cc cng ngh vn chuyn a phng tin di ng da trn IP unicast v multicast. Chng hn cc cng ngh 3G, cc dch v multicast MBMS, DVBH vi ng gi d liu IP, DAB-IP... Cc cng ngh Wimax cung cp mt mi trng cho vn chuyn d liu a phng tin IP v c xem nh y tim nng trong mi trng b hn ch ph tn ca 3G v DVB-H. Cc in thoi di ng a c cung cp cc giao din Wi-Fi (802.11b), Wimax hoc WiBro nh l Samsung i730 cho Wi-Fi v Samsung M800 cho Wimax. Cc ng dng sn sng v c th cung cp truyn hinh di ng qua Wimax hoc bng rng v tuyn vi kh nng tng thch ton cu
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WiBro hoc Wimax cho phep cc my in thoi a c nhiu nh khai thc kim tra (chng hn nh TIM , Sprint Nextel, 3 UK). Chng c c trng truy cp Internet, kh nng thit cp cc cuc gi video ti mt hoc nhiu ngi nhn hoc thit lp lung cc dch v m thanh v hinh nh. Nhiu thit b u cui cm tay, in thoi thng minh v PDA c WiBro (trong c Samsung i730, Samsung M800, and Samsung H1000) a c kim th. 5.7. Mng phn phi ni dung (CDN) Mng Internet a hon thin ti giai on m ch l cung cp kt ni h tr cc trinh duynt Web v e-mail. Cc cng ty thng mi in t, cc publisher, v cc nh cung cp ni dung xem Web nh l phng tin ti cc ni dung phong ph ti khch hng ca h. V d nh l cc ng dng l tin tc v cc dch v gii tr, cc giao dch thng mi in t, v cc s kin th thao nng hi. Cc c s h tng h tr cho cc ng dng ny chnh l mng CDN: mng phn phi/phn pht ni dung. Cc mng CDN thm vo mng internet phn qun l v cht lng dch v. V d nh thc hin tt hn nh vo cc ky thut lu gi v ti to ni dung. Chng to ra cc tim nng mi cho cc dch v gi tr v gia tng, nh khoanh vng ni dung hay c nhn ho ni dung, cho phep truy nhp ni dung nhanh v an ton, t ng thch ng ni dung,.Tp cc phn t mng c sp xp phn pht ni dung ti cc client hiu qu hn. C th l mng CDN bao gm h thng nh tuyn yu cu, cc server sao lu, h thng phn phi, v h thng tnh cc. Dch v CDN c truy xut nh cc proxy ng dng c th, v d nh HTTP proxy (dng cho lu lng Web binh thng), RTSP proxy (dng cho cc lung a phng tin). Cc proxy ny c nh v ti bin ca mng u cui ngi s dng kt ni ti, nh m t trong Hinh V-26. Mi nt trong CDN c nh v gn vi user (truy nhp mng), to ra s thch ng vi cc thay i v cht lng thit b u cui ngi s dng hoc thay i v s thch ca h. C th l CDN cung cp cc chc nng sau:
Cc dich vu inh hng nh hng yu cu ti cache server gn nht v kh

dng nht. Cc dich vu phn phi nh l, server gc phn phi ni dung ti tp cc server sao lu Cc dich vu tnh cc x l, o, v ghi li vic s dng ni dung. C s h tng ca mng CDN, bao gm ton b cc dch v v thit b, cung cp cc xp chng cho mng internet hin ti, v cn thit m bo qun l cht lng cho ni dung a phng tin.

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u im ca CDN l lm gim nh thi gian trn mng, gim ti mng, thu nh vng a l i qua, gn cc client hn, gim tr quay vong, gim ti trn origin server, gim thi gian x l, v ci thin tnh vng chc v kh dng ca ni dung. Theo cch ny, CDN hot ng nh l phn t trung gian gia u cui ngi s dng v nh s hu ni dung. Cc dch v phn pht ni dung c cung cp bi cc ISP, cc nh s hu ni dung, hay cc cng ty ln (cho s dng ni b). H to ra phng tin nghin cu, bi vi hot ng ca n l v hinh i vi u cui ngi s dng.

Hnh V-26 nh v cc proxy trong mng Internet Di y a ra hai kiu mng ni dung c in v mng phn phi ni dung vi qu trinh pht trin ca n cng nh l cc khi nim c bn v mng ny. 5.7.1. Mng s dng Caching Proxies Mt kiu mng ni dung c s dng trong vi nm gn y l m hinh s dng cc caching proxy. M hinh s dng cache c ch ra trong Hinh V-27.
Yu cu HTTP p ng HTTP Yu cu HTTP Server gc Cache Proxy Yu cu HTTP p ng HTTP

p ng HTTP client

Server gc

Hnh V-27 M hnh s dng cache

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Browser gi tt c cc yu cu HTTP ti cache, nu i tng c yu cu c trong cache thi cache s tr li i tng cho client, con nu i tng c yu cu khng c trong cache thi cache s yu cu i tng t origin server, sau tr li i tng cho client, cache ng vai tro l c client v server. Nh vy, mt mng c s dng bi mt ISP to ra li ch cho cc user truy nhp internet, nh l quay s hoc truy nhp qua modem cap. ci thin c thc thi v gim bng tn s dng, cc caching proxy c t gn vi cc user. Cc user c khuyn khch gi cc yu cu ca chng ti cc b nh cach ny ch khng phi gi trc tip ti origin server. Khi cu hinh thch hp c thc hin, ton b phin trinh duyt ca user s i qua mt caching proxy c th. Vi vy, caching proxy s bao gm "hot set" ca tt c ni dung c quan st bi tt c cc user ca caching proxy .
Server ni dung gc Yu cu ti Server gc Proxy Server m Server ni dung gc Yu cu ti Server gc Proxy Server m Yu cu ni dung t Server Content2.com Proxy Server bin Client yu cu d liu ni dung Content Client Proxy Server bin

Yu cu ni dung t Server Content1.com

Proxy Server bin

Proxy Server bin

Hnh V-28 Phn cp caching trong CDN Khi mt yu cu ang c x l ti caching proxy thay mt cho user, cc quyt nh khc c th c to ra, nh l: Mt nh cung cp trin khai cc b nh cache trong nhiu v tr a l khc nhau c th cng trin khai cc caches m ca vng tp hp cc yu cu v
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cc p ng ca ngi s dng. iu ny c th ci thin thc thi v tit kim c bng tn. Khi c cc caches m, s c s phn cp ca cc cache. S dng cc giao thc parenting (rich parenting protocols), cc cach proxy m d tha c th vn c trin khai d phong.
S dng cc giao thc parenting tng t, cc yu cu c th c phn chia

nh l cc yu cu v cc min ni dung trung tm c gi ti cache m u tin. iu c th to ra hiu qu s dng cc ti nguyn ca caching proxy l ln nht. S Hinh V-28 m t m hinh phn cp cache. Ch rng s ny ch a ra mt cu hinh kh dng, ngoi ra con c nhiu cu hinh khc cng kh dng. C th l, client c th trao i trc tip vi nhiu caching proxies. 5.7.2. Mng s dng Server Farms
Server ni dung Server ni dung Server ni dung Server ni dung

Yu cu ni dung t ClientA

Yu cu ni dung t ClientB Chuyn mch ni dung (Lp 4-7) Yu cu ni dung t ClientB

Yu cu ni dung t ClientA

Hnh V-29 Trin khai Server Farm trong CDN Mt kiu mng ni dung na c s dng trong nhiu nm gn y l server farm. Mt server farm tiu biu c gi l chuyn mch ni dung hoc chuyn mch thng minh (ngha l s dng thng tin lp 4 n lp 7 trong m hinh OSI ). Chuyn mch ny xem xet cc yu cu ni dung v chuyn chng gia mt nhm cc server. Mc ch ca server farm l: To ra n tng rng mt nhm cc server thc t l mt origin n. Cn bng ti ca cc yu cu qua tt c cc server trong nhm. T ng nh tuyn cc yu cu ra khi cc server b hng.

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 nh tuyn tt c cc yu cu i vi mt phin ca mt user ti cng mt

server, bo tn trng thi phin. S Hinh V-29 m t vic trin khai mt server farm n gin. Mt kiu mng ni dung tng t (ngha l, c trin khai gn vi cc servers) c th c to ra vi cc Server sao lu thay th cho mt chuyn mch.. 5.7.3. Mng phn phi ni dung C m hinh phn cp cache v server farms u l cc ky thut hu ch, nhng u c cc hn ch. Server farms c th ci thin c m rng ca server gc. Tuy nhin, do c nhiu servers v cc phn t khc c trin khai gn server gc, nn ci thin cc vn thc thi l t l do tc nghn mng. Cc Caching proxy c th ci thin c cc vn thc thi do tc nghn mng (do chng c nh v gn cc client) nhng chng lu gi cc i tng da vo nhu cu ca client. Vic lu gi da vo nhu cu ca client c thc hin khng tt nu cc yu cu v mt i tng xc nh c truyn b gia nhiu cc caching proxies khc nhau. (Trong trng hp ny mt i tng c th c yu cu n ln qua n caching proxies khc nhau, to ra n caching proxy yu cu ti mt rigin server --hoc cng mt hot ng nh vy c th xy ra m khng cn c bt k caching proxies no c trin khai.) Do vy, nh cung cp ni dung vi ngun ni dung a chung c th nhn thy rng phi quan tm n mt lng ln cc server farms, cn bng ti, v cc kt ni bng tn cao p ng c nhu cu. loi b cc hn ch ny, mt kiu mng ni dung khc a c trin khai trong nhng nm gn y l mng phn phi ni dung (CDN). Mt mng CDN chuyn cc cu hinh tng t nh ca Server Farm ti cc v tr mng c caching Proxy chim lnh. Mng CDN c nhiu bn sao ca mi ch mc ni dung. Mt yu cu t mt trinh duyt v mt ch mc ni dung n c nh hng ti bn sao tt, trong tt thng c ngha l ch mc c phc v ti client nhanh hn so vi thi gian tim np t server ngc. Thng tin tnh v cc v tr a l v cc kt ni mng thng khng la chn mt bn sao tt. Vi vy, CDN kt hp thng tin ng v cc iu kin mng v ti trn cc server sao lu, nh hng cc yu cu cn bng ti. So vi vic s dng cc server v cc server sao lu trong mt trung tm d liu, CDN l mt h thng tng i phc tp bao gm nhiu im hin din, trong cc v tr m c th l mt phn a l. iu hnh mt mng CDN khng d dng i vi nh cung cp ni dung, do cc nh cung cp ni dung mun tp trung cc ti nguyn ca n pht trin ni dung gi tr cao, khng qun l c s h tng mng. Vi vy, c nhiu kiu sp xp nh cung cp dch v mng xy dng v iu hnh mng CDN ca h, to ra cc dch v phn phi ni dung cho mt s nh cung cp ni dung.
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CDN cho phep nh cung cp dch v hot ng thay mt nh cung cp ni dung phn pht cc bn sao ni dung ca server gc ti cc khch hng t nhiu v tr khc nhau. Vic tng s lng v tnh a dng ca v tr c ch ci thin thi gian ti tin v do ci thin c hnh trinh m ngi s dng phi i qua. CDN l s kt hp ca c s h tng phn pht ni dung, c s h tng phn phi, c s h tng nh tuyn yu cu, v c s h tng tnh cc. C s h tng phn pht ni dung bao gm tp cc server sao lu, phn pht bn sao ni dung ti cc khch hng. C s h tng nh tuyn yu cu bao gm cc thit b ky thut quyt nh di chuyn khch hng ti server sao lu. C s h tng phn phi bao gm cc thit b di chuyn ni dung t server ngun ti cc server sao lu. Cui cng, c s h tng tnh cc theo doi v thu thp d liu nh tuyn, phn phi, v phn pht trong mt CDN. S Hinh V-30 m t mng CDN n gin nh c m t trn:
My nh tuyn yu cu (1)Yu cu ni dung (2) Tr li v tri ni dung Server sao lu

To kt ni ly ni dung Client

Hnh V-30 Trnh t p ng ni dung n gin a/ Kin trc chung CDN Kin trc chung ca mng CDN c th hin trong Hinh V-31 .

Hnh V-31 Kin trc mng CDN

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Nh c biu din trong hinh v, mng CDN gm mt s thnh phn chnh nh sau:
Content Director/Server Director H thng tnh cc Trung tm iu hnh mng CDN Server sao lu/ Server bin Cache

b/ Content Director/Server Director Content director (hay con gi l server director) bao gm cc chc nng nh nh tuyn cc yu cu ca khch hng ti server sao lu thch hp v trao i ngang cp vi cc mng CDN khc. Cc thnh phn chnh ca content director:
My nh tuyn yu cu H thng nh tuyn ngang cp H thng phn phi H thng phn phi ngang cp

Chc nng ca tng thnh phn nh sau My nh tuyn yu cu My nh tuyn yu cu nh tuyn cc yu cu ca khch hng ti cc server sao lu ti u nht da trn cc phep o nh s cc chng, ti trong mt mng CDN . My nh tuyn yu cu con thc hin gim st mng mt cch lin tc v cu hinh s c cp nht vi cc phep o mi nht v cc server sao lu. H thng nh tuyn ngang cp Thnh phn ny thc hin trao i gia cc mng CDN. Hot ng ngang cp gia cc CDN cho phep tng s server sao lu m khch hng c th kt ni ti. H thng nh tuyn ngang cp nh tuyn cc yu cu ni dung gia cc mng CDN c lin kt. Mi h thng nh tuyn ngang cp duy tri mt bng nh tuyn gi l bng nh tuyn yu cu, cc bng ny cha thng tin v cc i tng trong cc mng CDN ngang cp. Thng tin ny c th c trao i theo chu k bi cc h thng nh tuyn ngang cp cp nht li bng vi thng tin mi nht. H thng phn phi Thnh phn ny nhn cc ni dung t h thng phn phi ngang cp v phn phi n ti cc server sao lu trong cng mng CDN. H thng phn phi ngang cp H thng phn phi ngang cp thc hin phn phi ni dung gia cc mng CDN ngang cp. N cng cung cp thng tin v cc v tr m lu tr ni dung yu cu. Thnh phn ny thc hin trao i cc thng tin ny theo chu k thng bo ti cc mng CDN ngang cp lun gi c s d liu v cu hinh ni dung vi thng tin mi.
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c/ H thng tinh cc H thng tnh cc thu thp cc thng tin t cc thnh phn ca mng CDN lin quan n phn phi d liu ti ngi s dng v ti cc mng CDN ngang cp. Cc thng tin ny c x l bi h thng tnh cc lm ho n cho khch hng. Cc mng CDN trao i d liu ny vi cc mng CDN ngang cp qua Gateway tnh cc ngang cp tnh ho n qua li. d/ Trung tm iu hnh mng CDN Thnh phn ny qun l mng CDN t trung tm. Cc chc nng chnh gm: Qun l cc thnh phn ca mng CDN t trung tm mng
Gim st trng thi ca cc thnh phn trong mng CDN, cc nh qun l

c th c p ng thch hp.
Thm/Xo cc khch hng CDN. y cc khch hng c th l nh cung cp

ni dung hoc ISP

Thit lp cc SLA (Service Level Agreement) mi. To cc bn bo co /thng k cho cc khch hng

e/ Server sao lu/Server bin Server sao lu l thnh phn tiu biu trong CDN. Mi server sao lu lin kt vi mt b nh cache ni b lu tr cc p ng t server gc hoc server sao lu khc. Trong mt mng CDN, ngi s dng c kt ni ti server sao lu gn nht. Khi khch hng yu cu mt i tng tnh, n s c phc v t cache ni b ca server sao lu (nu yu cu a c lu trong b nh cache). Nu b nh cache b li hoc i tng c yu cu l ng thi s c p ng theo yu cu t server gc. f/ Cache Mi server sao lu lin kt vi mt b nh cache ni b. B nh cache lu tr cc i tng c yu cu ca cc user v cc i tng c phn pht t server sao lu hoc server gc khc. Cc yu cu tip theo ca cng mt i tng s c p ng t cache ni b ny. Do tit kim c ti nguyn mng, gim ti cho server gc, v truy nhp nhanh hn. 5.7.4. H th ng inh tuy n yu c u H thng nh tuyn yu cu c s dng la chn server sao lu (hay Server sao lu) ph hp m c gi bn sao ni dung c yu cu v nh hng client ti Server sao lu . Khong cch gia client v server sao lu c la chn v ti ca server sao lu l hai tiu chun quan trng c s dng la chn server sao lu ph hp. Cc khong thi gian quay vong v s cc chng l hai thng s xc nh khong cch. Tuy nhin c hai thng s ny u khng hiu qu v chnh xc ch ra khong cch gia client v server sao lu bi vi thng s th nht c th thay i
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nhiu, con thng s th hai thi khng tnh n tinh trng lu lng mng. Cc ky thut c s dng xc nh ti ca server sao lu l server push v client probe. Theo ky thut server push, cc server sao lu truyn thng tin ti ti mt s agent. Con theo phng php th hai thi cc agent do tim trng thi ca ca cc server sao lu mt cch nh k. Cu trc ca h thng nh tuyn yu cu c ch ra trong Hinh V-32 . Trong Hinh V-32 , th hin khi nim tng quan v h thng nh tuyn yu cu; n bao gm cc thnh phn: Trao i cu hinh ni dung (Content Topology Exchange), c s d liu cu hinh ni dung (Content Topology Database) v tnh ton nh tuyn (Route Computation).
Tnh ton nh tuyn C s d liu cu hinh Trao i thng bo Giao thc trao i thng tin nh tuyn yu cu

Hnh V-32 Cu trc h thng nh tuyn yu cu Trong o: 1. Tnh ton nh tuyn: Tnh ton la chn server sao lu tt nht cho cc client da trn cc thng tin c lu tr trong c s d liu cu hinh ni dung, thut ton tnh ton nh tuyn, v cc cch c nh sn. 2. C s d liu cu hinh ni dung: D liu cu hinh bao gm thng tin thng bo chi tit nhn c t cc CDN ln cn v cc thng s lin quan. 3. Trao i thng bo: Khi chc nng ny chu trch nhim v vic thc thi giao thc trao i thng tin nh tuyn yu cu 4. Giao thc trao i thng tin nh tuyn yu cu: c s dng trao i cc thng bo ni dung v thng bo area ni dung 5.8. K t lu n Chng nay t p trung vao ph n ma ng truy n thng a phng ti n , nhng v n lin quan ti tri n khai , n i ma ng a phng ti n . tri n khai c cac dich vu a phng ti n , cc tham s QoS phi c tha man . Vi vy trong truyn thng a phng ti n c n co quan tri k t n i , phn tic h va i u khi n lu l ng .

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Dragorad A. Milovanovic, Introduction to multimedia communications: Applications, Middleware, Networking, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION, 2006 [2] [3] TS. Nguyn Quy Sy , Truy n hinh di ng : Cng ngh , Thi t bi va dich vu , Nh xut bn Bu in, 2010 TS. Nguyn Quy Sy , tai B Thng tin va Truy n thng Nghin cu an ninh ni dung trong truyn hinh s v xut p dng ti vit nam , ma s 84-09KHKT-RD. [4] [5] TS. Hong Minh , Ths. Hong Trng Minh , Gio trinh Ky thut chuyn mch , Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng , 2009. L Ngo c Giao , Tr n Trung Hi u , Phan Ha Trung , Mng phn phi ni dung , Nh xu t ban Bu i n, 2006.

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