MudKwifawmif;yefjcif;

pmpOfonf Myanmar Cupid rS wifxm;aom Post rsm;udk trsm;olig zwf&SEdkif&ef

pkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ uGsefawmfhwGif rl&if;pmtkyf r&SdygaomaMumifh pmpOfrsm;tm;vkH;
jynfpHkrSK &Sdr&Sd wdkufMunfhjcif;iSm rwufEdkifyg/ xdk haMumifh tu,f&sf pmrlrsm; MuGif;usef&pfcJhaomf
onf;cHay;Muyg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/
pmpOfrsm; pkpnf; ylaZmfol

&[EmESifh yk*dKvfxl;rsm; ( yxrydkif; )

0.1/ "mwfyHkawmfrsm;
0.2/ ed'gef;pum;
0.3.1/ jrefrmEkdifiH omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf tprS ]tpdk;&\ tm;ay;rI} acgif;
0.3.2/ ]tpdk;&\ tm;ay;rI} rS jrefrmEdkifiH omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf acgif;pOfqHk;xd
0.4/ r[mpnfq&mawmf
0.5.1/ a0blq&mawmf tprS ]Ak'\ wpfae hwm vkyfief;pOf} acgif;pOfcGJrwkdifcifxd
0.5.2/ ]Ak'\ wpfae hwm vkyfief;pOf} rS a0blq&mawmf acgif;pOfqHk;xd
ysLEdkifiH [efvif;acwf
1.1/ psmeftbdnmOf& &[EmomraP
1.2/ psmeftbdnmOf& 'defausmif; t&Sif okar"m
oa&acw&macwf
2.1/ &[EmESifh yk*dKvfxl;rsm;
2.2/ 0dyem&I&mrS tif;0dZmjzpfcJhaom &SifOwrod&D
oxHkacwf
3.1/ t&Sif*0Hywdrax&
3.2/ psmeftbdnmOf& jymP'D rax&f
yk*Hacwf
4.1/ &Sift&[H rax&f

4.2/ yHhokulrax&f
4.3/ iSufypfawmif t&Sify@dwrax&f
4.4/ aygifavmif&Sif uy
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4.6/ 'domjymrkuf q&mawmf (OD;usnfayG h) ESifh ulAavcef bk&ifBuD
4.7/ eef;awmif;rsm;q&mESifh wufao;BuD;
yif;,acwf
5.1/ &Sif'dApuf &[EmaxG;
5.2/ a&iHkq&mwynfh (rPdrOL q&mawmf)
5.3/ ordkif;uay;aom jrefrmwdk hwm0ef
5.4/ psmeftbdnmOf& tnmwuk@nf; rax&f
5.5.1/ bk&m;yGifh&m tdEd,EdkifiH tb,fhaBumifh omoem uG,faysmufoenf; tprS ]0dZmawGOHKcH
yk*Hodk hajy;vmBuyHk} acgif;pOfcGJrwdkifcifxd
5.5.2/ ]0dZmawGOHKcH yk*Hodk hajy;vmBuyHk} acgif;pOfcGJrS bk&m;yGifh&m tdEd,EdkifiH tb,fhaBumifh
omoem uG,faysmufoenf; acgif;pOfqHk;xd
tif;0acwf
6.1/ wufao;oljrwfESifh ykcef;BuD; udk&ifokar"m
6.2.1/ a&TOrifESifh awmifzDvmq&mawmf tprS ]owdk horD;av;ESifh wpfnwm}
acgif;pOfcGJrwdkifcifxd
6.2.2/ ]owdk horD;av;ESifh wpfnwm} acgif;pOfcGJrS a&TOrifESifh awmifzDvmq&mawmf
acgif;pOfqHk;xd

ax&0g' omoem oefU&Sif;wnfwH NyefUyGm;atmif

taemf&xm rif;BuD; tultnDNzihf omoem NyKawmfrlcJhaom
&Sift&[H yHkawmf
yk*HNrKdU tmeEmapwD twGif;&Sdonf/

xG#facgifq&mawmf &kyfxkawmf
(1160-1242)

q&mawmfOD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE) "gwfawmfrsm;

(1182-1282)

a&pBudK*lNzLawm& q&mawmf
(1190-1281)

bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDv
(1194-1269)

ykodrf rd*'g&Hk q&mawmf

(1194-1283)

yckuL oJyHkawmf&q&mawmf
(1204-1288)

v,fwDawm& q&mawmff
(1208-1285)

ppfudkif;-0wfcsuf rif;ausmif;q&mawmf
q&mawmf
(1215-1288)

ppfudkif;-r[m*Em&Hkq&mawmff
(1220-1281)

Nynf - tifBuif;aNrmif q&mawmf

(1222-1278)

anmifvGefawm&q&mawmf
(1229-1295)

oxHk aZw0efq&mawmf
(1230-1316)

aousawmif q&mawmf
(1233-1299)

rdk;nSif;awm& q&mawmf
(1234-1326)

odrfawmif tif;rBuD; awm&q&mawmf

(1237-1283)

Nrif;NcH-pGef;vGef;*lq&mawmf
(1239-1314)

tbd"Zr[m&X *k&k 0ef;odkNrKdU cED;q&mawmf

(1286ckESpf? awmfovif; vNynfU *-&uf zGm;Nrifawmfrlonf/)

urmUowdyXmefomoemNyK awmifykvk
urmat;q&mawmf
(1258ck? waygif;vNynfUausmf 3-&uf zGm;Nrifawmfrlonf/)

a&TOa'gif;awmifq&mawmf
(1253-1346)

oydwftdkif awm&q&mawmf
(1255-1331)

odrfawmif-qnfBuD;q&mawmf
(1244-1321)

Nynf-edAEq&mawmf
(1248-1338)

rdk;ukwfq&mawmf
(1261-1324)

ed'gef;pum;
earm 0dbZ0g'daem r[mumk
r[mumkPdu
jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywdomoem0if (psmeftbdnmOf& yk*dKvfrsm;? &[EmESifh tjcm;aom t&d,m
yk*dKvfrsm;? t&d,m rjzpfapumrl t&d,mjzpf&ef ajzmifhrSefpifMu,fpGm usifhBuHawmfrlcJhaom
a,m*Dyk*dKvfxl;rsm;taMumif;)onf wpfusrf;wpfzGJUtjzpf pkpnf;xm;&Sdoifhaom vkdtyfcsufwpfck[k
,lqygonf/ tqufqufaom a,m*DwdkUtwGuf tm;aq;wpfcGufvnf; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
]] acwfwGif &[EmjzpfEkdifoavm? psmeftbdnmOfaum &Edkif ao;oavm}} [laom jyemonf
tvkyfcGifodkU 0ifaom yk*dKvfwdkif;ESifh ynm&SifwdkUtm; wD;wdk;ar;jref;aeaom ar;cGef;jzpf\/
tajztrsdK;rsdK;aMumifh pmayy&d,wfESifh pdwf"mwftm;enf;olrsm; pEdk;paemifh jzpfMu&onf/
tvkyfcGifrS xGufolxGuf vufavQmholavQmhoGm;Mu\/
]r[my&dedAmeokwf} jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]okb' }tm;a[mawmfrlonfrSmum; xif&Sm;\/
yGifhvif;\/ jyemwifzG,fr&Sd/
w&m;ppf w&mrSefrsm; wnf&Sd usifhBuHTefjyolrsm; &SdaeorQ acwf?ESpf tuefUtowfr&Sd?

tcsdeftcgra&G;? jzpfvdkaom t&mra&G; jzpfEdkifavonf/ ]oEd|du tumvdu} *kPfwdkUvnf;

t"dyg,fudkyif ruG,fr0Suf jyufjyufxifxif ay:vGifapMu\/
odkUpifvsuf dk;dk;uav; &Sif;&Sif;uav; a[mxm;aom Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ pum;xuf tMurf;pm;
cGJjcm;xm;aom t|uxm q&mwdkU\ acwf 5-acwf aemufodkU aumufaumufygatmif
pkNyHKvdkufoGm;wwfMu\/ ]] ygVdawmfESihf t|uxm xdyfwdkufawGUcJhaom ygVdawmfaemufudkom
vdkuf&rnf}} [laom r[mya'o (TefMum;csufpnf;urf;BuD;) udkvnf; arhaeMu\/
udk,fydkifPfvnf; toHk;rcs/
xkdrSjrpfzsm;cHjyqdkNyD; ar;cGef;rsm;? udk,fhtcGifhta&;udk udk,fydwfaom tawG;tac:rsm;?
vufavQmhvdkpdwfrsm; jzpfrSef;rod qifhyGm;jzpfay:vmMu\/ odkUESifh ,ckacwfwGif t&d,mjzpfonf?
psmeftbdnmOf&onfudkyif r,HkcsifMuawmh/ aemufqHk; xdkcH,lcsufonf ] t&d,ly0g'} ac:
uHBuD;udkyif usL;vGefrdwwfawmhonf/ BudK;pm;aomfvnf; r*fzdkvfudk r&Edkif&SmMuawmhay/ xdkuHBuD;
rxdkufonfhwdkifatmif r*fzdkvf edAmefpsmeftbdnmOfonf ,aeUvlom;wdkUESifhyif rwef&moa,mif
rdrdwdkUb0udk avQmhaps;csvmMu\/ qifajcuef a0zefrIrsm;vnf; yGm;vmavawmhonf/ (um;
xGif;azmufEkdifaom edaA"duynm ryg? tay:,Hpmay tjrifrQjzifh ynm&Sd tac:cH olwdkU
jzpfwwfaom ]au&m#d,yu}pOf;vJaom tjrifwnf;/)
cEmudk,fawGUESifh "mwfpD; ur|mef;
wpfzufwGif MunfhjyefygvQifvnf; roufom? ydk jyemwufjyefonf/ &Sif;r&atmif us,fjyefU
IyfaxG;ap\/ taMumif;um; y&d,wd tajcryg/ y#dywf(orx) oufouf orm"d
tpGrf;xufojzifh ]] r*fzdkvfqdkwm 'gyJ}} [kvG,fvG,fESifh t&d,mjzpfMu? &[EmvkyfMu?
&[EmorkwfMujcif;yifwnf;/ ] cEmudk,fawGU} [kqdkif;bkwfwifum y#du tmZmenfBuD;rsm; udkyif
olwdkUu oem;ae&SmMuao;awmh\/ ayg|dvBuD; t&Sif em*rax&fBuD;wdkUudkyif udk;um;
]pmcHonf} [ka0zefvdkufBuao;onf/
]] pmudkrajymeJU? udk,fawGUyJajym}} [laom y#dywf vufzuf&nfMurf;0dkif;BuD;rsm;vnf;
&yfuGufwdkif;wGif aomaomnHavawmhonf/ ]tocFg&du ab;uef? oocFg&du Adkufuef} [kyif
wGifcJhaom tvr*Fvm oCFmpifrS jiif;ckef &efjzpfMuonfh ]pum;ajymoN*K[f} y&rwf0dkif;BuD;rsm;udk
owd&apawmh\/ xdkolrsm;aMumifhyif tbd"rm y&rwfw&m;vnf; emrnfysufcJh&zl;onf/
xdkUaMumifh
w&m;tm;xkwfolrsm;av &ifav;p&maumif;av jzpf&jyefonf/ (um; ynmryg?
o'goufoufaMumifh tpGef;xGuf vrf;acsmfaom ,aeU y#dywftajctae a,bk,s
jrifuGif;jzpf\/)
xdkUaMumifh o'gESifhynm xrf;ydk; xrf;nD tav;csdefrQ&ef vdkonf[k a[mMum;qHk;rawmf
rlMuukef\/
y#dywda&;&m jyemum; rQ r[kwfwHkao;/ y&d,wfvnf; wwf\/ y#dywfvnf; vkyf\/
odkU&mwGif rarQmfvifhaom tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifMu&aomtcg tvGeftuRH tm;xkwfjcif;?
rcsdrqHh ysif;&d vufavQmhypfjcif;? udk,fydkifyuwd pdwf"mwfr[kwfaom tawG;tac:rsm;
vufcHaerdjcif; ponfwdkUaMumifh yef;wdkifra&mufbJ vrf;ckvwfwGif tvkyfcGifrS xGufum

w&m;a[mola[m? pdwZaq;Hka&mufola&muf? aysmufapq&m aA'ifq&m vkyfolvkyf? zdkxdk;olxdk;?

trsdK;rsdK;acgif;ajymif;oGm;&olwdkYvnf; renf;awmhacs/
raocsmaom vufiif;tusdK;udk ajrmfudk;,Hkpm;vGef;ol tcsdKUu xdkodkUaom q&mrsdK;jzpf&jcif;udkyif
{&mr'kvb tcGifhaumif;BuD;xifum xdk[m&zdkUudkom yef;wdkifxm;Muavawmh\/ aemufqHk;
y#dywf vufzuf&nfMurf;0dkif;BuD;rsm;ESihf tNydKif uefawmhyGJ a&SUcsum "mwfpD;ur|mef;
xdkifMuavawmhonf/
wu,fhq&mESifh rdwfaqGaumif;
rjrif&aom taESmifht,Sufrsm;um; toHwdwfaoewfxuf aMumufvefUzG,f aumif;vS\/
rjrif&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef&efrSm wu,fhtmZmenf pG,fpHkyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;yifaomfrS &Hcg
tajz&Smr&ouJhodkU jzpfoGm;&wwfonfudk jrifae&\/ Munfhaomolom jrif jrifaomolom
qifjcifEdkifavonf/
] ,xmblwH Pm, owm y&da,odwaAm} =
]t&SdrSefjrif&ef wu,fhq&m &SmrSjzpfonf/}
]ouvar0 [d'H jA[p&d,H? ....,'dwH uvsmPrdwwm} =
]rdwfaqGaumif;onf &mEIef;jynfh tiftm;jzpfonf} [ka[mawmfrlonfudk rarhoifhMuay/ ]q&mtppfESifh rdwfaqGtrSef} udkem;vnfoifh\/
w&m;oabmum; eufIdif;pGmh/
] taESmifht,Suf tcuftcJrsm;&Sdonf} [kqdkap? jrifEdik fcuf\/ ,HkEdkifcuf\/ a&SmifEdkifcuf\/
a&SmifvGJausmfvGefenf;udk awGU&Sd&efum; tcufqHk;/ bk&m;&Sifonfyif &Hzef&Hcg tcuftcJrsm;ESifh
&ifqdkif&wwfonf/ awGU&apumrl (0dukAed'd=zefqif;rI) wefcdk;udk oHk;cJ\/ om0ursm;udkvnf;
oHk;cGifhrjyK/ arwmjzifhom tEdkif,lawmfrlavh&Sd\/ rkef,pfaeaom ]emVm*D&dqif} ESifh rmef,pfaom
]a&mZrvrif;om;} wdkUtm; arwmjzifhyif kdnGwfapawmfrlcJhNyD/ ]bk&m;rdkU} [k rxiftyf/
"rAv=w&m;\pGrf;tm;onf yk*dKvfra&G;? tcsdeftcg? ae&ma'ora&G;/ ,HkMunfjcif;
t&if;pdkuf&efom vdkonf/
oHk;acsmif;axmuf w&m;pGrf;tif
xdkonfh arwmw&m;tjyif avmifaeaom rD;? pD;aeaom a&udkyif wefUapEdkifpGrf;aom opm
(t&m&m wdusrI)? bmrqdk vdkwdkif;&? wwdkif;NyD;apEdkifpGrf;aom t[kwfoDv? xdkoHk;acsmif;axmuf
&Sd&efum; tenf;qHk;vdktyf\/ wd&pmefrsm;aomfrS vdkufematmifjrifcJhzl;vSNyD/
w&m;pGrf;tifudk twefi,fquf qdkcsifygao;\/ ur|mef;xdkifjcif;udk ysif;p&m[kvnf;aumif;?
tcsdefjzKef;onf[k vnf;aumif; vlrdkufwdkUxifwwfMu\/ vuf(o'g) rygbJ ,lcsifol? ajcaxmuf
(oDv) r&SdbJ oGm;csifol? tvkyfrvkyfrD vkyfcudk tvsifawmif;ouJhodkU o'gt&if;rpdkufcif
Pfynmtcudk aps;qpfMu awmif;cHMuolwdkUvnf; xdkUenf;if;yif/ wdwfwdwfae
axmifwefonfudk rodMu/wpfa,muf
aumif;u wpfaomif;Adkvfajc csrf;omapEdkifonfudkvnf; rjrif/ rdrdwdkU\ w&m;tm;pGrf;tif

tavsmuf urmppfrD;awmufBuD;rsm;udkyif Nidrf;ap odef;oef;ru ow0gtrsm;udk

tygaqmifvsuf urmopf wnfaxmifEdkifpGrf;onfudkrl om rjrifEdkif r,HkEdkifMu/
jrifhrdk&fawmifudkyif trIefUjyKEdkif? a&TjzpfapEdkifaom orm"dpGrf;tm;udk ]t*kFwdK&f [dr0EokwfESifh
oH,kwf&Zokwf}a[mawmfrlcJhNyD/ oufrJhudkyif apwdkif;&aom w&m;tm;um; qdkzG,fr&Sdav/
xdkonfh arwmESifh opm oDv oHk;acsmif;axmuf &&Sdxm;ygrl rnfonfh avmu"H rkefwdkif;udkrQ
rIp&mr&Sd/ BuHhBuHhcHay;vdrfhrnf[k rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunfjcif; vufudk urf;vSrf;oifh\/ rddk;zvm
axmifusrnfavmufudkom aMumuf usifhaqmifaom oDv? EIwfwdkuf&Gwfqdkaom tay:,H
arwmrQjzifhum; rnfonfh tcuftcJudkrQ ausmfvTm;Edkifrnf r[kwf/
usifhBuH&m cufonf vG,fonfrSmvnf; rdrdpdwfyifwnf;/
vrf;kd;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif
usrf;pmonf xdkonfh taESmihft,Suf tcuftcJrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf &nfTef;xm;ygonf/
udk,fwdkif &ifqdkifBuHKawGU&&mrS tm;aq; tm;udk;&mudk &Smaomtm;jzifh vufawGUus
trSefpHjyKxdkufaom a&S;oljrwfa[mif;BuD;wdkU\ tqdktrdefU t|Kywf vkyfxHk;pHenf;rsm;udk &SmazG
zwfI&ygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf yk&mPr*ac: a&S;bk&m;&Sif tqufqufwdkU\ oGm;&mvrf;a[mif;udk ]r[my'ge
okwfawmf} jzifh jyefajymif; xkwfazmfawmfrl cJhzl;av\/
]aAm"d&mZ ukrm&okwef} jzifhvnf; bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifyif bk&m;rjzpfrD q&mrSm;cJhyHk
txiftjriftawG;acsmf aovkarsmyg; vrf;rSm;vdkufcJhrdyHkwdkUudk oifcef;pm ay;awmfrlcJh\/
uREkfyfwdkUonfvnf; xdkoifcef;pmrsm;ESifh a&S;ola[mif;wdkU\ t|Kywfudk zwfIaomtm;jzifh
vrf;a[mif;udk &SmcJh&yg\/ r&ao;onfudk &atmif? &NyD;onfudk wdk;wufatmif tm;jznfhcJh&yg\/
vrf;kd;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif? vdkvQifBuHqenf;vrf;&/
usrf;pmrsm; trsm;tjym; upOfhuvsm;&Sdaeonfudk &SmazGzwfI&onfrSmum; vG,fulonf r[kwf/
tvGeftvkyfysuf (*EyvdaAm") cH&ygonf/ ]ur|mef; xdkifw,fomqdk pmudkcsnf; zwfae
a&;aeoaum} [kyif tajymcH&\/ ajymxdkufaypGmh? xdkUaMumifh uREkfyfwdkUuJhodkU tvkyfcGifzifhaES;rI
rjzpfMuygap&ef rSwfwdkiftjzpf acwftvdkuf cGJjcm; pkpnf; wnfaqmufxm;vdkufygonf/
a&S;ola[mif;wdkU\ t|KywfwGif tcsdKUae&m acwfvlwdkU zwfcsifhpzG,f pmjc,frIef;jcif;rSty
rlvtaMumif;t&mrsm;wGif o'g ynmtpGef;xGuf jznfhpGufy,fEkwfjcif; tvsOf; r&SdygaMumif;
udkvnf; odaptyfygaMumif;/
] jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywd omoem0if} wGif tydkif;tm;jzifh oHk;ydkif;cGJxm;&m1/ yxrydkif; jyL[efvif;acwf? oa&acw&m? oxHk? yk*H? yif;, ESifh tif;0acwfrsm;/
2/ 'kwd,ydkif; tavmif;rif;w&m;rS p ukef;abmif acwfaESmif; txd/
3/ wwd,ydkif; NAdwdoQacwfrS p rsufarSmufacwftxd yg0ifygonf/
usrf;udk jyKpk&m pmtkyfiSm;&rf;jcif;? tBuHPfay;jcif; ponfjzifh ulnDcJhMuaom1/ OD;av;NrdKif (aiGwm&D r*Zif; wm0efcH t,f'Dwm?)
2/ "rmp&d, OD;armifarmifav; (oda&mrPd? bD-at?)
3/ OD;rsdK;jrifh (t,f'Dwm? yd#uwfjrefrmjyef?)

4/ OD;[efaX; (okawoet&m&Sd? urmhAk'wuodkvf?)

5/ OD;Pf0if; (ygVdyg&*l? vkyfom;jynfolUaeUpOf?)
6/ urmat; OD;jrifhtkef;? OD;pdefvSatmif refae*sm OD;vS0if;pdef OD;cspf&Sdef?
7/ txl;ojzifh OD;rsdK;0if;ESifhtzGJU (Mo Gok Computer & offset )
wdkUtm; txl;aus;Zl;wifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wif&ygonf/
todrSef csrf;omMuygap/
olawmfaumif;"mwf? w&m;jrwf? vTrf;ywfurmwnf&rnf/
aX;vIdif
("rmp&d, OD;aX;vdIif)
oDwif;uRwf vjynfhausmf 8-&uf? 1335-ckESpf/
(19-10-73)

earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'

jrefrmEdkifiH omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf

jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmfrSp aeUwdkif urmay:wGif

Ak'omoemawmf\ ]aemufqHk;cHwyfNrdKawmfBuD;} tjzpf tcdkiftrm &yfwnfvm\/ urmolurmom;
tm;vHk;twGuf ppfrSefjrifhjrwfaom ,Ofaus;rI tarGudk xdef;odrf;odkrSD;&m
b@mwdkufBuD;ozG,fvnf; jzpfayonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHom ,if;uJhodkU r&yfwnfcJhvQif ,aeU Ak'omoemawmfonf tkwfta&ma&m
ausmufta&ma&m jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ arSmifESifhrnf;rnf; c&D;cJ? c&DMurf;wGif prf;w0g;0g;
avQmufaeMu&&Smaom urmolurmom;wdkU twGuf rZdry#dy'g vrf;rawmfBuD;onfvnf;
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b0wefzdk;udk jrwfEdk;wwfMu&m\/
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vrf;qHk;cJhMu\/
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t&omawGUEdkif\/ omoemjyK&mwGifvnf; c&D;rwGif tiftm;rygacs/ omoem
,kwfavsmhaeNyDxif bkefawmfBuD; rlvwef;ausmif;rSonf tcrJhynmay;Edkifaom
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'dk;,dkaygufoGm;rnf[k xifMuaomfvnf; kd;&m y&d,wdatmufrsm;pGm usqif;oGm;Edkifayonf/
udk,fydkif tZwdu omoemtiftm;rsm; ,dkxGufum tay:,H [efjy omoemrQom
usefavawmhonf/
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wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/
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jynfrIudp OD;aqmifa&mygol ygMuukef\/
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aus;Zl;wiftyfvSayonf/ ,aeU y#dywf EdkUrvdkifudk vdIifvdIifBuD; aomufpm;cGifh &aeonfrSm ]
kd;&mudk txdrcH? vlqef acwfrDonfudk rvdkvm;} aom xdkq&morm; bdk;bGm;rdbwdkU\
aus;Zl;yif/
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tajctaewGifyif Ak'0g'onf jrefrmwdk hOD;aqmif wpfurmvHk;wGif
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y&d,wdomoemudk wpfacwfajymif;ay;vdkufaom pmar;yGJBuD;rsm; jzpfukef\/ y#dywdbuf

vHk;0rsufESmrlaom edwd&Pw pmar;yGJBuD;rsm;yifwnf;/
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jy'g;csdefjzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh y&d,wdoifenf;pepfudk vspfvsLrIbJ rdrdwdkU jyKEdkifonfh u@rS
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MunfndKwwf&ef vkdayonf/
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pGef;vGef;q&mawmf (1239-1314)
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a0blq&mawmf (1257-1339)
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y#dywd0efaqmif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;onf omoem(2500) vGwfvyfa&;umvwGif omoemh

usufoa&udk wdk;NrSifhapawmfrlcJhBu\/
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ESifh oufawmf 70 ausmfNyDNzpfaom 'r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;' ESpfyg;wdkh\t&SSdeft0gonf ae

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1mmrqdk vdkwdkif; r&edkifwm rjzpfedkifwmyml r&Sd? odoavmuf awmifhw arSsmfrSef;xm;cJhorSsru
tydkawGyifrsm;pGm&vmwwfojzifha&S;yk*dKvfwdk huJhodk h 0D&d,udkom trSDvdkuf pdkufxkwfMudK;pm;&ef/
7/ oifMum;rSwfom;xm;csufawG ajymrukefedkifatmif trsm;MuD; wwfodMu\/ xkdodk hrsm;pGm
&Sdaomfvnf; MudKuf&mwpfckudkom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf 0D&d,oefoefeSifh rSefrSefvkyf&efom ta&;MuD;onf/
arG;onfrS aoonftxd xif&Sm;&Sdaeaom xGufav-0ifavum; vlwdkif;odvG,f xifvG,fojzifh
0ifwdkif;-xGufwdkif; eSmzsm;0 xdonfudkom odatmifvkyf/ ,ck vkyfMunfh? ,ckrD;jidrf;?
,ckvufiif; csrf;om\/ (tumvdaum)
8/ ,if;odk h&SKrSwf&jcif;jzifh udk,feSKwf aomif;usef;rSKr&Sd(t"doDv)? pdwfaomif;usef;rSK r&Sd(t"dpdw)
]&kyfemrfrSsom &Sdyguvm;} ymk eSmzsm;0rS wpfudk,fvHk;wvSKyfvSKyf w&G&G jzpfysufaeonfudk jrif&rnf
(t"dynm)/
odk hjzpf odumoHk;yg; tusHK;0ifoGm;jyD/ orm'd|d paom r*if&Spfyg;vnf; ygoGm;jyD/
owdy|mefav;yg; paom aAm"dyud,w&m; 37 yg;vnf; vkyfjyD; jzpfoGm;jyD/ tmemyge
vkyfaejcif;jzifh yd#u oHk;yHkvHk;yif tusHK;0ifavjyD jzpf ]axGvDumvD} avSsmufvkyfraeeJ h? awG;orSs
xiforSs rSm;wwfonf/
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rnfonfh &d,mykwfeSifhrqdk &SKrSwfedkif\/ ]ur|mef; xkdif&wm 1mmrSvJrawG haygif? r&aygif} ymk
rrSwf&/ wpfcPtwGif; &onfh tusdK;um; ukefpifatmifyif rajymedkif/ wpfae hxufwpfae h
wdk;wufjyD;awmhom oGm;awmhonf/
10/tdrftrdk; rdk;aomtcg pyfatmifrdk;vSsif rdk;aeumuG,fedkifouJhodk hwpf&uf 24 em&D
wpfqufwnf; wpfpyfwnf; (rtdyfpuf1mJ) &SKrSwfedkifatmif MudK;pm; (edoZf "kwifaqmif)/ 24 em&D
wpfpyfavmuf &vSsifyif xl;jcm;odomvmrnf/
11/31 1mHkcsrf;om 1mk&ifjzpf&wmrS tp 1mmrSs rawmifhw rvdkcsif&/ 'kucsnf;jzpfonf/
12/rddrd tem;&Sd jriforSs Mum;orSs aus;Zl;&Sifcsnf; jzpfonf/ toHAvHqlae ae&mrajymif;eSifh/

]ig0D&d,? orm"d aumif;vSjyD} ymk tvGwftxifa&mufaewwf\/ qlnHoHrsm;u

]0D&d,wdk;vdkufygOD;} ymk ajymaom aus;Zl;&Sifrsm; jzpfonf/ arwmxm; onf;cH&SKrSwf/
13/rd1m? om;r,m; 0w&m;rsm;udk jyKvkyf&jcif;? ]uav;idk acsmhxdef;&jcif;rS tp oDv? p&P
ukodkvf} csnf; jzpfonf/
14/rdrd tmemyge &SKrSwfjcif;udk taMumif;jyK rdrdeSifhwu rdrdywf0ef;usif vlawG ewfawG
jAymmawG ra&rwGufedkifatmifyif aus;Zl;rsm;ukefMuawmhonf/
pmawG h tawG;txifeSifh vufawG h todtjrif
q&mawmf aymmavhaymmx &Sdaom rmwdum pum;ajyrSm oHk;rsdK;cef h &Sd tm;vHk;jcHKvdkufvSsif
txufyg tcsufrsm;udk awG h&rnfjzpf\/
&Hcg wpfae hwnf; w&m;av;ig;Mudrf aymm&onfh &ufrsm;&Sd\/ aymmwdkif;yif xdktajccH
tcsufrsm;udk yxr aymmonf/ q,fMudrfaymm&vSsif q,fcgyif xyf aymmawmfrl\/ rnfrSs
ta&;MuD;onfudk pOf;pm;Mu&monf/ usrf;*efwdk h odrSwf&ef? vdkufem&ef tcsufrsm;pGm
vmukefonf/ ur |mef; tvkyfcGifr0ifrDuyif MudKwifa&Smif&ef? aqmif&ef tcsufrsm;rSm tvkyfcGif
r0if&Javmufatmifyif rsm;ukef\/ y"me tcsufudk zrf;rd&ef cufvSonf/
rdrdwdk h tvSrf;rDoavmuf usrf;pmrsm;udkvnf; MudK;pm; zwf&SKMu&m ]t1m,ft&monf
ta&;MuD;qHk; jzpfonf} ymk em;vnf&efum; vG,fra,mifeSifh cufvSayonf/ yxrqHk; vdkufem&?
a&SmifMuOfMu&rnfh vdk&if;tcsufrsm;udk ta&;rMuD;ymk xifum ausmfvTm;oGm;wwfMu\/ o'g
0D&d, tm;ay;aom qHk;rpum;? ZmwfoGm;ZmwfaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; teSpftom; rymkwfao;ymk
,lqum aumif;pGm rem? rzwf/
eD0&Pig;yg;? psmeft*Fgig;yg;? mPfpOfwufyHk? r*f0ifyHk? zdkvf0ifpm;yHk? opmav;wef?
edAmefqdkufyHk... ponfwdk hudkom zwf&SKMu\/ 0dyemusrf;rsm;uvnf; OD;pm;ay; a&;Mu\/
aymmajymolrsm;uvnf; ]wu,fh r*fcef; zdkvfcef;} udkcsnf; zd aymmMuukef\/ em,lMu?
aqG;aEG;Muukef\/ jiif;ckefMuukef\/
tcsdK huvnf; ]Ak'0g'ymlonf 0dyem? 0dyemonfom Ak'0g'} ymk r,HkMunfedkifojzifh
oAnKw mPft&m rymmy|mef;usrf;MuD;txd t1md"rmudkom rJ zwf&SKavhvm
oif,lMujyefonf/( tcsdef&Sdo y&d,wdtjzpfvkyfonfudk rqdkvdk/ tdkMuD; tdkr toufae
enf;vSaomolrsm; pOf;pm;&efrSsom/)
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uif;uGmoGm;rnfh (eD0&P paom) w&m;rsm;? tvdkvdk &ifhusufvmrnfh (mPfpOf)w&m;rsm;udk
MudK;pm;yrf;pm; rSwfom;ae&jcif;onf tcsdefukef vlyef;vSacs\/ pm jzwfvrf;&Sdaomfvnf;
tvkyf jzwfvrf;r&Sdacs/ q&mu ]onftwdkif;vkyf}qdkvSsif a,m*Dum; onftwdkif;om
vkyf&ef&Sd\/ tajccHususjzifh &SKrSwfoGm;vSsif vrf;rSm;&ef r&Sday/ ur |mef;q&mrsm;uvnf;
tcgtm;avsmfpGm a,m*DeSifh oifhawmfrnfh &kyfemrf o1mm0rsm;udk &Sif;jyaeMuonfyif jzpf\/ (odk
haomf wu,fhq&mum; &cJvSyg\/)
pmayAymkokw tMum;tjrifrsm;oavmuf? tawG;tac: taMumif;
,kwd qifajcqifvufrsm;oavmuf pmawG htawG;txifwdk honf vufawG h todtjriftay:

tHacsmfyif aewwfMu\/ jrwfpGm1mk&m;&Sif aymmMum;aom w&m;awmfonf vljydef;rsm;yif &SKrSwf

yGm;rsm;edkifatmif vG,fulvSygay\/
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cufygao;w,f/ Mumygao;w,f/ &kyfay: emrfay:rSm xm;&wm(&SKrSwf&wm) tvkyfvJrysuf?
aiGvJrukef? vlvJ ryef;? ae&mvJ ra&G;&? vG,fvdkufwmAsm/ vG,fvdkufwmrS tifrwef vG,fwmAs/}
ymk wzGzG axmufcH aymmMum;onfudkyif uGsekfyfwdk h]av;eufonf} ymk rxifrdMu/
]olrsm; ae&mruswmudk avSsmufrajymeJ h/ udk,fae&muswm ruswmod&if awmfjyD/
ae&mruswmudk ae&mrus1ml;vdk hod&if ae&musjyDAsmh/ ae&mvJ rus1mJeJ h
ae&musw,fxifaewmuawmh enf;enf;av;rS arSsmfvifhp&m r&Sd1ml;Asmh/} (24?4?1955) yml
jywfjywfom;om; aymmMum;qHk;rawmfrl onfudkvnf; owdrlMu&ayvdrfhrnf/
rmwdumrS eda'o
10-rdepf 15-rdepfcef h tusOf;csKyf rmwdumudk a&pufcsouJhodk h aymmoGm;jyD;aemuf 0wKoufao
om"u? ar;um? ajzum? rukefedkifaom Oyrm?Oyar,swdk hjzifh tm;wufoa&m aymmawmfrl&m
xkdtcg toHrSm Munfvifjywfom;um em;Mum; rjiD;jzpfvm&onf/
tcsdeftcg jrifhjrwfyHk? 1m0wefzdk;MuD;yHk? 'ge?oDv? arwm?cED paom yg&rDukodkvfrsm; ponfjzifh
rmwdum pum;xJrS wpfck eSpfckudk tcgtm;avsmfpGm? taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm tus,fcsJ hxGif
aymmMum;&m em;rvnfolyml r&Sdedkifatmif &Sif;vif;vS\/
]taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm tus,fcsJ hxGif aymmonf} qkd&mwGif tuGsefkyfwdk hrodedkif rjrifedkifaom
taMumif;rsm;pGm ikyfuG,fvsuf &Sdyg\/ twGif;aeyHkrSef y&dowfrsm;udk aymmMum;&m
xdk]taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm} onf tvGeft"dym,f&Sdonfudk awG h&\/ teD;uyftjrifeSifh ta0;u
tjrifonf uGm;jcm;jrJjzpfonf/
rnfodk hjzpfap]ausmfMum;onf} ymk qdkum w&m;yGJMuD;rsm;eSifh MuHK &Hzef&Hcg 0ifa&mufemolrsm;um;
"r&o ay:rnfrymkwfacs/ q&mawmf\ w&m;rsm;wGif ygVdygXfom;vnf; ryg/ cEm?tm,we?
"mwf?opm?t1md"rm pum;vHk;MuD;rsm;udkvnf; rMum;&/ odk haomf q&mawmf\ w&m;rsm;onf
vlrsm;pk twGuf ta&;MuD;qHk;vdkufem&rnfh tcsufrsm; uGufuGufuGif;uGif;MuD; &Sd\/
xdktcsufrsm;uyif pOf;pm;p&mjzpfaeonfudk uGsekfyfwdk h owdrxm;rdMu/
ur |mef;enf;rsm;udk jcHK odrfodrfarG harG h oHk;oyfjyjcif;? Ak'acwftaMumif;? vuf&SdtajctaeeSifh
tem*wftaMumif; wpfavmuvHk;udk jcHK odrfodrfarG harG h oHk;oyfjyjcif;? Ak'acwftaMumif;?
vuf&SdtajctaeESifh tem*wftaMumif; wpfavmuvHk;udk jcHK aymmajymaom pum;rsm;rSm tvGef
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSay\/
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wpfqufwnf; aqmifMuawmhwmyJ} ymkvnf; rMumcP aymmawmfrlavh&Sd\/ 0dyem &SKyGm;&aom
csrf;om? edAmefcsrf;omwdk hjzifh 24-em&D vHk;vHk; aeawmfrlMuyHk? xkdcsrf;om\ twkr&Sd
jrifhjrwfjidrf;at;yHk/ r&ao;aom w&m;rsm;udk &&Sdap&ef vufiif;csrf;ompGm ae&&ef ('d|"r

okc0dymm&) twGufrSsomru tcsdeftcg tajctae tm;avSsmfpGm ow0gwdk h\ tusdK;udk

(rjrif&aom onfydk;jcif;jzifh) rtdyfrae MudK;pm;awmfrlMuyHkudk nTef;jy&m a&mufayonf/
Ak'\ waeUwm vkyfief;pOf
ae&m ow0grsm;twGuf bk&m&Sif udk,fawmfjrwfMuD;\ rtdyfrae usifhaqmifawmfrlyHkudk
yxrqHk; jrifa,mifrday\/
]bk&m;&Sif\ waeUwm vkyfief;pOf} (Ak'udp)udk t|uxmq&monf ig;ydkif;cGJjcm; jyqdkxm;onf/
tm;vyfcsdef[l r&Sd/ &Hcg yljyif;vSaom aEG&moDrsdK; wpfrk[kwfcefU rGef;vGJydkif;wpfcsdefESifh
t&kPfwufcgeD;wpfcsdef owdorZOfjzifh vJavsmif;awmfrl\/ cg;emaom a0'emvnf;&Sd?
&kyfcEmudk,f\ EGrf;vsanmif;nmrIvnf;&Sd ]rtdyfbl;}[k vHk;0rajymEdkif&HkrQom arS;pufawmfrlonf/
opuuJhodkU vluyfrsm; tajymrvGwf&Hkom&Sd\/
&[ef;jyKonfrS y&dedAmef pHonfhwdkifatmif ESpfaygif; ajcmufq,f? &Spfq,f rusdef;pufaom?
vJavsmif;yifrae (edoZf"kwifaqmif)aom om0uwdkUyif trsm;&Sd&m ydkyif touf&Snf
usef;rmMuonf udk awGUEdkif\/ xdkUaMumifh udk,fcsif;pmpdwfjzifh rMunhfoifhay/
bk&m;\ wpfaeUwmvkyfief;pOf tusOf;csKyfrSm1/ eHeufydkif; qGrf;cHqGrf;pm;jcif;? qGrf;tEkarm'em w&m;a[mjcif;?
2/ (u) qGrf;pm;jyD;aemuf aeUpOfyif 'kvbw&m;ig;yg;udk ajcaq;&if; a[majym owday;
jyD;aemuf &[ef;wdkUtm;<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">
ur</st1:city></st1:place>|mef;ay;jcif;?
( c) xdkUaemuf *Euk#dodkU 0ifawmfrlvsuf &Hcg wpfrk[kwfrQ vJavsmif;awmfrl wpfudk,fwnf;
udef;atmif;um avmu"mwfwpfckvHk;udk odrf;usHK; Munhf&IUawmfrljcif;?
( *) naecsrf;wGif ausmif;awmfodkU vma&mufzl;ajrmfol 'um? 'umrwdkUtm;
w&m;a[mMum;awmfrljcif;?
3/ (vdktyfvQif a&oHk;oyfawmfrljyD;aemuf) *Euk#d y&d0kPf twGif;yif oDwif;oHk;cdkuf xdkrS rS
vma&muf avQmufxm; ar;jref;awmif;yefaom &[ef;wdkUtm; nOfhOD;,H wpfcsdefvHk;
ajzqdka[mMum;awmfrljcif;?
4/ &[ef;y&dwfowfrsm; jyefMuaomtcg wpfaomif;aom avmu"mwfrS vma&muf ar;avQmuf
Muaom ewfjA[m toD;oD;wdkUtm; nOfhv,f,H (oef;acgif,H) wpfcsdefvHk; ajzqdk
a[mMum;awmfrljcif;
5/ rdk;aomuf,HwGif tcsdefoHk;ydkif;ydkif;(u) wpfcsdef pMuMuGawmfrljcif;?
( c) *Euk#dodkU 0ifa&muf avsmif;pufawmfrljcif;?
( *) avsmif;puf&mrS xdkifawmfrl urmavmu"mwfwpfckvHk; acscRwfxdkufaom ow0gwdkU udk
mPfuGef&ufjzifh jzefUMuuf &IUMunfhawmfrljcif;? (uRwfxdkufaom ow0g&SdvQif tjcm;
pMu0VmodkUyif MuGa&mufa[mMum;avh&SdaMumif; r[my&dedAmeokwf a[mMum; awmf rl\/)

bk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom; om0ursm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkU tiftm;&Sdoavmuf rtdyfrae

csD;ajrSmufawmf rlMujrJ jzpf\/ t&d,m om0uMuD;wdkU tiftm;vnf; vlomrefwdkU
em;rvnfEdkifatmif pGrf;yum;MuD;rm;vSayonf/ pMu0Vm wpfaxmifjzifh wdkif;wm&\/
avmu"mwfaygif; wpfaxmifac: pMu0VmwpfaxmifvHk;udkyif e,fedrdwfjyKum oGm;vmxdawGU
usufpm;Edkifavonf/ wpfEdkifiH? wpfurm? wpfpMu0Vm avmufudkrl qdkzG,f&mr&Sd/
wpfpHkwpf&m pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom? odkUr[kwf vufeuftiftm;aumif;&Sdaom yk*dKvfwdkUonf
xdktiftm;wdkUudk (b0tqufquf cufcJpGm &SmazGavhusifhjyD;rS &,lxm;&onfhtwdkif; ) toHk;rcsbJ
tcsnf;tESD; odrf;qnf;xm;Muonf r[kwfacs/
jidrfoufpGm aejcif;jzifh xdkif&mrx aeUnrtm; xdkpGrf;tm;wdkUudk toHk;jyKaejcif;yif jzpf\/
**Fgjrpfurf; aeaom AujA[mavmif; &aohMuD;onfyif rdrdocFrf;ausmif;ESifh rvSrf;rurf;
a*gp&*grf&Gmi,fodkU "m;jyrsm; 0ifa&mufum &wema&TaiGESifh uRJEGm;rsm;yg
,laqmifwdkufcdkufoGm;MupOf wefcdk;jzifh ppfwyfzefqif; a&SUrSqD;MudKvsuf udk,fa&mifjy&m
"m;jyrsm; ypnf;cs xGufajy;Mu&onf/
urmay:wGif tvkyftvk
vkyfqHk;
tbdnmOftif;tm;&Sdaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;onfvnf; uHMurm\ twdkif;twmESifh
0denf;a'oem\ abmiftwGif;om jzpfcJhaomf ow0gwdkU\ tusdK;udk pGrf;tm;&SdorQ
aqmifawmfrlrnfrSm ,HkrSm;p&mr&Sdtyf/ xdkodkU aqmifawmfrl aomfvnf; ow0gwdkUtm;
today;vdkMuonfr[kwf/ xdkUaMumifh **Fgjrpfurf; &Gmom;wdkUonf ]&aohMuD;\ aus;Zl;udkrjrif/
bk&ifhwyfrawmfMuD;\ u,fwifrI} [kom xifcJhMuonf/ ow0gwdkU\ tjrifonf
oem;avmufatmifyif usOf;ajrmif;pG/
v,fwDq&mawmfonf [oFmwwpfe,fvHk; aemufrdk;rodrf; v,f{ursm;pGm ysufpD;rdta&;
opmjyK rdk;MuD;onf;pGm &GmoGef;ay;cJhzl;\/ rdk;Sif;q&mawmfurl ]ppfjzpfvdkU 'kua&mufaewJh
EdkifiHawGudk arwmydkUay;&r,fuGJU? xdkppfab;MuD; wpfenf;enf;eJU at;&ifyJ udk,fharwmatmifjyDvdkU
rSwf&r,f} [k rdefUcJhzl;\/ rdrdwdkU tiftm;tavsmuf (ow0gwdkUu rodaomfvnf;)
t&d,molawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;urI tcsdef&SdorQ u,frawmfrlaeMuay\/
]tm;csdef em;csdefrQrxm;bJ} [laom pum;ESifh rdrdurodaomfvnf; tydkawGyg&vsuf ]udk,fhtwGufeJU
vlawG? ewfawG? jA[mawG ra&rwGufEdkifatmif tusdK;rsm;MuoAsm} qdkaom aus;Zl;&Sif
a0blq&mawmf bk&m;MuD;\ pum;udk tb,frQwmoGm;aMumif; em;vnftyfayonf/
],aeU t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;\ wpfaeUwm vkyfief;pOf} udkvnf; teD;uyfavhvm

enf;,loifhvS\/ a&S;a&S; olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;\ tajctaeudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;MuD; vSrf;

TefjyawmfrlcJhonfudk axmufqjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; ],aeUtb,fodkU} [k
oabmaygufoifhjyefavonf/
pmaytaxmufxm;rsm; t&vnf;aumif;? (tvSrf;rSDorQ) rsufjrift& vnf;aumif; t&yfajym
ajym&aomf urmay:wGif tvkyftvkyfqHk; yk*dKvfrSm Ak'ESifh Ak'om0uMuD;rsm;om jzpfukef\/
tdrfwtdrfwGif uav;rsm; rdrdwdkU t0wftpm;ESifh upm;p&mudkyif odrf;qnf;vkyfudkif&aumif;rSef;
rod/ tusdK;tjypfodjrifaom vlMuD;rsm;um; tvkyfrsm;udk rqHk;Edkifatmif vkyfaeMu&onf/ t&d,m
olawmfaumif;MuD;wdkUtm; ]oHo&mrS uRwfatmif udk,fvGwf&kef;aeolrsm;om} [k rodolwdkUu
xifp&m&Sdaomfvnf; ow0gtrsm;aumif;pm;a&;twGuf (uREfkyfwdkU rodrjrifEdkifaom
apmifha&Smufjcif; trsdK;trsdK;jzifh) rtdyfrae tvkyfvkyfawmf rlaeMuonfrSm xif&Sm;vSay\/
&wemoHk;yg;\ aus;Zl;um; MuD;rm;jrifhjrwfvSaypGmh/ rdrd\ wpf0rf;wpfcg;twGufrQyif r0a&pm
pm;aomufae&aom olzkef;pm;\em; aeUpOfuka#csD tvSLay;aeaom oaX;MuD;taMumif;onf
,HkMunfzG,f r&Sdacs/
taumif;MudKufwdkif; taumif;r&
,if;odkUqdkaomf tusdK;&Sdonfxuf &Sdonfudk a&G;cs,f ow0gtrsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGuf
aeUrtm; nrem; MudK;pm;awmf rlaeMuaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;xH csOf;uyfMu&m
uREkfyfwdkU owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrsm; rsm;pGm&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ csOf;uyfjcif;jzifh aESmifh,Suf&m
ra&mufap&ef ta&;MuD; ouJUodkU rdrdwdkUtwGufvnf; &awmifh&cJ tcGifhta&;MuD;rsm;udk
,lEdkifoavmuf&Edkifapumrl aumif;onf xuf aumif; taumif;qHk;udk a&G;cs,f,lwwf&ef
todmPf ta&;MuD;vS\/
t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;um; todmPfacgif;yg;aom tuREkfyfwdkUtm; ydk oem;iJhSmMu
ukef\/ onf;cHMuukef\/ vdkufavsmMuukef\/ cGifhvTwfMuukef\/ trsm;ESifh pka0;
uyfvSLMuaomtcg avmavmq,f pm;aomuf&efr[kwfaom pm;aomufzG,frsm;
udk,fxdvufa&muf (rvSLtyfonfudk) uyfvSLrdonfhtwGuf tvSLcHyk*dKvf roHk;qGJ&awmhay/
aiGpuLrsm;udkvnf; ruyfvSLaumif;acs/ rmwk*grwdkU &Sdcdk;aomtcgqHyif, vuf ponfwdkUjzifh
rxdaumif;acs/ olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm; wpfpHkwpf&m tjypfr&SdapEdkifumrI vSLol? jrif&olwdkU
tusdK;qkwf,kwfwwfayonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; rvdrmaom qnf;uyfolrsm;udk Munfh
olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;\ t&nftcsif;udk rqHk;jzwfMu&m/
wpfcgu bkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvtm; 'umwpfOD;u rdrdjcHxGuf tkef;pdrf; wpfvHk;udk azmuf
uyfvSL&m ][dkem;rSm cPcsxm;OD;} [k rdefUaomfvnf; ]MumoGm;vQif t&omayghoGm;rnf? ,ck
bkOf;ay;yg} [k ZGwfuyf bkOf;ay;&\/ tkef;pdrf;'um yxrwGif 0rf;om&aomfvnf; rMumrD
aemifwjzpf&&Sm\/ taMumif;rSm rnfonfhtpmudk rqdk wpfaeUwpfMudrfom

bkOf;ay;&aomaMumifhwnf;/ ({umoeduf"kwif ac:\/) vlomrefwdkU rodEdkifaom t&d,m

olawmfaumif;MuD;wdkU\ w&m;usifhoHk;rIESifh &[ef;wdkU \ 0denf;onf us,f0ef;rsm;jym;vSukef\/
]aomwyef} vdkU ajym&wm &Sufp&m
t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;wdkUonf rdrdwdkU&&Sdaomw&m;? usifhMuHyGm;rsm;vsuf&Saom tusifhudk
txl;odk0Suf odyfonf;awmfrlMuonf/ tydpwm*kPf (tvdkenf;&jcif;) yifwnf;/ xdk[monfyif
t&d,m vuPmjzpf\/ xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef rqdkxm;bd? &dyfrdrnfudkyif pdk;&drfMuonf/ vlwdkUonf
todmPf enf;yg;vS trsdK;rsdK; 'kuay;wwfaomaMumifhvnf; jzpf&m\/
r[mor,okwf a[mumeD;umv r[m0kefawmtwGif; w&m;tm;xkwfMuaom aomwyef &[ef;
500 wdkUonf toD;oD; &[ef;udpjyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;xH oGm;Mu&m wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; &SufpEdk;awmf
rlaeMu ]&[ef;udp jyD;aMumif;} ravQmuf&JcJhMuay/ xdkpOfu r[mor,yGJawmfMuD;
w&m;emcJh& aomwyefjzpfcJhaom &kupdk;ewforD;av;onfyif ]oif aomwyefvm;} [k
ZGwfar;aeaom &[ef;tm; &SufpEdk;vSojzifh ]t&Sifbk&m;onf rar;tyfonfudk ar;bd\} [k
avQmufcJhzl;aMumif; (r[mor,okwf tzGifh) vm&Sd\/
&[Emt&SifjrwfwdkU\ oabmawmfonf rdrd&&SdjyD; w&m;udk ow0gtm;vHk;tm; &&SdcHpm;apvdk\/
a&Ttdk;&&SdoluJhodkU xkwfazmfum; rajymMum;vdk/ odkU&mwGif odEdkifaomenf; rsm;pGm&Sday\/
(a&SUvnf; taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jyoGm;ygrnf/)
'gewGif vrf;qHk;u ,lusHK;r& aemifwjzpf
t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;onf tusifhoDvudk txl;vQdKU0Sufawmf rlMuaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? vlwdkUtodmPf A[kokw enf;MuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif; xdkyk*dKvfMuD;rsm;
oufawmf xif&Sm;&SdaepOf tcsdKUvlrsm; bmodbmomaecJhMu\/ qnf;uyfolrsm;uvnf;
wdkawmif;vSaom oufwrf; umv? tcGifhaumif;vSaom b0MuD;wGif ausmif;'um ausmif;tr?
qGrf;'um qGrf;travmufjzifh 'geoDvom vrf;qHk;cJhMu&\/
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apaom 'gersdK;yif r[kwfawmhay/ ]&[Emyk*dKvf vSL&vQif 'Db0rSmyif tusdK;&w,f} [laom
todrQ avmufjzifh vdktyfonfxufydkvGefum ]tarQmf'ge} jzifh qnf;uyfMujyefonf/ eHeuf 4em&DrS 12-em&D txd (todmPfenf;aom 'um 'umrrsm;tm; csD;ajrSmufMu&ojzifh) t&d,m
olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;onf tvGefwefzdk;MuD;vSaom tcsdefudk pm;aomufrI
jrSyfESHawmfrIMu&ukef\/ vmbfvmbonf &[Emt&Sif jrwfMuD;rsm;udkyif 'kuay;wwfay\/
tcsdKU'um 'umrrsm;onf ]ywjrm;awmif a&mufcgrS "m;aoG;ausmuf taumufrSm;ouJhodkU}
a[mMum; qHk;ronfh y"me w&m;tarGudkum; r&&SdvdkufMu? xdkyk*dKvfMuD;rsm; uG,fvGef taMumif;
twKywdrsm; emMum;zwf&I&cgrS rQ xl;jrwfaom yk*dKvfMuD;jzpfaMumif; od&SdMu&ojzifh
aemifwjzpfol rsm;vnf; renf;ay/ xl;jrwfrSef; rod? r,Hk tcGifhaumif;MuD;rsm; vufvGef&jcif;?

xl;jrwfrSef;odaomf? ,Hkaomfvnf; r,lwwf r&jcif;um; a'0Dv&aohMuD; bk&m;ESifh

vGJ&onfxuf aMuuGJzG,f aumif;vSayonf/
uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf ta&;MuD;qHk;tcsdef
bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfu t&d,m t&SifjrwfMuD;rsm;uJhodkU rdrdwdkUudk,fwdkif udk,fydkifMudK;pm;vQif
vnf; psmeftbdnmOfESifhwuG t&[wzdkvfayguf bmrqdk&Edkif a&mufEdkifaom
tcGifhaumif;MuD;rsm;udk trSefyif &aeMuygukef\/ &[ef;udp jyD;ajrmuf&HkrQomru
avmuDtodmPfxl; trsdK;rsdK;ESifh jynfhpHkaom t&SifjrwfMuD;rsm; onfvnf; avmu
&SdaeMuonfom jzpfygukef\/
rsufpd&SdolwdkUonfom jrifEdkifMu em;&SdolwdkUonfom Mum;Edkif Muukef\/ ESvHk;om;&Sdol
wdkUonfom o'g,HkMunf vdkufemusifhMuHMuukef\/
omoemordkif;pOf omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmufudkMunfhygvQif MuufoD;xcref; awmMurf;
vrf;&IyfMuD;rsm; tqifhqifh ausmfvTm;cJh&avjyD/ ok0PblrdrS yk*H? yk*HrS ukef;abmif
ESpfaygif;axmifcsD ax&0g' omoemhtvHudk o,faqmifcJhMu&mrS rdk;arSmifumv
nwm&SnfMuD;wGif wpf&Hwpfcg vQyfpD;jyuf oavmufom vif;cJhonf/ bdk;awmfacwfavmufurS
p pepfwus wpf&Sdefwnf; csDwufEdkifcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif y#dywdtvkyfpcef;um; yk*vdu
twdkif;twmrQjzifh &yfwefUaecJh&ao;onf/
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmfyif r&SdcJhbl;ao;aom ,aeU y#dywd omoemonf jynfolU
twdkif;twmrSonf urmUtwdkif;twmodkU OD;wnfaeayjyD/ uREkfyfwdkUonf
vuf&SdtcGifhaumif;MuD;rsm;udk vufrvGwfap&atmif b0ESifh&if; pOf;pm;Mu&ayawmhrnf/
1-jyLedkifiH ymefvif;acwf
&ymEmeSifh yk*dKvfxl;rsm;
,cktcg ymefvif;jynfonf &mZ0ifeSifh omoem0ifwdk h pmwifjcif;rcH&awmhay/
ymefvif;jynfMuD;udk yg;pyf&mZ0ifeSifh pmwdkayp ordkif;wdk huom udk,fpm;jyKaeMu\/
ymefvif;jynfonf '@m&D jyLedkifiH rymkwfaMumif; a&S;aymmif;ypnf;rsm;u ajrrS xGufum
oufaoxlvsuf&SdaaeavjyD/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmedkifiH t&d,mrsm;taMumif;udk xkwfazmf&myif
ymefvif;udk rarhtyfacs/ (ymefvif; odrSwfzG,fudk tenf;i,f aemuf jyygrnf/)
ymefvif;jynfrS tHhzG,f &ymEmwpfyg;taMumif; a&S;ynm&Sifwdk h armfuGef;wif
vufcHxm;onfhtwdkif; azmfjyygtHh/ armfuGef;wifonfh ynm&SifrSm rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf &wemyHk
aejynfawmf owif;pmq&m t,f'Dwm '1mdk;0ZD&' yif jzpfonf/ e0a';OD;ek\ armfuGef;rsm;eSifh
&ifaygifwef; a&;om;zGJ hqdkxm;cJhaom 27-yk'f &Sd ajcawmf&m ordkif;armfuGef; jzpfonf/

,if;armfuGef;t& ymefvif;acwfrS &ymEm t&SifjrwftaMumif;rSm atmufazmfjyygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

1.1/ psmeft1mdnmOf& &ymEmomraP
wpf&Ha&mtcgu ymefvif;jynf pdw&mZmrnfaomrif; rif;jyK\/ rdzk&m;acgif;MuD;rSm y'kra'0D
jzpf tdrfa&S hrif;um; nDawmf 'dA &mZmwnf;/
w&m;ojzifh rif;jyKawmfrl wdkif;jynfom,m0ajym\/ omoem pnfyifyGifhvif;\/ odk hpOfMudKuf
nDawmftdrfa&S hrif;om;onf aemifawmftm; axmifxm;ykefuef&ef MuHpnf&m tcsdefrD
odawmfrlojzifh axmifoGif; tusOf;cs cH&avonf/ axmifrS wdwfwqdwf xGufajy;vGwfajrmufum
vufeufvlol pk&Hk; awmfvSef&ef MuHpnfjyefavonf/ Adkvfygtiftm;jzifh eef;awmftm;
0dkif;0ef;wdkufcdkuf&m aemifawmfeSifh r&D;wdk h&kyfazsmuf xGufajy;Mu&onf/ rdzk&m;acgifMuD;rSm
eSKwfiHkawmft&ifhtrmeSifh rayghryg; vdkufyg&&Smavonf/
ymefvif;rSonf awmifpl;pl; t&yfodk h wpfawmxGufvSsif wpfarSmf0if? wpfcifiHk hvSsdK; wpfcsHKwdk;
trsdK;rsdK;aom 'kuMuD;jzifh c&D;qufcJhMu&m (,ck jrif;rljrdK heSifh tkef;awmMum;vuf,m1muf 3rdkifcef h&Sd) awmif&dk;cifilwpfckodk ha&mufvmMu\/ opfoD;0vHyef;rmvfrnSdK; a&rdk;vnf;
tqifajyaom Xmejzpf\/ awmvnf;euf&SdKif;wkdif;jynfeSifhvnf; tvSrf;uGmojzifh xm0&ae&ef
oa1mmMudKufnDMuav\/ ewfwdk hzef a&ueftoifh ymlouJhodk hxdkawmif&dk;wGif *laymmif;MuD;
wpfckyg tqifoifh awG h&ojzifh a0efr'DxHk;udkrSD oDvoDwif;apmifhoHk;umm aexdkifMuonf/
rMumjrifhrD xdkawmcifil xdkvSdKPf*lyif pifjzLzGH hxGm;aom owdk hom; &wemudk zGm;jrif\/
om;i,fvnf; pum;yD em;vnfaom t&G,frSp 5-yg; oDvud apmifhxdef;\/ rd1mrsm;eSifh twl
olawmfpif &SifomraPuJhodk h opfacgufqdk;t0wfudkom 0wf&Hk&onf/ &Hcg rd1mrsm;eSifh
opfoD;&Smvdkuf &Hcg *l0rSmyif aecJh\/ om;orifi,f ,kef'&,frsm;eSifh oli,fcsif;twl
uvlusDp,f ae&onfrSm ol htzdk h Munfel;vS1mdonf/ xkdtcgrsdK;wGif rd1mrsm;ac:aomfvnf;
rvdkuf1mJaecJh\/
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tpmudk pm;aeaom orifwpfaumifrSm Adkif;ceJ vJusoGm;onf/ tjcm;orifrsm;
xGufajy;oGm;Mu\/ 1mmhaMumifhvJonf ajy;onfudkrl olrod/ rcsdaom eSvHk;jzifh AHk;AHk;vJ vl;vGef
haeaom orifi,ftm; Munfhvsuf idkifae&Sm\/ jrm;wef;vef; pl;0ifaeonfudkyif olrjrifacs/
cyfvSrf;vSrf; csHKuG,frS rkqdk;url opfacguf0wf&HkeSifh orifa&mif ruGJojzifh aemufwpfcsuf
'l;av;eSifh ypf&ef nSdK hMudK;udk qGJwifvdkufpOf jyefvmaom rd1mrsm;tm; vSrf;ac:vdkufaom oli,f\
toHaMumifh rkqdk;om;onf aemifwjzpfum teD;odk h a&mufvmjyD; vGeforSs 0efcsavawmhonf/
jzpfaMumif;pHk ajymqdkawmif;yef rkqdk;jyefrnftjyK rdzk&m;MuD;rSm aomuwpfck 0ifvmavonf"aejynfawmf aygufMum;oGm;rSjzifh cufacs&J h/" odk heSifh &kwfw&uf tMuH&um vufrS
vuf0wf&wemudk cGswfjyD;aemuf rkqdk;tm; "tarmif/ tr,fwdk hwpfawG t&yf rSm aeonfymk
rnfol hudkrSs rajymygvifh" ymkqdkum vufpGyfwpfjcnfudk eSKwfydwfc ay;vdkuf&onf/
uHMurm\ pHkaxmufjcif;udk a&SmifuGif;r&? at;ap&ef vm1mfxkd;aomfvnf; j*dKymfqdk;u arTavjyD/
rkqdk;om;onf vufpGyfudk,l tdrfodk h jyefum vlodrnfvnf;pdk; wdwfwcdk; a&mif;cs&m

0,f,loHk;pGJedkifaom aiGaMu;1mkef;uH &Sdolray: aemufqHk; ymefvif; aejynfawmf

'dA&mZmrif;xHa&mufavonf/ rif;u tusdK;taMumif;ppfar;awmfrl&m zHk;uG,fr&/ taMumif;pHk
oHawmfOD;wif&\/ xdktcg 'dA&mZmonf "igh&ef rat;ao;" ymkrdef hawmfrl ppfonfAdkvfyg
tvHk;t&if;eSifh awmwGif;om;rkqdk;tm; vrf;jyapum awmeif;csDwuf zrf;qD;ap\/
qifoHjrif;oHrsm;udk Mum;&vSsifyif pdw&mZmonf e0&wf vufpGyfudk tajccH &efolrsm;
0dkif;&HvmaejyDudk twyfod&um; rdzk&m;eSifh om;awmftm;...
"t1m,feSrawmf? oHo&m 0#faMuG;um; ajy;r&? tukov 0dygufonf armifawmfh
twGufcsnf; jzpfygapom;? eSrawmfwrl om;awmfudk ,ckac: avsmf&mvGwfaMumif;
ykef;atmif;yacs" ymk tjrefyifapvTwf rdrdrSm *l0 w&m;udk eSvHk;oGif;vsufom ae&pf\/ rMumrD
ppfonfrsm;\ 0dkif;&Hzrf;qD;jcif; cH&&Smavonf/
om;trd eSpfazmf olawmfpif eSpfOD;rSm ajcOD;wnfh&m ajy;oGm;&if; awmwGif;&Sd 1mkef;awmfMuD;wpfyg;\
awm& ocFrf;ausmif;odk ha&mufoGm;Mu\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;onf y#doEm& (ESKwfcGef;quf)
pum;ajymMum;jyD;vSsif "w&m;rSwpfyg; udk;uG,f&m r&SdjyD/ csrf;omymlonf {nfhonfomwnf;" ymk
trdef h&Sdum aomuudk aq;aMumay;\/ om;ord eSpfa,mufvHk; r&P ekwdeSifh arwmur
|mef;udk pD;jzef;cdkif;avonf/ w&m;aymmjy ae hnrMumyif om;i,ftm; &SifomraP
jyKay;avonf/
om;awmfuav;um; wpfudk,fwnf; w&m;&SKrSwfae&onfrSm orifi,ftazmfrsm;eSifh
ae&wkef;uxufydk aysmfvm\/ tazmfrvdkaom csrf;om udk ol hrSm yDwdjzpfoavmuf
r,fawmfrSmrl ol hcrnf;awmftwGuf &wufrat;edkifay-"ckavmufqdk armifawmfuHukef&Sma&mhrnf/
om;i,fudk jrifapcsifprf;yg1md/" taqG;"mwfcH &Sdoltm; 0rf;ajrmuf&ef r*Fvmonfyif
aomuavmifpm jzpf&jyefavonf/ odk heSifh &Hcg ausmif;ocFrf;odk ha&mufvmwwfaom t&yfom;wdk
hxH csOf;uyf wD;wdk; pHkprf;&onf/
aemufqHk; "axmifwGif;tusOf;csxm;aom pdw&mZmtm; nDawmfu uGyfrsuf&ef pDpOfaejyD" ymlaom
owif;rSm w&m;&SKaeaom rdzk&m;MuD;tm; rl;arhapawmhonf/ owd&vSsif 1mkef;awmfMuD;tm;
twefwefavSsmufxm; om;&SifomraPudk vufqGJum ymefvif;jynfodk h vdkufvmcJhMu\/
om;uvnf; t&G,feSifhrvdkuf tm;ay;pum;ajym r,fawmftm; eSpfodrfhavonf/ rif;aoG;yDyD
crnf;awmftwGuf aopm; taocHrnfymkyif Mudrf;0g;\/
MumyvifeSifh aumif;uifysHMuG
om;trdESpfa,mufonf qdkufqdkufjrdKufjrdKuf nDvmo1mif usif;yaeqJ nDvmcHodk
ha&mufrqdkufyif"1maxG;awmf 'umrif;MuD;? uGsefkyfonf oif\ wlawmfjzpf olum; oif\r&D;? uGsekfyf\
r,fawmfMuD; jzpfonf/ uGsekfyfonf crnf;awmf\ udk,fpm; towfcH&ef vmjcif;jzpfonf/
,ckcsufcsif; wGif;MuD;pGm wl;ygap/ uGsEkfyftm; &Sm;om; rD;usDjzifh zdk h owfyg" ymk rdef hMum;&m
tm;vHk; tHhtm;oifhaeMu\/ 'dA&mZmvnf; rnfodk hrSs tajz ray;edkifatmif jzpfaepOf

&ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom trwfwpfOD;u......
"oHawmfOD;wifygonf rif;w&m;MuD;1mk&m;? wlawmfonf omraPyif jyKvifhupm;
&mZ0wfom;\ eef;nGef hvsmjzpf &efp at;edkifp&m r&Sd/ rdrdu jyKonfrymkwf/ ol hxdkufeSifh ol huH
awmif;qdkonfhtwkdif; pDrHoifhygonf 1mk&m;" ymk wifavSsmuf&m rdzk&m;MuD;rSm wpfylay: eSpfylqifh
jzpf&&Sm\/ &Sif1mk&ifvnf; rsufeSmvTJawmfrlojzifh tmPmom;wkd h usif;wl; rD;usD;
zkwfMuavonf/
omraPi,frSm usif;xJodk h 0ifa&mufonfhwdkifatmif r,fawmfMuD;rSm owdr&&Smawmhay/
tmPmom;wdk hvnf; &Sm;om;rD;usD;rsm;udk ol hxufigavmif;zdk hMu\/ omraPi,frSm rsufpdudk
pHkrSdwf r&PmekywdyGm;jyD;vSsif arwmur |mef;udk pD;jzef;ae\/ avmif;zdk h&ef
rD;usD;rsm;omukefoGm;\/ omraPrSm rnfodk hrSs rjzpf/ &kyfemrfjzpfysufqifjcifvsuf xkdcPyif
&ymEm jzpfawmfrlavonf/ rD;usD;rsm;vnf; &kwfw&ufrD;ao omraPa&S hwGif Mumzl;MuD;
ayguf vmonf/ Oauma#,s jzpfum vltrsm; 0dkif;tHkMunfh&Sk hMu\/ rif;MuD;tm; ajy;
oHawmfOD;wifolu wifMuonf/
y&dowfrsm; 0dkif;tHkMunfhcdkuf MumiHkMuD;rSm rHktmpGifhpGifh iGm;iGm;yGifh vmaomtcg wpfeef;awmfvHk;
arT;MudKifoGm;\/ &SifomraPonf rif;MuD;ra&mufrDyif MumyGifhtv,f y&du&m &Spfyg;vG,fum
aumif;uif MumyGifhyvifyg wufysH0Jaeawmh\/ rif;MuD;a&mufvmaomtcg aumif;uifrSae......
"1m0 wpfoufwmonf cPrSsomwnf;/ MuD;olw&m;apmifhrS i,folapmifhrnf/ vlwdk hw&m;apmifhrS
csrf;omMurnf/ jyKoltopf jzpfoltaymmif;yifwnf;"ymk w&m;aymmawmfrl\/
xdktcg 'dA&mZmonf tjypfudk 0efcsawmif;yef aemifawmftm; eef;vGJtyfavonf/
aemifawmfvnf; "nDawmf? igonf eef;pnf;pdrfudk a&tdrfuJhodk h atmufarhawmfrl\/ nDawmfom
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0dZm",d'dynmrsm;wdk;wufjcif;

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ppfppfonf rSdefwpfcg omwpfvSnfh acguf&SmiSufuJhodk hedrfhwkH jrifhwkH &SdcJhavonf/
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yg&dS urmhAk'wuokdvf okawoet&m&dS OD;[efaX;u jrefrmjyefygonf/ )
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefjyKNyD;aemuf tESpfwpf&m Mumaomtcg 0ZDwkdif;om; &[ef;rsm;onf
0denf;Oya'ukd dkaopGm rvkdufemMuawmhbJ a&T? aiGESifh ao&nfao&uf tyfonf ponfjzifh
jyefvnfjyifqifvkdMu\/ rax&fBuD;rsm;u 0denf;a'oemonf tmPma'oemawmfjzpf
wdwdusus vkdufem&rnf[k aMujimcJhMu\/ tBuD;tus,f jiif;ckef Mu\/ pdwf0rf;uGJMu\/
xkdhaMumifh a0omvDjynf umvmaumorif;ukd trDSo[JjyK 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifMuNyD;vQif
t"rw&m;rsm;ukd y,fzsufcJhMu&onf/ wdwdusus jywfjywfom;om; qHk;jzwf 0denf;av;pm;aom
,if;rax&fBuD;rsm;ukd ax&0g'*kdPf;[k vnf;aumif;? t"r0wKq,fyg; wDxGifaom oHCmrsm;ukd
r[moHCdo *kdPf;[k vnf;aumif; ac:wGifcJhMu\/ r[moHCdo *dkPf;uvnf; oD;jcm; o*Fg,em
wifMujyefonf/
'kwd, o*Fg,emacwfrSp wwd, o*Fg,emacwf ( taomurif;acwf ) txd 125 ESpftwGif;
ax&0g'rS wpfq,fhESpf*dkPf;? r[moHCdurS ajcmuf*dkPf; toD;oD; uGJxGufMu\/
xkdtcg Ak'bmom trnfcH *dkPf;rsm;u ]jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd xm0&bk&m;? xm0&bHk} ponfjzifh
tawG;tac: w&m;opfrsm;ukd zefwD;vmMuukef\/
xkdhaMumifh r[marm*vdykwwd paom rax&fBuD;wkdhonf yg#vdykwf aejynfawmf
taomurif;ukd rDS wwd,o*Fg,em wifMu&onf/ rl&if;w&m;awmfukd rvkdufemcsifaom
oHCmrsm;uvnf; oD;jcm;okwf? 0denf;? tbd"rm wkdhukd wDxGif oD;jcm; o*Fg,em wifMujyef\/
t,l0g' tusifhodum tvGeftrif; uGJjym;jcm;em;MuavNyD/
taomurif;\ aemufumv tdEd,jynfwGif vlrsdK;toD;oD;? rif;quftrsdK;rsdK;
0ifa&mufvmMu&m qHk*rif;quf yk&SrdMwrif;vufxufwGif Ak'omoemawmf rsm;pGm qkwf,kwf\/
jA[Pbmomukd pmayopfrsm;jzifh jyefvnf trTrf;wifcJhonf/
Ak'bmomtrnfcH oAwd0g'*kdPf;vnf; usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK; a&;om; tcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;Mu&m

*svef'&NrdKh (uoD,) uedoQrif;BuD;ESifh 0okrdw? taCmo rax&fBuD;wkdh OD;pD; o*Fg,em

wifcJhMujyefonf/ xkdtcg 0dbmoQmac: ( r[m,e ) t|uxmBuD; oHk;usrf;ukd NyKpk
0dbmoQm*dkPf;[k uGJjym;cJh\/
1 - [de,me ( t&[w,me? om0u,me )
2 - yapuAk',meESifh
3 - Ak',me ( r[m,me? aAm"dowvrf;pOf ) [k vrf;oHk;oG,f wDxGifMuukef\/
c&pfESpf (1) &mpk? (2) &mpkwGif [de,meukd usOf;ajrmif; ,kwfnHonf[k Iwfcsum &[Emukd
txifao;vmMu\/ if;wkdh\ ,lqcsufrsm;ukd MoZmwuf vlBudKufrsm;vmap&ef ynmyg&rdwm
paom okwefBuD;rsm;ukd bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef bk&m;trnfoHk; a&;om;Mu\/ (2) &mpk? (3)
&mpk wGif r[m,e*dkPf;0g'ukd twdtvif; a&;om;vmMuonf/ rsm;jym;vSaom aAm"dow
bk&m;rsm;ukdvnf; wDxGifvmMu\/
y&dedAmefpHNyD; ESpf 500 - 600 wGif okwefopf? tbd"rmopfwkdhukd &J&J0Hh0HhBuD; a&;om; yif&if;rlv
omoemESifh jcm;cGmcJhMuonf/ xkdhaemuf tdEd,awmifykdif; 0d'gwEkdifiH em*ZKac:
tbd"rmq&mBuD;u rZsdrdu ( okn0g' ) *dkPf;BuD;ukd wnfaxmif\/ avm*spfenf;?
'kdif,mvufwpfenf;t& y#dporkym'f qefqef 0g'opf zefwD;cJhonf/
xkdhaemuf ESpfaygif; 200-tMum 0dbmoQm0g'ukd y,f ygVdawmf (r[m,eokwefrsm;) ukdom
cH,laom okwEdu*dkPf;[k wpfpifaxmifMujyef\/ *dkPf; txif&Sm;qHk; acgif;aqmifrSm at'D
400-&mpkwGif ay:xGef;aom 0okAEKESifh 0dnP0g' (emrft"du0g') *dkPf;ukd wnfaxmifol if;\
nDawmfto*F wkdhjzpf\/ xkd*dkPf;rS ,kwdaA' (avm*spf) Ak'bmom*dkPf;BuD; cGJjcm;um 'domem*ESifh
"ruxduwkdh ay:xGef;vmMu&m bmomwGif; bmomy tjiif;tckefrsm; rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/
Ak'ae&m ewfbk&m;rsm;a&muf
c&pfawmfay:NyD; 400-&mpkwGif a0bmoQdu?okwEdu? 0dP (a,m*gpm&) rZsdrdu [laom
zDvkdqkdzD Ak'bmom*dkPf;BuD; av;*kdPf; ay:xGef;vsuf&dS\/ jA[Prsm;ESifh tawG;tac: wkdufyGJ
qifETJcJhMuav\/
&mpkESpfwGif tdEd, yif&if;rlv Ak'omoemjzpfaom ax&0g'ESifh ax&0g' ygVdpmayrsm; vHk;0
qdwfokOf;&avNyD/ ]]Ak'\ yif&if; rlrSef w&m;awmfum; tb,fenf;}} [k odjrif&ef
cufcJoGm;avawmh\/
aAm"dowudkyif bk&m;tjzpf ajymif;vJukd;uG,fvmMu\/ r[m,me uAsmq&mBuD;rsm;onf
aAm"dowudk ukd;uG,fylaZmf&ef? r[m,meomvQif edAmefa&mufaMumif; w&m;tjzpf jyo&ef okw?
uAsm? p&dw pmaytrsdK;rsdK;ukd a&;om;vmMu\/ 400-pk 500-pk wGif ow0gtm;vHk;
aAm"dowcsnf;[k vnf;aumif;? vlwkdif; (&[Emtygt0if) ormorK' jzpf&rnf[k vnf;aumif;

aMujimMuavonf/
bk&m;xuf bk&m;avmif;ukd tom;ay;vmMujyef\/ bk&m;avmif;rSmvnf; t&darw,s
tavmif;omru topftopf jzpfaom t0avmuDawoG&? rOKo&D? "&yPd paom
ewfbk&m;rsm;ukd wDxGifvmMu&m aemufqHk;wGif vlwkdif; bk&m;? bk&m;avmif;jzpf&ef cJ,Of;aMumif;
0efcHaomtm;jzifh aumif;uifbHk&dS bk&m;avmif;ukdom ukd;uG,f&ef nTefMum;&jyefonf/ tdEd,wGif
ae&mtESH aAm"dowukd ewfbk&m;toGif ukd;uG,fyo vmMuukef\/ tppftrSef uG,favNyD/ (
yk*HewfavSmifausmif; owd&zG,f )
tusOf;csHK;&mrS tif;jzpfvm
r[m,mewkdhonf (9) &mpkrSonf (12) &mpk twGif; rE&[me rEef*dkPf;BuD;ukd
wnfaxmifvmMujyef\/ ynmyg&rDwm? o'ryk@&du paom r[m,me okwefBuD;rsm;onf
tvGef&Snfvsm; IyfaxG;vGef;ojzifh tusOf;csKyf*gxmrsm; a&; "m&PDac: EIwfiHkaqmif
&GwfqkdMuukef\/ ( aemuftp*gxm? tqHk;*gxmavmufom &Gwfjcif;? aemuf oH? *Hk? y? r uJhokdh
twkdaumuf&Gwfjcif;? xdrS r&GwfawmhbJ pm&GufwGifa&; jymcsrsdKjcif;rsm; jzpfvm&onf/ )
*gxmrEef&Gwfjcif; ? ykwD;pdyfjcif;? qkawmif;yHkygaom puf0dkif;bD;rsm; vSnfhay;jcif;wkdhukd
txl;tom;ay;cJhMuonf/ (5) &mpkESpf aemufykdif;rS p wkwf? wdAuf ponfwkdh jyefhyGm;oGm;\/
okwefBuD;rsm;ukdvnf; bk&m;tjzpf ukd;uG,fvmMuNyD;vQif ]ynmyg&rDwm kyfwk} ponfjzifh xkvkyf
ukd;uG,fMuonf/
ouFef;0wf 0dZmESifh atmufvrf; bkef;BuD;*kdPf; pwifyHk
(5) &mpkaemufykdif;rSp bk&ifESifh olaX;rsm; ukd;uG,f crf;em;aomausmif;rsm;
aqmufvkyfvSLNyD;vQif tvSLtwef; &ufa&mvmMu&m t&nftcsif;rrDaom tnHhpm;yk*Kdvfrsm;vnf;
omoemhabmifokdh 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ if;tnHhpm; &[ef;wkdhom tm;aumif;vmaomtcg
0denf;ukd ayghayghwefwef vkyfypfMu\/ *E"k&? 0dyem"k&ukd rvkdufemMu/ pm;umaomufum
aevmMu\/
xkd&[ef;rsdK;wkdhuyif okwefukd jyifqifjcif;? wE&pmay wkdhukda&;om;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/
rEefpkyfjcif;? tif;csjcif;? arSmf0ifjcif;? aq;ukjcif;? aA'ifa[mjcif;? euwfMunhfjcif; paom
avmuDtvkyfwkhdukdom tBuD;tus,fjyKvkyfvm Muonf/ vlxkukdvnf; vQdKh0Sufodyfonf;pGm
pnf;Hk;odrf;oGif; Muavonf/
"rpMumonf om0u,metwGuf? &mZN*dKvf a[monfh w&m;rsm;onf r[m,etwGuf jzpf
r[m,mejzifhvnf; tvGefPfxufolwkdh twGuf rvHkavmufao;aomaMumifh "nuwue,f
0dZm[m& (0Zd&,me) w&m;ukd bk&m;a[mcJh&onf[k BuHzef0g' jzefhMuukef\/

(9) &mpkokdh a&mufaomtcg rlvr[m,mewkdhonf 0Zd&,me (rEef) *dkPf;BuD;ukd

rwm;qD;EkdifMuawmhacs/ (Ak'bmom trnfcH r[m,me*dkPf;uGJ wpfckjzpfaom) 0ZD&,me
*dkPf;onf vlNydef;BudKuf vQdKh0Sufvkyfief; 'dyg'f vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfcJhMu\/ Oyrm - bl;oGif;jcif;?
em;rvnfaom pum;vkH;oHk;jcif;? t*d&wfxkd;jcif;? aq;pD&ifjcif;? tif;csjcif;? *koQrE? puor0?
*kVrEef ponfwkdhukd oD;jcm;a&;om;NyD; orxarSmfoGif;jcif;ESifh od'drsm;ukdjyum vlNydef;rsm;tm;
odrf;oGif; qGJaqmifMuav\/ pdwfndKhjcif;? orxtmHkjyKjcif;rsm; ykd acwfpm;vm\/
rlvyifr omoemawmfukd arS;rSdefaponfomru r[m,m*dkPf;rsm;ukdyif 0Zd,me yHkpHokdh
ajymif;vJypfcJhMuavonf/ yef;OD;vTwfjcif;? tbdodufcHjcif;? a&TaiGcHjcif; paom ukd,fusdK;&Sm
umr*kPfcHpm;rIrsm;? twudvrxusifhjcif;? od'dudpwkdhukd vHk;yrf; (12) &mpkwGif
umr*kPfazmufjyefrI? wefcdk;tvGJoHk;pm;rIwkdhaMumihf wjznf;jznf; odumusavawmh\/
(8) &mpk? (9)&mpkwGif emVEm wuokdvf? 0dMuroDv wuokdvfwkdhuyif 0Zd&,me vrf;pOfrsm;ukd
oifMum;cJhMu\/ xkdrSwqifh ewf0ifpkef;yl;jcif;? pkef;? ua0? wap (atmufvrf;) ynmwkdhukdyg
yl;wGJavhvmMujyef\/
wE&,me 0g'Dwkdhonf aAm"dowkyfwkrsm; trsdK;rsdK; xkvkyf ukd;uG,fMu aMumufrufzG,f
yHkrsm;ukdyif xkvkyfudk;uG,fvmMu\/ (8)&mpkrS (10) &mpktwGif; Ak'bmom trnfcHNyD; 0dZm?
aZmf*sD? wyoDBuD; 84 a,muf ay:xGef;vmum 0dZm*dkPf; ynm&yfwkdhukd xlaxmif
odrf;oGif;cJhMuonf/ xif&Sm;aom *dkPf;q&mBuD;rsm;rSm q&o[yg q&mBuD;? or0q&mBuD;
ponfwkdh jzpfMu t0wfpkwf0wfjcif;? t*d&wfxkd;jcif;? rEefpkyfjcif;? okef aejcif;?
tkd;cGHukdoHk;jcif;? aq;0g;pD&ifjcif; ponfjzifh xl;xl;qef;qef; tvkyfwkdhudk vkyfMu\/
ao&nfaomufjcif;? yef;OD;vTwfjcif; ponfwkdhukdvnf; vkyfMu\/ vQdKh0Suf odEdwefcdk;rsm;ukd jyum
vQdKh0Sufq&m (rpfpwpf) yk*dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;[kyif ac:wGifcJhMuonf/
tdEd,jynfwGif omoem arS;rdSefvmaomacwf olaX; olMuG,fESifh &Sifbk&ifrsm;uyif
xkdvlxl;BuD;rsm;ukd csD;ajrmuf ukd;uG,fvmMu\/ wkdif;jynfat;csrf;a&;? vHkNcHKa&;?
ab;&efuif;a&;twGufyif xkdvlxl; vlqef;BuD;rsm;\ wE&? rE&? 0dZm,me twwfwkdhukd
&Sifbk&ifrsm; ukd,fwkdifrsm;pGm toHk;jyKcJhMu\/
0denf;awmfESifh tnD aexkdifMuaom &[ef;aumif;rsm; qif;&JNidKjiifum tiftm;enf;onfxuf
enf;yg;oGm;Mu&awmh\/
&[ef;wkdh\ twGif;omoem aysmhnHhtm;enf;vmaomtcg tcsdKh&[ef;rsm; 0dZmusifhpOfrsm; qDokdh
tmHkpkduf oGm;Muonf/
(11) &mpkokdh a&mufaomtcg tdEd,jynf vlrsm;pkonf t,lonf;rI tkyfpkuGJ jiif;ckefrIrsm;
rsm;jym;vm\/ &[ef;rsm;vnf; ypnf;pkjcif;? a&mif;0,fjcif;jzifh ykd tusifhysufvmMu\/

]r[max&f\xH a&mufvwfaomf owftHYrw opfcufcsdK; &Sdcdk;ylaZmfjyD;aomf vufsmywfvnf

oGm;cJY/ (xGufoGm;\/)}
]taMumif;udk wHigwdkYjrif av;aomif;olMuD; ok0PyMuHtm; (ajym) Mum;yav\/
trwfMuD;vnf; bkef;jrwfMuD;pGm txHvm.....
]jrwfpGmocif? twD (tb,f) t&yfodkY oGm;tHYoaES;} [kar;&um;]zkef;MuD;aom trwfMuD;? jynfESkdufrSD qGrf;cHpHaom} (qGrf;cHaexdkifonf) [lay&um;
oifcrf;jyKaycJY/ (ausmif;aqmufvav\/) (ausmufpmaumufEkwfcsuf)
um; acwfMuD; rnfodkYyif qdk;&Gm; ysufpD;aeaomfvnf; rnfonfYtcgrQ rysufpD;aom
olawmfaumif;w&m;\ om"u wpf&yfaywnf;/
0dZmawG OHKcH yk*HodkY aNy;vmBuyHk ......
wmuf (,l&uf)vlrsKd;? rGef*dkvfvlrsKd;? tmz*efvlrsKd; paom bmomrwl vlrsKd;Ncm;rsm;onf cef;em;
BuG,f0csrf;omaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;udk vk,ufwdkufcdkufvmBuukef\/
0dZm? aZmf*sD *dkPf;0ifwdkYonf 0dZmrEmef wefcdk;'dwdkYNzifY ckcHumuG,fcJYBuaomfvnf; tcsnf;ESD;
NzpfcJY&av\/ wuodkvfBuD;rsm;? ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm; rD;&IdU zsufqD;cHBu&\/ Ak'bmom trnfcH
&[ef;wdkYonftZswo@ef tusifYoDv ,dk,Gif;NyD; ypnf;&Sifrsm; NzpfaeonfuwpfaBumif;?
A[d' edkifiHa&;&IyfaxG;aeonfu wpfaBumif;wdkYaBumifY Ak'bmom vHk;0uG,faysmufoGm;&avonf/
0dZm*dkPfBuD; ay:xGef; twGif;omoem tiftm; ysufNym;&Ncif;onf tdEd,edkifiH omoem
uG,fy&Ncif;\ t"dutaBumif;BuD; Nzpfavonf/
NA[P0g'Drsm;rSm ausmif;uefrsm;udk NyefvnfwnfaxmifedkifBu\/ Ak'0d[m&rsm;udkrl Nyefvnf
rwnfaxmifedkifBuawmYay/ &[ef;awmfrsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifyHk xl;Ncm;oNzifY ydk
&eftcGifYomcJYavonf/ Nynfolvlxkuvnf; &efolrsm; 0ifa&mufvmNyD;aemuf 0dZm*dkPf;q&mwdkY\
wefcdk;'dyg'fudk t,HktBunfr&SdBuawmY oNzifY emvHrxledkifatmif usqif;oGm;&awmY\/
tdEd,&Sdr[m,me Ak'bmomtrnfcH 0Zd&,me 0dZm*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmfrsm; wdAuf? edayg? yk*H
paom t&yfrsm;odkY aNy;oGm; ykef;atmif; Bu&avawmYonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; twGif;omoem
,dk,Gif;&mrS oHCmacgif;aqmif r&SdNcif;? omoemtaqmufttHkrsm; zsufqD;cH&Ncif;wdkYaBumifY
tdEd,vlxkonf NA[P0g'odkY Nyefvnful;aNymif;um Ak'bmomudk ypfy,foGm;BuawmYonf/
(14) &mpka&mufaomtcg NrwfpGmbk&m; arG;zGm;&m tdEd,a'o Ak'omoemawmf vHk;0uG,fy
oGm;&avawmYownf;/
wGif tusOf;csKyfaqmifyg; az:Nycsuf NyD;\/

&m[kvmoHudpnf;udk xyfar;OD
ar;OD;pdkY
rSwfcsuf/ / &m[kvmoHudpnf;\ qdkvdk&if;rSm rQomNzpf\/ }}&[ef;awmfrsm; twGif;omoem
,dk;,Gif; tm;enf; omoemysufuG,f&onf}} [laom t"dutaBumif;rSm aumif;Nrwf
rSefuefvSay\/ obm0vJqdkuf\/ ordkif;aBumif;vJ udkuf\/ usef tcsuftvuf
tawG;tac:rsm;rSm uGsEkfyfwdkYESifY rwdkufqdkifwwf/ &efolrsm;0ifa&muf zsufqD;Ncif;udk eHygwf (2)
taBumif; tNzpfaz:Ny NA[P0g'Drsm; tEkenf;? tBurf;enf; (w&m;ppf?"m;ppf) wdkYNzifY
yl;uyfeSdyfpufNcif;udkrl &mZ0ifuGif;qufoabm rQom az:Ny y"metaBumif;ESpf&yfwGif
rxnfYoGif; edkifcJYacs/ xdkrQomru [dELordkif; q&mwdkY vufcHxm;aom Nzpf&yfrsm;udkyif
rsufESmvTJvdkaBumif; ay:vGifaeayonf/
Oyrm ya&mzufqm tvmawumESifY qGm&Dy&quf polwdkY\ tdEd,&mZ0if ta[mif;?topfwdkY
c&pfray:rSD 184 ckESpfwGif qHk*rif;quf yk&SrdBwrif; onf NA[P0g' &SifoefNyefYyGm;a&;twGuf
ukuK!m&mr paom omoemY taqmufttHk rsm;pGmESifY oHCmrsm;pGmudk zsufqD;owfNzwf
usef&Sdaom oHCmrsm;udkvnf; oHCmOD;acgif; wpfvHk; qkaiG 500-aBunmcJYolNzpf\/ xdktNyif
c&pf(6)&mpkwGif r[maAm"dyifESifY wuG oHCmrsm;tm; tNypftrsKd;rsKd; &SmESdyfpufcJYaom
omouFmrif;/ c&pf 340 wGif ]] &[ef;rcH&? w&m;ra[m& }} paomOya'rsm;udk NyKum
tekenf;wdkufzsufcJYaom ork'*kBwrif;/ c&pf 750 wGif ukrm&fvb'? xdkolrsm; taBumif;udkrl
&m[kvm oHudpnf; arYypfvdk[ef &Sd\/
xdkolrsm;taBumif;udk az:Ny&m oltoHrSmwdk;oGm;\/ odomvGef;onfrSm }qH
qHu&mus&,}
&mus&,
taBumif;yifwnf;/ olum; c&pf 788 ckESpfwGif tdEd,awmifydkif; arG;zGm; Ak'pmayrsm;
oif,lNyD;aemuf NA[P0g'? qeEef0g'? urmOD;0g' udk wnfaxmifolNzpfonf/ &[ef;rsm;udk
pdefac:um0g'NydKifyGJ NyKvkyfNyD;vQif tmPmpuf tultnD,l tw0g' ul;aNymif;apNcif;?
axmywfylyl ESpfowfNcif; ponfNzifY w&m;wpfzuf "m;wpfvufESifY NydKifbufr&Sd ausmfBum;ol
NzpfcJYonf/
olYtaBumif;udk &mZ0if? omoem0if tqufquf vufcHcJYBu? 0efcHcJYBu\/ odkYpifvsuf }} ouw?
yg|dpmaywdkY taxmufxm;r&Sd }} [kqdkum &m[kvm oHudpnf; twdtvif;
Niif;y,fvdkuf&&Smonf/ tdEd,aNr arG;zGm;cJYrdNcif;uyif olYtm; ordkif;trSefudk
rsufESmvTJaponf[kom ,lqoifYawmY\/ ol\ aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fNzifY tdEd,omoem0iftrSefudk
aNymif;NyefrazmfedkifNyD/ &mZ0ifbD;um; qufvuf vnfywfNrJ vnfywfayawmYrnf/
(tNcm;aom bmom0ifwdkY\ tBurf;zuf tNrpfNywf zsufqD;yHkrSm txl;ZmwfaBumif; vSef&efrvdk/
Nyemopf ray:/ rpwmarmfvD\ bD[mESifYBo&p a*ZufwD;,m;? Aa*Fg'dpBwdwf a*ZufwD;,m;?
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t&if;ppf tNrpfaNru
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twnfNyKBu\/ oHk;csufum; -

(1)&[ef;awmfrsm; oDv?arwm?cED paom taNccH &[ef;usifY0wfrsm; avsmYyg;tm;enf;Ncif;?

aemufqHk;vHk;0odum r&SdNcif;/
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ajympum;udkyif Mum;onf[k od&SdMuavonf/
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ajymonf[k qdkMuonf/ ewfqGrf;&onf[kvnf; ausmfMum;\/ 0dok'dr*'DyeD q&mu
wufao;oljrwf psmeftbdnmOf&onf[k azmfjy\/ aemiftcg ,mOfcGef vaMumif;
wGif;oif;&mZ0if qdkonf/
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udk&ifokar"m[k omraPwpfyg; ay:aygufzl;\/

ycef;MuD;jrdKY r[defac:aom ausmif; oDwif;oHk;\/psmeftbdnmOf& wefcdk;zefqif;Edkifonf[k

Mum;odojzifY ol\q&mu udk&ifokar"mi,fpOfu upm;zl;aom *Hknif;'dk;udk&Sm
ESpf&ufoGm;&aom t&yf jrKyfxm;jyD;vQif ]oifi,fpOfu upm;aom *Hknif;udk ,lacs} [kapcdkif;\/
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qdk\/
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atmufygtwdkif; zwf&I&onf/
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taqmufttHkrsm;jzifY wcrf;wem; awGYjrifEdkifao;onf/
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t&Sif'DyuF& omraP[k jyqdkonf/]
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ausmufum&GmrS yifY oDwif;oHk;apojzifY bkrdaZ,smtrnfrS ausmufumtrnfodkY
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q&mawmfMuD;jzpfonf/ 15ESpfom;uyif a0E&mysdKYudk a&;\/ 0Dowd0Pem? ,o0ke0wK?
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pufawmf&mESpfql &SmazGjcif;
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pufawmf&m t&SmxGufawmfrlcJYonf/ teE"Zq&mawmf? t&d,mvuF& q&mawmf? wdavmum

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xdkYaemuf pufawmf&mudk yHYokul ouFef;jzifY vTrf;tkyf ]igonf bk&m;jzpfrnf {uefrSefvQif

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rif;q&mawmfu -

]aMomf igum; raMumufwwfoljzpfcJYjyD} [k ESvHk;ydkufawmfrlonf/

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w&m;jzifY ylaZmfwkHUjyefjcif;

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(olaeaom) ausmif;awmfodkY olawmfYq&m0if0HYayvQif avmu0,f tvGefa,musfm;
(tm*a,musfm;) [k rdefYawmfrlonf/]
(oDv0daom"eD a&TOrifu tMuD;[kqdk\/ omoem vuFm& &G,fwl [l\/)
omoem0iftausmf q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; ESpfyg;onf zufvSJwuif; ajymqdk EIwfqufMujyD;aemuf
ausmif;rSqif; jyefonfwGif a&TOrifq&mawmfu vdkufydkY&m awmifzDvm q&mawmfu]uREkfyfu rif;q&m jzpfayonf/ igY&Sif a&SYu MuGyg} [k ESdrfYcs qdk\/ ]rif;q&mjzpf
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MuGbdonf} [kxifMurnf pdk; jzpfonf/
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rSwfwrf;MuD;tjzpf wGifusef&pfcJY\/
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rukefEdkifatmif &Sdygayonf/
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cdk0ifawmfrl\/ oufawmf 60-jynfYaom ou&mZf wpfaxmifjynfYESpf waygif;vjynfYaeY
jzpfavonf/
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tjydKiftqdkif&SmMu&m omvGefrif; nDawmf rif;&JausmfpGm awGY& av;xyf aZw0ef a&Tausmif;
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tcuftcJrsm; ay:aygufvmwwf\/ xdk tcuftcJrsm;onf ]anmifa&tdk;rS rD;xawmuf}
[louJhodkY rnfodkYrQ jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k rxifpaumif;aom Xmeuvnf; xGufvmwwfay\/
q&mawmf awm&xGuf rMumrDyif rarQmfvifhcJhaom tcuftcJwpfckonf rxifpaumif;aom
XmerS xGufay:vmcJhonfudk &ifqdkif&\/

ppfudkif;? yif;,? tif;0 wpfaMumwGif xdktcsdefu rdk;vGefpGm acgifcJh\/ wpfwdkif; wpfjynfvHk;

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wl;xm;aom uefteD; vrf;avQmufae&mrS bk&m;0wfy&ef [efjyifcdkuf ]]u,fawmfrlyg
q&mawmfbk&m;}} toHESifh zufawmhra,mif ajy;0ifvm\/ ae0ifoGm;aomfvnf; va&mifuav;
&dSae 'umrkyfoGifudk NyJUNyJUxifxif jrifae&\/ ]]tif; .....'kuygwum;}} [kq&mawmf
nnf;wGm;cdkuf]]wynfhawmfr vrf;c&D;tMum;rSm 'kuawGUvm q&mawmf ausmif;rSm aeyg&apbk&m;}} [k idk
avQmuf\/ q&mawmfrSm 'kuonftm; ntcg awmawmifBuD;twGif; ESifvTwf&tcuf
vufcH&tcuf jzpfaeonf/
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vHk;0a&Smif r&Edkifonfudkum; odaeojzifh tBuH&cufaeavonf/
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aqmifaejyef\/
q&mawmfonf twefMum pum;qdwf oufjyif;csum pOf;pm;NyD;ae\/ tBuHwpfck&um
pdwfoufomoGm;aomtrlt&mjzifh ausmif;pjrif (tjyifbuf pBu) tdyf&ef cGifhy&avawmhonf/
q&mawmfum; ae&may; TefNyD;aemuf awmifzDvm apwD&ifjyifwGif bk&m;0wfy
awmifapmifhewfwdkYtm; trQa0 arwmydkYaeavawmhonf/
ausmif;i,fodkY rjyefvnf;cuf jyefvnf;cufjzpfae pBuajcvSrf;rsm; tusrrSefawmhay/ aemufqHk;
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cs ausmif;uav;twGif; ur|mef;bm0em yGm;av\/ pdwfum; cgwdkif;uJhodkY rMunf/ xGufav
0ifavvnf; ydk jrefae\/ jzpforQ taMumif; taumif;csnf;[k ajzqnfum rD;tdrfav;udk
xGef;dS ausmif;cef;uav; tv,f csdwfqGJxm;&\/ nwGif vHk;0rtdyfpufrdap&ef owdudk
aqmifxm;&\/ 0denf;awmfu - ]wpfrdk;wpf&Hwnf; 'umrESifhtwl rtdyfaumif;}/
]oifvm ignvHk;ayguf w&m;I&ayonf} [kajzqnftm;wif;vsuf tusdK;udkom Ijrif
wpfnvHk; w&m;IrSwf&ef jyifqif&\/ w&m;IrSwf&m tcuftcJ wpfckckawGU&wdkif;

wpfqifhwpfqifh atmifjrifwdk;wufaponf rSefaomfvnf; xdktcuftcJudk ausmfvTm;&onfrSmum;

vG,fulvSonf r[kwfacs/ cEDajruwkwf awmifhwif;rSom jzpfEdkifayonf/
q&mawmf w&m;IrSwf orm"d&ptcsdefrSmyif wHcg;udk vuf0g;ESifhykwfoH Mum;&\/
'umruav;rSm aMumufvGef; csrf;vGef; ausmif;xJodkY tdyfcGifhyyg&ef cdkufcdkufwkefaom toHjzifh
toem;cHvm\/ trsdK;rsdK;pOf;pm;aomfvnf; 'kudw ow0gESifh ukPmpdwfwdkYonf tav;csdef
vQmnDae tdyfcGifhy&jyefavonf/ q&mawmfum; ausmif;pjrifodkYxGuf w&m;xdkif&av\/
rMumrD rtdyf0Hhqdk txJodkY jyef0ifvm&jyef\/
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tm;wif;xm;aom toHrmjzifh rdefYawmfrl\/ 'umruav;um; pkyfNyJaeaom tusESifh
&ifuGJxbDuav;udk [dkvSnfh onfvSnfh zHk;zd&if; ausmif;uav; axmifhauG; ukyfae&&Sm\/
pdkjynfaomtom;? zGHYxGm;aom t&G,fwGif orifruav;\ rsufvHk;uJhodkY &Tef;vJhaeaom
rsufvHk;&GJBuD;rsm;rSm xGef;dSxm;aom rD;a&mifrdSefrdSefatmufwGif rMunfhaomfvnf; jrifvsufom;
jzpfae&\/
q&mawmfum; rsufESmvTJum ausmay;ae&m,l xGufav0ifavudkom yGwfBudK;qGJouJhodkY
Iae&\/ wHk;vHk;vSJjcif;? vrf;avQmufjcif; yvdkaomfvnf; rsufpdudkpHkrdSwfum
Budwfxdkifaeawmfrl&\/ owd&orQ oHa0*jzpfzG,f? tokb jzpfzG,frsm;udk ESvHk;oGif;onfhtcg
oGif;ae&ayonf/ odod*F&aohuav; taMumif;u kwfw&uf 0ifvmojzifh ]igum; bk&m;&Sifh
wynfhom;? 60-ausmf? aovkNyD} [k tm;wif;&jyefonf/ wpfcsufwpfcsufwGif 'umruav;\
nnf;oHay:vmjyefonf/ q&mawmfum; bmrQ ar;awmfrrl/ OayumIom aevdkuf&\/
awmifzDvm apwDrS qnf;vnf; oHonf tNrJwrf; q&mawmfbufu &dSaeav\/ wpfcsDwpfcsD
vefYzsyf ysHoGm;aom vif;jymcsdK;iSufwdkY\toHu pdk;&drfruif;aom b0udk azmfjyaeonf/
vomomwGif aMumifhMurJh aysmf&TifjrL;xl;aeaom nOfhiSufoH rsm;rSm MunfEl;zG,f &dSav\/
usm;opf&JwdkY ab;aMumifh acG;tESifhom;orifwdkY\ atmfjrnfajy;vTm;oHrsm;udkvnf;
Mum;ae&jyefonf/ ]usm;udkufaorl wpfb0rQomwnf;} [k tmkHaemufodkY vdkufum
qifjcifaerd\/
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w&m;csnf;yifwnf;/
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ausmufpnfxdk;oHudkyif oJhoJhMum;ae&onf/

]]tr,fav; u,fawmfrlyg q&mawmfbk&m;? wynfhawmfr ao&ygvdrfhr,f}} toHaMumifh

q&mawmfrSm]][Jh 'umr bmjzpf&jyefwmvJ}} [kaiguf&if; rD;tdrfudk jzKwfum teD;odkYoGm;&jyef&m
aeraumif;aom trlt&mjzifh w[D;[D; wkefcdkufaeonfudk awGU&\/
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'umruav;rSmum; ajcovHk;udk odrf;BuHK; ayGUzufawmhrnfh[ef jyifaeojzifh kwfw&uf
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'umruav;rSm "m;,lpOfuyif aMumuf&mrS aoG;rsm;udk jrif&vQif tHhtm;oifh xdwfvefYoGm;&Sm\/
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rMum;pzl; vloHrsm;vnf; Mum;a,mifae&\/ rMumrD toHrsm; wdwfoGm;onf/
tjzpftysufum; qef;Mu,fav\/ BuHBuD;pnf&m[k xifzG,f&dSonf/ taMumif;um;
rdk;acgifjcif;onf awmifzDvmq&mawmf tusifhoDvjyif;xef[k trwftcsdKUu
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odod*F&aoh tusifhjyif;xef umodwdkif; rdk;oHk;ESpf acgifaeojzifh odMum;rif;onfyif
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tazmfrsm;xnfhum apvTwfjcif; jzpfavonf/ rjzpfoifhaomae&mrS rjzpfxdkufaomudprsm;
jzpfwwfonfrSm "rwmyifwnf;/
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r,HkMu/ xdktcg tvtwef;yvdk[efjzifh vmaom rif;BuD;ESifh y&dowfwdkYtm; ouFef;pkwf
ywfwD;pnf;xm;aom ajcaxmufjy&if; "m;armufudk ,lum]]ig\ oDvysufpD;ygrl "m;armufonf csaomcP a& jrKyfygapom;/ pifMu,fygrl
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awmifzDvmawm& ,ckwdkif trdk;tumrJhawGUEdkifayonf/
q&mawmfonf 0de,mvuFm& #Dumusrf; ed*Hk; ormorK' bk&m; qkyefum *Erm'eawmif
kupdk;BuD; tjzpfjzifh rif;aumif; rif;jrwfrsm;tm; omoema&; tm;ay;ulnD&vdkaMumif;
qkawmif;xm;avonf/
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taMumif;t&mudk acwfom;wdkY zwfpzG,f rl&if;rysuf pmwef;qm qifvdkufygonf- / pmyol/)
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1/ &efol/ 2/ rdwfaqG/

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trsdK;rsdK;udk qdkvdkyg\/
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olcdkif;apovdk&aom olYvlawGtBum; a,m*Dum; wpfa,mufwnf;/ obm0 tiftm;BuD;rsm;udk
xkwfazmfEdkifaom r[myk&doom ray:aygufcJhaomf cufavpGmh/
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a,m*Donf &efolY EdkifiHom;? &efolY bufawmfom;rsm;udk tm;udk;&Jygp/ om;orD; rdb[lonf
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(rZdr? OygvdokwfESifh "ry'/)
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xdkYaBumifh a,m*DtwGuf taESmuft,Suf[lonf wapajcmuf pkef;yl;jcif;rsdK;om r[kwf? usm;cs?
ppfwk&if xdk;ouJhodkY trsdK;rsdK; uGufausmfqifum tm;enf;&mrS yd&dpGm uGif;quf0ifvmwwfonf/
odkY&mwGif t0dZmonf rnfrQ xkxnfBuD;rm;aomfvnf; 0dZmavmuf tiftm;r&Sd/
taESmuft,SufwdkY rnfrQrsm;jym; vSnfhjzm;tpGrf;xuf tuGufqifBuygap? rIp&mrvdk/
rdwfaqGobm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;\ tultnDudk &,lEkdifygvQif axmif;axmif;x aBurGysufjyKef;atmif
acsrIef;zsufcGJ vG,fvG,fESifh atmifyGJ&EdkifBuonfom/ rnfrQBuD;rm;us,f0ef;aom jrdKU&GmBuD;
jzpfapumrl rD;jcpfqH wpfqHrQjzifh wpfcPcsif; jymtwdjyD;apEdkifonf r[kwfygavm/
obm0pGrf;tm; wpfckckudk ,Hk,HkBunfBunf vufcHudkifwG,frdygvQif teE urmavmu"mwf&Sd

"mwfwltwkrJh pGrf;tm; tultnDwdkYonf jrpfa&wmkd; usdK;ouJhodkY xdk;vSdrfhpD;qif;um

t[keft&Sdefjyif;pGmjzifh &efoltm; eif;acs zsufrIef;ay;onfudk a,m*Dudk,fwdkifyif
wtHhwBoodjrifvmygvdrfhrnf/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwkdif toHk;cs oHk;oyfjyD;rS xdktwkrJh twdkif;rod
obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk xkwfazmfcJhjyD r[kwfygavm/
cufonfum; a,m*Dudk,fwdkifu &efolESifhrdwfaqG tiftm;rsm;udk owdrrlrdbJ
]igaumif;wmvkyfaewmyJ} [k rdrdudk,fudk txifBuD;? rod? r,Hk earmferJh aerdjcif;yifwnf;/
,if;onfyifvQif a,m*D\ ESvHk;om;onf &efolYvuf ygoGm;cJh&avjyD/ (rnrmaem acg bdua0
Aa'g rm&/ /,0uvmydokwf/ oVm-oH-405/)
tE&m,frsm;vSaom omoem
tewomoemonf tE&m,frsm;vSyg\/ tyifayguf taSmufuwnf;u ydk;udkufcJhonf/
twurm tewomoem rsdK;aphcsrnfholum; od'wwnf;/
olYudk zcifudk,fwdkifuyif bk&m;jzpf&ef rvdkvm;/ pBumrif;BuD; crnf;awmf jzpfvdkaom
tm;enf;csuf(tDS)&Sd&mrS taESmuft,Suf ,ifydk;wG,fvmcJh\/ um,uH&Sif(oka'g'e)
udk,fwdkifyif r&dyfrdcJh/ odkYaomf rsufpd&SdolwdkYu jrifBuonf/ BudKwifae&m,lBu\/ tuGufqif
yl;0ifESifhBuavjyD/ xdktcg oka'g'e bmvkyfoenf;/ od'wtm; bk&m;rjzpfatmif tBuHxkwf&\/
rdef;rtxdef;awmf? tacsmhawmf? tqdkawmf? rdef;rt&Ha&Gawmf wdkYjzifh zHk;tkyfay;&av\/
rdef;rwyfBuD;jzifh txyfxyf umqD;ay;xm;&onf/ umr*kPf ESpfjryfxm;vdkufjcif;yifwnf;/
oka'g'eonf ]]ighpdwful;ESifhig}} vkyfaeaomfvnf; &efolvufoyf arG;cH&rSef;rodcHcJh&&Sm\/
wpfzef rdrd\ twyfa[m a0'ynmudkvnf; tBuGif;rJh ,Hkpm;? od'wudkvnf;
tm;udk;ygonfqdkaom aum@n? olonf ]]od'w rkcs bk&m;jzpf&rnf}} [laom ,HkBunfcsufjzifh
tESpfoHk;q,fausmf 'kucHawmxGufESifh tavmif;awmftm; tultnD ay;cJh&m bk&m;jzpfcgeD;wGifrS
awmfvSef xGufoGm;cJh\/ aum@n tajymif;tvGJum; jrefqefvGef;pGmh? avmuDtodESifh
0D&d,ZGJBuD;rm;aom olonf acwfrD acwfpm;aeaom twudvrxvrf;pOf
t,lonf;rI(tm;enf;csuf)&Sd&mrS &efolYtBudKuf vkyfaqmifay;cJh&onf/
xdkYjyif tavmif;awmf udk,fwkdifyifvnf; tawG;? tBuH? pdwful;wpfcsufrSm; (0g) &efol\
rjrif&aomqGJaqmifrIt& 6-ESpfvHk;vHk; vrf;rSm;BuD;udk aovkarsmyg; vdkufpm;rdcJhonf/ xdktcg
a&SYaemuf urmav;q,fudk 'dk;,dkayguf jrifEdkifaom ajray:wefcdk;&SifwdkY trsm;tjym; &SdaeBu\/
(0d? |? 1/ 130/ 0dok'dr*f? 2? 41/) avmuBuD;udk BuD;yGm;apvdkaom? pdkjynfapvdkaom? rjrif&aom
ajrxuf wefcdk;&SifwdkYvnf; &SdaeESifhBu\/ touf&Snf wefcdk;vnf; BuD;rm;Buukefonf/
xdktcgrsdK; twomoem jyK&rnfrSm olwdkY\ r[mwm0efBuD;aywnf;/
tavmif;awmfonf xdkonfhtaESmuft,Suf tcuftcJrsm;Bum;rSyif aAm"dyifESifh a&TyvifodkY
ta&mufcsDawmfrlEkdifcJh\/ bk&m;jzpfayawmhrnf/
xdktcsdefrsdK; twwefcdk;&SifwdkYonf vufeuf vloltpGrf;ukef tiftm;ukef &SdpkrJhpk
oHk;Bu&ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaBumifh rm&fewfonf vufraES;/ a&SYwef;odkY udk,fwdkif xGufvm\/
twdkif;rodaom ppfonf vufeuftm;udk;jzifh yvifudk vkav\/ yvifvdkcsif r[kwf?

bk&m;jzpfrnfpdk;/ (xdkobm0udk em;rvnfEdkifaom Oa&mywdkuf ygVdynm&Sif tcsdKYonf

]rm&fewf[lonf ow0gtaumiftxnf &Sdaom t&mr[kwf/ pdwf wpfpHkwpfck jzpfay:rIudk
wifpm;jcif;rQom} [k rSwfxif ,lrSm;Buav\/)
bk&m;jzpfawmfrlonfh aemufydkif;wGifvnf; oHCmwGif; y#dyursm;? pifjydKifbk&m;rsm;? omoem0if
w&m;cdk;um ]]igwdkYvnf; 'Dtwdkif; a[majym usifhBuHonf}} [k toHvTifhaeaom
w&m;twkta,mifrsm;? rdef;rESifh pGyfpGJjcif;? AuuJhodkY twwefcdk;&SifBuD;awGudk,fwdkif
0g'wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;? aemufqHk; toufudkyif vkyfBuHBuonftxd y&dedAmef
pH0ifawmfrl&onfhwdkifatmif qufwdkuf rvGwfpwrf; aESmuf,SufcJhBuav\/
,if;odkYqdkaomf tb,frnfaom a,m*Donf olYpufuGif;rS vGwfuif;Edkifygcsdrfhrnfenf;/
ur|mef;owd &SdaekHrQjzifh ab;&efvHkjyD[k r,Hkpm;tyf/
(owdrawm oka0aoa,sm? a0&m e y&drkpwd/ / rPdb'okwf/ o*gxm-oH-210/)
urmudkyif BudK;udkifcsifolrsm;
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAmef pH0ifawmfrljyD;aemuf rZdra'o(tdEd,) tw0g'BuD;acgif;jyef
axmifvmcJh\/ acwfrD wdk;wufaom Ak'bmomBuD; jzpfvmap&ef "ropfrsm; zefwD;vmBuonf/
rm&udk,fpm;vS,f bkef;BuD;rsm;vnf; r[m,me *dkPf;BuD;udk xlaxmifcJhBu\/ ]bk&m;
t"dur[kwf? bk&m;avmif;om t"du} [laom 0g'BuD;udk pGJudkifvmBuonf/ aemufqHk;
atmufvrf; txufvrf; vlom;BudKuf twynm&yf rsdK;pHkjzifh OHKcH ref;rIwfBu&mrS yifr tdEd,
omoem vHk;0 uG,fycJh&onf/ (tdEd, omoemuG,fyHk &m[kvm oHudpnf;\ aqmif;yg;udk
yxrydkif; ed*Hk; tjynfhtpHk azmfjyxm;ygonf/)
jrefrmEkdifiH omoem0ifudk BunfhjyefygvQifvnf; acwftqufquf tarTcHcJh&\/ a&Tjzpf aiGjzpf
od'daygufvrf;pOftwGuf bk&ifrsm;udk,fwdkifyif aemufydkif;rS tm;ay;cJhBu&onf/ *dkPf;uGJrIrsm;
ay:cJh&\/ twiftkH 0d0g'yif ESpfaygif;&Spfq,f BumcJhonf/ taemf&xmESifh bdk;awmfuJhodkYaom
rif;rsm;om ray:aygufcJhygvQif cufavpGmh/ xdkYaBumifhvnf; avmum,w wefcdk;&SifwdkYonf
&mZ0ifudkyg ajymif;jyef vSefypf&ef BudK;pm;vmBu\/ odkYrS twomoemtwGuf pdwfBudKufomoe
'g,um&&SdBurnf r[kwfygvm;/ bBuD;awmf acwf pBumrif;uav;onfum; qdkvQif &mZ0if
wpfZmwf cif;&ef wefcdk;&SifwdkY zefwD;xdk;oGif;cJhaom oaEom;yifwnf;/ (t,lawmfr*Fvm
avQmufxHk;udk BunfhygvQif wduscdkifvHk jynfhpHkpGm odEdkifygonf/) xdkYaBumifh olwdkYonf bdk;awmftm;
tcJrausBu/ ]armif0dkif; uwdopmr&Sd} [k ,ckwdkif ajymrqHk;/ bmrQ rod&Smaom vlrsm;pkum;
pBuma&cs ,ckwdkif idkBuqJ/ &mZ0ifESifh omoem0iftm; tjcm; ,kwfnHhaom wefcdk;rsm;jzifhvnf;
npfayapcJhBu\/
jrefrmjynfwGifom r[kwf/ Oa&my &mZ0ifwGifvnf; jyifopfawmfvSefa&;BuD;rStp ]vdkvm;oludk
wif? rvdkvm;oludk jzKwfcsa&;} rif;ajymif;rif;vGJ udprsm;wGif ajray:ajrxuf wefcdk;&Sifrsm;
uvzefxdk; wefcdk;jycJhBu\/ toHwdwf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;jzpf &mZ0if q&mwdkY rodvdkufBu/
(0gvfbl&f*g-yJa*; a&; ]rjrif&aom rdwfaqGwpfOD;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ}) 12-&mpk wcdku tdEd,
ppfyGJrsm;wGifvnf; xdkenf;if;yifwnf;/ a&S;tcg uvd*Frif;ESifh turif;wdkY ppfjzpfBu&m

uvd*Frif;onf ppftiftm; BuD;rm;vsuf &aohBuD;\ a[mudef;udkom tm;udk;,Hkpm;rd ppfa&;

IH;edrfhcJh&zl;\/ xdkppfyGJwGif vlom;rsm;omru udk,fapmifhewfcsif;vnf; wpfzufESifh wpfzuf
ppfxdk;Buonf[k yg&Sd&m a&S;tcguyif &SdcJhzl;aom toHwdwf ppfyGJyifwum;/ (pwkuedygwf?
plVumvd*FaAm"dZmwf/)
,cktcgwGifvnf; urmt&yf&yf tBum;tjrif& vlom;wefcdk;&Sifrsm; aygrsm;vSay\/
kyf0g'DEdkifiHrsm;u omyif wefcdk;okawoe jyKvkyfaeBu\/ blvfa*;&D;,m; EdkifiH ]A*Fg'DrD
xkdAm} ac: tBum;tjrif& trsdK;orD;wpfOD;udkyif vcpm;tjzpf cefYxm;onf[k qdkonf/
Ak'acwfwGif a&SYaemuf urmav;q,fudkjrifEdkifaom wdwdBuD;rsm; &SdouJhodkY ,ckvnf;
&SdaeBurnfom/
odkY&mwGif uH-Pf-0D&d,jzifh &,lEdkifaom twkrJh obm0 tiftm;BuD;rsm;um; wefcdk;&SifBuD;wdkY\
tBum;tjrifudk cRwfvTJapukef\/ pDrHudef;BuD;rsm;udk ysufjym;apEdkifBuukef\/ xdkYaBumifh
uHtaBumif;udk a[mBum;awmfrl&m ]uHtusdK;ay;ESifhpyfvQif pBu0Vm urmxkwfcsif; jrifEdkifaom
yk*dKvfrsm;\ pum;udkyif r,HkBunfBuvifh} [k ydwfyifawmfrlcJhzl;\/ (Oy&d? r[mur 0db*Fokwf/)
xdkYaBumifh twdwfuHESifh ypKyefvkyf&yfudk ypfy,f tb,frnfaom wefcdk;&Sifonf tjzLtrnf;
vHk;0ajymif;vJEkdifygcsdrfhrnfenf;/ odkY&mwGif ]r&wJh trJ oJeJYyuf} wwfonfudkrl
owdrlBu&ayvdrfhrnf/ (Av "r*kw? y#d0wm e 0dZwd/ a0ypdwdokwf? o*gxm-oH-223/)
rdpm'd|dab;BuD; a0;vsufeD;
uREkfyfwdkYonf tvkyfcGifodkY r0ifrDu tdk-em-ao ab;BuD;rsm;udkom aBumufp&m[k
xifrSwfcJhBu\/ b0wGif rdpm'd|d(t,lrSm;) ab;BuD;um; rnfodkYrQ jzpfEdkifpaumif;aom
taBumif;tcGifh rjrifrdcJh/ tjcm;bmom wpfckckodkY ul;ajymif;ouf0ifEdkif&ef tdyfruf pdwful;rQyif
rwnfhEdkifatmif todPf &SdcJhjyD r[kwfavm/ odkY&mwGif tvkyfcGifodkY a&mufaomtcg tdk-em-ao
ab;BuD;wdkYxuf aBumufvefY ausmcsrf;zG,f aumif;vSaom rdpm'd|d ab;BuD;rsm;
ur|mef;ausmif;uav;wHcg; vm acgufaeoHudk Bum;ae&\/
odkY&mwGif wHcg;udkzGifh 0ifvmaomtcg rdwfaqGaumif;ozG,f jzpf {nfh0wf ysLiSm
BudKqdkrdBuav\/ w&m;xl;? tmPm? pD;yGm;? usef;rma&; ponf a,m*D\ onf;ajcBudKuf
tjynfht0 &awmhrnfuJhodkY rsufvSnfhjyBu\/ erlemuav;rsm;yif tBudrfBudrfay;
jrLqG,fBuavonf/ a,m*Dum; ]]ig w&m; wufvmjyD}} [kxif\/ yxrwGif tawG; pdwful;
tmkHrQomwnf;/ a,m*Donf pm;kd;pm;pOf rpm;csifawmh/ wpfrsdK;wpfrnf jcdK;jcHpm;rS w&m;xl;
&rnf[k xifolxifwwfonf/ xdkYaemuf t0wf? aemuf taetxdkif ....ponf/ (xdktawG;cHae
oHC&udw rax&fBuD;onf &[EmrjzpfEdkifbJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm BumcJh&\/ ]t&daraw,susrS}
[ktawG;tac: tajrmfrSm;avonf/ 0dok'dr*f? 1? 45/ ]pHawmf0if t&d,mrsm;} pmtkyf tjynfhtpHk
Bunfhyg/)
tmkHtawG;onf aBumufzG,faumif;avpGmh/ tawG;jyD;vQif toHwpfpHkwpfck Bum;&wwf\/
tmemyge? uodkPf;ponf w&m;vrf;aBumif;ay;onfvnf; &Sd\/ rnfonfh wefcdk;&Sif[k
todray;ao;/ aemuf bdkifpukyf jyouJhodkY vQyfwpfjyuf udk,fxif&Sm; jywwfjyef\/ vdktyfvQif

vludk,fwdkif rdk;ay:u usovdk a&mufvmwwfonfvnf; &Sdonf/ xdktcg a,m*DtcsdKU yg;&mrS

aygufum acgif;ajymif;Bu&&Smavonf/ rZdry#dy'grS vrf;cGJum ow0grsm;tBudKuf
wpfvHk;wpf0wnf; jynfhpHkBuav\ (pdwful;)/ olaX;jzpf omoemjyKrnf/
touf&maxmif&Snf ow0gawG u,fwifum t&daraw,s vufxufusrS edAmef,lrnf/
qkBuD;yefrnf/ (qkBuD;yefolrsm; ,ckvdkb0rsdK;BuD; tavmif;awmfBuD;rsm;\ trltusifh&Sdr&Sd
pOf;pm;Bu&m\/) odkYr[kwf a,m*DtcsdKU t&d,mjzpfjyD[k xifolu xifBuav\/ tjcm;
avmum,w(oHo&me,fcsJU) twwfxl; wpfpHkwpf&m &csifolwdkY &Buonf/
xdkt&m tm;vHk;onf a,m*DjrwfEdk;vSaom omoem? umrbHkBuD;rS rxGufcGm vdkaom tw?
xdkESpfckudk aygif;pyf pdwfwdkif;us azsmfay;vdkufaom ysm;&nf0rf;us ,rumyifwnf;/
xdkazsmf&nfum; qm'l;b0rSonf AujA[mBuD;rsm; yg0gtxd od'djyD;Ekdif\/ arSmfq&mb0rSonf
t&d,m txifcH 0dZm"dk&fBuD;txd aygufajrmufEdkifavonf/
a,m*Dum; Eke,fao;\/ avmuum; us,fajymvSonf/ wefcdk;&Sif trsdK;rsdK;wdkYusufpm;&m
e,fajrjzpf\/ &efolESifh rdwfaqGudk arhavsmhum tewudkom rJ &Smaeaom a,m*D\
ur|mef;ausmif;uav; ywf0ef;usif wefcdk;&SifBuD;rsm;\ oufjyif;csoHum; jyif;xefvSaypGmh/
rdrdudk,fudk omoemjyKol[k txifrSm;aeaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; ajccsif;vdrf aeBuavjyD/
(txacg rma&m ygydrm t0d'la& edoD'd wkPSDblawm ruFkblawm yZ,aEm/ / rm&"Dwkokwf/
o*gxm-oH 125/)
twum0pa&m "arm
omoem0ifwGif a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;rsm;\ b0jzpf&yfrsm;udk oHk;oyfazmfjy&m pmzwfolwdkif;
em;vnfrnf r[kwfaomta&;tom;rsm; ygaumif; yg0ifayvdrfhrnf/ avmutjrif Iaxmifht&
a0zefwwfol? y&d,wdtjrifudkom qkyfudkifxm;olwdkYtwGuf ,kwdrwef vufrcHEdkifaom
t,ltqrsm;vnf; tenf;i,f ygaumif;yg0ifayvdrfhrnf/ yg0ifcJhaomf kwfjcnf;tjypf
IawmfrrlBubJ acw&yfqdkif; rSwfom;xm;apcsifygonf/ tb,faBumifhqdkaomf
&efoltaESmuft,Sufrsm;onf vnf;aumif;? rdwfaqG w&m;awmf\ twkrJh pGrf;tm;rsm;onf
vnf;aumif;? rsufpdjzifh jrifaumif;aom (0g) udkifjy &paumif;aom t&mrsm; r[kwfygukef/
*rD&-eufIdif;? 'k'o-jrifEdkifcuf? y@dwa0'eD,-ynm&Sdaom a,m*DwdkYom odEdkifjrifEkdif?
twum0p&=tawG;tac: acwfPfjzifh ta0zefaumif;olwdkY\ ouf0ifusufpm;&m
r[kwfaomaBumifhwnf;/ (0de,? r[m0*-5/)
pifppf ordkif;udk jyKpk&m jyqdkcJhonfhtwkdif; tjrGufrQ ysdK;cJhaom oabmrsm;udk ydkifvQif
tmZmenf a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;wdkY\ taBumif; XKywfudk zwfI&mvnf; pmwGifa&;rxm;aom
t&omrsm;udkyg cHpm;&ygvdrfhrnf/ xdkoabmw&m;rsm;udk t,lonf;? txiftrSwfvGJ?
tpGJrSm; a&;om;jcif; r[kwfyg/ pdwful;,Ofoufoufjzifh a&;om;xm;jcif;vnf; r[kwfyg/
y"meokwf? jA[edrEeduokwf? rm&wZeD,okwf? ,0uvmydokwf? rm&oH,kwf?
r[my&dedAmeokwf paom ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf
ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& a&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/ tvkyfcGifESifh qufEG,faom ta&SUwkdif;
taemufwdkif; *E&Dynm pdwfynmrsm;ESifhvnf; PftvSrf;rDorQ ESD;aESmxm;ygonf/
xdkrQomvm; r[kwfao;? a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;rsm; jzpfBuaom q&morm;rsm;ESifh rdb tpfudktpfr
"rrdwfaqGrsm;\ udk,fawGUjzpf&yfrsm;udkvnf; xif[yfxm;ygonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh tvkyfcGif

w&m;uay;aom todrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

xdkYaBumifh uREkfyfwdkY BudKwifajymyg&ap-]]oifvufcH ,HkBunfatmif tjynfht0
rwifjyEdkifao;onfhtwGuf cGifhvTwfygbd/ odkYaomf xdkwifjycsuf xdktodrsm;udk tvsifpvdk
y,fcsxm;jcif; rjyKao;bJ acw &yfqdkif; aw;rSwfxm;ygavOD;/ tcsdeftcgu oifhtm;
tajzay;aumif; ay;ygvdrfhrnf}} [lownf;/
w&m;oabmum; eufIdif;avpGmh/
(,HwH aeuare wAH? wH 0w umry&da,oem, Okaum Owd0g? aewH XmeH 0dZwd/ 'E
blrdokwf? Oy&d-yH-172/)
tBuGif;rJh jynfhpHkaom urmopfodkY
a,m*Donf &efolESifhrdwfaqGudk cGJjcm;odjrifvmygvQif tvkyfcGif twdkif;rodaom tusdK;rsm;
&awmhrnfrSm aocsm\/ udk,fydkif todPfawG wdk;wufvmrnfudkvnf; uREkfyfwdkY ajym&Jyg\/
]]&efoludk aBumufjyD; tpkefvrf; vdkuf&if onfhxuf 'ku a&muf&acs&JU}} [k oabmaygufum
&efoludk raBumufonfhtjyif ydkyif tm;wufvmygvdrfhOD;rnf/ txmudk odaejyDjzpfvnf;
a'gorjzpf? pdwfvnf; rnpfawmh/ aysmfyif aeawmhrnf/ taESmuft,Suf wpfcgawGUvQif
wpfqifhwdk;wufoGm;onfudk a,m*Dudk,fwdkif odaejyDjzpfaomaBumifhwnf;/
a,m*Donf xdktodudk ,Hk,HkBunfBunf odrf;ydkufxm;ygvQifum; BumvQif rdrdcEmukd,f?
rdrdywf0ef;usifrQavmufomru wpfurmvHk; pBu0VmteE jzpf&yfrsm; txdjzefYcsdxdk;xGif;
vif;vif;csif;csif;BuD; odjrifvmygvdrfhrnf/ ]]i,fOD;rS BuD;&monf}} [louJhodkY toduav;rS
todBuD;jzpfvm&\/ tbdnmOf\ a&SUawmfajy; todrsm;yifwnf;/ xdkurmhjzpf&yf?
pBu0Vmjzpf&yfrsm;udk jcHKvdkufvQif ]]tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&\ tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd}} [laom
tedptcsufudk 'ufceJrdavaomtcg t&d,mudpBuD;yif tjyD;wkdifEdkifavawmhonf/
uREkfyfwdkY rQ &Snfvsm;pGm ed'gef;cif;aeonfrSm taBumif;&if;&Sdyg\/ wpfpHkwpfckaom
avmuDtusdK;udk arQmfudk; BudK;pm;aeaom *Em&D wefcdk;&Sifrsm;? ,if;wdkY\ toif;tyif;rsm;
ponfwdkYtm; Iwfcsvdk[k ,lqaumif;,lqp&m&Sdyg\/ pifppfum; r[kwfyg/ rdrdwdkY todPf
&Sdoavmuf tm;xkwfaeBuolcsnf;om jzpf tjypfvnf;rwif/ vlom;wdkYtm; txdkuftavsmuf
tusdK;jyKEdkifonfyif jzpfvnf; (xdkrQavmufudkom tvSrf;rDolwdkYtwGuf) twefi,f
ESpfoufzG,fum; &Sdygayonf/
odkY&mwGif y"me &nfTef;csufudk kd;om;pGm ajymyg&ap/ acwfum; xdkrQavmufjzifh
a&mifh&Jae&rnfhtcgrsdK; r[kwfyg/ rjywfrom; rwdrus rcdkifrrm ,m,DtiSm; tBum;tjrifrsdK;udk
rqdkxm;bd/ wu,fh tbdnmOf&kHrQjzifhyif auseyfxdkufonfhtcg r[kwfao;/ urmBuD;
us,fajymvmonfESifh trQ todtwwfynm&yfrsdK;pHkaeaomacwfjzpf oku0dyu &[Em
jzpfkHrQjzifhvnf; ,aeU omoemawmftwGuf vHkavmufjyD rqdkEdkifao;/
acwf urmBuD;url wefcdk;tbdnmOfwdkYESifh jynfhpHkaom &[Emt&SifjrwfBuD;rsm;udkom
awmif;qdk yifhavQmuf aeygacsjyD/ acwf urmBuD;u av;euf jyif;jypGm awmif;qdkaeaom
t&mvnf; rBum rjrifh rzifhrETJ rvGJraoG {uefrkcs jynfhpHk&rnf[k (acwfudkodjrifolwkdif;)
tBuGif;rJh ,HkBunfaeBu\/ Ak'&Sifawmfjrwf\ a'oemawmfuvnf; twdtvif; xkwfazmf
cGifhjyKxm;avjyD/ omoem0if ygaom t&d,m t&SifjrwfBuD;rsm;uvnf; a&SUoGm;om"u
ay;awmfrlcJBuukef\/

xdkodkYaom pG,fpHk tmZmenf yk*dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;twGuf odyHynmonf urmtm;

aq;aBumrGrf;rHvsuf&SdavjyD/
({0laye acg om&dykw bduKem a*god*Fomv0eH aomab,s/ r[ma*god*Fokwf/ rlvyH-281/)
xdkYaBumifh xl;jrwfaom acwftcgrsdK;wGif wpfurmvHk; jidrf;csrf;&m jidrf;csrf;aBumif;
aumif;onfxuf aumif;? ydkaumif;? taumif;qHk;aom vrf;pOfodkY ouf0ifvmBuygap&ef
&nfoefkd;&if; ESvHk;oGif;jzifh yGifhvif; kd;om;pGm xkwfazmf&ygaBumif;/
ukef;abmifacwf &[EmESifh yk*Kdvfxl;rsm;
pwk*D&d-awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf
(1088 - 1186)
]]om;awmfBuD;? armifyZif; a&;om;onfh IzG,frsm;rSm bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfjrwf tvdkawmfus
omoemh0efxrf;wJh usrf;aumif;BuD;rsm; jzpfayw,f/ aeUpOf &dIufauG;qefUNyD; aeMuayr,fh
rSef;&dIufrSef; auG;rSef;qefUrSef; rodolawGu trsm;BuD;/ rdrdolwpfyg; tusdK;rsm;atmif BudK;pm;NyD;
ypkygav armifyZif;}}
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]],ck IzG,f usrf;vnf; crnf;awmf tNrJwap Munfhvdku MunfhIawmfrl&efESifh crnf;awmfudk
taMumif;cHNyD; pdwftMuH&ovdk edAdEmPf &ifhoefBuD;yGm;&avatmif om;awmfudk,fwdkif
ayrSmwifNyD; pD&ifcJhygoz&m;}}
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OD;ar"m0Du crnf;awmf OD;yOif;BuD;tm; ]emr&lyedAdEIzG,f} aypmudk qufuyfpOf ajymqdkaeMuyHk
jzpf\/
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&[ef;0gtm;jzifh igh;q,fhESpf0g oufawmftm;jzifh &Spfq,f &dSavNyD/ om;jzpfol OD;ar"m0D
ESpfESpfom; t&G,fuyif &[ef;ycJh\/
tcsdefum; tif;0jynfBuD; tNyD;wdkif ysufpD;&ef ig;ESpfcefUrQom vdkawmhonfh acwfysufBuD;yifwnf;/
OD;ar"m0Dum; xdk tif;0ukef;abmif Mum;umv 1088-ckESpfwGif vlvmjzpf&&Sm\/ Zmwdum;
a&Tbdke,f OoQpfaus;&Gm jzpfonf/ tavmif;awmfrif;w&m;BuD; rif;jzpfaom (1114) tcg

&[ef;y ajcmuf0grQom &dSao;\/ bGJU-OD;ar"m0D ac:wGifonf/ bdk;awmfrif;w&m; vufxufwGif

]rkedEmbdvuFm& o'romrd r[m"r&mZ*kk} bJGUwHqdyfawmf cH,l&onfh awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf
[lonf OD;ar"m0Dyifwnf;/
ysHvGefawmfrl&m tHhzG,fESifh IzG,f
awmifav;vHk;q&mawmfonf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD; eef;wufp ajcmuf0g avmufuyif
trsdK;rsdK;aom IzG,fusrf;wdkUudk pD&if\/ (IzG,f usrf;aygif; oHk;q,fausmf pm&if;&dS ,cktcg
ok"r0wDwdkufu &Spfusrf;pD yg0ifaom av;wGJdkufxm;NyD; &dSonf/)
"redAdE IzG,fudk (1116-ckESpf? 6-0gt&) yxrqHk;a&; pm,Ofyef;IzG,fudk (1185-ckESpf? 97ESpfwGif) a&;onf[k usrf;NyD; ou&mZfrsm;t& axmufq &avonf/ earmw *rD&IzG,frSm
]pm,Ofyef; IzG,fvnf;a&;cJhzl;NyD} qdkojzifh q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;vuf&m[k ,lqzG,f &dS\/
pmom; t"dym,frsm; t&vnf; (ydkrdk jynfhpHkU av;eufonfudk axmuf) xdkodkUyif jzpfzG,f &dSay\/
oufawmf udk;q,fausmfonftxd pma&;awmfrlEdkifonf rSmvnf; tvGeftHhzG,f jzpfay\/
trwaomyge? trw'Gg&? "ryd,? oemx pom IzG,fusrf;rsm; omoemawmfESpf?
aumZmou&mZfrsm;udk (&Hcg ygVda&m jrefrmyg) xnfh oufawmfESifh 0gawmfrsm;udkyg awGU&\/
72-ESpf? 74-ESpfwGif pmtrsm;qHk; a&;om;awmfrlcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif ou&mZfrsm;rSm
]rlva&;ou&mZfavm? pmul;ol tqufquf\ xyfqifha&;avm} oHo, jzpfzG,f &dSaeayonf/
( zGm;ou&mZfESifh yHsvGefaom ou&mZfudk trwaomygeESifh pm,Ofyef; earmw*rD&
IzG,fwdkUt& jyqdkvdkuf&ayonf/)
ou&mZfrsm; ta&;tul; cRwf,Gif;vSonf/ earmw*rD& IzG,fudk pmtkyfrlrsm; 1151-ckESpf[k
jy ayrl 1182-ckESpf[k yg&dSonf/
1213-ckESpf rif;vSoD&d oD[ol rSwfwrf;yxm;aom emrnfausmf q&mawmfBuD; wpf&mhig;yg;
t|Kywd (vufa&;rl) ]]24? awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf 1090-zGm;? eH 5-aw;? oufawmf 78? 1168-b0ul;? &Sifar"m0D
OoQpfaus;&GmzGm;? orD;awmf [oFmwrif;orD; (udk;uG,f)? rkedEmbd vuFm& o'r r[m"r&mZ*kk?
tr&yl&rdU ajrmufrif;&Gmwdkuf oHk;xyfausmif;/}} [ka&;rSwfxm;onf/ rSwfwrf;txdkuftavsmuf
cdkifrm\/ ESpfouf&m ,lMuygukef/
IzG,fusrf;rsm;onf yd#uoHk;yHkrS ql&mql&m vdk&if; tESpfom&rsm;udk a&G;Ekwf
vlwdkif;em;vnfEdkifaom jrefrmpum;0gusrsm;jzifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a[ma[m'dkif;'dkif;BuD;
a&;om;xm;&m IzG,f rNiD;atmif qGJaqmifvSayonf/

ESpfaygif; ESpf&mausmfaomfvnf; a,bk,s vlrsm;pktm; owdoHa0* &ap a,m*DwdkUtm;

wGef;tm;ay;&m txdrdqHk; taumif;qHk; usrf;BuD;wpfqltjzpf &yfwnfvsufyif/ q&mawmf
ysHvGefawmfrljcif;ESifh pyf tvGef xl;jcm;tHhzG,f&m tjzpftysufudkom zwfI Mum;em&
IzG,fusrf;vm tvGefav;eufvSaom owdy|mef tmemyge t"dym,frsm;udk rzwfI& ao;vQif
,HkEdkifzG,f &dSrnfr[kwfay/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf IzG,fusrf;rsm;u q&mawmf tb,frQ aygufajrmufawmfrlaeNyDjzpfaMumif;
wGef;jyaeNyD; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
IzG,frS rSwfzG,f
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t"dym,f av;eufyHkwdkUudk odomHk azmfjyygOD;tHh/
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odukef\/ xdkUaMumifh xGufoufudk xGufouf[k? 0ifoufudk 0ifouf[k odumrwonf
owdy|mefudk yGm;rsm;aponf rrnfao;/}} (y?24/)
]]a[mawmfrlonfh twdkif;usifhvQif ,ck'd|"r r*fzdkvf&aMumif;udk txyfxyf a[mawmfrlonfh
a'oemawmf twdkif;rod &dSonf/ if;&dSygvsuf ,ckb0 r*fzdkvf&rnf r&rnfudk 0dpdudpm
&dScJhvQif q&mrjy enf;r&aomaMumifh &dSavonfaomf vnf;rSwf? q&mjy enf;&vsufyif ,ckb0
r*f&rnfavm r&rnfavm 0dpdudpm &dScJhvQif tpdae,s oAKwmPfawmfudk r,Hkaom
olomrSwf/ rSwpfyg; qdk&mr&dSNyD/}} (y?51/)
]tedp 'ku tew[k 0pDab' jzpfumrQ (&GwfaeHkrQ) onf r[mykn rjzpfwwfacs/} (tedp
ponfudk wyfwyfjrifvQif aeUpOf a&Tausmif;wpf&m? aiGausmif;wpf&m? a&TapwDaygif; 84000
wnf&onfxuf jrwfaMumif;/) (y?64/)
]]orx 0dyem tm;rxkwfbJ tmywfroifhHk? tukodkvfrjzpfHkrQ aeaom &[ef;ysif;um;
"mwfpmrQudkom a&SmifMuOf pm;oHk; a&m*gaysmufapwwfonfh aq;udk rrDS0Jaom olemuJhodkU
udavom ElemBuD; raysmufEdkifaMumif;}} (y?60/)
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tm;xkwf\/ vHkUvy\/ xdkolonf udk,fhudkudk,f&SifoHo&m0#f'ku a&mif;pm;aygifESHaom
olrnf\/}} (y?210/)
]],xmblwmPf [laom avmuDopmawmfudkrQ rcH,lvQif tpdaE,s bk&m;ocif\

&efolawmfppfjzpfonf/ omoedu orm'd|d tjzpf odkUrQ ra&mufaomol jzpfaomaMumifh orm'd|d

yk*dKvfr[kwf/}} (y?296/)
]],xmblwmPf jzpfjcif;onf tkPfwufonfESifh wlNyD/ umvrjrifhrD ol&d,rnfaom ae0ef;
wufxGef;ay:vmbdouJhodkU r*fmPf zdkvfmPf edAmef&awmhrnf/ oifhtm; eD;vSNyD/ owd&dSvSap/}}
(y? 354/)
]]wpfaeUudkrQ qif;&JcH&aomaMumifh aeUrsm;pGm csrf;om&rnfrSefvQif wpfaeUtzdkU jzpfaomqif;&Judk
raMumufomNyD/ wpfvrQ? wpfESpfrQ? wpfb0rQom qif;&JcH&aomaMumifh vrsm;pGm? ESpfrsm;pGm?
b0rsm;pGm csrf;om&rnfrSefvQif wpfv? wpfESpf wpfb0jzpfaom qif;&Judk raMumufomNyD/
wpfaeU? wpfv? wpfESpf? wpfb0jzpfaom wPSm? avmb? &m*udk tvdkrvdkufoifh/
t&SnfudkarQmf olawmfw&m; ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf udk,ftoufudk pGefUpm; aysmfydkufoifhvSonf/}}
(y?363/)
]]ig\trd? ig\tb? ig\r,m;? ig\vif odkU {uefxifpGJ NrJNrJrSwfacsvQif Al;awmif;xJodkU
BuGuf0ifouJhodkU xdkUtwl omoemawmfodkU r[mAmvkrwu (vlrdkufl;BuD;) a&muf
arTaESmufNyDrSwf/ ,xmblwmPfpuKr&dSukefaom Amvkrwu yk*dKvfwdkU tm;BuD;vQif
omoemawmf ysufpD;vdk ab;a&mufvmacsNyD[k owd&Muav/ aMumufvnf; aMumufMuav/}}
(udk,fhbmom t,ltq vGJrSm;ae bk&m;udkvnf; pGyfpGJ\/ udk,fhudkudk,fvnf; wl;NzdK\/
raumif;rIvnf; rsm;pGmyGm;\/) (y?291/'k?88/)
]],xmblwmPf orZnudkrQ r&&dSacsonfjzpfvQif oGm; oGm;rSef;udkrQ rod/ &yf-xdkiftdyf-tdyfrSef;udkrQ rod/ uRJ? EGm;? acG;? 0uf? Muuf? iSuf? wd&pmefwdkUESifh twlwl/}} ('k?388/)
nDawmf OD;"ryd,udk qHk;rjcif;
pwk*D&dawmifav;vHk;q&mawmf OD;"ryd,ac:aom nDawmfwpfyg;vnf; &dSonf/ 0rf;uGJavm?
ratwl zatuGJavm rqdkEdkif/ OD;"ryd,vnf; awm&ausmif;wpfausmif; ae[ef&dSonf/
aemifawmfa&;aom pmrsm;udk zwfIusifhBuHvsufae&m r&Sif;rvif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk
avQmufxm;ojzifh 1162-ckESpfwGif ]"ryd,IzG,f} [k a&;&jyefonf/
xdktcsdef nDawmfonf 62-ESpf? aemifawmfum; 73-ESpf &dSMuavNyD/
]]nDawmf "ryd,u aemifawmftm; "r&wemOpmudk awmif;onfrSm idkcsif&ufudk vufwdkUonfhyrm?
,m;&mudk dkufrdawmhonf qdkouJhodkU rSwf&mawmhonf}} [k tpcsDum 0rf;omtm;& a&;awmfrlyHk?
wpfwpfcGcG qHk;rawmfrlyHkrsm;rSm nDawmf aemifawmfESpfyg; ajymremqdkrem
w&m;aqG;aEG;aeMuouJhodkU &dSawmhonf/ rsufpdxJwGif jrifa,mifapawmh\/

]]acG;\tyg; 0uf\teD; apmif;wD;ouJhodkU &dSwwfMuonf/ xkduJhodkU ighnDr&dSapvifh/

tusifhnpfvQif oHo&m epfNrJ/ ([E'ged bdua0) oem; rSmxm;cJhonf[k odwwfap/
nDawmfrSwfav/ oHa0*rdrd owd&&? ,ckb0yif r*fzdkvfNyD;ajrmuf edAmefodkUa&mufatmif
vHkUvyEdkifwdkif; aumif;awmhonf}} (w? 142/)
]]t&Sif"ryd, nDvS? owdruGm? ynmESifhwuG udk,fusdK;&dSatmif tcgcyfodrf;
usifhoifhvSawmhonf/ tNrJtHoGm;cJ usifhav/ (149) [kwfrSefwdkif;udk rodbJvsuf
arharhavsmhavsmh raeoifh/ jyoEdkifaom q&mudk &Sm [kwfrSefpGm odatmif vHkUvyav?
tm;xkwfav}} (151/)
]]ig\ udk,f[k r[kwfrrSefajymqdkrSwf,lol....ig\ omoemawmfodkUr0ifNyD/ ]ykxkZaem Orwu
o'daom} oll;ESifh wlaom ykxkZOf[k bGJUcsnf vTwfonfrSwf/ onftwdkif;om rSefvQif r*fapmf
zdkvfapmf reH? edAmefESifh a0;onfxuf a0;vdrfhrnf acG;[lvdk (179)/ ,ck acG;xD; acG;r
wdkUonfvnf; rif;orD; rif;om;a[mif;? ewforD; ewfom;a[mif; wdkUyif/}} (156/)
q&mawmfonf ]earmw Ak'H o&PH *pmrd} t"dym,frStp a,bk,s em;vnfrIrsdK;udk
ausmfvGefum owdy|mef tmemyge tvkyfpcef;odkU ta&muf tiftm;ygygESifh wGef;ydkUawmf
rlxm;avonf/ 'ge oDvcef;vnf; rvGwf/ bk&m;'um bk&m;tr? ausmif;'um ausmif;trwdkU
rdpm'd|d jzpfrSef;rod jzpfaewwfyHkrStp vlwef;pm; toD;oD;twGuf a&;om;awmf rlcJhonf/
omoemawmfESifh BuHK&onfhtcg ]]bm ta&;BuD;qHk;vJ}} qdkonfudk tajccHrSp axmufjyxm;\/
bdk;awmftwGuf &mZaMu;rHkIzG,f
awmifav;vHk; q&mawmftm; &orQ ypnf;udk udk,fydkifrxm;? pGefUvNrJjzpf tusifhoDv
jrifhjrwfaMumif;? bdk;awmfrif;w&m;BuD;u ]&mZ*kk} bGJU tyfvaMumif; ]oDv0daom"eDusrf;} (123?
170) azmfjy\/
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wvkwfNrdKUpm;rif;orD;u udk;uG,faMumif; q&mawmfudk,fwdkifa&;cJhonf/
q&mawmfonf rlvu pwk*D&dac:aom a&Tawmif aiGawmif jrawmif ywjrm;awmifwdkUjzifh
tvGefwifhw,faom rEav;ac: awmif0Srf;awmausmif; &[ef;w&m;jzifh oDwif;oHk;&m
aemiftcgwGifrS tr&yl&NrdKU (taemuf) ajrmuf rif;&Gmwdkuf ajymif;a&TUMuGvm&awmfrl[ef &dSonf/
xdktcgrSp if;wdkufudkvnf; awmifav;vHk;wdkuf (pwk*D&d) [kac:wGif[ef&dS\/
(ickefq&mawmfa&; ck'u ygX#Dum ed*Hk;/)

rlvawmifav;vHk;[lonf ]a0[mpuFr=av[mjyifpBu? tp&d, yAm&=tHhzG,f &dSaom awmif0Srf;}

ponfjzifh rdrd oDwif;oHk;&m Xmeudk azmfjy&m ]rEav;} [k wdkufdkufyg&dSonfudk awGU&ojzifh
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aps;awmfBuD;&yfae bHkoHk;qifh a&Tausmif;BuD; 'um paom t&yfolt&yfom; vluHkxHrsm;yg
udk;uG,f qnf;uyf&onfh xif&Sm;aom omoemy yk*dKvfBuD; jzpfaMumif;rSm jiif;zG,fr&dSacs/
ou&mZf 1148-ckESpf wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhausmf oHk;&ufaeUwGif bdk;awmf rif;w&m;BuD;onf
&cdkifodkU omoemyvTwf&ef udpESifhpyf wHqdyf&q&mawmfBuD; ckESpfyg;udk eef;awmfodkU yifh
avQmuf&m]]rif;usifhw&m;ESifh rnD[k xifaom t&m&dSvQif qHk;rawmfrlMuygbk&m;? usifhEdkifonfudk
usifhygrnf/ rusifhEdkifao;vQifvnf; t&mjzifh rusifhEdkifao;aMumif; avQmufygrnf/
q&mawmfbk&m;wdkU trdefUawmfudk emcH usifhaqmif&ygrS q&mawmfbk&m;wdkUudk
udk;uG,f&usdK;&dSygrnf}} [k&TifMunf0rf;ajrmufpGm avQmufxm;av\/
bdk;awmf\ avQmufxm;yHkrSm av;euf odrfarGUvSay\/ ysLiSm,Ofaus;vSaypGmh/
xdktaMumif;ESifhpyf q&mawmfu ]&mZaMu;rHkIzG,f} trnfjzifh a&;om;qHk;rawmfrl&onf/
q&mawmf a&;om;onfh taMumif;t&mESifh a&;om;yHkwdkUrSm a&;dk;a&;pOf rif;usifhw&m;rsdK;
r[kwfacs/ acgif;aqmifvkyfolwdkif; odxm;oifhaom tcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/
acgif;aqmifvkyfolonf t&m&mwGif awmifvdkjrifhrm;rS olUudkrDS&onfh opfyifi,fom;wdkU
jrifhrm;EdkifyHkrStp vdrfvnfrI? trsufxGufrI? ayghjyufavsmhvsJrI oHk;rsdK;udk ausmfvGefEdkifap&ef
tusdK;tjypfESifhwuG a&;om;qHk;rxm;avonf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh ]&mZaMu;rHk IzG,f} onf tdrfacgif;aqmifrS tp acgif;aqmifwdkif; MunfhrSeftjzpf
aeUpOfMunhfI toHk;y&rnfh acgif;aqmifrI vrf;Tefusrf;BuD;yifwnf;/
xl;qef;pGm ysHvGefawmfrljcif;
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,kwdvS tppfESifhwlaom twkrsm;
xdk twkta,mifaqmifrI rsm;pGmwdkUwGif w&m;wk w&m;a,mifaqmifjcif;onf oHwlaMumif;uGJ
qifwl,dk;rSm; jzpf omvGef aMumufzG,f aumif;avpGmh/
Oyrm- o&P*Hk tpm; usrf;*ef rvmaom teaEmteE ig;yg; (odkUrSom bk&m;pif
od'dq&mrsm; ae&m&rnf/)
rnfodkUrQ twdk;tqkwfr&/ urmhed,mrjzpfaom ig;yg;oDv ae&m wwfEdkifoavmuf
ESpfyg;oDv-oHk;yg;oDv? (odkUrSom vlwef;pm; tm;vHk;udk qGJaqmifEdkif ta&twGufrsmrnf/)

orx 0dyem ae&m ]]oHo&mNiD;aiGUrSom 0dyemul;}} [kqdkum t&daraw,sbk&m;

vufxufxd raocsmaom pnf;pdrf? tmPm? od'drsm;jzifhrQm; 0#fEG,f&Snfapaom (0#bd&w)
orx0dyem trnfcH w&m;wkrsm;udk tpm;xdk; tcsdefqGJay;jcif;/
xdkodkU twdtvif; qGJaqmif r&Edkifolrsm;tm; trsdK;rsdK;aom atmufvrf; txufvrf;rsm;jzifh
ajcmufjcif;? ajrSmufjcif;/
aemufqHk; r*fa,mif? zdkvfa,mifrsm;jzifh w&m;xl;&apjcif;wdkUyif jzpf\/ toufESifh&if;
pOf;pm;Muygav olawmfaumif;awGwdkU/
txuftrdefUESifh tdyfruf
ppfudkif;awmifkd; ykn&SifapwD\ taemufbuf&dS yxr*EmHkacsmif OD;pGm oDwif;oHk;aom
bkef;awmfBuD;rSm vnf; y#dywd0efaqmif yk*dKvfBuD; jzpf\/
&GmwGif;&Gmhjyif? ausmif;wGif; ausmif;jyifra&G; a`Eudkapmifhxdef;&m ESpfyg;r&dS[k y#dywfaqmif
yk*KdvfBuD;rsm;uyif csD;usL;av;pm; Muonf/ y@ygwf"kwif tNrJaqmif ppfudkif;rdUwGif;odkU
qGrf;cHMuGonf/ ]iSufaysmoD; zD;vHk;&aom yk*dKvf} [kajymprSwf yMu\/ a&mufvmolrsm;tm;
t|du (tdk;pk) ur|mef; a[mavh&dSonf/
wpfaeUaomtcg {&m0wDjzpfdk;wpfavQmuf a&mif;0,fazmufum;ol avSukefonfBuD;wpfOD;
rdrda'o atmufrdUatmuf&GmrS qefwuftvm vrf;ckvwf wpfckaomn tdyfrufjrifavonf/
tdyfrufwGif t0wftpm; oefUjyefUaom vlwpfOD;u ]]&[Em zl;csifvQif vdkufcJh}} [k ac:oGm;\/
vrf;c&D;pOfudkvnf; rSwfom; vdkufoGm;&m rMumrD awmifapmif;&dS ausmif;i,fwpfckodkU ta&muf
]]&[Em[m 'Dt&SifjrwfBuD;yJ}} [k bkef;awmfBuD;tm;jyTefNyD; aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
aemufwpf&uf ppfudkif;odkUavSqdkufa&muf&m tdyfrufwGifjrif&aom qdyfurf;rS wuf
tdyfruftwdkif; awmifBuD;udk vrf;rrSm;atmif wufoGm;\/
tdyfruftwdkif; vrf;yef;taqmufttHkrsm; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ojzifh ]]rkcs &[Emzl;&awmhrnf}}
[k 0rf;omae\/ arm&rSef;rod/ rMumrD awmifapmif;&dS ausmif;uav;wpfausmif;ESifh
bkef;awmfBuD;udkawGU&m tdyfrufxJu twdkif; jzpfaeojzifh twdkif;rod 0rf;ajrmufoGm;\/
xdkbkef;awmfBuD;um; yxr*EmHkacsmif bkef;awmfBuD;yifwnf;/
bkef;awmfBuD;um; ]]&[Em [kwf\? r[kwf\}} rnfodkUrQ rNrGufMum;/ BuD;rm;cefUnm;aom a`Eudk
Munfhyif &[Em[k twyfpGJ vdkavao;r&dS v'gef;av/ ,ckwdkif&dSaom odrf? *l?
ausmif;uefrsm;rSm xdkavSukefonfBuD;\ aumif;rIrsm;jzpfonf/

aemufqHk; tjrwfum; awm&ausmif;uav; {upm&D usifhoHk;aeaom bkef;awmfBuD;wGif

taqmufttHkrsm;ESifhtwl tajcGt&Hrsm;vnf; txdkuftavsmuf ay:aygufvmawmhojzifh
tenf;ESifhtrsm; tvkyfcsdef avsmhyg;&avawmh\/
- vmb (ypn;fav;yg; &jcif;)?
- oum& (tdktao tylaZmf cH&jcif;)?
- odavmu (ausmfaZmowif; jyefUyGm;jcif;) oHk;rsdK;onfvnf; wyfpdwfwpfck xufwpfck
odrfarGUvSaom rm&fwyfrBuD; wpfrsdK;yifwnf;/ &[ef;udp NyD;oGm;aom yk*dKvfrsm; twGuf
taESmifht,Suf jzpfapumrl raxmif;wmvS/ yGm;rsm;usifhBuHqJ yk*dKvfrsm;twGufum; BuD;pGmaom
taESmifht,Suf wpfrsdK;yifwnf;/
y#dywd omoem0ifwGif tdyfrufay;aom jyemvnf; rMumcP BuHK&wwfonf/ &Hcg
o'gvGefaom wefcdk;&Sifrsm;? ykxkZOf kupdk;rsm;\ zefwD;csuf jzpfwwf\/ wpfcgu oHk;q,fNrdKU
taemufbuf ajrjzLawmif awm&ausmif; bkef;awmfMuD;wpfyg;onf &yfa0;'um 'umrrsm;tm;
xdktdyfrufrsdK; rMumcPvkyfaeaom kupdk;BuD;tm; rmefrJawmf rl&zl;\/
wpfcgwpf&H ododomom aESmifh,Sufjcif;vnf; jzpfwwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H txufyk*dKvfrsm;
trdefUt& w&m;yGm;rsm;aeolxH ]]w&m;em& usifh&rnf} [k wynfhcH vmolrsm;vnf; r&Sm;acs/
acgif;ay:wif ypfcsjcif;yifwnf;/

toufwpf&m&Snfaom
&[Em OD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE)
( 1182 - 1282 )
armif;axmif? anmifuefwpf0dkuf t&n0goD awm&rDS yk*dKvfrsm; wpfacwfu tvGefrsm;jym;cJh[ef
&dS\/ xdka'oonf [dr0EmESifh wpfpyfwnf; jzpf awmawmifvnf; xlxyfonf/ aMumifyef;?
v,fwD? uEDpaom q&mawmfrsm;vnf; xdka'o awm&cdkawmfrlMuzl;\/ a,m*Dtjzpfjzifh
avhvmpHkprf;aomtcgrS a,m*DwdkUtwGuf a'oaumif;wpfck jzpfaMumif; awGU&dS&onf/
armif;axmifBuD;&Gm\ ajrmufbuf ajcmufrdkifcefU 0uf&Jawmac:aom t&yfonf ydk
awmNrdKifxlxyfojzifh olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm; cdkatmif;&m jzpfcJh\/ r[mNrdKifawmBuD;\
awmifbufydkif; jzpfonf/
emrnfausmf awm&pcef;rsm;
oxHkacwfaESmif; yk*HacwfOD;avmufuyif cifBuD;rdk;ac:aom olawmfpifBuD;wpfyg; xdkawmyif

acgif;cscJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif awmBuD;rsufrnf; twGif; w&m; &GwfzwfoHrsm;ESifh aMu;pnf

acgif;avmif;oHrsm; nwdkif;vdkvdk &Gmom;rsm;tm;vHk; Mum;Mu&\/ qGrf;cHMuGaeus bkef;awmfBuD;
cifBuD;rdk;vnf; rMuGvmojzifh 0uf&J&Gmom;wdkU oGm;a&muf MunhfMu&m cifBuD;rdk;
ysHvGefawmfrlaeonfudk awGUMu&onf/ tavmif;awmfudk &GmodkU yifhaqmifcJhMu\/
armif;axmif &Gmom;wdkUvnf; xdktaMumif;udk Mum; cifBuD;rdk; Zmwd armif;axmifodkU yifh,l
ylaZmfvdkaMumif; awmif;qdkMuonf/ r&onfhtqHk; ntcg oGm;a&mufcdk;,lMu\/ tavmif;awmfudk
xrf; jyefvmMu&m rdk;arSmifawmv,f vuG,faeUnjzpfvsuf wpfvrf;vHk;
va&mifxdefxdefvif;aeonf/ armif;axmifodkU a&mufrSyif tvif;a&mifaysmuf vuG,faeU
jzpfaMumif; owdyrdMuavawmh\/ (xdktaMumif; ]armif;axmif kyfvHk;azmf #Dum} zwfI&onf/)
anmifuef&Gmtaemuf &SpfrdkifcefUwGif awmawmifxlxyf vQdKajrmif acsmufurf;yg;vnf;
aygrsm;aom awm&ausmif;wpfck &dSonf/ aywpf&m ay ig;q,f euf acsmif;\ atmufajcwGif
aywpf&mcefU &dSaom ajrjyefUrsm; obm0tavsmuf jzpfay:ae\/ urf;yg; eH&HwGif *lrsm;vnf; &dS&m
ur|mef;bm0em twGuf xl;jcm;aumif;rGefaom a'ojzpfayonf/ cdkacsmif; csyfuav; paom
&Gmrsm;udk a*gp&*grf yEdkif\/ a&S;tcgu xdkacsmufwGif OD;um ac:aom bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;
aezl\/ &[Em[k ausmfMum;onf/ usm;opfrsm;ESifhtwl rD;vIHwwf\/ ydk;avmuf tpm;cH
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/
xkdausmuf*lawm& ac: OD;umacsmufudk 1298-ckESpfrS 1311-ckESpf qufvufapmifha&Smuf awm&
aqmufwnfaom yk*dKvfrSm OD;OuHo ac: EdkifiHawmf Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;Nzpf\/ 1239-ck?
yif;NrdKU pcef;r tv,f&GmzGm;? refvnf? wvdkif;ukef;? 0wfcsufrif;ausmif;q&mawmfwdkU\
wynfhjzpfonf/
1293-ckESpfwGif armif;axmifBuD; &GmOD; apwDvS ac: pmoifwdkif wpfwdkufudkvnf;
wnfaxmifcJh\/ ]*rD&wyumoeD? pwku0dedp,? Ak'o&Pw'Dyu} usrf;rsm;udkvnf; y\/
ppfudkif; usdKufywdkifausmif; pmcsbkef;BuD;b0rS wpfawmxGuf0if awm& aqmufwnf\/
vHkUv0D&d, o'gw&m; BuD;rm;onf/ bkwvifNrdKU ta&SUajrmuf &SpfrdkifcefU&dS anmifeDawm& aepOf
wapo&Jrsm; ntcgwGif tBudrfBudrfaESmifh,Suf&m enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh umuG,f r&/ arwmydkUrSom
Edkifojzifh arwmvufeufwefcdk;BuD;aMumif; rMumcP wdkufwGef;awmfrlonf/
armif;axmifBuD;&Gm ta&SUajrmufbuf&dS tifMuif;prf; awm& aepOf awmvdkufrkqdk;rsm;
awmausmif;ywf0ef;usifodkU a&mufwdkif; rdk;arSmifBuD; usvm tBudrfBudrf awmvdkufr&ojzifh
tonf;pGJ Munfdkav;pm;Muonf/ xdkq&mawmf OD;umacsmuf aepOf wynfh&[ef;wpfyg;tm;
tawmifajcmufq,f&dS pMuausmif;BuD; ur|mef;ay;&m xdk&[ef; pMuxdyf w&m;xdkifae&mrS
wpfzuf pMuxdyfodkU cEmudk,fBuD; aNrSmufysH ajymif;a&TUoGm;onfudk BuHK&zl;\/

q&mawmf ausmuf*lawm&om ysHvGefawmfrlonftxd tcsdefMumjrifhpGm aeoGm;\/ wpfaeUo

ia&0if&GmrS OD;zdk;cifqdkolonf q&mawmfESifh rvSrf;rurf; ausmif;i,fwpfck w&m;xdkifvsuf&dSpOf
noef;acgifausmfwGif q&mawmfausmif;qDodkU vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m wpfausmif;vHk; a&Ta&mifawmuf
vif;xdefaeonfudk awGU&\/ oGm; Munfh&m q&mawmfudk rawGUcJh&/ eHeufvif; q&mawmftm;
]]nu rawGU&aMumif;}} avQmuf&m ]]qdwfjidrfwJhtcg onfvdkyJ w&m; IyGm;Mu&wmaygh}} [kyif
ajzawmfrl\/ olUpdwfxJwGif Munfdk&onfrSty rnfodkUrQ ra0zefwwf&dSae\/
q&mawmfum; ZGJ? vHkUv BuD;rm;vSay\/ q&mawmfonf taMumif;udp&dSvQif awm&ausmif;rS
ig;rdkif? &Spfrdkif&Gmrsm;odkU eHeuftapmBuD; MuGvmawmfrlavh&dS\/ aqmif;umvwGif ESif;rsm;
&TJpdkaeaom vufckyfwpfazgifcefU ajymif;cif;rsm;xJrS jzwf MuGvm&onfrSm tvGef
ausmcsrf;zG,faumif;vSonf/ vrf;rSm awGUorQ vlrsm;tm; xdkif 0wfryvQif awmifa0S;ESifh &G,f
&dScdk;cdkif;avh&dS\/ ukodkvf ay;jcif;aywnf;/
wpfaeUwGif ulawmf&GmrS xef;a&rl;aeaom vlwpfa,muf vrf;usOf;wpfck q&mawmfESifhawGU&m
awmifa0S;ESifh acgif;udk tomzd xdkif&Sdcdk;ap\/ qHk;rpum;ajymMum;NyD; xef;a& tvcH&m ]]wpfv
raomufyg}} [k v&onf/ ]]at;-rif;Edkifoavmuf vwmaemf? rif;uwdysufuGuf&if rif;yJ
'kujzpfvdrfhr,f? at;-ckb0vJl;? aemufb0vJl;wwfouG,fh? raomufcsifygeJUuG,f}} [k ajym&if;
MuGawmfrl\/ oHk;&ufcefU &dSvQif xdkxef;a&orm;onf iSufaysma&wif&GmodkU oGm;&m
tazmftaygif;aumif; xef;a&aomufrd\/ tazmfrsm;uvnf; ]]tdk-uwday;NyD; vwm vwmaygh/
aomufwm rif;q&mawmf odwmvdkufvdkU}} [k 0dkif;wGef;Muojzifh xef;a&aomufNyD; jyefvm&m
vrf;ckvwfwGif a>rudkuf aoqHk;&&Sm\/
q&mawmfonf xdka'owpf0dkuf vlwef;pm; tvdkuf todtvdrm ay;awmfrl\/ odkUaomf
wu,fhaus;Zl;*kPfudk odolum; enf;yg;vSonf/ awm&ajr om;vdkuf? xif;ckwf?
,mckwfvdkolrsm;url &efoltjzpf ,SOfNydKifrdMu&Smav\/
1311-ckESpf? oufawmf-75-ESpft& azma&mifaom a&m*gjzifh tarmqdkU aeonfhMum;rS
wynfhrsm;tm; w&m;a[m r&yfbJ &dSae tarmydkjyif;xefvm\/ xdkESpf ewfawmfvqkwf 8&ufaeU nwGif aumif;uifrS oabFmMu,fudk tMunfhcdkif;NyD;vQif]]tif; ..... igajymwmudkom BudK;pm;rSwfMu? armwmarmygap? oabFmMu,f rGef;wdrf;&if
tarmoufom oGm;rSmyg}} [k rdefUawmfrlonf/ q&mawmf\ w&m;oHrsm;rSm cRJrsm;ESifh vHk;axG;
ryDrojzpf&mrS vHk;0 &yfoGm;\/ tarmrSm tenf;i,f oufomoGm; OD;jrat;ESifhwuG
olemytcsdKU awmifausmif;uav; tjyifodkU xGufum arwmydkUMu\/ yPzkoQKac:
oabFmMu,fudk Munfhvdkufaomtcg rGef;,drf;aeonfudk awGU&ojzifh q&mawmf
ajympum;rSefaMumif; ajymqdkaeMuonf/
pifppf q&mawmfum; oabFmMu,feSifhtwl rGef;wdrf;&avNyD/

,ck xdkawm& 0g;awmr OD;uvsmP q&mawmf qufvufapmifha&Smuf awm&aqmufwnfum

ur|mef; ay;awmfrlvsuf &dSonf/
wpfzef bkwvifajrmufbuf ig;rdkifuGmwGif awmifuvyfawm&[k ,ckwdkif&dS\/ wpfcsdefu
xdkawm& bkef;BuD;OD;a'G;aESmif;? bGJU-OD;t&d,mP ac:aom bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg; &dSonf/
usm;opfrsm;ESifhtwl aexdkif\/ ]]a&Twd*Hkbk&m; teD;uav;yg [,f}} [k rMumcP ajymavh&dS&m
aeUpOf bk&m;zl; MuGonf[k ,lq ajymqdkMuonf/ bdk;awmf rif;w&m;BuD;u q&mawmftm;
aejynfawmfodkU tylaZmfcH yifhavQmuf&m oHk;Budrfwdkifwdkif yifhavQmufrS MuGonf/
awmifuvyf\ ajrmufbuf oHk;rdkifausmfwGif tkwfzdkawmif? q,frdkifcefUwGif vufyH&Gm
vufyHawm& [k &dS\/ a,m*Dyg&*l uEDq&mawmf\q&m? bGJU OD;tm'dpac: vufyHq&mawmf\
awm&Xmejzpfonf/ vHk;awmfq&mawmf? t&mawmf q&mawmfESifh wdAufjynfom; oQDvwd
q&mawmf wdkU\ wynfhjzpf\/ y#dywft&mwGif tvGefxif&Sm;onf/
um; bkwvifNrdKUe,f armif;axmif? anmifuef ywf0ef;usif&dS Bwd*Ha'o awm&pcef;rsm;
jzpfonf/ ,ckwdkifvnf; wnf&dSMu\/ a&S;u y#dywf tajctaeudk cefUrSef;Edkif&ef t&yfa'o
wpfckudk axmufI Munfhjcif;rQom jzpfayonf/
tawGUtBuHK A[kokw enf;aom a,m*DtcsdKUtm; ]]ig w,f[kwfaeygvm;}} [k txifa&mufap\/
xdktxifrsdK; aygufap&ef tjcm; enf;y&d,m,frsm;jzifhvnf; vkyfwwfMuonf/ arwmBuD;BuD;?
onf;cHjcif;rsm;pGmjzifh umuG,fBu&m\/ avmb? a'go? rme? o'g? 0D&d, paom rdrdpdwf"gwf
wmwrHwGif tm;enf;aysmhnHhonfh ae&mudk tNrJwap &SmazGaphik MunfhIoHk;oyf
xyfrHcdkifcHhMuapukef&m\/
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;om&Tef;
ae&m azmfjyvdkonfrSm OD;u0dEac: bkef;awmfBuD; OD;om&Tef; taMumif;yifwnf;/
OD;om&Tef;taMumif;rSm uREkfyfwdkU\ aemifawmfBuD; armifaxmif,Gef; qufwdkufq&mawmf
OD;aombdw udk,fwdkif avhvm a&;om;xm;aom rSwfwrf;t& azmfjyygrnf/ xdkrSwfwrf;rSm
OD;om&Tef;\ uyd, jzpfol anmifuef &GmteD; tkwftdkif&GmrS touf 85-ESpf&dS OD;vlrif;ESifh
tkwftdkifausmif; bkef;BuD;wdkUtm; ar;jref; a&;om;xm;aom rSwfwrf; jzpfygonf/
pma&;oludk,fwdkifvnf; xdkausmif;odkU oGm;a&muf xdkyk*dKvfrsm;tm;xyfrH
pHkprf;ar;jref;NyD;a&;om;ygonf/ q&mawmf oDwif;oHk;oGm;aom a&S;oHk;xyfausmif;vnf; ,ckwdkif
awGUEdkifygao;onf/ OD;om&Tef;\ ZmwdrSm anmifuef&GmteD; Muufdk;ukef;&Gm jzpf\/ i,fpOfuyif
awm&aqmufwnf&ef 0goemtavh BuD;rm;awmfrl\/ yxrqHk; oD;yiftdkif&GmESifh ukwfudkpk&Gm

tMum;&dS opfacgif; yvkyfwkwf awm& oDwif;oHk;onf/

1247-ckESpfwGif bkwvif-a&OD;oGm; vrf;ab;&dS vufyHawm& oDwif;oHk;onf/ xdktcsdefum;
rEav; aejynfawmf t*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm; odrf;,l wdkif;jynfqlylacsmufcsm;cdkuf jzpf\/
cdk;om;"m;jy aomif;usef;\/ bkef;awmfBuD;rSm w&m;IrSwf&if; pdwf"mwfrsm; acsmufcsm;ae\/
aMumifhMupdwfrsm; 0ifaeonf/ xdktwGif; q&mawmf oDwif;oHk;aom tkwfzkdawmiftm;
&efol&dSrnftxifjzifh ukvm; ppfwyfrsm; 0dkif;&HvmMu\/ q&mawmfrSm ydk xdwfvefUae&Smonf/
xdkUaMumifh ig;pyfwif;wdrfBuD;udk acgif;ykNcHKum vufyHawm& ausmif;uav;rS wdwfwqdwf
xGufcGmvmcJh&onf/ armif;axmif&Gm ajrmufbuf ajcmufrdkifuGm 0uf&Jawm a&TUajymif;
oDwif;oHk;awmfrl\/
xdkacwf 0uf&Jawmum; om;&JxlajymvS\/ bkef;awmfBuD;onf xef;vHk;cefU&dSa>rqdk;BuD;rsm;udk
awGU&aomfvnf; om;&JESifh a>rqdk;wdkUonf bkef;awmfBuD;\ rdwfaqGrsm; jzpfMu\/ xkdrSwqifh
a*G;yif usif;awm? qnfBuD;awmESifh a&Tpma&;awmifrsm;odkU vSnfhvnf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/
xef;&GufoHk;av;&Gufudk opfyifay:wif ocFrf;ausmif;tjzpf oDwif;oHk;&m vloltoGm;tvm
rsm;yHk&vQif tjcm;wpfawmodkU a&TUajymif;av\/ qnfBuD;awm& aepOf udkomjyefUqdkolu tdk;tdrf
om;r,m;pGefUum uyd,tjzpf apmifha&SmufvkyfauR;onf/ xdktcg bkef;awmfBuD;um; touf 70ausmfavNyD/
&SifracsmufwGif;rS w&m;oH
uEDq&mawmf avmif;vsmjzpfaom yOif;i,f OD;aombdwonf vufyHawm& q&mawmfxH
0dyem w&m;rsm; enf;cHusifhBuH uEDNrdKUodkUjyef&mwGif anmifuef&GmodkU ta&muf bkef;awmfBuD;
OD;om&Tef;taMumif; pHkprf;onf/ bkef;awmfBuD; &dSrnfxifaom ae&mrsm;odkU wpfawmxGuf0if
vdkufvH &SmazG&m q&mawmf Ak"f Zmwd anmifuef&Gm\ awmifbuf oHk;rdkifcefU&dS &SifracsmuftwGif;
w&m; IrSwfaeaom bkef;awmfBuD;udk zl;awGU&\/ ayig;q,f? wpf&mcefU eufdIif;
obm0tavsmuf ausmufvTm ausmufcsyfrsm; pDxm;aom &Sifracsmufum;
qdwfNidrfat;csrf;vSay\/
bkef;awmfBuD;um; acsmufeH&Hajc&dS ausmufzsmBuD;ay:wGif oDwif;oHk;ae\/ acsmuftv,f&dS
a&oGm;vrf; oJprf;uav;rSmvnf; ajcmufaoGUaeojzifh OD;aombdw onf xdkoJprf;ay: 0wfy&ef
xdkifcsvdkufonf/ 0wfyNyD;vQif]]q&mawmfbk&m;? wynfhawmfvnf; q&mawmfrsm; usifhBuHtm;xkwfonfudk
tm;usMunfdkvsuf&dSygonf? vufyHq&mawmfxHrS enf;cHNyD; jyefcJh&m q&mawmf\
taMumif;rsm;udkvnf; a&S;OD;rqGuyif Mum;odNyD; jzpf enf;cHyGm;rsm;&ef vdkufvH &SmazG&ygonf/
oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; w&m;rsm; a[mMum;csD;jrSifhawmfrlygbk&m;? tqHk;tr
ay;awmfrlygbk&m;}} [k 0rf;omtm;& avQmufxm;vdkufonf/ xdktcg bkef;awmfBuD;u

tusdK;taMumif; tenf;i,f ar;jref;NyD;aemuf]]tif;-pmawG wwfom;Asm? pmtwdkif; vdkufemHkygyJ? b,folrS pmxufydkNyD; rvkyfEdkifygbl;? pmudk
t[kwf,HkMunfzdkUyJ vdkygw,f/ bk&m;u w&m;ESpfrsdK;wnf; a[mwmyJ/ b,f[mu y[mwA
(y,f&r,fh) w&m;? b,f[mu bma0wA (vdkufem yGm;rsm; usifhBuH&r,fh) w&m;qdkwm odw,f
r[kwfvm;/}}
]]rvkyfeJU qdkwJh[m rvkyfeJU? vkyfqdkwJh[mudkvkyf? 'gygyJ/ usKyfwdkU tckaewmvJ 'Dtwdkif;ygyJ}} [k
wdkwdkjzifh vdk&if;usatmif a[mjyay;awmfrl\/ acsmufurf;yg;xdyfu csdK;uloHrSwpfyg; wdwfqdwf
at;Nidrf;vSaypGmh/
uyd, udkomjyefUonf tm*EK bkef;BuD;wpfyg; MuGvmonfudk awGUjrif&ojzifh rvSrf;rurf;&dS
&Sifracsmuf acsmif;tauGU opfyifwpfyif atmufrS ausmufzsmavSum;tvdkuf wufoufauGUqif;
xGufvmcJh\/ bl;oD;cGHudk avQmfjzifh cufxm;aom a&bl;xJrSa&udk tkef;rIwfcGufi,fwpfckjzifh iSJU
tm*EKbkef;BuD;tm; uyfvdkuf\/ NyD;vQif rdrdaeNrJ opfyifodkUoGm; w&m;IrSwfNrJ IrSwfaeonf/
bkef;awmfBuD;um; pum;ukd qufjyef\/
]]armifyOif;wdkU- wdkUrsm; omoemeJU awGU&wm tvGeftusdK;rsm;w,f/ enf;emwus
ur|mef;ay;wwfwJh q&m&zdkU rvG,fbl;/ vufyHawm& OD;tm'dpvJ awmfygayw,f? ckvdk
omoemeJU q&meJU awGUwJhtcg toufudk tyfESif;EdkifwJhtxd omoemudka&m q&mudka&m
wpfxpfcs ,HkzdkU yHkzdkU ta&;BuD;w,f/}}
]]uybk&m;&Sifomoemawmf aemufydkif;rSm oHCmtrsm; udk,fusifhw&m;ysufuGufaewm
awGU&awmh oli,fcsif; &[ef; ckESpfyg;[m pdwfwl oabmwl uwdxm;NyD; ]'DtaMumif;w&m;udk
yGm;rsm;&if 'DtusdK;w&m;udk rkcs&r,f} qdkwm ,HkMunfMuw,f? udk,fawmf ckESpfyg;vHk;
EG,fBudK;avSum; qifNyD; awmifay:udk wufMuwm awmifay: a&mufwmeJU wpfNydKifeuf avSum;udk
wGef;csypfcJhw,f? jyefvrf;rxm;bl;/}}
]]w&m;xl;&vQif&? r&vJ 'Dawmifay:rSm ighocsKif;jzpfyapqdkNyD; toufeJUvJ tm;xkwfMuwm?
wpf&ufMumawmh wpfyg; &[EmjzpfvdkU tbdnmOfeJU ajrmufuRef; MuGNyD; qGrf;cHauR;w,f/
usefudk,fawmfpku rpm;Mubl;/ udk,fhtpGrf;eJUudk,f &rS pm;r,fqdkNyD; tm;usrcH tm;xkwfMuw,f?
aemufwpf&uf wpfyg;u tem*grf jzpfw,f/ ckESpf&ufMumawmh usefig;yg;[m w&m;xl;r&bJ
tpma&pm jywfaoNyD; ewfjynfa&mufMuw,f/}}
udk,fhwm0ef udk,fvkyf wpfcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywf

]] armifyOif;wkdY- wkdYwpfawG[m tJonfwkef;uxuf omoem yGifhvif;aerS udk,fu wu,f,HkjyD;

t[kwfvkyfzkdYom vdkwmyJ/ udk,fu a&SUra&mufao;bJeJY olrsm;udkiJhjyD; ac:csifwmrsdK; rvkyf&bl;/
wpfyg;xJaeayr,hf wpfudk,faumif; tvGwf&kef;wm r[kwfbl;uG,fh/ udk,fhudk,fudk aumif;atmif
vkyf&if;u trsm;tusdK; aqmifEdkifwm 'DtvkyfyJ&Sdw,f/}}
]]r[m0*oH,kwf ygVdawmfrSm q&mwynfh 0g;vHk;axmifwufwJh Oyrm jyjyD; jrwfpGmbk&m;
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udk,f&dkaojyD; udk,fhudk,fudk apmifha&Smuf&if; olrsm;udkvJ apmifha&SmufjyD;om; jzpfw,fwJh/}}
]]tJ'DOyrmtwkdif; rdrdur|mef;udk rdrdtm;xkwfaewm[m ow0gawGudk apmifha&Smufaew,fvdkY
rSwf&r,f (twmeH &uaEm y&H &uwd)/ onf;cHwm? arwmu&kPm rk'dwm yGm;rsm;aewmvJ (y&H
&uaEm twmeH &uwd) olrsm;udk apmifha&Smuf&if; udk,fhudk,fudk apmifha&SmufjyD;om; jzpfw,f/
odyfaus;Zl;MuD;wJh tvkyfuG,fh (ao'uokwf) /}}
]]ty&m y&d, a0'eD,uH oHo&mu tukodkvfajuG;awGudk &Sif;EdkifwmvJ 'DtvkyfyJ/ cEmudk,fudk
tavsmftpm;ay;jyD; ajuG;qyfvdkY ajuG;rausbl;/ uJ-uJ aeawmif tawmfenf;oGm;jyD/ tvkd&Sd&m
juGaya&mh}} [k pum;p jzwfawmfrl\/
uEDq&mawmf avmif;vsm (OD;aombdwm)vnf; OD;cs oydwfvG,fjyD; tx?
uyd,udkomjyefYvnf; aemufrSvkdufyg vrf;nTefjyav\/ ae0ifzsdK;zs qnf;qmumvwGif
xef;awmMuD;rsm;? awmif,mcif;rsm;? &Hcg ayig;q,fcefY&Sd acsmufrsm;udk ESpfOD;om; jzwfausmf
oGm;Mu&onf/ vuf,mbufwGif wGif;awmif (rD;awmif aygufuGJ wGif;jzpfaeaom awmif) udk
jrifae&onf/ xkdawmifrS vGifhpOfvm[ef&Sdaom wpf&yfwpfolcefY&Sd ausmufwkH;MuD;rsm;
,mcif;rsm;wGif ae&mtESHY jyefYMuJaeonfudkvnf; a&SmifuGif; oGm;Mu&\/ taemufawmif
taemufajrmufbufwGif a&Tpma&;awmif? uEDawmifrsm;udkvnf; vSrf; jrifae&\/ aeum;
0ifvkjyD/
]]'umMuD;? ckvdk bkef;MuD;aemufvdkufjyD; a0,sm0pvkyf&wm tvGef uHxl;w,f/ a0,sm0pvJvkyf?
w&m;vJ tm;xkwfaygh}} [k 'umjyefYbufodkY vSnfh trdefY&Sd&m 'umjyefY uvnf; ]]rSefyghbk&m;}} [k
avQmufxm;&if; vrf;nTefjy\/
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enf;enf;av;yJvdkY txifrao;eJYaemf/ vuf,ufwGif;vdkyJ/ vuf,ufwGif; wl;wJhtcg oleJY

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pdrfh0ifvmwmyJ/}}
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ajymajymqkdqkd ae0if&dk;w&DwGif wpfawm0ifxGuf c&D;qufav\/
uyd,udkomjyefYvnf; bkef;awmfMuD;&Sd&m &SifracsmufodkY jyefcJhonf/ (uEDq&mawmftaMumif; a&SU
jyrnf/)
bkef;awmfMuD;onf 70-ausmf tdkrif;rpGrf;&Sdaomtcg 'umrsm;u anmifuef&Gm teD;&Sd tkwftdkif&Gm
ajrmufausmif; yifhxm;Mu&\/ xkdausmif;um; refusnf;yifrsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf&Sdaom
ausmufvTmukef;jrifhjzpfonf/ (xkd&Gmum; jAdwdoQ bm;rm; olaX;OD;nGefY\ Zmwd&Gmjzpf\/)
&Gmausmif; ae&aomfvnf; &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;ESifh tawGYrcH/ uyd,ESifhom aeawmfrl\/
aqGrsdK;om;csif; awmfpyfaom 'um 'umrrsm;udkyif tawGYrcH/ uyd,rSwpfqifh ESpfMudrfoHk;Mudrf
avQmufxm;rS zl;awGYMu&onf/ tcsdKUom;csif;rsm; idk,dkyif zl;cGifhawmif;Mu&\/ &orQ qGrf;cJzG,f
abmZOfrsm;udkvnf; tm;vHk; bk&m;wifvSLjyD;rS bkOf;ay;avh&Sdonf/
1282- ESpfOD;wGif uyd,udkomjyefYonf &kwfw&uf uG,fvGefoGm;&m 'umMuD; OD;yGm;ay:u
qufvuf wm0ef,l&\/ bkef;awmfMuD;onf udkomjyefY tokbudk &xm;jzifh oj*K[fawmrlonf/
wpfaeYaomtcg uyd, OD;yGm;ay:onf bkef;awmfMuD;tm; Munfhvdkuf&m bkef;awmfMuD;rSm
w&m;xkdif&if; rsuf&nfrsm; wawGawG usaeonfudk awGUjrif&ojzifh tusdK;taMumif;
avQmufxm;vQif ]]aumifuav; iomjyefYudk atmufarhvdkYyg[,f....}} [k aMuuGJoHjzifh
rdefYqkdowwf/
xkdtcsdeftxd bkef;awmfMuD;onf tem*grfyif rjzpfao;[k od&\/ rsm;rMumrDyif bkef;awmfMuD;\
w&m;todPfrsm; wkd;wufvm[ef &Sdonf/ uyd, OD;yGm;ay:onf oHk;xyfausmif;ay:
bkef;awmfMuD;ESifh reD;ra0;wGif tdyf& Ekd;wkdif; bkef;awmfMuD;tm; Munfh&m bkef;awmfMuD;rSm
rtdyfpuf? xkdifvsufom;csnf; awGU&\/ bkef;awmfMuD; ywf0ef;usifwpfckvHk;

oHk;xyfausmif;MuD;twGif; ta&mift0grsm; vif;xdefaeonfudk npOf jrifae&onf[k OD;yGm;ay:u

ajymjy\/
udk,fa&miftvif; pdppfcsuf
,cktcg uJhodkY ta&mift0g vif;xdefaeaom a,m*Drsm; rsm;pGm &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ t*r[my@dw
rdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u udk,fa&mifudk,f0gudk Munfh vlwpfa,muf\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk
odEkdifaMumif; a[mcJhzl;\/
,if; udk,fa&mifudk,f0gESifh pyf Ed,a,m*Drsm; txl;ojzifh wdAufvmrmwefckd;&Sifrsm;
txl;ta&;xm; ajymqkdMu\/ wpfzufom;\ pdwful;pdwfaeoabmxm;ESihf a&m*gtajctaeudk
twdtus ajymqkdEkdifonftxd tav;ay; avhvmMuonf/ bk&m;&[EmwkdY\ udk,fa&mifonf
oefYpifaom t0ga&mif jzpfonf[k ,HkMunfMu\/ a&;om;Mu\/ vlwkdif;wGif
ta&mif&SdaMumif;vn;f ,HkMunfMuonf/
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qifjcifoHk;oyfawmfrlaomtcg a&mifjcnfawmf ajcmufjzm uGefYjrL;xGufay:um xufatmufzDvm
pMum0Vm teE xkwfcsif;ayguf vif;xdefoGm;aMumif; ("ro*FPD t|uxm) azmfjyonf/
([',0wKrS xkwfvTwfaom aoG;rsm;\ ta&mifudkvdkufvnf; vl\p&dkuf pdwfaeoabmxm;udk
qHk;jzwfaom t&mvnf; &Sdayao;onf/)
,if;odkY ta&mift0gxGufonfrSm pdwfMunfvif oefY&Sif; ESvHk;aoG; MunfvifoefY&Sif;\/
if;pdwfESifh qufoG,faom pdwZ&kyf? OwkZ&kyfrsm; tm;vHk; MunfvifoefY&Sif;\/ ta&mifxGuf\/
wefckd;zefqif; jzpfonfr[kwf? eufeJaom w&m;awmfrsm;udk qifjcif oHk;oyf
a&mifjcnfawmfrsm; xGufay:vm&jcif; jzpfonf/
(*dvmeokwf oH,kwft|uxm) &Sifr[muyonf aAmZifw&m;udk emMum; ESvHk;oGif;&ojzifh
]] jrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfonf xGufajrmufaMumif; trSefjzpfaypG}} [k yDwdpdwf jzpf&mrS ESvHk;om;
[',0wK&kyfrS p &kyfrsm; Munfvifum a&m*gaysmufuif;aMumif; zGifhqkdxm;onf/ w&m;udk
qifjcif oHk;oyfjcif;onf tom;ta& MunfvifvSyjcif;? ta&mift0g xGufjcif;rQomru
a&m*grsm;yif aysmufuif;apEdkif\/

um; &kyfemrfw&m;wkdY\ qufpyf aus;Zl;jyKyHkudk owdjyK&efjzpf\/

a&S;tcgu dEd, pdwfynm&SifwpfOD;u vlwpfa,muf\ ta&mifESifh pyf avhvm
a&;om;zl;onfrSm vlwGif ta&mif&Sd\/ xkdta&mif&SdaMumif; zr;f,laxmufjyEdkifaom t&mudk
owdrjyKMuom jzpfonf/ aMu;rHkrSefjyif vl\ t&dyfxifjcif;onf ta&mifyif jzpf\/
xkdta&mifonf tqHk;ydkif;jcm;r&Sdaom pMu0VmwkdY ajy;vTm;aeum tjrJwrf;&Sd\/ rdrdESifh
wpfayuGm t&yf rSefaxmifMunfhvQif wpfayuGm t&yf rdrdta&mif&SdaMumif; odEdkif\/ xdkYtwl
aywpf&m ESpf&m tuGm? wpfrdkif? ESpfrkdiftuGm aemufqHk; zrf;,lEdkifavmufatmif qGJtm;&Sdaom
rSefom&SdvQif tjcm; pMu0Vm wpfckyif rdrdta&mif&SdaeaMumif; odEdkif\/
wdAufynm&SifwdkYuvnf; xkdYtwlyif xm0& wnf&Sdaeonf[k ,lqMu\/ wpfpuefYvQif
186000 EIef;jzifh ajy;oGm;aMumif; odyHq&mwkdYuvnf; tvif;a&mifrkdifudk toHk;jyKMuonf/
(cEmudk,frS tDom&pfESifh armfvDusK &dkufcwftm;rsm;taMumif; ae&m odyHtjrifjzifh qufvuf
oabmayguf&efvnf; &Sdayao;onf/)
(rlvyPmo t|uxm? ygo&modokwf) y|mef;oHk;oyfpOfu xGufay:vmaom a&mifjcnfrsm;
,ckxufxd pMu0VmtwGif; ysHUESYH wnf&SdaeaMumif; twdtvif; zGifhqkdxm;\/ (aAm"d0Ho
t|uxm) vnf; wm0womrS qif;aomtcg xGufay:cJhaom wefcdk; jy#d[m ta&mifrsm;
omoemuG,fonfh aeYtxd wnf&SdaMumif; twdtvif;yif a&;om; zGifhqkd\/ tbd"rm
oabmtm;jzifh bkwftqufquf &kyftqufquf qufvuf jzpfyGm;jcif;aywnf;/
qdkufudkrufx&D pdwfynm q&mwkdYurl yHko@mef t&dyfta&mifomru fvlwpfa,muf\
tMuHtpnf pdwful;wkdYyifvQif aysmufuG,froGm;/ xkdolESifh xdpyf&m rSeforQ xifusefaeonf[k
,HkMunfMu\/
vlwpfa,mufonf tcef;wpfck aeoGm;vQif urmausaomfvnf; xkdol\ tawG;t&dyf
o@mefrsm; xkdtcef; tjrJ&Sd\/
urmay:wGif a&S;a&S;u xGufay:cJhaom avmuDbuf? avmukw&mbuf? ppfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
ponfESihf pyf atmifjrifcJhMuzl;olwkdY\ yHko@mef t&dyfta&mif tMuHtpnf ponfwkdY xm0&
ysHUESYH wnfU&SdaeMuonf/

oifonf pdwfudk Avmjzpfatmif (eD0&Puif;pGm) wnfjidrfaeaomtcg txl; rMudK;pm;&bJ

vkyfxHk;a[mif;rsm;ESihf xdawGUum vQyfwpfjyuf todPf vif;vmjyD;vQif tvkd &Sd&mbuf
wkd;wufatmifjrifEdkifonf[k ,HkMunfMu\/ om"uvnf; trsdK;rsdK; jyMuonf/
y#dywf vkyfief;wGifvnf; a&S;u &[Emyk*dKvfMuD;rsm; orkwfoGm;aom odrf? oDwif; oHk;zl;aom
Xme ponfwkdY w&m;xkdifvQif ydk w&m;&vG,fonf[k ,HkMunfaom a,m*Drsm;?
vufawGYom"ursm; &SdMuavonf/ toufxif&Sm;&Sdaom &[Em t&SifjrwfMuD;rsm;xH
qnf;uyf&aomf qdkzG,fr&Sd/
]]"mwkaom0 bdua0 owm oHoEEd oarEd ("mwkoH,kwf ygVdawmf) ow0gwkdY tcsif;csif;
"mwfoabmtm;jzifhom ESD;aESmqufoG,faeMuonf}} [laom a'oemvnf; om"uyifwnf;/
um; pdwfynm? odyHynmwkdYESihf qufEG,f raysmufysufaom t&d,m "mwftm;rsm;ESihf xdawGU
qufoG,f &EdkifyHkudk oabmtjrGufrQ jyjcif; jzpfay\/
ta&mift0gESifh pyf tenf;i,f qufvuf jyqkd&aomf wpfcsdefu jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif a0em*yk&
ykPm;&GmMuD;okdY juGa&mufpOf bk&m;&Sif\ tom;ta&mifrS ZrL&mZf a&TpifuJhodkYvnf;aumif;
&Tef;vJh0if;td aeonfudk zl;awGUMu&onf/ ykPm;rsm; &ifoyfIarm tHhMoaeMu\/ 0pa*gw
ykPm;url ydk;zJuwDyg El;nHhaom tdyf&m ae&maumif;ESifh ae&om rQ tom;ta&
Munfvifawmufyonf[k ,lq EIwfuvnf; zGifhjyD; ar;jref;onf/ xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu]]&[ef;rsm;um; El;nHhaom tdyf&mae&maumif; &cJaMumif;? &aomfvnf; &[ef;rsm;ESihf
rtyfpyfaMumif;}} rdefYqkdjyD;vQif &[ef;wkdY oHk;pGJarGYavsmfaom jrifhjrwfaom ae&moHk;rsdK;udkvnf;
&Sif;jyonf/
xdkae&m (Opmo,e r[mo,e) oHk;rsdK;um;
1/ewfwkdY\ jrwfaomaejcif; (psmefav;yg;jzifh aejcif;)?
2/jA[mwkdY\ jrwfaomaejcif; (jA[0d[m& av;yg;jzifh aejcif;)?
3/t&d,mwkdY\ aejcif; (ormywf0ifpm; aejcif;) wkdY jzpfukef\/
,if;aejcif; oHk;rsdK;wGif wpfrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ae tom;ta& Munfvifum ta&mift0grsm;
xGufaMumif; rdefYawmfrlvdk&if; jzpf\/ (xdut*kFwdK&f? a0em*yk&okwf/)

,cktcg a,m*Drsm;vnf; odkY IrSwfyGm;rsm;aeMuojzifh pdwfMunfvif &kyfMunfum

ta&mift0grsm; xGufvm&ayonf/ (*Em&Hk q&mawmftcef;ESihf aouawmif q&mawmf
tcef;vnf; jyaytHh/)
temxydPfolaX;MuD; ukefa&mif; ukef0,foGm;pOf bk&m;zl;vdkpdwf aZmjzifh rkd;rvif;rD xGufoGm;&m
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vmorQ y&dowfwdkYtm; pwk'dom auR;arG; {nfhcHonf/ &yf&Gm'um 'umrrsm; wm0ef rwufap&ef
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oHk;ckwGif tnmav;rsm;jzifh tqkyfqkyf oD; aeMuonf/ t&dk;MuD; oHk;ckudkrl tkwftkdif&Gm
awmifausmif; t0if&Sd t&dk;tdk; apwD Xmyemxm;Mu\/<o></o>
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xkdt&dk;tdk;wGifvnf; tjcm;bkef;awmfMuD; ESpfyg;\ t&kd;rsm;ESihf a&mpyfaejyD[k qkdonf/
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yifhaqmif npOf qDrD; ylaZmfavh&Sd\/<o></o>
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OD;oDvESifh ,ckbkef;awmfMuD; ponfwkdYum; "mwfawmfusonfudk axmufq cDPmo0tppf
&[Em yk*dKvfMuD;rsm; jzpfaMumif; rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunf 0rf;ajrmufxkdufvSaypG/
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( 1188 - 1270)
ydEJuGif; q&mawmf OD;uvsmPESifhwuG aemuf 'kwd, wwd, q&mawmfrsm;yg
ysHvGefBuaomtcg okH;yg;vkH;yif tavmif;awmfrsm; rykyfreH yuwdtwkdif; ,ckxd &SdaeBuonf/
yxr q&mawmf bk&mBuD; OD;uvsmP t|Kywdudk armifausmf'ifqdkolu vGefcJhaom
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jzpfae\/ rsufESmzkH; 'kwd,q&mawmf OD;0g,r\ ykHawmfudk awGY&onf/ pkpkaygif;

wpfq,fh&SpfrsufESmrQom/ ausmif;'umrsm;rSm bdk;yef;&ESifh OD;yg[k awGY&\/
q&mawmfonf a&TawmifjrdKU rdcif a':&pfrS 1188-ckESpf 'kwd,0gqdkvqef; 13-&uf
weif;vmaeYzGm;? i,frnf armifcdsef/ pmayusrf;*efrsm; wwfajrmufjyD;aemuf a&TawmifjrdKUrS
ydEJuGif;&GmodkYBuGa&mufoDwif;okH;onf/ rdcifBuD;udkyg jyKpkvkyfauR;\/
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ponfjzifh 15-Xmeawm&pcef;wdkY vSnfhvnf oDwif;oHk;onf/ 15-XmevHk; txdrf;trSwf
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eabvuFmoGm;rsm;jzifh wpfckpD wpfckpD a&;om;xm;onfudk t|Kywd pmwef; zwfI&onf/
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tHhzG,frsm;vnf; renf;acs/
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tcef;vnf; rzl;awGYBu&/ qGrf;pm; wkH;acguf tcsufay;vQif rdrdwdkYa&SYyif zl;awGY Bu&aBumif;?
(5) eHuol*l ponfwdkY &Hcg uyd, wpfa,mufESifhom oDwif;okH;&m e*g;vdkvdk? ajrGvdkvdk
ow0grsm;tm; ]]'umu a&SYwdk;? 'umru aemufqkwf}} ponfjzifh trdefYay;&m trdefY twdkif;
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ysHvGefawmfrl\/ BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm psmyeyGJvkyf ylaZmfBu&m rD;oj*K[frnf&Sdaomtcg rnfodkYrQ
jyKjyif rxm;&bJ tavmif;awmfrSm yuwd usdef;pufaeouJhodkY &Sd *loGif; ylaZmfxm;Buonf/ ,ck

uAsKdU(urf;jydK)awmif &Sd&m t&yfav;rsufESmrS vma&muf zl;ajrmfBu\/ tavmif;awmfrSm

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( 11911191- 1281)
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aqmifawmfrl&m ysHvGefcgeD; 11-&ufom yd@ygwf"kwif tysufcHavonf/ qGrf;cH &orQwGif
qefjzLqefaumif; qGrf;udk oHCmawmftm; vSL rdrdrSmrl ajymif;qefBurf; qGrf;eDeDBuD;rsm;udkom
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(1194 - 1238)
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t*'udaP,sjzpf trsm;ow0gwdkUudkvnf; ypKyefoHo&m csrf;ompD;yGm;
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q&mawmf ESpfyg;\ tavmif;rsm;udkyg acgif;toD;oD;jzifh wpfaygif;wnf; NrSyfESHxm;onfudk
awGU&&m usefacgif;ESpfvHk;rSm ysufpD; aMurGaeojzifh jrpfa&wGif arQmcsypf&onf/ yxr rd*'gHk
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awGU&\/

2/ 35-ESpfyif Mumanmif;aomfvnf; tavmif;awmf vTrf;xm;aom ouFef;rSm

aqG;jrnfhysufpD;jcif;r&dS/ jcvnf;rpm;/
3/ tavmif;awmf eHab; jctdrfzGJUxm;aomfvnf; ouFef;awmf udk,fawmf ysufpD; cRwf,Gif;rIr&dS/
udk,ft*Fgrsm; yuwdyif &dSonf/ *lroGif;rDu csxm;aom a&TrSmvnf; ta&mifrysuf/
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teHUrsm; xGufay:vm\/
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(1194(1194-1269)
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udk,fawmfwdkifvnf; awmae pHjytjzpf usifhoHk;jyawmfrlcJh&m ]ygVdawmf ax&my'gef0if} Ak'acwf
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jynfheSufaeayawmhonf/
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]igwdk h*dkPf;? igwdk h q&momvSsif} vkyfMuonfrSm tvGef&SufzG,f aumif;avonf/ ynm&Sdrsm;

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hq&mymlyif r&Sdoifhygacs/
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zGm;jrifawmfrlcJh\/ ou&mZfum; 1194-ckeSpf ewfawmfvqef; &Spf&ufaomMumae heHeuf
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t1mdk;rSm jrefrm1mk&ifvufxuf ]1mef;MuD;aqmif;&} trSKxrf; wpfOD;jzpf\/
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cGsefonf} ymlouJhodk h 1mkef;awmfMuD;tavmif;vsmonf odwwfaom t&G,frSp cg;0wfjrJ\/
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htay: vGefpGm onf;cH\/
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yJcl;aps;MuD;teD; ta&S Hajrmufaxmifh ausmif;&Hrsm;pGmeSifh axmifhausmif;ac: ausmif;wdkufyifwnf;/
xdkpOfuyif taymmtajymaumif;\/ jywfom;\/
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awm&aqmufwnfavawmhonf/ a&mufav&m awmawmifwdk h ajymif;a&T h oD;wif;oHk;vsufu
pmoifwdkufMuD;rsm;udk w1mufuwnfaxmif y&d,wdomoemawmfMuD;udk csD;ajrSmufawmfrlcJh\/
rdrdrSmrl &moufyeft&n0goD awmaysmf a,m*DMuD;tjzpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcJhavonf/
okomef"kwif awm&0ifjcif;

1222-ckeSpf udk;0gt&wGif 1mkef;awmfMuD;onf pmayy&d,wd'PfeSifh 1m0ay; yg&rDuH\

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qErsm; MuD;xGm;vmcJh\/
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(eSifxkwf&onf/) xdkausmif;? xkdypnf;rsm;omru xdk'um xdk&Gmwdk hyif tvSLrcH&awmhacs/

tvGefMuD;av;aom rw&m; vm1mf&SmrSkMuD;yif jzpf\/

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ay;vSLvdkjcif; r&SdMuawmhojzifh omoemawmf MuD;pGmaom tE&m,fMuD;wpfck jzpfvmawmhonf/
'umvnf; tusdK;ay; rxufoefawmhacs/ xdk haMumifh vlaygif; aygif; 0rf;ausmif; vm1mf&Sm
o'gzsuf &ymef;rsdK;udk eSifxkwf&aom pnf;urf;wpfck ynwfcJh&avonf/
1mkef;MuD;yHkum; tjypfrsdK; r&Sd/ roef h&Sif;ymk xiforSs ausmif;rSp pGef hypfvdkuf ayjyD/ odk h&mwGif
1mkef;MuD;yHkonf rdrdudk,fudk tqdk;xm; oHCmxH xdkuHudk cH,lcJhonf/
sd]]*dkPf;tkyfMuD;jzpfvsuf yAmZed,uH jyKonfudk cH&ovm;ymk ar;vSsif ukv' ('umwdk h
o'gudkzsufqD;rSk) aMumifh cH&onfymk ajym&pfMuyap}} ymk aemufom;wdk h owd& a&SmifedkifMuap&ef
omoemtwGuf rdrd*kPfudk tepfemcHcJhaonf/
avmuDypnf;udk rpHkruftyf/ eSpfoufzG,f*kPfum; awmxJrSmom &Sdonfudkvnf; om ;pOajr;quf
oifcef;pmay;vdkufayonf/
rdrdusL;vGefrdonfxuf tjypf'Pfudk ydk xrf;aqmifjcif;? rdrdukd,fudk omvSsif rdkuf&mxm;
omoem jyKjcif;rSmvnf; tHhzG,fo&J jzpfay\/ tcsdK hum; rdrdusL;vGefrdonfudk ajzazsmufypf&ef
r&dk;om;aom pdwfjzifh 1mk&m;aymmudkyif rwnfh?wnfhatmif zmax; zHk;uG,fvdkMu\/
]]rdk;MudK;ypfxef;vufum}} ymlouJhodk h rdrdtjypfudk 1mk&m;aymm yVdawmf xef;vufMuD;u vHkjcHKatmif
zHk;um ay;edkifavmufaom qGJqef h,ljcif; r&SdedkifcJhaomf ygVdawmfudkyif trSm;jzpfatmif qufvuf
aumufuspfpOf;vJ Muawmhonf/ aemufqHk; ]tjypfr&Sd 0g'D} (te0ZonD) 1m0rS i&J? ewfjynfyif
r&Sdapvdkaom rdpm'd|dyef;wdkifxd au&m#d,yu (pOf;vJrSk) aMumifvdrfavSum;MuD;udk axmif
wufrdrSm;Mu&Smawmhonf/
1mkef;MuD;yHk awmxGufcef;
1mkef;MuD;yHkum; r&Sdaom tjypffudkyif t&Sdvkyf omoemudk pifMu,fapcJhonfrSm o'g&Sdaom
ynmwwf olawmfaumif;MuD; yDoygaypGmh/ tjypfudk xkwfazmf0efcHjcif;onf omoemawmfvnf;
pifMu,f rdrdvnf; w&m;xl;&aMumif; olawmfaumif; vuPmyif jzpfayonf/
1mkef;awmfMuD;yHkonf *gr0goD(&Gmae) &ymef;wdk h\ trltusifh teH htoufrsm;tm;vHk;udk
aq;aMumokwfoifaepOf wynfh oHCm 'um 'umrwdk honf trsdK;rsdK; taMumif;jyvsuf
awmrxGuf&ef wm;Mu\/ zsufMu\/
]]rwm;csifMueSifhawmh wynfhwdk h? wdk hrsm; y&dowfarG; y&d,wfwm0efvnf; xrf;cJhjyD? wdk hrsm;
67-eSpf ao0yg;eD;&SdjyD/ oifwdk htm; rcspfrymkwf/ ed,smedu (xGufajrmufa&;)
omoemawmfMuD;eSifh MuHKvdk hrS wpfr*f wpfzdkvf r&vSsif MuHK&usdK;reyf}} ymk at;at;omomjzifh
eSpfodrfh&if ausmif;MuD;ay:rS qif;vmcJhawmh\/ ydkufuGefrdrSef;rodaom ig;\ xkd;xGufjcif;uJhodk
hvnf;aumif;? avmifpmtm;aumif;aom rD;\ rqkwfrepf a&S hwdk; avmifjcif;uJhodk hvnf;aumif;
wynfhy&dowfrsm; tMum;rS xdk;xGuf tvm oydwf? awmifa0S;eSifh wdpD0&duf ouFef;oHk;xnfudk

ausmif;0dkif;t0rSyif yHhokulaumif,l &&Sdavonf/

t1mdodwfcHtHhaom rif;{u&mZfonf rif;ajrmufwefqm ig;yg;&ouJhodk h yHhokul&aom
ouFef;rsm;jzifh ausmif;t0rSmyif vJvS,f0wf&Hk wynfh 'um? 'umrwdk hrsuf&nfjynfhaom
rsufpdwdk hjzifh MunfhMuukefpOf? awmif;yefc, idkaMuG;MuukefpOf uvsmPrdwvnf; jzpf
wynfhvnf;jzpfMuaom OD;0PeSifh OD;oDvwdk htm; aemufygac: uvsmPDawmwdk h
0ifawmfrlav\/ (1mkef;MuD;yHk 1159-ckzGm;? 1226-ck awmxGuf/ 1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvum; 13-0g
&avjyD/ OD;0Pum; OD;oDvxuf 4-ESpf MuD;\/)
xkdtcgrSp atmufjrefrmedkifiHwGif ]awm&*dkPf;} yml xif&Sm;av\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;rsm;uvnf;
MuHK&m pyf&m aymmajymwdkufwGef;awmf rlMuonf/
1mkef;MuD;yHkonf uvsmPDausmif;wdkuf awmif1muf opfap;yif av;wdkifpifausmif;vnf;aumif;?
1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvum; xdktaemuf1muf ausmif;i,fwpfckvnf;aumif;
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlMu\/ 0gvuGswfaomf 1mkef;MuD;yHkonf a&TymoFmukef;odk h MuG 1mkef;awmfMuD;
OD;oDvvnf; 1228-ckeSpfwGif twlvdkuf 0guyfavonf/ xdkpOfu qifaeusm;atmif;
ykaymif;xlxyfaom awmt&yfaywnf;/
wpfae hwjcm; awm&*dkPf;MuD; xif&Sm;wdk;yGm;vmojzifh 1mkef;MuD;yHkudk em,uxm; 1233-ckeSpf
wefaqmifrkef;vrSp OD;0P\ vHSK haqmfcsuft& Mucwf0dkif; 0denf; pmjyefyGJMuD; jyKvkyfjcif;?
1253-ckeSpfrSp y0g&PmyGJMuD; usif;yjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfedkifcJh\/ txufjrefrmedkifiHwGif
a&Tusif*dkPf;uJhodk h *dkPf;aeoHCmi,frsm;vnf; a&mifjyefymyfum 'd|mek*wd (twkvdkufjcif;)
tm;jzifh ,ckwdkif ao0yf uspfvspfawmfrlMuygay\/
1mkef;awmfMuD;\ tavhtxrsm;
1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvonf q&meSifhtwl eSpfeSpfwmrSs vdkufyg 0guyf aemufumvwGif ae&mtESH
htjym; wpfyg;wnf; wpfawmxGuf0if t&nuif aqmifawmfrl\/ yJcl;ywf0ef;usifESifh usdKufxdk?
oxHk? armfvjrdKif? rk'Hk? 1mDvl;uGsef; ponfjzifh 0gqdkpOf&ef rwwfedkifatmif &Sdavonf/ oGm;av&m
ydwfrdk;ausmif;xdk; ae\/ tjrJae&mr&Sd/ apmifymlr&Sd/ csrf;vSsif om;a&EG,ftcif;udk jcHK\/
1mkef;awmfMuD;\ t&yfrSm ig;aycGJcef hysyfysyfyg;yg;&Sd\/ tom;awmf jzL0g 0if;ae\/
omoema&;eSifh pyfvSsif yifh&modk hMuGa&mufcsD;ajrSmuf\/ pdwftvGefxuf\/ ajzmifhpif;\/
y#dywft&m odk0Suf\/ pmoifwdkufMuD;rsm; jzpfxGef;apvdk\/ c&D;oGm;onfhtcg uyd,? olawmf
ponftazmfygonfh tcgvnf; yg\/ ajrvrf; ajcjzifhom MuG a&mufav&m t0wfykqdk;
cif;Muojzifh ajr0,fajcrus/ cif;xm;aomfvnf; ]]edAmefr*fzdkvftwGuf csD;ajrSmufyg}} ymk
avSsmufrSom eif;MuG\/ qHyifrsm; cif;xm;onfudkrl reif;/ omoema&; udp&Sd vlodcH MuG&aom
Xmaewdkif;wGif ysm;yef;cwfrSs MudKqdkMu\/ 70-ausmfaomtcg xrf;pif? rD;&xm;jzifh MuGonf/
yHhokul "kwifudkvnf; tjrJaqmifrSef; odMuojzifh tcsdK hvnf; ouFef;udk okomef? vrf;a1m; cs
]]tok1m&SKMuGyg1mk&m;}} ymk yifhwwfMu\/ uk#Dvrf; csvnf; ]]tzl;ajrmfcHMuGyg}} ymk yifholu
yifhMu\/ wpfae hig;Mudrf ajcmufMudrf ouFef;topf vJ&avonf/ Mumaomf]]ighrSm 0rf;rem1mJ uk#DoGm;&? romr&Sd1mJ tok1m&SK MuGMuGae&w,f}} ymk rdef hawmfrl\/

qGrf;r&aomtcg a&jzifhom a&mifh&Jae\/ qGrf;udkvnf; wpfae&mwnf; wpfcGufwnf;

({umoeduf"kwift&) 1mkOf;ay;\/ oGm;emwwf oufoufvGwf tjrJ1mkOf;ay;\/ jrif;o&dkufeSifh
ovdyfyef;em&Sd xrif;&nf oifhjrwfonf qdkojzifh uyd,rsm;u &Sm uyf&onf/ odaEmqm;
tenf;i,fxnfhvnf; uyfMu\/
&ymef;i,frsm;tm; pmoif&ef wdkufwGef; &ymef;MuD;rsm;tm; awm&0if&ef wdkufwGef;avh&Sdonf/
a&mufav&m t&yfwdkif; 'um? 'umrrsm;u wpfokwfjyD; wpfokwf tcsdefqGJ ig;yg;oDvcsD;jrSifh&ef
avSsmufxm;wwfMu&m qkay;udk wdkwdkay; ]]earmwqdk}} ponfjzifhtqdkcdkif;onf/ jyD;vSsif
]]uJ-oGm;Mu? oGm;Mu}} ymk eSifavh&Sd\/ tuGsrf;w0if rajymaymm/ vltdkeSifh vlrsdK;jcm;rsm;
ygvmaomf w&m;tenf;i,faymmavh&Sd\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;\ tavhtxudk odxm;olwdk hu vltdkeSifh
vlrsdK;jcm;rsm;udk a&S haqmifac:oGm;wwfMu\/ w&m;aymmjyefvSsifvnf;]]ol htoufrowfeJ h? oef;OrwkwfeJ h? i&JMuD;wwfonf}} ponfjzifh &wemoHk;yg;udk
tav;tjrwfjyK&ef tajccHudk wdkwdkwkwfwkwf rarhedkifatmif aymmavh&Sd\/ &Hcg ]]&lyuEm tedpm}}
ponfjzifh csay;wwf\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;eSifh oHk;eSpfcef h vdkufzl;aom q&mawmfMuD; wpfyg;u]]1mkef;awmfMuD; tjrJvufoHk;jyKaom w&m;um; igwdk hodaom enf;eSifh ruGmvS? vHk hvMuD;rm;
&dk;om;ajzmifhpif;jcif;om uGmavonf}} ymk qkd\/
1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDv a&muf&mt&yf ypnf;vm1mfvm1mrsm; tHhMoavmufatmif rsm;jym;\/
&orSs &ymef;oHCmrsm;udkom vSLypfonf/ rdrdrSmrl oydwfwpfvHk;? oHk;xnfaom ouFef;jzifhom
wpfawmxGuf0if vSnfhvnfawmf rlavonf/
tE&m,ftrsdK;rsdK;eSifh awG hMuHKawmfrljcif;
1mkef;awmfMuD;onf touf&SiforSs umvywfvHk; wpfawmxGuf0if vSnfhvnf t&n0goD
(awm&aqmufwnf) aeawmfrl&m 1mkef;awmfMuD; raezl;aom awmawmifrsm; r&Sdoavmufjzpf\/
awmMuD; rsufrnf;wGif i&Jwd&pmefrsm;um; aygrsm;vSayonf/ tE&m,fvnf; MuD;rm;vSayonf/
omrefvlwdk htwGuf tE&m,fvnf MuD;rm;vSayonf/ omrefvlwdk htwGuf tE&m,fymk xif&aom
t&mrsm;onf 1mkef;awmfMuD;twGuf rdwfaqGrsm;ozG,f jzpfaeonfudk awG hMu&avonf/
]]a1m;&efymlonf olawmfaumif;rsm;xHrS rjzpf? ol,kwfrmwdk hxHrSom jzpfay:vm\/ xdk haMumifh
olawmfaumif;rsm; a1m;&efr&Sdacs/}} (Oy&d? Aymk"mwkuokwf/)
usm;
1mkef;awmfMuD;onf 1288-ckeSpfu usdKufa';,sHK1mk&m;MuD; taemufawmif1muf ydef;tif;awm&
av;wdkifpifausmif;i,fwGif oDwif;oHk;&m ,if;Xmeum; usm;rsm; usufpm;&mXmejzpf\/
ausmif;atmufeSifh uk#DoGm;vrf;wpfavSsmuf usm;rsm;npOf ymdef;aymmufae\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um;
aMumiftvm;? EGm;ozG,f atmufarhawmfrlonf/
wpfcsdefurl yJcl;acsmif;zsm;&Sd urf;jrifh&Gm okomefZ&yf wpfn wnf;cdkawmfrl\/ xdk&Gm
usm;qdk;wpfaumifonf npOf EGm;rsm;udk udkufowfavh&Sdojzifh &Gmom;rsm;rSm 1mkefa;wmfMuD;twGuf

pdwfraumif; jzpfaeMuonf? ntcg oGm;vnf; ravSsmuf&JMu/

eHeufrdk;vif;rS ]usm;pmjzpfa&mhrnf} txifeSifh oGm;Mu&m vrf;wGif qGrf;cHMuGvmonfeSifh yufyif;yg
zl;awG h& &GmjyefjyD; 0rf;omtm;& qGrf;avmif;Mu\/ qGrf;cHtjyefvdkufygMunfhMu&m
1mkef;awmfMuD;eSifh usm;qdk;MuD;rSm oHk;awmifcef hom a0;onfudk awG hMu&onf/
a';pGefygawm& aepOf uyd, OD;tmumvnf; tazmfvdkufae\/ uyd,MuD;um; aqmif;tcgvnf;
jzpfojzifh rD;vSHK&efeSifh usm;rsm; rvmap&ef &nf&G,f ae hcif;u xif;acGxm;jyD; ntcg
rD;xnfhvSHKavh&Sd\/ usm;MuD;wpfaumifonf rD;zdk&Sd&modk hwnfhwnfhMuD;0ifvm\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um;
av;wdkifpif ausmif;ay: &Sdae atmfvnf; ratmf&J/ r&Jaomfvnf; ajy;cJap vkyfae&\/
rD;zdkrSmyif &GwfzwfyGm;rsm;&if; wxdwfxdwf jzpfae\/ usm;MuD;vnf; rD;zdkodk hyifvm 0yfae\/
twefi,fMumvSsif usm;MuD;rSm rD;yHkteD; yg;pyfymvsufom; rSdef;oGm;ojzifh uyd,MuD;rSm
pdwfoufom&m &oGm;\/ usm;MuD; yg;pyftaymmif;om; tdyfaysmfoGm;cdkuf uyd,MuD;onf]'DrD;usD;cJawGaumfjyD; usm;MuD;yg;pyfxJ xnfhvdkuf& aumif;rSmyJ} ymk pdwful;rd&m xdkcPyif
usm;MuD; ymdef;avawmhonf/
]]uyd,MuD; 1mmvdk h raumif;MuHjyD; jypfrSm;&ovJ/ udk,fhtvkyf udk,fvkyfwm rymkwf1ml;?
awmif;yefvdkuf}} ymk 1mkefawmfMuD;u ausmif;uav;ay:rS toHjrSifh cyfqwfqwf ajymvdkuf\/
awmif;yefjyD; arwmyGm;vdkufrSom usm;MuD; jidrfusoGm;awmhonf/ (aumhu&dwfe,f
awmrsm;wGifvnf; ausmif;avSum;&if;xd usm;rsm; vmtdyfMuonfudk awG hMu&\/)
qif
1mkef;awmfMuD;onf usdKufxkdeSifh oHk;rdkiftuGm uifyGef;pcef;a1m;&Sd oufi,fusif;&Gmawm& 1250jynfheSpfavmufu oDwif;oHk;zl;onf/ xdk&Gm oDwif;oHk;&efyifhaom 'umoHk;a,mufeSifhtwl
armif;awmifawmrS vmMu&m &GmteD; wpfrdkifcef havmuf ta&mufwGif vlrsm;pGm eif;owfzl;aom
qif&dkif;wpfaumifudk awG h&\/ qifeSifh &ifqdkifawG hvSsif 'umoHk;a,mufrSm xGufajy;
wpfa,mufrSm opfyifay: wufae\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um; a&S hrwdk;? aemufrqkwf/ &yfjrJ&yfae\/
1mkef;awmfMuD;qDodk h tm;ukefajy;vmaom qifMuD;onf tem;a&mufvSsifyif tvdkvdk ykqpfwkyfjyD;
usoGm;\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;uvnf; rwkefvSKyf/ qif&dkif;MuD;rSm ykqpfwkyfjyD; rsuf&nfrsm;
wawGawGusum acgif;iHk hjyD; aemufvSnfhxGufoGm;onfudk jrifMu&avonf/
tvm;wlyif 1257-ckeSpfavmufwGif udsKufxdk tif;pdkifarmif awm&? oxHk? ajreDukef;awm&?
c&GJawmifay:awm& ausmif;rsm; aepOfuvnf; qGrf;cHvrf;wGif awmqif&dkif;rsm;eSifh awG h&m
qif&dkif;rsm;uyif a&Smifay;Mu&\/ ausmif;0if;twGif; awmqiftkyf 0ifvm&mwGifvnf; ]]oifwdk
hraESmifh,SufMueSifh}} ymk rdef hawmfrl&m vl hpum; em;vnfouJhodk h xGufcGmoGm;Muzl;\/
wpfzef aumhu'Gwf&Gm awmausmif; aepOf usdKufxdkjrdK h ta&S h 1mk&m;oHk;qlawm&rS
&ymef;cHudptwGuf ntcg wpfyg;wnf; MuGvm\/ vrf;ckvwf Z&yfwpfckwGif vSnf;orm;rsm;
vSnf;0dkif;cs em;aeMu&m 'umwpfa,mufrSm usdKufxdkodk hvdkufvdkojzifh 1mkef;awmfMuD;aemuf
oydwfvG,f vdkufygcJh\/ vomom awmvrf;c&D;wGif awmqiftkyfMuD;vmaeonfudk ta0;rSyif

jrifae&\/
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aemufaMumif;jyef xGufajy;av\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;udk vSrf; Munfhvdkuf&m rwkefrvSKyf qiftkyfxJ
jrKyfoGm;onfukd jrifae&\/ vSnf;0dkif;a&mf xdk'umu tjcm;olrsm;tm;]]ckavmufqdk 1mkef;awmfMuD;rSm tpteawmif &Sm&awmhrSm rymkwf1ml;}} ymk ajymqdk&m vltrsm;u
]]tJ'g 1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDv jzpfvdrfhrnf/ 'D1mkef;awmfMuD;u qifreif; usm;rudkuf1ml;}} ymk
ajymMu\/ xdk'umvnf; eHeufrdk;vif;vSsif 1mk&m;oHk;qlawmifodk h owif;ar; vdkufoGm;um
jypfrSm;rdorSs onf;cH&ef 0efcsawmif;yefavonf/
1mkef;awmfMuD; awmqif&dkif;rsm;eSifh tMudrfMudrf awG h&&mwGif usdKufxD;&dk;vrf; rdk;ayg&Gm
awm&aepOfu awG h&aom jzpf&yfrSm ydk tHhzG,faumif;avonf/ awG hyHkrSm rdk;ayg&GmrS
oufi,fawmifodk husdKufxD;&dk;vrf;jzifh MuGawmfrl&m yJcl;yef;vdSKifq&mzdk;uav;vnf; oydwfvG,f
aemufyg uyd,tjzpf vdkufygoGm;cJh\/ vrf;ckvwfwGif 1mk&m;zl;jyefrsm;eSifh teD;tem;&Sd
&Gmom;rsm;u]]1mkef;awmfMuD;1mk&m;? 'Dvrf;u rMuGygeSifh? aMumhrSL;ac:wJh qif&dkif;MuD;wpfaumif vGwfaeygw,f/
vljrifwdkif; vdkufjyD; eif;owfaeygw,f/ rMumrDu &Srf;MuD;av;a,muf eif;owfvdk ho&JjzpfJjyD;
aMumhrSL;MuD;udk pD;aeygw,f/ MuGawmfrrlygeSifh}} ym 0dkif; wm;Mu\/ yefcsmyD oHk;a,mufeSifh
t*FvdyfppfAdkvf wpfa,mufvnf; aoewfudk,fpDudkifvsuf awG h&jyef&m xdkenf;ajymqdk
wm;jrpfMu\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um; MuGjrJMuGav\/ rMumrD qifaMumhrSL;MuD;eSifh
yufyif;wdk;avawmhonf/ q&mzdk;uav;um; 1mkef;awmfMuD;tm; ,HkMunfod&Sdxm;oljzpf rsm;pGm
xdwfvef hjcif;rjzpf? 1mkef;awmfMuD;udkom tuJcwfae\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um; 1mmrSs trlt&m
rxl;jcm; a&S hodk hMuGjrJMuG\/
tMurf;ajy;vmaom qifMuD;onf 1mkef;awmfMuD;teD;odk h a&mufvSsifyif OD;acgif;idkufpdkuf ajr
vufarmif;csum atmfympfae\/ xdktcg carmufeDeD udk,fpDeSifh vlvdkvkd o@meMuD; av;ck
qifay:rS qif;ajy;oGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&onf/ jyD;vSsif qifMuD;rSm vrf;a&Smifay; awmxJodk h
0ifoGm;avawmh\/ ]]1mkef;awmfMuD;\ oDvESifh arwmonf tpGrf;xufavpGmh}} ymk ajymqdkcsD;usL;
rqHk;Muawmh/
EGm;? ajrG? jcif? yk&Guf? ysm;
1mkef;awmfMuD; usdKufxdk qdyfzl;awmif aepOf wpfae h jrddK hwGif;&Sd r,fZ,fausmif;odk h udp&Sd
vmjyD; jyeftMuG vrf;ckvwf tkwfwHwm; vrf;usOf;ta&muf EGm;odk;&dkif;wpfaumifvnf;
ckefaygufajy;vmonfeSifh &ifqdkifwdk;\/ vdkufydk haom r,fZ,fq&mawmfrSm vGefpGm pdk;&drfae\/
1mkef;awmfMuD;um; ajErysuf MuGjrJMuGonf/ teD;odk ha&mufvSsif EGm;odk ;&dkif;MuD;onf
a&SmifxGufajy;av\/
usdKufywdkifukef;wef; aepOftcgurl *ltwGif; 15-awmif? vHk;ywf oHk;xGmcef h&Sd
ajrGMuD;wpfaumif0ifae 1mkef;awmfMuD;u ]]taeSmifht,SufrjyKaumif;1ml;}} ponfjzifh ajym&m
pum;em;vnfouJhodk h at;aq;pGm xGufoGm;\/

usdKufxkde,f usdKufuom&Gm aumhpHawm& aepOfuvnf; Z&yfrD;zdkodk h 12-awmifcef h&Snf

em;udk;ayguf&Sd ajrGMuD;wufvm 'um? 'umrrsm;onf xdwfvef haeMupOf 1mkef;awmfMuD;
MuGvmjyD; ]]ae&monf olawmfaumif;rsm; ukodkvfvkyf&m Xme jzpfonf/ raeSmifh,Sufoifh}} ymk
ajymvdkufrS xdkajrGMuD; qif;oGm;ojzihf vltrsm; tHhMoMu\/
xdk hjyif a&Tusifawm&ausmif;onf rSuf? jcif? yk&Gwfqdwf? u&ifeDrsm; tvGefayg\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;
wpfem&D eSpfem&D ponf Mumatmif xdkif 0wfjyKjcif;? w&m;&SKjcif; jyKaomfvnf; wpfcsufrSs
rvSKyfojzifh ntdyf Oykofonfrsm;u ]]jcifrudkuf}} ymk vnf;aumif;? ]]udkufrSmygyJ? orm"daMumifh
aerSmyg}} ymk vnf;aumif; jcifrsm;udk w1mwfeSifh &rf;vsuf ajymqdkaecJhMuzl;\/ tvm;wlyif
zsmyHke,f ausmif;wdkufwnfodrforkwf&eftwGuf MuG&zl;&m ausmif;ajrwpfuGufrSm ydkif&SifeSifh
roifhjrwfjzpf tvSLcHr&? 0,fr&&SdaepOf 1mkef;awmfMuD; MuGvmvSsif ajr&Sifu
tvdkvdkvmvSLaMumif;? odrforkwf jyD;aomtcg yk&Gwf? cgcsOf? u&ifeDrsm; tvGefaygaom
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usdKufxdk qdyfzl;awmif awmausmif;wGif ysm;MuD;rsm; tHkvkyfae&mrS w&kef;&kef;ysH0JvSKyf&Sm;aeojzifh
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oGm;a&mufjidrfouf aeMuonfudk ajymqdkMu\/
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txdwfwvefU jzpfoGm;onf/ ]]bkef;awmfBuD;awmh ysHvGefawmfrl&ygNyD}} [k &Gmom;rsm;
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opfyifwpfyifatmuf at;aq;pGm xdkifaeonfudk zl;awGUMu&rS &ifxJrSm at;oGm;Mu&awmhonf/
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bmrSvJ rawGUbl;/ Munfhaewkef;yJ *lBuD;NydKoGm;w,f}} [k trdefU&dSavonf/
emembm0ESifh ewfrsm;
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rsm;aeayonf/ tHhMoavmufatmifvnf; xl;jcm;\/ olawmfpif t&SifjrwfwdkUtzdkUum;
xl;qef;onf[k vlomrefwdkU owfrSwfxm;aom t&mtm;vHk; bmrQ tqef;wMu,fr&dS/ todvnf;
ray;vdkMu/ tvkyfydkyifjzpf pum;tjzpfyif ajymvdkawmfrrl Muukef/

oDv? arwm? opmESifh cEDw&m;awmf\ tpGrf;owdudk rjrif&aomfvnf; vlom;wdkU\ tjrif

rjzpfEdkif[k xif&aom t&mtm;vHk;onf vG,fvG,fESifh jzpfEdkifonfudk owdyMu&efyif/
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jzpfayawmh\/
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odMu&ayNyD/ a0E&m? ok0PoQH paom Zmwfawmfrsm; vlom;ESifhwd&pmefwdkU ,Ofyg;yHk?
tcsif;csif;arwmjzifh ulnDapmifha&SmufMuyHk/ aemufqHk; vlom;ESifh wd&pmefwdkU
pum;ajymyHkrsm;udkvnf; Mum;zl;? zwfzl;MuayNyD/
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avhusifhoHk;pGJvsuf &dSaeNyD/ wd&pmef tcsif;csif;vnf; w,fvDy,foDenf;jzifh qufoG,fMu\/
vlvlcsif;vnf; rdkifaygif;rsm;pGm a0;uGmapumrl ajym &\/ avmu xdktwwfwdkUonf
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rsm;jym;vSonf/ rdrdwdkUjrifonf? odonfum; rqdkpavmuf? xdkUaMumifhvnf; olawmfaumif;wdkU
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bkef;awmfBuD;\ tawGUtBuHK txl;tqef; taESmifht,Suf tcuftcJ wdkUum;
om;&Jwd&pmefrQru o&Jwap? Opmapmifh? kupdk; ponfac: ynwfaom emembm0 a0rmedu
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rMumcP w&m;em vmMuonfudk awGU&aMumif; urf;jrifh&Gmom;wdkU todtjrifyif jzpf\/
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oufaoxljyvdkufayNyD/
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NydwmrBuD;onf &[ef;awmf tpkta0;udk jrif&ojzifh wpfpHkwpfck pm;aomufzG,f a0jcrf;aeonf

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tJ'DavmutcspfqHk;awGxuf cspfp&maumif;w,faemf? wdwfwdwfaeMu}} [kacsmharmh ajymqdk\/
]][kwfw,farar? om;vJ odyfem;axmifaumif;wmyJ/ om;rqlbl;/ nDrav;vJ raqmhygbl;/
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om;trdum; w&m;ydkufuGef rdMuavNyD/
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r&aomfvnf; aZw0efausmif;wGif ae&m Adrmef&aeojzifh bk&m;&Siftm; zl;ajrmfcGifh &oGm;avonf/
(o*gxm0*oH,kwf? ykeAok okwf/)
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roGm;0HhMu/
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avsmif;cdkuf-

]]t&Sifbk&m; MuGvQif wynfhawmfwdkU tcsif;csif; arwmysufjym; tjiif;yGm; &efrsm; ygawmhrnf/

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ewfcspfcH&olonf xm0pOf taumif;csnf; awGU&\/
(a'0wm] Ekurdawm aygaom? o'g bj'med ywd/ r[m0*f/)
arwmyGm;jcif;onf orm"d&vG,faom ur|mef;vnf;rnf\/ ow0gtrsm;\
cspfaq;vnf;rnf\/ tE&m,ftumtuG,f (y&dwf) rEefvnf; rnf\/
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arwmyGm;aomtcg wHjrwfvSnf;? ae&mcif;? eif;EdSyfay;? a&aEG;usKd ponfjzifh
tusKd;aqmifvmMuaMumif; ]okwedygwf t|uxm} jyqdk\/ arwmuJhodkUaom
tusKd;tmedoifrsKd;udk tjcm;rnfonfh ur|mef;wGifrQ a[mawmfrrlonfudk owdyoifh\/
bkef;awmfMuD;OD;oDv\ wefcdk;onf tb,ft&m jzpfonfudk mPfrsufpdjzifh MunfhI
twk,loifhMuonf/
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0wfBuD;0wfi,f yaeMu\/ xdkwGif bkd;olawmfBuD; OD;usm;jzLonf pdwfjrefvufjref&dS\/
wpfckaomn bkef;awmfBuD;onf opfwpfyifatmuf at;aq;NidrfoufpGmxdkif w&m;IrSwfae\/
OD;usm;jzLvnf; uyd,tazmfwpfa,muf jzpfrnfxif ac:&m rxl;ojzifh acgif;udkvufoD;jzifh
xdk;\/ rvIyfojzifh prf;Munfh&m cg;yef;BudK;toD;udk prf;rd bkef;awmfBuD;rSef; odojzifh
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uefawmfBuD;vrf; udpwpfcktwGuf ajcusifMuGawmfrl\/ vlol&Sif;aom vrf;jzpf
jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf tMurf;armif;ESifvm&m wdkufrdrnfpdk; bkef;awmfBuD;uyif vrf;z,f
ay;vdkuf&onf/ xdk&xm; 0g;ESpfjyefcefU vGefoGm;aomtcg 0kef;ceJtoHMum; vSnfhMunfhvdkuf&m
&xm;arSmuf &xm;armif;ukvm;onf 'vdrfhaumufauG;usaeonfudk awGUMu&\/
auvmoawmif wdkufukvm;awm& aepOfu &Gmaebkef;BuD; tcsdKUonf bkef;awmfBuD; tay:
remvdk0efwdk pdwfxm;jzifh t&uform;wpfOD;tm; ydkufqHay; bkef;awmfBuD;tm; &efyapMu\/

xdkt&uform;onf bkef;awmfBuD; qGrf;cHMuG&mvrf;rS BudK bkef;awmfBuD;tm; acgif;ESifhwtm;

0ifwdkuf a0SU\/ bkef;awmfBuD;\ arwm? oDvaMumifh ol\acgif;'Pfudk ajrBuD;u
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ysHvGef&&Smonf/
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olawmfoljrwfrsm;ESifh &efoltjzpf ,SOfNydKif&aom tjzpfrsdK;onf txdemavpGmh?
aMumufzG,faumif;avpGmh/
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tmHkvdrfrsm; udkvnf; zefwD;wwfavonf/
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a&ppfeJU oydwfxJ a&ppfxnfhNyD; aomufaewmawGU&w,f/ eufzef wdkUqGrf;avmif;vMu&atmif?
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a&mufcJhMu&ao;\/ ,ckaomf pnfum;wdk;wufvsuf/ OD;0dkif;NcHae&mudkvnf; 1260-jynfhESpf

avmufwGif OD;bvdyf-a':bGm;pHkwdkUu NcH0,f OD;ZmEkw&tm; ausmif;aqmufvMuonf/

awmif0dkif;BuD;awm& yifwnf;/
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bkef;awmfBuD; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ojzifh xdwfvefU wkefvIyfum awmif;yefav\/
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usqHk; wyfysufajy;Mu&onf/ yefcsmyDwyfuvnf; vdkufEdSrfeif;vsuf&dS\/ wpfaeUwGif
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udk,fwpfydkif;xkwf? acgif;jyL? atmf &dScdk;Muonf/
ouFef;uRef;rS 'vbuf uGrf;NcHukef;odkU MuGpOfwkef;uvnf; xdkenf;twdkif; BuHKcJhzl;\/
1244-ckESpf avmufwGif a&Tusif qdwfuav;awm&ausmif; aepOf 0rf;cedrf&GmodkU qGrf;cHMuG&\/
wpfaeUaomf qGrf;cHMuG&if; om;iSufrsm;udk axmifaom TwfuGif; ajcaxmufpGyfrd a&SUrwdk;bJ

&yfaeawmfrl\/ Twfaxmifxm;oljrifvQif aMumufvefUae tem;odkUruyf0Hhacs/

tacgufacgufvma&muf acsmif;ajrmif;Munfh\/ bkef;awmfBuD;um; &yfvsufom/ Twform;vnf;
BuD;pGm aomujzpfae&Sm\/ vmvnf; rjzKwf0Hh/ Mumaomf tjcm;olwpfa,muftm; tjzKwfcdkif;\/
bkef;awmfBuD;u xdkvmoltm;]]'um 'geifhTwfuGif;vm;}} [k ar;\/
]]r[kwfyg}} [k avQmuf]]olwpfyg; TwfuGif;udk rjzKwfESifh}} [k y,fjrpfawmfrl\/
udk,fwdkifvnf; 0denf;t& rjzKwftyf/ rqdkifoljzKwfaomfvnf; cGifhrjyKxdkuf/ odkUESifh xdkolu
TwfuGif;&Siftm;]]rif;awmhcufwmyJ? rGef;vnf; wnfhvkNyD? qGrf;rpm;&vdkU aooGm;&if rif;awmh t0DpdyJ}} [k
jyefajym&m Twf&Sifvnf; 0rf;enf;aMuuGJpGm idk,dk vma&muf jzKwf&awmh\/ ]]aemif'Dvdk
rvkyfawmhyg? onf;cHygbk&m;}} [kTwfuGif;ygv uefawmh\/ bkef;awmfBuD;um; qGrf;wpfeyf
vpfvyfavNyD/
bk&m;&Sifpaom olawmfaumif;wdkUonf rm&fewfaMumifh qGrf;vpfvyf&aom tcgrsdK;wGif
yDwdbu=w&m; yDwdudkom pm;aeaom jA[muJhodkU 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omyif aeawmfrlMuNrJjzpf\/
(TwfuGif;udkjzKwfvQif rdxdkufaom om;aumiftwGuf b@mpm;xdkuf (avQmf&) \/
jyefaxmifxm;cJhjyefvQifvnf; ygPmwdygw rvGwf/ 0denf;/)
raoEdkifaom"mwf
bkef;awmfBuD;um; &xm;? aoewf? wd&pmef paom ao0eD;yg; ab;&ef rsm;ESifh tBudrfBudrf
BuHKcJh&aomfvnf; touftE&m,fr&dScJh? um;pifwifcH&aom Ow&omraP? rdciftavmif; rD;dIUpOf
0rf;wGif; &dSaom &Sif'A? ig;0rf;xJaecJh&aom &SifAmukv polwdkUuJhodkU b0wGif w&m;xl;
{uef&&rnfholonf aodk;xHk;pHr&dS/ ]mP0dym&'d} ac:onf/ twdwfuHxl;olrsm;? trawac:
rao"mwfygonfh ow0grsm;vnf; raoMu/
edAmef[laom tocFw trw"mwftm; (rao"mwfqGJtm;) onf rnfrQ BuD;rm;aBumif;
owdy&m\/
tm;MuD;olESifh ,SOfjydKif&aom tIH;

bkef;awmfMuD;tm; remvdk0efwkdvsuf qefYusifbuf jyKolrsm;ESifh pyf rSwfom;zG,f &Sdayao;\/

rdrdxuf jrifhjrwfolrsm;ESihf zuf &efolvkyf&onfrSm aMumufzG,f aumif;vS\/ *kPfMuD;oavmuf?
onf;cHoavmuf qefYusifolrSm epf\/ em\/ avnmavqefbufodkY ypfvTifhaom zkefjrLrsm;rSm
ypfolxH ESm? cHwGif;? rsufpdom jyef0ifusjrJjzpfonf/ a0'emcHpm;&jcif; paom ysufpD;jcif;
trsdK;rsdK; ('Pf-10 yg;) ESifh &ifqkdif&wwf\/ ]pdrfa&oifhonf} [k avmu ac:Muonf/
]rZdryPmo - Oygvdokwf} xHwGif raemuH
raemu wefckd;MuD;yHkudk jy&m udo0p&aohudk ypfrSm;Mu
'@uDjynf vufeufrkd;? jymylrkd;&Gm awmtwd jzpf&aMumif;vm\/
]{um'oedygwf} "rewfom; 0wKwGifvnf; "rewfom;onf wynfh tajcGt&HESifhwuG ZrL'Dygudk
vuf,m&pf vSnfhvsuf aumif;rIjyK&ef vlwkdYtm; EId;aqmf\/ t"rewfom;vnf; xkdYtwl vuf0J&pf
vSnfhum raumif;rIjyK&ef EId;aqmf\/ ,if;odkY oGm;MupOf aumif;uifvrf;c&D; &xm;csif;qHkMu&m
ola&Smifiga&Smif tacstwif qkdMuonf/ aemufqHk; "rewfom;uyif onf;cHtIH;ay;ojzifh
&xm;armif;ESif xGufcGmay;&m t"rewfom;onf &xm;rSus t0DpdokdY a&mufav\/ rjrif&aom
(t"d0goe) cED\ tm;um; MuD;rm;avpG/
tcgwpfyg; ykPm;wpfa,mufonf ]olYtpfudktm; &[ef;jyKay;&aumif;vm;} [k bk&m;&Siftm;
pdwfqkd; vma&muf qJa&;jcdrf;ajcmuf\/ olYemrnfum; taumou bm&'GgZ jzpf\/ xkdtcg
bk&m;&Sifu]]ykPm; oifhtdrfudk {nfhonfrsm;vm pm;zG,faomufzG,f wnfcif;ay;auR; {nfhonfu
rpm;r,lbJ xm;vQif b,folcH,l&oenf;}} [k ar;&m]]tuREkfyfwkdYyif cH,lMuygonf}} [k ajz\/
]]ykPm; ,ckvnf; oif\ qJa&; jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;udk igvufrcH/ oifh[moifom &Sdygapawmh}} [k
rdefYawmfrl&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u olYtm; usdefvkdufonfxif tvGefxdwfvGefYoGm;\/
avmuDwefckd;&SifwkdYum; rdrdwkdYwwfaom rEefwefckd;? orm"dwefckd;? usdefpmwkdufjcif; (usdefqJjcif;)
ponfwkdYjzifh rvkdolwkdYtm; 'kua&mufapEkdifonfukd bm&'GgZ odxm;jyD;jzpf xdwfvefYjcif;
jzpf\/ aemuf trSm;0efcH &[ef;jyKavonf/ (o*gxm0*f? taumouokwf/)
aemufyHkwpfckum; uREfkyfwkdY\ "rrdwfaqGjzpfol rauG;ayyifprf;t&Sif 0g,mr pmoifom;b0
pmoifaeMupOf rdwfaqG&[ef;wpfyg;u usDp,fvdk ]]rnfolrnf0gu OD;yOif;udk awGYvdk

,ckvmcJhygwJh}} [k aeylusJusJ wpfrkdifcefY a0;aom c&D;odkY vTwfvdkuf\/ rawGY jyefvmaomtcg

OD;0g,mr pdwfqkd;\/ csufcsif;pdwfajz onf;cHatmifhtnf; aevdkufonf/ aemufwpf&uf
usDp,faom OD;yOif;rSm taMumif;rJh rsufpdem tdyfr&awmhacs/ ]]OD;0g,mrMuD; pkef;wwfovm;?
wynfhawmf raeYu vkyfrdwm onf;cHyg}} [k awmif;yef\/ ododomom rsufpdem
aysmufoGm;onf/
rQaom pum;tpOfjzifh t&d,ly0g'uHudk cefYrSef;Edkifavmuf\/ oDv? orm"d? ynm*kPfMuD;vQif
MuD;oavmuf jypfrSm;oltm; usdefpmwkdufouJhodkY 'kua&mufapwwfayonf/ olawmfjrwfwkdYonf
ol,kwfrmwkdYtm; arwmonf;cHjcif;jzifh 'Pfwyf\/ raumif;rIudk rwHkYrjyef vufrcHjcif;jzifh
ol,kwfrmwkdYtm; ydk av;ap\/ 'udaP,s*d [laom oljrwft&d,m &[ef;oHCmwkdYrS vmaom
rD;onf IdUoltm;om rjidrf;Ekdifatmif avmifuRrf;ap\/ owdjyK Muygav olawmfaumif;awGwkdY/

r,fawmfMuD; uG,fvGefjcif;
bkef;awmfMuD;\ r,fawmfMuD; a':csdKonf wyfuav;awm& bkef;awmfMuD; ESifhtwl
0wfMuD;0wfi,fjyKvsuf oDv&Sif0wfESifh ae\/ bkef;awmfMuD;um; wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkY
ajymif;a&TYaomfvnf; r,fawmfMuD;um; wyfuav;awm&om w&m;ESvHk; oGif; ae&pf\/
1241- ckESpf bkef;awmfMuD; a&Tusifawm& oDwif;oHk;ckduf r,fawmfMuD; oDwif;oHk;&m
wyfuav;awm& "m;jyvlqkd;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmMu\/ OuH&GmorD;jzpfol a':olZmxHrS
aiGoHk;axmifESifh a&Ttpdwfom; tyfxm;onf[k owif;& vmwkdufjcif; jzpfonf/ "m;jyrsm;u
xkdypnf;rsm;udk awmif;Mu\/ oDv&SifMuD;u ]]r&Sd&yguvm; armifwkYd&,f}} [k ajymjy\/
xkdowif;vnf; pifppfr[kwfacs/ odkYaomf vlqkd;rsm;u r,HkMu/ ]]oDv&SifMuD; vdrfajymonf}} [k
xyfwvJvJ &dkufESufMuonf/ oDv&SifMuD;onf ]]ightm; twdwfuH pDrHavjyD}} [k atmufarhvsuf
]]om;awmfMuD;\ r,fawmfyDyD tm;wif;cHawmhrnf}} [k pdwfudk qHk;jzwf]]ighom;MuD; OD;oDv\ q&m jrwfpGmbk&m;udk udk;uG,fyg\bk&m;/ om;awmfMuD; ESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;?
om;awmfMuD;ESihf ... jrwfpGm ...... bk&m;? om;awmf .......}} r,fawmf oDv&SifMuD;\ toHonf
vlqdk;rsm;vufatmufwGif wjznf;jznf; tm;avsmhao;odrfum om;ESifh bk&m;udk w vsuf 0dnmOf
csKyf&&Smav\/

xkdtcg bkef;awmfMuD;tm; a&Tusifawmifbuf&Sd qdwfuav;awm&odkY vdkuf yifhMu&onf/

bkef;awmfMuD;onf r,fawmfMuD; tavmif;udk rD;oj*K[f jymusonfhwkdifatmif tokb bm0em
yGm;awmfrl\/ rD;rjidrf;rDyif rD;oj*K[f&mrS a&TusifokdY jyefjuGawmfrl\/
uHw&m;wkdYonf qef;Mu,fukefbdonf/ xl;jcm;onfh yk*dKvfwkdY\ ywf0ef;usif
tjzpftysufwkdYonf jzpf&dk;jzpfpOf r[kwfwwf? aumif;aumif;qdk;qkd; xl;jcm;vGef;wwfonf/
ajuG;rsm;udk tjywf&Sif;&aom b0jzpf xdkyk*dKvfxl;rsm;ESifh taMumif;ypnf;ruif;olwkdif;
us&mb0ZmwfwGif yg0ifMu&jrJ jzpfonfudk owdrloifhMu\/ rjrif&aom tarT"mwfudkvnf;
rsufjcnfrjywfoifh/ olawmfaumif;wkdY\ ywf0ef;usifwGif taumif;csnf; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[kum;
r,Hkpm;oifh/
a,m*DwkdY txl;owdjyK&rnfrSm- rdrdaeaom ywf0ef;usif? rdrdvkyfaeaom tvkyfESifh
xkdufwefatmif ae&rnf/ ayghayghqq rae&/ a,m*D\ 0w&m;twkdif; cEmudk,f bk&m;vSL
tjypf[lorQ 0efcsawmif;yef? arwmememyGm; onf;cH? trQay;a0/ aeYpOf0wf rcRwfap&/
olwyg; pdwftBuHudkodyHk
bkef;awmfMuD;tm; (azmfjyvwHYaom um,uH&SifwdkY\ udk,fawGYom"u rsm;t&) olwpfyg;
pdwftMuHodonf? y&pdw0dZmee tbdnmOf &awmfrlonf[k ,kHMunfMuavonf/
tcgwpfyg; yJcl;r[mapwD q&mawmf OD;*kPonf aemufyg OD;yif; OD;*Ermudk ac:
bkef;awmfMuD;xH tzl;ajrmfoGm;\/ bkef;awmfMuD;onf rdrdxHa&mufvmaom OD;yif;rsm;tm;
ypnf;wpfpHkwpf&m rcsD;jrifhbJ rjyef&/ tjrJwrf;ay;vavh&Sdonf/ ypnf;vdkcsif oGm;onf[kyif
tajymcH&avmufatmif csD;ajrmufavh&Sdojzifh OD;*Ermonf rdrdq&mac:aomfvnf; rvdkufcsif/
bkef;awmfMuD;u ouFef;ponfpGefY ,lvm&vQif xdkodkYtxifcH&rnfudk &Suf\/ wpfvrf;vkH;
]]bkef;awmfMuD; bmrS rpGefYygapESifh}} [kpdwfxJu awmifhw&if; vkdufygvm\/
bkef;awmfMuD;xH q&mwynfhESpfyg; a&mufaomtcg bkef;awmfMuD;onf udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udkom
rsm;pGma[m ypnf;wpfpkHwpf&m rpGefYbJ ]]uJ-jyefMu}} [krdefYawmfrl\/ OD;yif; OD;*Ermum;
pdwfawmifhwwkdif; jynfh0auseyf\/ ]]bkef;awmfMuD; pdwftMuH odavovm;}} [kvnf; oHo,
0ifvmavonf/
wpfzefOD;*Ermonfyif 0rf;yawmodkY a&mufckduf bkef;awmfMuD;vnf; usdKufxdkrS 0rf;yawmodkY
wynfhoHCmrsm;ESifh a&mufvm MuHK MudKuf\/ OD;*Ermonf bkef;awmfMuD; c&D;yef;vmojzifh
0wfjznfh (ESdyfES,f) ay;&ef pdwful;rdonf/ ,cifoHo, &Sdxm;zl;ojzifh pkHprf;vdkaom tMuHvnf;
0ifvm\/ xdkYaMumifh -

]]ightm; tvG,fwul 0wfjznfhcGifhjyKygap/ OD;yif; b,folvJ b,fuvJ ponfjzifh rar;ygapESifh}}

[k ywemjyK\/ ola&mufoGm;vQif bkef;awmfMuD; ajcqif;vsuf tvG,fwulyif 0wfjznfhcGifh&\/
bmrQrar;/ ESpfem&DcefYMumaomf ]]awmfavmufjyD? oGm;awmh}} [kvTwfvdkuf\/ OD;*Erm (aemif
r[mapwD q&mawmf) um; ,cifoHo,udk z,f wu,fyif odonf[k qkH;jzwfvsuf
0rf;omae&ayonf/
txifrBuD;aom q&mawmf\ aemifw
tcgwpfyg; yJcl;jrdKU&Sd ausmif;wkdufMuD; wpfwdkufrS em,u q&mawmfMuD;wpfyg;onf
wpfqifhpum; wpfqifhem;jzifh bkef;awmfMuD;\ owif;qef;rsm;udk Mum;ae&\/ txl;ojzifh
oGm;av&m&mwGif vSnf;ESifhwkduf&avmufatmif vmbfvmbaygrsm;jcif;rSm 'vHvkyfjyD;
0g'jzefYMuom jzpf&rnf[k xifae\/
wpfaeYaomtcg eHeufokH;em&D ausmif;wHcg; acgufoHMum;& wHcg;udkzGifhay;vdkuf&m
bkef;awmfMuD; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ojzifh tvGeftHhtm;oifhoGm;\/ ae&mxdkifcif;ay;
bkef;awmfMuD;tm; 0wfjyKae&m bkef;awmfMuD;u udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk MudK;pm;&ef xr&atmifzd
a[mawmfrlonf/ ausmif;tkyfq&mawmfMuD;\ pdwfxJwGif bkef;awmfMuD; qGrf;cHpm;avh&Sd&m 'um
'umrrsm;udk MudKwifpDrH EId;aqmfcsdef r&ojzifh apmapmpD;pD; eHeufqGrf; (avmif;qGrf;) udk
tqifajyajy &Ekdif&efudkom pdwfapmae\/ bkef;awmfMuD; a[maeonfudkyif bmawG a[maerSef;
rrSwfrd/
]]wwfEkdifygbl;av? tkPfwufvdkY bkef;awmfMuD; qGrf;cHBuGrS ausmif;om; wpfa,mufudk
rkefYaowm oGm;jyD; wpfae&m&mu tavmif;ckdif;rSyJ}} [kausmif;&Sd vzG,f&mudkom pdwfxJu pDrH
pOf;pm;aerdavonf/ bkef;awmfMuD;um; tkPfwufvQif oydwfudk aumufvG,fvsuf]]uJ ....awmfavmufjyD? qGrf;cHoGm;&OD;r,f}} [krdefYum BuGoGm;awmfrl\/ ausmif;tkyf
q&mawmfvnf; aemufrSvdkufyg ausmif;0if;wHcg;udk zGifhay;vdkuf&m qGrf;avmif;&ef b,ftcsdefu
a&mufaeMuonfrod? vlaygif;rsm;pGm pDwef;apmifhaeMuonfudk awGY&ojzifh wpfoufESifhwpfudk,f
arhr&atmif tHhtm;oihfoGm;\/ bkef;awmfMuD;tay: rdrd txifrSm;cJhonfudk kwfjcnf;owd&
0rf;om&&mrS pdwfraumif; jzpfvm&\/
<uogm;awmfrl\ jzpfvm&\="" pdwfraumif;="" 0rf;om&&mrs="" kwfjcnf;owd&=""
txifrsm;cjhonfudk="" rdrd="" bkef;awmfmud;tay:="" thhtm;oihfogm;\="" arhr&atmif=""
wpfoufesifhwpfudk,f="" awgy&ojzifh="" pdwef;apmifhaemuonfudk="" vlaygif;rsm;pgm=""
a&mufaemuonfrod?="" b,ftcsdefu="" qgrf;avmif;&ef="" zgifhay;vdkuf&m=""
ausmif;0if;whcg;udk="" aemufrsvdkufyg="" q&mawmfvnf;=""
ausmif;tkyf=""></uogm;awmfrl\>

]tmuacF,sokwf} a[mawmfrlonfhtwdkif; ypnf;vmbf vmbESifhpyf ]oDv\ qGJiiftm;} udk

owdjyKMu&m\/
qGrf;avmif;onfhtxJwGif ausmif;'umMuD; OD;rSdefvnf; ygvmonfudk awGY&ojzifh ar;Munfh&m
OD;rSdefu]]wynfhawmfvJ bkef;awmfMuD;rSef; rodygbl;? nu tdyfrufrufw,f? tJ'Dudk qGrf;avmif;oGm;acs?
&[Emwpfyg; BuGvmvdrfhr,fwJh? tdyfrufrufwm rSm;onfjzpfap? rSefonfjzpfap qGrf;avmif;wm
ukodkvf&wmyJavqkdjyD; vmcJhwmyJ q&mawmf}} [kavQmuf&m ydkyif tHhtm;oifhoGm;jyef\/
tjcm;olrsm;udk ar;Munfhjyef&mwGifvnf; OD;rSdefuJhodkY tdyfrufjrifruf? tdrfeD;csif;uajym
bkrodbrod vmMujcif;jzpfaMumif; od&avonf/ vltkyfMuD;rSm qGrf;MuD;avmif;yGJwrQ
pnfum;vSay\/ ausmif;tkyfq&mawmfMuD;um; a&Tatmifkd; q&mawmfMuD;yif jzpfayawmhonf/
q&mawmfMuD;onf ,cifu txifvGJykHrsm;udk aemifwMuD;pGm jzpf &[ef;oHCmrsm;tm; w&m;a[m
pmcswdkif;vdkvdk trdefY&Sdawmfrl\/ rMumrD awm&0ifawmfrlavonf/
bkef;awmfMuD;uJhodkYaom olawmfoljrwfwkdY rnfonfum; wpfavmuvkH; 'dk;,kdayguf
[ifvif;yGifhatmif odjrifawmfrlMuonf ,kHrSm;zG,f r&Sdtyf/ odkYaomf odjrifwdik f; rdefYawmfrlrnf[k
rxifrSwfoifh/ a&Tatmifkd; q&mawmfuJhodkY aemufyg wynfhrsm;ESifh udk,fusifhw&m;jrwfudk
usifhokH;rnfh tvm;tvm tusdK;tmedoifudkyg odjrifawmfrlrS t&dyft>ruf today;awmfrlavh
&SdMuonf/
xef;vsuf urXmef;
bkef;awmfBuD; bDvl;uRef usKdufuGJawmifawm&aepOf vlrsm; uefawmUvmBu&m r&rf;&GmrS ukvm;
udkbdk;tm;]]'D'um touf60-&SdNyD? OykyfapmifUysif;onf? udk,fUtdrfudkyif trdIufrvSnf;? a&BuD;aomtcg
a&u vSnf;ay;&onf}} [krdefUawmfrl&m ]]tedrfUxJ tdrfaqmufonfudk b,fvdkodygvdrfY}} [k
tHUBoBu\/
&GmvGwf&Gmom;wdkUvnf; bkef;awmfBuD;tm; usKdufuGJawmifrS a&GU usKduf'dk;awmif oDwif;oHk;&ef
yifUBu&m awmifay:odkU a&mufaomtcg a&qm yifyef;arm[dkuf aeBu\/ a&vnf;rawGU?
,lvnf; r,lrdcJUBu/ xdktcg ]]'umwdkU [dkopfyifatmuf oGm;NyD; a&cyfBuprf;}} [k
cdkif;onfYtwdkif; oGm;cyfBu&m prf;a&&oNzifU ]]bkef;awmfBuD; ra&mufzl;bJ b,fvdkodygvdrfY}} [k

tHUBoBu&Nyefonf/
bkef;awmfBuD;vkyfaom a&avm? e*dku&SdESifUaeaom a&udk xdk;azmufodNrif Ncif;av rqdkedkif/
unGwfuGif;udk&ifBuD; OD;y@dw\ udk,fawGUrSm ydk tHUzG,faumif;vS\/
usKdufxdk armif;wD;awmifaepOf ODpEESifU &aoBuD; OD;y@d (xdkpOfu &aoU0wfom
&Sdao;onf)wdkUvnf; bkef;awmfBuD;ESifYtwl vdkufaeBu&m &aoUBuD;rSm ]]vdkvsif&ap?BudK;vdkacG}}
[laom a&S;vlBuD;yDyD t&m&mudk aBumifYBuwwf\/ wpfaeU bkef;awmfBuD;tm; 0wfNyK&ef
oGm;aomtcg]][JU&aoU? eif xef;vsufudk acgifrdk;xdk;NyD; abmufrJU odrf;qnf;xm;&owHk;}} [kar;vQif
]odaerSawmU rxl;ygbl;} [k ,lqum]]vdkvQif &atmifvdkYygbk&m;}} [k a&SYwdk;om avQmufxm; 0efcH&awmYonf/
]]tif;....eifurXmef; pD;NzefwJYtcg igYxef;vsuf BuGufpm;rvm;? &SOfUpm;rvm;eJY aBumifYBuNyD;
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tHUBooGm;\/
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bkef;awmfBuD; Nzpfae\/ 0rf;omtm;& qGrf;avmif;vSLBuonf/ orD;i,fvnf; aeaumif;?
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vSLavonf/ q&mawmfum; o'gukdiJY tvSLcHxm;&aomfvnf; tokH;rNyK/ (ysHvGefawmfrlrSom
tavmif;wifum;tNzpf tokH;NyKBu&avonf[k qkdonf/)
a&pBuKdq&mawmf av;pm;rI
r[m0dokwm&mr ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukd OD;pGmwnfzefaom a&pBuKdq&mawmfBuD; OD;*Eom&um;
y&d,wdrmef BuD;vS\/ ysHvGefcgeD; em&Dykdif;txd y&d,wdpmayukd ykdYcsonf/ a&Tpufawmf
bk&m;zl;<u&myif avSay: pmyavG NzefYcif; pmykdYcsawmfrl\/ y&dd,wf tmZmenfBuD;wnf;/
yxraomf q&mawmf OD;Bunftm; awmusD;uef;[k uG,f&maNymqkd okH;EIH;avY&Sd\/
txifrBuD;/ aemifaomtcgwGifum; ukdBunf usKyfwkdYukd ypfrxm;eJYaemf [kaNymqkdum
w&if;wESD; cspfcif av;Nrwfawmf rlBuonf/ rBumcP w&m;pmay aqG;aEG;avY&SdBu&m

tvGefacgifvSaom {&m0wD taemufwpf&kd;wGif y&d,wf? y#dywfrsKd;apYukd csysKd;awmf rlcJYBuukef\/

q&mawmfum; tNrJyHYokul wdpD0&duf "kwifaqmif ouFef;oHk;xnfNzifYom aeawmfrl\/
ouFef;wGif oef;rsm;? tdyf&mwGif Burf;ykd;rsm; pGJuyfaeaomfvnf; &Sif;vif;cGifYrNyKay/ pm;rI?aerI?
0wfrIwGif tvGefNcKd;NcH acgif;yg;pGm usifUBuHawmfrlavY&Sdonf/ tocFwedAme"gwfBuD;ESifY
wkduf&kdufqufoG,fEkdifaom t&dyfvuPmrsm; ay:vGifvSay\/ vmb? oum&? odavmu[laom
vmbf&Ncif;? tylaZmfcH&Ncif;ESifY ausmfaZmowif;*kPfrsm;ukd yuwdNzLpifaom pdwf"gwfNzifYyif
ausmfvGefEkdifonfrSm xif&Sm;vSayonf/ yuwdr[kwfvQif Bum&Snf[efaqmifEkdifaom
t&mr[kwfacs/ trsm;pkum; oum&? odavmuukd rqkdxm;bd? vmbf&Ncif;uEm&rSyif
rausmfwufEkdif/ xkdom epfuRH oGm;BuukefNrJ/
tdEd, oD[kdVfrS oHa0*
q&mawmf OD;Bunfonf 1255-ckESpfwGif tdEd,okdY bk&m;zl; <uawmfrlonf/ w&m;OD;a[m&m
rd*'g0kefawmpaom Xmersm;okdY <ua&mufzl;aNrmf\/ 1258-ckESpfwGifvnf; oD[kdVfuRef;okdY
<ua&mufawmfrl r[mapwDESifY pG,fawmfponfrsm;ukd zl;aNrmfawmfrl\/ tdEd,rS tNyef
aAm"dyifysKdwpfyifyifYaqmif yckuLykxkd;ausmif;wkdufOD; pkdufysKd;ylaZmfxm;Buonf/ txl;oNzifY
tdEd,okdY<uawmfrlaomtcg BuD;pGmaom "roHa0* Nzpfawmfrlonf/ aemufyg
bk&m;zl;&[ef;wynfY'umrsm;ukdvnf; oDvukd BuKd;pm;aqmufwnfBu/ arwmykdY trQa0Buyg
[k rBumcP wkdufwGef;awmfrl\/
tdEd,Nynf bk&m;yGifYawmfrl&m aAm"dyif a&TyvmifXmerSp Ak'bmom t"du& XmeBuD;wkdif;rSmyif
tNrifrawmfaom &kyfwkrsm;? [dELbkef;BuD;rsm;ukdcsnf; awGYNrifae&avonf/ pmxJrSm pdwful;ESifY
zl;&wmurS aumif;ao;w,f [kyif vlomrmefwkdY nD;wGm;avmufatmif taNymif;tvJBuD;
aNymif;vJaeaomaBumifY Nzpf\/
Ak'bmom pwifay: xGef;vm&m rdcifa'oBuD; omoem taiGYtoufrQom awGY&awmYoNzifY
bk&m;zl;rsm; rsm;pGm oHa0* NzpfBu&\/ rnfonfY bmomu rw&m;0g'NzifY ESdyfpuf?
rnfonfYbmomu "g;0g'NzifYzsufqD; [k twdwfukd vSefum oHa0*toGif a'go-a'gre
0ifBu? aNymqkdBu\/
rnfonfYacwfu rnfolrnf0gwkdYu Ak'bmomausmif;rsm;ukd rD;&IdY &[ef;awmfaygif;rsm;pGmukd
owfNzwfBuaBumif; bk&m;zl;tzGJY0if wynfYtcsKdYu pdwfrcsrf;aNrYzG,f&m ZmwfaBumif;vSef
aNymqkdaeBuonfukd q&mawmf Bum;awmfrlavvQiftif;........ukokdvf&atmif BuKd;pm;vmcJYBu&wm? tukokdvf ygrvmBuapeJY?
NrwfpGmbk&m;yGifYawmfrlwJY tdEd,wkdif;NynfBuD;rSm omoemuG,fcJY&wm wpfNcm; bmom
wpfNcm;&efolwkdYaBumifY r[kwfbl;? bk&m;&Sif&JY tarGcH om;awmfawG ukd,fwkdifu ukd,fUoEmefrSm
ukd,fykdifomoem tm;enf;BuvkdYyJ? oDv arwmacgif;yg;BuvkdYyJ/ olrsm;ukd tNypf&Smwm
rrSefuefbl;/ (oH,k*f ygVdawmf? t*Fkw&ygVdawmf ) BuD;awGrSm aemifumv omoemawmf b,fvkd

qkwf,kwfr,fqkdwmukd a[mxm;wm tvGefus,f0ef;w,f/ vkd&if;csKyfvkdufawmY olrsm;aBumifY

r[kwfbl;/ b,folrNyK? rdrdrI qkdovkd ukd,fw&m;ysufvkdY rm&fewfu tcGifYomwmbJ?
oDvBuKd;pm; aqmufwnfNyD; arwmykdY trQa0Bu? ukd,fUomoem rysufBuapeJY [kqkH;rawmfrl\/
ukd,fawmfwkdifvnf; bk&m;zGm;&m? yGifY&m? w&m;OD;a[m&m paom (t0dZ[du oHa0Zed,) orkdif;0if
Xmewkdif; 0dyem &IyGm;awmfrlonf/
q&mawmf\/ Bo0g'rSm wefbkd;&SdvSay\/ aemufyg bk&m;zl;rsm;vnf; xkdtcgrSp arwm&IyGm;um
csrf;csrf;omom vSnfYvnf zl;aNrmfEkdifBuonf/ tedpvuPm wifEkdifBu\/ ukd,fYoDv? orm"d?
ynm rdrd\ ukd,fykdif tZwdu omoemomvQif y"ge NzpfaBumif; qifNcifEkdifBuavawmY\/
rSefvSay\/
bk&m;Asm'dwf omoemuG,faBumif;rsm;
(1) bk&m;&Sif oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfu t&Sifudrdvu bk&m;&Siftm; tem*gwfomoema&;ukd
arQmfawG;aavQmufzl;\/
&Sifawmfbk&m;? y&dedAmefpHonfYaemufumv omoem t&Snf rwnfwHYEkdifNcif;onf
tb,ftBumif;rsm;aBumifYygenf;/ xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu
bk&m;-w&m;-oHCm r&kdao rav;pm;Ncif;? ukd,fusifYw&m;ESifY orx 0dyemwkdY r&kdao
rav;pm;Ncif;? wpfOD;ESifYwpfOD; t&kdtao wefNcif;? y#doEm& (w&m; ypnf;NzifY tapYtpyf
vkdufavsmnDaxG NyKrlNcif; ) trI r&kdraoNyKrlNcif; rsm;aBumifY omoem uG,fEkdifaBumif;
(t*Fkw& yOu? ou? owu udrdvokwfrsm;) twdtvif; a[mawmfrlonf/
(2) yOuedygwf o'roarmo okH;okwfwGifvnf; w&m;awmfukd us,fus,fNyefYNyefY t&kdtao
oifBum; em,laqmifxm;Ncif;r&Sd? pOf;pm; usifYyGm;Ncif; rNyK? rSm;,Gif;pGm oif,lykdYcsNcif;?
EIwfvSHxkd;Ncif;? oHCmuGJNym;Ncif; rsm;aBumifY omoem arS;rSdef&aBumif;ukd a[mawmfrlonf/
(3) xkd yOuedygwfyif omoemaemifa&; awGYrnfYab; [kqkdxkdufaom tem*wb,okwf
av;okwf &Sd&m a[mawmfrlvkd&if;um; okdY Nzpfonf/
&[ef;wkdYonf acgif;yg; tE&m,frsm;vSaom awmxJ raevkdNcif;? w&m;bm0em r&Sdol
tqufqufu &[ef;NyKay;BuNcif;? ukd,fusifYuGm bm0em a0;Ncif;? ynm oDv ("r? 0de,)
ESifYpyfaom pum;ukd rodNrifawmYNcif;? vufopf acwfay: w&m;qef;rsm;ukdom em,lvkdNcif;?
a[mBum;vkdNcif;? bkef;BuD;atmifvkyfNcif;? oDvodum avQmYaps;wGufum avsmY&J&JvkyfNcif;?
ypnf;av;yg; taumif;BuKduf ukd,fwkdif qGrf;cH pm;Ncif; paom "kwif tusifYaumif;
olNrwfavmif;wkdY\ tavYrsm; uG,fyum umrabm*DwkdYuJYokdYyif 0wf-pm;-aexkdifNcif;? rmwk*gr
ponfwkdYESifY a&ma&maESmaESm aexkdifqufqHNcif;wkdY Nzpfukef\/

(4) xdkrSwpfyg; ed'ge0*oH,kwf ygVdawmfwGif aemifwpfacwf omoem taBumif;

txl;yGifYvif;pGm a[mxm;aomAsm'dwfa'oem &Sdayao;onf/ tmPdokwfNzifY aemifwpfacwf
w&m;awmf taBumif;azmfNy uvd*F&okwfNzifY aemifwpfacwf &[ef;awmfrsm; taBumif;ukd
nTefNyawmfrlcJY\/
tmPdokwf\ qkdvkd&if;um;a&S;tcgu 'om&[ac: rif;nDrif;om;wkdY tmPac: r*FvmpnfBuD;ukd tokH;NyKBu\/
wpfq,fYESpf,lZemuyif Bum;&onf/ umvBumaomtcg xkdpnfBuD; ayguf tBudrfBudrf
zmax;Bu&m aemufqkH;wGif rl&if;pnfom; r&SdawmYbJ tzmtax;csnf;om usef&SdawmY
wpfq,fY,lZem rqkdxm;bd? Z&yftwGif;rSmyif oJYoJYrQom Bum;&awmYonf/
xkd OyrmuJYokdY aemifwpfacwfwGif tppftrSef bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfrsm; pmay usrf;*efrsm;ukd
em,lrSwfom; oifBum;avYvmvkdpdwf r&SdBu/ om0ursm;? Am[d& ta&;taNymaumif;olrsm;\
ygXfteuf t"dym,f NznfYpGuf Nyifqif ukd,fvkdcsifovkd qGJa&;aompmrsm;? tqef;wBu,f
a&;om;a[maNymaom okwef vufopf? w&m;? tawG;tac: tqef;tNym;wkdYukdom ta&;w,l
em,lrSwfom; zwfBum; avYvmvkdBurnf/ xkdtcg tmPu pnfBuD;uJYokdY w&m;tum
tzmtax; tavS;tzsif;wkdUom NyefYyGm;ukefvwHU? w&m;tppftrSef uG,fvwHU[ka[mawmfrlcJYonf/ (tmPdokwf? ed'ge-457-ESifY wdu edygwf? uu#Zmwf-308/)
(5) aemifwpfacwf &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifY pyf uvd*F&okwf a[mawmfrlonfrSmvdp0Drif;om;wkdYonf ynmtwwf oif,lrI rarYravsmY opfom;wkH; acgif;tkH;aeBuoNzifY
tZmwowf BuHr&Ekdif/ umvBumaomf xkdrif;om;wkdY El;nHYaom aNcvuf &Sdukefonf Nzpf
El;nYHaom tdyf&m vJrIdYacgif;tkH;ukd tkH;vsuf aexGufatmif tdyfBuvwHU/ xkdtcg tZmwowf
tBuHatmif tcGifY&vwHU/
xkdYtwl ,cktcg &[ef;wkdYonf ravQmYaom vkHYv tyrm' owdw&m; &SdBuukef opfom;wkH;
acgif;tkH;aeBuoNzifY rm&fewf tcGifYr&av/ aemufumv &[ef;wkdYonfum; El;nYHaom aNcvuf
&SdBuukefonf Nzpf El;nYHaom tdyf&mae&m vJrIdYacgif;tkH;ukd tkH;vsuf aexGufatmif
tdyfukefBuvwHU/ xkdtcg rm&fewf yl;0ifcGifYomvwHU[k &[ef;wkdY bm0em owdw&m;ESifY
0d&d,tm;enf;vsuf rm&fq,fwyfukd vuf,yfac:&ma&muf omoem
uG,faysmufaBumif;Nzpfonf[k a[mawmfrlvkdayonf/
(6) xkded'ge0*oH,kwf ygVdawmf(422)yif w&m;wk w&m;a,mifwkdY\ tE&m,faBumifY
omoemuG,f&ykHukd a[mawmfrlonfrSm ykd rSwfom;zG,f aumif;\/ okwf\ trnfum;
o'ry#d&lyuokwf[k ac:ayonf/ &Sifr[m uyu bk&m;&Siftm; avQmuf a[mawmfrlaom
okwfwnf;/ &Sifr[m uyuNrwfpGmbk&m;? a&S;tcgu 0denf;ynwfawmfrsm; enf;yg;aomfvnf; w&m;xl;&onfY yk*Kdvfrsm;
rsm;Nym;Buygonf/ ,cktcg 0denf;ynwfrsm; rsm;Nym; ygvsuf tb,faBumifY w&m;xl;&onfY

yk*Kdvfrsm; enf;yg;vm&ygoenf; [kavQmuf\/ xkdtcg NrwfpGmbk&m;uvlwkdY oufwrf;wkd; omoem uG,fvkvwfaomf okdYyif NzpfNrJ? avmu a&Ttwk
ray:ao;orQ a&TtppfruG,fouJYokdY (aps;rusouJYokdY) w&m;twk ray:ao;orQ w&m;tppfrsm;
ruG,fao;/ pifppf a0[ydKvf NA[mYbkHwkdifatmif urmukd zsufqD;Ekdifaom aNr-a&-av-rD;
tiftm; tBuD;rm;qkH;aom "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdYyifvQif omoemawmfukd rzsufqD;
ruG,fyapEkdif/ (0g'wpfyg; bmomNcm;um; qkdzG,fr&Sd/ #Dum/) omoemawmfukd
zsufqD;azsmufuG,frnfY tcsnf;ESD;aom a,musfm;um; (oHukd oHzsuf oHacs;wuf [louJYokdY/
t|uxm/) omoem abmiftwGif;yif&Sdae\/ odumyk'f ynwfcsufwkdYrsm;Nym;aomfvnf;
ukefpnf 0efxkyfrsm;ukd o,faqmif&aom avSonf 0efrsm; epfryf&ouJYokdY r[kwfacs/
(odumyk'frsm;Ncif;ESifY rqkdif/) &wemokH;yg;? odum? orm"dw&m;wkdY av;pm;wkyfysyfrI
r&SdNcif;aBumifYomvQif omoemoufavsm uG,faysmuf&acsonf [k a[mawmfrl\/
um; xkdokwf\ tusOf;csKyfwnf;/
t|uxm q&mum; Zif;r,fy@mo ? vvdw0dwm&wkdYuJYokdYaom usrf;pmtwkrsm;ukd
y&d,wduG,faBumif;[k vnf;aumif;? yDwdy'dpaom 0dyem npfnl;aBumif; q,fyg;ukd
0dyemtvkyfcGifwGif r*fzkdvfedAmef[k xifrSm;wwfoNzifY y#dywftrSefw&m; uG,faBumif;[k
vnf;aumif; xyfqifY zGifYNycJYavonf/
um; yd#uokH;ykHrS awGY&SdorQ xkwfEIwfazmfNy&Ncif; Nzpfay\/
zkzkax&*gxm ygVdawmf vnf; xkdomoemuG,faBumif; w&m;rsm;ukd tcsKyftm;NzifY
zkrax&f a[mawmfrlxm;&m rmefvnfq&mawmfonfyif ed, NrefrmNyefaomtm;NzifY
NrefrmEkdifiH y#dywdomoemtm; owday;awmf rlcJYbl;onf/
&wemokH;yg; t&kdaowefrIonf BuD;pGmaom omoemuG,faBumif; Nzpfonfukd tBudrfBudrf
a[mawmfrlcJYNyD/ apwD&kyfyGm; bk&m;&ifNyifwkdYvnf;aumif;? ykHawmfrsm;ukd okH;pGJ&mvnf;aumif;?
w&m;em&m (toHoGif;pufNzifY emNcif;vnf; yg0if\/) w&m;aqG;aEG;&m w&m;pmtkyf
ukdifwG,fBunfY&I xm;okd&m vnf;aumif;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;ukd qufqHawGYqkH&m vnf;aumif;?
rnfokdYaexkdifNcif;? aNymqkdNcif;? xm;okdNcif;rsKd;onf r&kdaorav;pm;&m a&mufonfukd
owdyBu&m\/ ukd;uG,fvsufu zsufqD;&mrusatmif txl; owdytyf\/ oufawmfxif&Sm;
bk&m;&Sifa&SUrSmaevQif rdrdukd,fukd rnfuJYokdY ae&rnfukd axmuf&Iom aeBu&m\/ t|uxm
q&mwkdY zGifYqkdBuonfukd rNyawmYNyD/
acwfrD omoemycsifolrsm; owd
omoemuG,faBumif;rsm;ukd ae&mrsm;pGm a[mawmfrlonfrsm;ukd tusOf;csKyfvkdufvQif
omoemzsufrnfholonf tNyifavmu tjyifbmom0g'wkdYr&Sdacs/ vufId;xkd;rvGJoifh/
tom;xJu avmufxGuf? oHukdoHzsuf oHacs;wuf [louJhodkh omoemzsufqD;rnfholum;

bk&m;om;awmf Oyoum? OyoumrdrdwkdYomvQif Nzpfonfukd Nrif&m\/ w&m;rSef aBu;rkHNyif

a&Sh &yf w&m;cHukd Nrifatmif&I&m\/
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vufId;xkd; vGJcJhBuNyD/ xkdokdh taBumif;&SmrSm;&mrS a'grewkdhukdom quf
xrf;aqmifBu&Nyef\/
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oif,lukdifaqmif taNy;vkdufBuNyef\/ omoemavSBuD; arsmonfukd ukd,fykdifomoemavSNzifh
rvkdufrd/ rdrdomvQif 0g'rum&f; xklaNymaom avmuNrpfNyif cg;qpfxdatmif uRHepf&Nyef\/
ausmif;om;ukd&ifr&Sd [kqkdum acwfynmukd Aef;Ny olwpfyg;ukdyif u,fq,f&ef
udpm;BuNyef\/ u,fwifNcif;wyf rsm;ukd tm;ukd;tm;xm;rSm;um vlrI0efrsm;ukdyif 0if
xrf;rdBuNyefonf/ taBumif;&Sm rSm;&mrS olwpfyg;ukd q,f&if; vnfrsKdxd epfryfBuav\/
okdh&mwGif aemufqkwf&ef owdrrlrd/ omoemyvkdaom u&kPmpdwfu a&Shokdhom wGef;
ykdYaeawmhoNzifh tNcm;olrsm;ukdyif tazmfSdBuavawmh\/
NrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlvkdonfum; bk
bk&m;om;awmfrsm; bk&m;om;awmfvkd raeEkdifNcif;onf
omoemoHacs;wufNcif; Nzpf omoemuG,fyaBumif; [k odapvkdayonf/ okdYaomf
taBumif;onf vkd&if; r[kwfacs/ w&m;ppf w&m;rSefrsm;&Sdaeao;vQif (0g) w&m;wk
ray:ao;vQif omoem wnfvsufyif &Sdae\/ tqkd;&Gm;qkH;um; w&m;twkta,mifrsm;om
Nzpfonf/
y&d,wfrSwfausmuf raumif; r&Sd rwifBunfY vuf0wf&wemtwkrsm;ukdyif tppf[k xifum
0ifY0g 0wfpm;Buukef\/ yGJvrf;obif tydiftqkdif 0wfpm;wky aBu;NzwfBuukef\/
rSwfausmufr&Sdaomfvnf; txkduftavsmuf tvkyfuRrf;usif vlomrmefwkdY thHBoavmufatmif
tpGrf;vnf;&SdaeBuaom yef;wdrfq&mBuD;rsm;uvnf; vuf0wf&wem twkrsm;ukd wGifwGifBuD;
xkwfvkyfay;aeBuonf/ twkawGrsm;vmaomtcg rSwfausmuf\ tqkH;tNzwfukdyif rcH,lvkdBu/
rSefonf[k rxifrSwfBuawmhay/ q&mBuD;rsm;ukd,fwkdifyif igukd,fwkdif cJcJ,Of,Of;
usif,lcJh&wm/ 'ga&Ttppf [ktwdtvif; aBunmawmhonf/
xkdw&m;wk w&m;a,mifwkYdwGif yDwdy'd paom 0dyEkyudavow&m;wk
rsm;omNzpfygvQifrlum; awmfayao;\/Ak'bmom trnfcHaomfvnf; r[m,me0Zd&,mOf*kdPf;
vrf;pOfrsKd;um; uGJvGJvGef;aom twkrsm;om/ (0g) a&T&nfpdrf r[kwfaom aBu;0gomvQif
jzpfayawmh\/
ykd;avmufaysmf&m ukd,fcEm

wpfaehaomtcg q&mawmf OD;Bunfonf qGrf;cH<u&m&yfuGuf qGrf;cHNyD; tNyefwGif

ukrPDausmif; tvwpfck&Sd&m xkdtvyGJwGif q&mawmftm; a&pufcs yifYavQmuf&ef

pDpOfxm;onfYtwkdif; vrf;rS qD;ud yifhoNzifh tvokdY<u&onf/

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OD;mPum; waZmif;yifwGif om;a&EG,fudk cif; wpfyg;wnf; auseyfrItjynfhjzifh aeawmfrlcJh\/

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qufa&;ae\/ tvGefat;vmrS owd&awmfrlonf/ rnfolurQvnf; ravQmuf0Hh/ &efukef
awmifvHk;Nyef&yfrS oDwif;onftNzpf vma&mufaexdkifaom "mwfq&mMuD; OD;NrdKYtm; avQmufay;&ef
wynfhrsm;u aNymoNzifh oif;ydkifa&pdkMuD;Nzifh pma&;aeaom q&mawmftm; oGm;a&muf
avQmufxm;&m q&mawmfu]]a[h-armifNrKdY&? cEmudk,fMuD; tvdkvdkufae&if MuHpnfxm;wJh pmt"dym,fawG aysmufukefrSmaygh/
cEmudk,fMuD;[m ighpmwpfvHk;avmuf wefzdk; rdSygbl;uGm}} [k rdefYawmfrlum a&;vdkaom pm
a&;NyD;rSyif a&NyefcsKd;awmhonf/
,if;odkYaom vHkYv 0d&d, orm"d todPfwdkYaMumifhvnf; taMumif; wdkufqdkifvmwkdif;
q&mawmfhpmrsm;udk t|uxmESifh wef;wlxm; wpfurmvHk;u udk;um;Mu&\/
rDS;Nirf;NyKMu&onf/
tvkyfpcef;ESifh pyfvnf; te,fe,f t&yf&yfrS q&mawmfh tqHk;tNzwfudk cH,lMu&onfu
rsm;avonf/
tvrcHaom Nrwfaom tvcHyk*dKvf
q&mawmf ysOf;rem; tifMuif;NrKdif awm& 0guyfpOfu Nzpf\/
wpfaeYaomtcg ysOf;rem; NrdKYolNrdKYom;rsm; pkaygif; oHC'ge qGrf;avmif;vyJG vkyfMuonf/
oHCmawmfrsm;vnf; pepfwus MuGa&mufEdkif vlrsm;vnf; 0J,m tpOftwdkif; avmif;vEdkif&ef
t0iftxGuf rkcfOD;ESifh &Javmif;ac: qGrf;cHvrf;&SnfMuD;udk MudKwifvkyfxm;Mu\/ 0J,mESpfbuf
&mZrwfrsm; um&Hxm;Muonf/ vrf;wpfavQmufvHk; zsmdkifoifNzL;rsm; t0wftxnfrsm;
cif;xm;Mu\/
oHCm wpf&mausmfESpf&mwGif q&mawmfonf aSYqHk;u MuGa&muf tvcH&onf/ &Javmif; rkcfOD;
wpfckrS0if MuGa&muf tvcH&m tNcm;wpfzuf rkcfOD;rS xGufMuG&ef xHk;pH Nzpfaomfvnf;
q,fhig;ayavmuf tvdkwGif xGufaygufrS
rMuGbJ &Javmif;vmvrf; twdkif; NyefvSnfhawmfrl\/ aemufygoHCmrsm;vnf; rnfodkYrQ
ravQmufxm;&JMubJ aemufrSom vdkufygoGm;Mu&onf/

&Javmif;xGufaygufteD;dS 0J,mwpfzufwpfcsufrS avmif;v&ef apmifhqdkif;aeolrsm;rSmvnf;

rdrdwdkYypnf;udk tvrcHbJ NyefvSnfhoGm;oNzifh tHhtm;oifhum pdwfraumif; NzpfaeMupOf]]usefwJh 'um 'umrawG vzG,fypnf;udk cJGa0NyD; uyd,awGu wpfqifh ausmif;ydkYvdkufMu}} [k
om rdefYawmfrl\/
oHCma&m vlrsm;yg pdwfxJwGif ra0cJGEdkifbJ dSMu&av\/ qGrf;avmif;vyJGMuD; NyD;qHk; rdrdwdkY\
zsmdkif oifNzL;rsm;udk toD;oD; Nyefvnf,lMu&aom tcgrS q&mawmf\ *kPfaus;Zl;udk
csD;usL;rqHk; TifNyHK;0rf;aNrmuf Mu&onf/
taMumif;rSm &Javmif; xGufayguf a&mufcgeD;wGif nOD;u cif;xm;aom zsmatmuf
vufarmif;cefY&dSaom aNrGayG;MuD;wpfaumif awGYMu&onf/ q&mawmfuom qifNcifrIrNyKbJ
xHk;pHtwdkif; xGufMuGvQif oHCmawmfrsm;\ eif;zdrIaMumifh xdkaNrGMuD;aomfvnf; ao&m\/ rao
aNrGxGufvmygvQifvnf; wpfpHkwpfa,muftm; 'kua&mufapEdkifavonf/ tvyJGyif ysufEdkif&m\/
oDv orm"d*kPfESifh yp
ypnf; vmbfvmb
tifMuif;NrdKifawm&aepOf OD;xGef;vdIif qdkolu rdrdudk;uG,faom bkef;awmfMuD; wpfyg;
ysHvGefoGm;&m xdkbkef;awmfMuD;rSm Nydwm Nzpfae ]]ig rpm;& r0wf&bl;/ ukodkvfvkyfNyD;
trQa0ay;prf;yg}} [k cP cP tdyfruf&aeoNzifh q&mawmftm; ouFef;vINyD; trQa0ay;onf/
q&mawmfu]]armifxGef;vIdif? wdkYrsm; oDv 'Davmufawmh u,fEdkifygao;w,fuG,f}} [k rdefYawmfrl\/
rSefayonf/ rMumrDyif xdkbkef;MuD;Nydwmonf ewf0wfwefqmNzifh vm OD;xGef;vIdiftm;
tdyfrufxJ 0rf;ompum; aNymMum;avonf/ OD;xGef;vIdifum; urmat; rpdk;&drfwkdufopf tpfr
a':&ifNr\ tbdk;wnf;/
1266-ckESpfrS p q&mawmfonf txuf atmuf NrefrmNynftESYH w&m;a[mMuGawmfrl\/ y&rw
oHcdyfusrf;udkvnf; 65-ckESpfuyif a&;NyD;Nzpf MuGa&muf&m t&yfwdkif; oHcdyf toif;ol
toif;om;rsm;udk zJGYpnf;awmfrlcJh\/ wpfEdkifiHvHk; tbd"rmrsKd;aph csawmfrlNcif;Nzpfonf/ 1288ckESpfxd toif;om;aygif; oHk;odef;ausmf\/ #Dumarmfudk vnf;aumif;? edkwd-'DyeDusrf;udk
vnf;aumif;? EGm;om; aSmifMuOfa&;udk vnf;aumif; twdkuftcH NyKvkyfMuouJhodkY
oHcdyfoif;udkvnf; SkwfcsaNymifavSmif Muukef\/ txdemMuSmavpGmh/
q&mawmf a&mufav&mwdkif; bk&m;&[Emtm; MudKqdkylaZmfouJhodkY tpGrf;ukef
MudKqdkylaZmfMuonf/ MuGav&m&mwGif qGrf;cHMuG&m ]aNrMuD;aNcrxd? psmefMuGonf} [k vnf;aumif;?
rD;&xm;ESpfpD;NzifhMuG&m ]oHk;pD;Nzpfaeonf} [k vnf;aumif; ponfNzifh aumvm[vrsm;vnf;
rsm;vS\/

w&m;a[m &orQypnf;tm;vHk; qdkif&mNrKdYSd oHCmawmfrsm;udkom vIavhdSonfrSmvnf;

vlomrefwdkY udk,fcsif;pmr&aom tHhzG,fMud;wpfckNzpfonf/ q&mawmfonf wpfcgu atmufNynf
atmufGmrStNyef v,fwDwdkufodkY a&mufvQif wHk;acguf oHCmrsm;udk ac:vdkuf\/
oHCmrsm; a&mufvmMuvQif]]at;......q&mawmf w&m;a[mMuG&mu Nyefa&mufvmvdkY ypnf;rsm;a0zdkY ac:w,f rxifMueJY/
wdkYrsm; i,fpOf rEav; aewkef;u "ruxdursm; atmufNynf atmuf&Gmu w&m;a[mNyefvQif
qefu b,favmuf/ ig;ydig;aNcmufu b,faGY/ ouFef;? xD;? zdeyf? aumfaZmu b,frQeJY
pm&if;csNyD; wpfvudk;oDwif; pm;MuaomufMu? tcsdefawG ESaNrmp&m aumif;vkdufwmuG,f/
at;....ckvJ OD;yOif;wdkYudk eufNzef pmcszdkY ac:wm}} [k rdefYawmfrl\/
wpfcgu rEav; rpdk;&drfausmif;wkduf acwoDwif;oHk; w&m;a[mawmfrl&m &yfuGuftoD;oD;rS
&orQypnf;rsm; ausmif;MuD;wpfausmif;ay: pkyHkxm;&onf/ ouFef;txyfMuD;yif eSpfcef;tNynfh
vlwpf&yfc1efYdS\/ xdkwkdufrS em,u q&mawmf uav; OD;ol&d, (,ck tbd"Zr[m&|*kk
oufawmf 96-ESpfdS rpdk;&drf q&mawmf bk&m;MuD u pm&if;vkyf xdef;odrf;xm;&&m q&mawmf
rHkGmNyefrMuGrD xdkypnf;rsm; rnfodkYa0zef&rnf[k rdefYMum;rnfhpum;udk iHhvifhae\/
ypnf;trsKd;trnf ta&twGufESifh wefzdk;udkvnf; tqrwef rsm;vSoNzifh apmifhxdef;&onfrSm
0efav;aeonf/ q&mawmfum; Nyefrnfh&uftxd rnfodkYrQ trdefYrSd/ avQmufvnf; ravQmufrd/
odkYESifh trdefY&dSEdk; apmifhpm;&if; q&mawmfrSm &xm;Nzifh rHkGmNrdKYodkY Nyef&ef blwmodkY MuGoGm;onf/
OD;ol&d,vnf; rwwfomoNzifh blwmodkYvdkuf zGifh[avQmufxm;&awmhonf/ xdktcg
q&mawmfrSm ta&;rMuD;av[efNzifh]]aMomf-rpdk;&drf q&mawmfuav;ES,f NzpfrS Nzpf&av? 'gtwGuf wynfhawmfudk avQmufraeygeJY/
oifhawmfovdk pDrHNyD; y&d,wd udk,fawmfawGudk a0zefvdkufa&maygh}} [k rdefYawmfrlvdkuf\/
axmifudk;&m&Sd wdkufwGif;oHCmrsm;ESifh NrdKYay:&Sd pmcsq&mawmfrsm; rusefoavmuf
cJGa0vSL'gef;&zl;onf[k aus;Zl;&Sif q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; trdefY&dSonfudk
rSwfom;Munfdk&zl;ygonf/
Oy|mayEd y&doH?
"rawm aemp urawm/
"rH ya&oH a'aoEd?
twawm aemp vmbawm/
(yg&m y&d,aw&ygxm/)
y&doH-&[ef;&Sifvl wynfh y&dowfudk/ "rawm- todPf wdk;yGm;? ukodkvfrsm;atmif
w&m;[laom taMumif;aMumifhomvQif? Oy|mayEd-rdrdxHyg;? cpm;qnf;uyfapukef\/ aemp
urawm- rdrd\ trIudpudk aqmifGuf NyKvkyfay;Muap&ef r[kwfukef/
twawm-avmukw&m tusKd;pD;yGm;? wdk;yGm;apvdkaomaMumifhomvQif/ ya&oH-olwyg;wdkYtm;?

"rH-w&m;udk/ a'aoEd-csydkYoifMum;? a&;om;a[maNymMuukef\/ aemp vmbawm-ausmfapm

oum? vmbfvmb &&ef r[kwfukef/ (ygVdawmfvm *gxmudk Aswda&uwwNyif aNymif;Nyef
,lxm;onf/)
aSYodkY omoemNyK? aemufrS omoemysuf
v,fwDq&mawmf e,fvSnfh w&m;a[m xGufawmfrlaomtcg v,fwDy@dw? v,fwD0g,mr
(q&mNrdKY)? v,fwDudwd (q&mpdef)? v,fwD 0@dw (OD;vSwif) paom kyfacsmta[mifaumif;
pmwwfwynfhMuD;rsm;vnf; NcH&HvdkufygMu&av\/ rMumrD wynfhMuD;rsm; ra&S;raESmif;
vlxGufukefMuonf/ xdktaMumif;ESifh pyf r[m0dok'gHkq&mawmf u v,fwD q&mawmfhxH
*gxmwpfyk'fa&; ydkYvdkuf\/
xdk*gxm\ t"dym,fum;]]cGeftm;MuD;aom MuhHow0gonf oefrmaom wpfacsmif;wnf;aom csKdNzifh rdrda&SY awGYorQ
t&m0wKwdkYudk csKdNzifhaumfwif aemufodkY ypfvTwfcsvsuf rdrdaemufrS vdkufygvmaom
om;orD;rsm;udk xdrSef aoaysmufapouJhodkY PAv MuD;rm;vSaom v,fwDvnf; xkdYtwl
wynfhrsm;udk owfav\}} [lownf;/
xdkpmudk zwf&aomtcg q&mawmfu ]]pmcsaewkef;uom r[m0dok'g&Hk q&mawmf tqHk;tr
&cJhvQif e,fvSnfhw&m; ra[mNzpfygbl;/ ckawmh a[mrd&uf NzpfaeNyD/ wpfAdkvfxJusefvJ
qufcDs&awmhrSmyJ? ppfwdkuf&w,fqdkwm udk,fhbufu ppfAdkvfawGvnf; usqHk;&wmyJaygh}} [k
wynfhrsm;udk rdefYawmfrlowwf/
rmefvnf q&mawmfuvnf; q&mawmfw&m;a[mMuGNyD[k Mum;vQif ]]tif; MuhHMuD;wpfaumifawmh
xGufNyefya[h/ om;b,fESpfaumif aocJhrvJrodbl;}} [k aNymavh&d&m ]]om;wpfaumif
ESpfaumifaowm ta&;rMu;D? awm&Sif;zdkYvdkw,f/ wynfhwpfyg; ESpfyg; vlxGufwm *krpdkufEdkif?
vlwpfaxmif wpfaomif; Pftvif;&zdkYu ta&;MuD;w,f}} [k aNymMum;owwf/
rm&fewfESifh tNrJwdkufyJG0ifae&aom olawmfaumif;MuD;wdkY\ tyg;wGif omrn udk,fcHtiftm;Nzifh
r&Edkifonfudk oifcef;pm ,lMu&m\/
xdktcsufudk xif&Sm;ap&ef v,fwDy@dwudk,fawmfuv;\ vQKdY0Suf Zmwfodrf;cef;udk
tenf;i,f azmfNyoifh\/
wpfcsdefu q&mawmfMuD;pmrsm; yHkEdSyf&m v,fwD y@dwonf MunfhMuyf yHkEdSyf&ef &efukefA[ef;
vma&mufaexdkif&onf/ xdktcg b,furSef; rodaom vlG,fvleDuav;wpfa,muf olYxH
a&mufvm\/ w&if;wESD; aexdkif ulnDvkyfay;onf/ olYtaMumif; ppfaq;ar;Nref;Ncif;vnf;
rNyKrd/ &Hcg vleDuav; &ufaygif;rsm;pGm wdwfwqdwf aysmufoGm;\/ NyefvmvQif a&S;a[mif;

&wem ypnf;rsm; ,lvmwwfonf/ aemufqHk; xdkvleDuav; aysmufoGm;um ysOf;rem; rrMuD;qDu

arwmpmrsm; ,lvmNyef\/ OD;yOif;xHu pmudk rrMuD;xH ydkYonf/ onfvdkESifh
q&mawmftm;udk;aom v,fwD y@dw a&wdrfepfcJhonf/ rrMud;ESifhcsdef;um rEav;wGif
vl0wfvJonfhtcg vleDuav; kwfw&uf ay:vmNyef\/ aemuf rawGY&awmhacs/
xdktaMumif;udk ]v,fwD*E0ifusrf;NyK} q&mu olawmfaumif; ewfaumif;ronf [k
*kPf,lazmfNy\/ y#dywdaemufuG,frS vQKdY0Sufqef;Mu,faom tE&m,fudk rNrifMuav/
opmNzifh rdk;Gmay;Ncif;
1268-ckESpf 0gudk NynfNrdKY 0dyemukef;awm& qkdawmfrl\/ xkdtcdkuf [oFmwe,fwGif
aemufrdk;rodrf; v,f{ursm;pGm ysufpD;&rnfh uyfMuD;qdkufaepOf t*FvdyfvlrsKd; {&m0wDrif;MuD;
]rufuqJG} u q&mawmfudkyifh w&m;yJGvkyf&ef trdefYcsonf/
q&mawmfvnf; vma&mufyifhonfh tcsdefrSp tESpfESpfq,fausmf a&tv edA'0wfMuD;udk
aeYpOfqifNcif opmNyKawmfrlvsuf rdk;ewfom; ponfwdkYudk arwmydkYawmfrlonf/
oabFmNzifhMuGawmfrl&m urf;vHk;GwfrQ MudKqdkMu\/ oabFmqdkufuyfrnf&dSpOf kwfw&uf rdk;qif
GmoGef;cs&m wpfem&DcefY Mumavonf/ Nrpfv,f oabFmausmufcsNyD; qdkif;ihHae&\/ vlwdkif;
tHhMorqHk; 0rf;omrqHk; Muawmh/ ]]tESpf ESpfq,fausmf a&0wfMuD\ tpGrf;uG,fh}} [kvnf;
rdefYawmfrlonf/
xdktcsdefrSp rdk;acgifa'orsm;twGuf ]rdk;y&dwf? rdk;ur0g? rdk;trdefYawmf Nyefwrf;] rsm; a&;om;um
rdrd\ oDv? arwm? opm? orm"dpGrf;tm;Nzifh ow0grsm;twGuf rdk;udkvnf; GmoGef;ay;awmf
rlcJh&onf/ olawmfaumif;MuD;wdkY\ pGrf;tm;um; vlomrefwdkY r,kHMunfEdkifavmufatmif
urmYed,mrMuD;rsm;udk csKd;azmufypfEdkifonfwum;/
oDvu ray;Edkifaom ypnf;Opm[lonf r&dSouJhodkY cED arwmrEdkifaom ab;&ef[lvnf;
r&dSpaumif;/ xdkYxuf opmw&m;u rNyKvkyf rpGrf;aqmifEdkifaom t&m[l r&dSacs/
wd&pmefrsm;\ opmNzifhyif rdk;udkGmcsapEdkifcJh\/ avmifaeaom rD;? pD;aeaom a&udkyif Nidrf;ap
&yfwefYapEdkifcJhonf/ opmum; urmYed,mr? trSefobm0w&m;MuD; oufoufwnf;/
ynmrsufpdNzifh MunfhvQif vlt"me r[kwf/ rSefuefNcif;om y"meNzpf\/
ow0gwdkYonf tusOf;tusyf rawGYao;orQ tpGrf;tprsm; wHk;um a&omcdk aewwfMu\/
rsufpd? em;? eSm? vQmESifh cEmudk,fudkom tm;udk;&m[k xifrSm;Muonf/ (0g) &kyfudkom
tm;udk;Muukef\/ wpfodef;tm;ESifh,l r&aom vG,fulMuD;rm;onfh tm;rsm;&Sdonfudkyif
r,HkMunfMuav/ wu,fha,m*D tmZmenfMuD;rsm;yifvQif vufeufaumif;rsm;udk wpfcgwpf&H
arhaewwfMu\/

txifrMuD;aom q&mawmf\ aemifw

,if;odkY te,fe,ft&yf&yf vSnfhvnf w&m;a[mawmfrl&m 1277 ckESpf awmifwGif;MuD;NrdKY
w&m;yJG xl;Ncm;csufwpfck &dScJhonf/ awmifwGif;MuD;om;wkdYonf q&mawmftm;
rdausmif;&JodkYvm oHk;q,fhig;rdkifcefY xrf;pifNzifh yifhMu&onfrSm omrn o'g? 0D&d,r[kwfacs/
xdkYaMumifhvnf; xdk ckESpfnwkdifatmif txl;a[mMum; csD;NrSifh\/ w&m;a[m av;-ig;&uf
&dSaomtcg q&mawmf wnf;ausmif;odkY Adkvfukef;q&mawmf MuGvmNyD; q&mawmftm; aus;Zl;wif
0efcHpum; avQmufxm;onf/
]]wynfhawmf rEav;u Adkvfukef;ausmif;bkef;MuD;ygbk&m;/ rEav; av;Nyifav;&yf
q&mawmfw&m;a[maeaomfvJ wpfcgrQ remzl;yg? olYvdkighvdkxifNyD; ]]v,fwDvdkawmh wkdYvJ
a[mwwfom;yJ? bk&m;a[mwJhtwdkif; pmMunfha[mMu&wm? v,fwDvJ 'DpmuvJGNyD;
ra[mEdkifygbl;}} qdkNyD; txifao;cJhrdygw,f bk&m;/ ,ckrS tprf;oabm taNymrsm;vkdY emMunfh&m
wynfhawmftxifawG vJGukefygNyD/ NypfrSm;rdonfrsm;udkvJ onf;cHygbk&m;}} avQmufxm;onf/
xdktcg v,fwDq&mawmfu]]Adkvfukef;q&ma&Y? wynfhawmfeJY wuG ow0gawG[m udk,fhtoduav;udk w,fNyD;
xifwwfMuw,f/ udk,fhtrSm; odwJhaeY[m wdk;wuf MuD;yGm;zdkY pwJhaeYyJ/ ck 'DawmifwGif;rSm a[mwJh
w&m;awGuawmh vlrsm;pktwGuf NcHKNyD; a[m&wm/ ck Adkvfukef;q&mtwGuf qdk&if
oD;Ncm;a[m&ao;wmaygh}} [k qdkum oHk;nquf y&d,wdtodPf? y#dywdtodPfwdkY\
twdrfteufudk cJGNcm;pdwfNzm Adkvfukef; q&mawmf odomatmif a[mawmfrlonf/
]]wynfhawmfvJ i,fi,fu udk,fh[mudk,f w,fNyD; txifa&mufwmuvm;/ rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm?
udk,ftodavmufudk trSefqHk;NzwfNyD; aeMuayr,fh tJ'D todawG[m wu,fh &Syf&Syfuav;yJ/
trSefw&m; tyHkwpf&myHk wpfyHkawmif odwm r[kwfbl;/ pmcsbkef;MuD; b0wkef;u
teuft"dym,fodaewJh ]earmw} [m opfyifatmufa&mufawmh &,fp&m Nzpfaew,f/
[kdwkef;u teufxifMuwmu tvkyfNzpfatmif xifwmr[kwfbl;/ a[maNymydkYcsvdkY &Hkav;yJ/
qm;[m iefwJh t&m0wKvdkY aNymvdkY &HkyJ/ ylief? at;ief csKdief? ayghief? av;iefqdkwmawG
bmrSrodbl;/}}
]]Adkvfukef;q&ma&Y? yHkdkif;dkif; aNym&&ifawmh pdwfrESHYwJh vlwpfa,muf[m ynm pD;yGm;
r&SmEdkifwJhtNyif wwfodxm;NyD;wJh ynmawG? pnf;pdrfOpmawG[m olYtwGufa&m olrsm;twGufyg
w,fNyD; toHk;r0ifovdkyJ/}}
]]avmurSm aNcvufrEkdifwJhvl? EIwfrEdkifwJhvlawG[m aNceJY? vufeJY? EIwfeJY vkyf&r,fh tvkyfudk
tusKd;NyD;atmif rvkyfEdkifMuovdk pdwfrEkdifwJh vlvJ onftwkdif;yJ/}}

]]pdwfeJYvkyf&r,fh tvkyfrSm tusKd;NyD;atmif rvkyfEdkifbl;/ ]wdydawm} wpfyk'f qHk;atmifyif

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[krdefYawmfrl tdrfudkpmjzifh taMumif;Mum;NyD; apmifhqdkif;ae&\/ t&ufESpfq,fcefY Mumavonf/
taMumif;um; qGrf;yef; uyfv&ef t0tus,f oHawmifudk;awmif&Sd aMu;vifyef;BuD; wpfcsyfvdk
ojzifh wynfhBuD;rsm;u yef;wOf;q&mtm; tyfESHapcdkif;Mu&\/ t0 udk;awmif tqifhudk;qifh&Sd
xD;BuD;udkvnf; ydk;&GuftjzLtNrdwf wyf csKyfvkyfMu&avonf/
tm;vHk;NyD;jynfhpHkaomtcg aMu;vifyef;BuD;wGif qGrf;ESifh tom;vGwf[if;udk;rsdK; toD;udk;rsdK;?
rkefYudk;rsdK;? ,dkudk;rsdK; jyifqif&\/ xD;udk;qifhwGifvnf; yef;wpfrsdK;pD oDuHk;
wyfqifxm;Mu&onf/ tm;vHk;pDrH NyD;aomtcg q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;Mu&\/
q&mawmfonf wynfh wpfq,fhig;OD;cefYESifh wpfckaom eHeufav;em&DcJG tcsdef vzG,fypnf;rsm;udk
,laqmif a&Twd*Hkukef;awmfay : odkY <uawmfrl\/ &ifjyifawmfay : odkU a&mufvQif apwDajc&if;

trdk;tum tqD;twm;r&Sdaom v[mjyif aMu;vifyef;BuD;udk 0dkif; xdkifvsufr.udkifxm;ap\/

udk;qifhxD;BuD;udk vifyef;ay: wifxm;&onf/
]]uJ...wynfhwdkY? tifrwef v&cJwJY tvBuD;uG,fh? rdrdwdkY aqmif&GufpDrH&wJY ukodkvfawGudk
0rf;ajrmufMu&r,f/ bk&m;&Sifh aus;Zl;*kPfawmfawGudk pdwfxJrSm MunfMunfEl;El; pl;pl;pdkufpdkufeJY
&TifjrL;xufoefpGm tmHkyMu/ vifyef;udk udkifxm;wJY wynfhrsm;uvnf; &G&Gav;udkif/ vifyef;u
<uwufvm&if vufudk tomazmhazmhxm;NyD; tvkdufoifh <uay;&r,f/ rD;tdrfysH
vTwfovdkayghuG,f}} [k rdefYqdkrSmMum;NyD; q&mawmfudk,fwdkif vufESpfbufjzifh vifyef;udkxd
bk&m;tmHkyawmfrl\/ tm;vHk;NidrfaeMuonf/
em&D0ufcefYtMum aetkPfvnf; wuftvmwGif xD;rS ykd;om;tNrdwfrsm; wzdwfzdwfvufum
<u&&m; pGifhysHvmMu\/ vuf0g;ay:wGif wifxm;aom aMu;vifyef;BuD;vnf; w&G&G
<uwufvmojcifh vufudk tvkdufoifh cHay;Mu&onf/ bef;awmfBuD; udkifrsm;onf
xdkif&mrSyifxvsuf udkifMu&\/ vufudk ajrmufEdkiforQtxd ajrmuf r.cHMu&m udk;awmif&Sd
aMu;vifyef;BuD;ESifh udk;qifhxD;BuD;onf aumif;uif,HodkY wa&GYa&GY ysHwufoGm;avawmh\/
tkPfwufp wvufvuf awmufyaeaom ydk;om;xD;rSm aiGapwDyrm MunfEl;p&m &SdvSonf/
tm;vHk;rsufpdwqHk; wtHYwMo zl;ajrmfMu&onf/ Munfh rjrifrSyif a&Twd*Hk &ifjyifawmrS
qif;vmcJYMu\/
q&mawmfum; aemufrSygvmonfh q&moufBuD;ESifhwuG wynfhrsm;tm; ]]omoemaemufzsm; ?
aygufzGm;Muqlql...auo&mmPfpGrf;[mrdkY? psmefvrf;udk NyD;wdkif yoDabmftpHkig;? tukefom;
pdk;&ydkifEdkif}} aw;xyfudk &Gwf jyawmfrlonf/
taMumif;t&mrsm;onf q&mBuD; q&mouf ajymjycsufrl&if;twdkif; jzpfygonf/ tpdaE,s
bk&m;&Sif\ tpdaE,s w&m;awmftwdkif; usifhBuHawmrlMuaom t&SifjrwfwdkY\ oDv? orm"d?
ynmpGr;f&nfawmfwdkYvnf; tpdaE,srif; pMumrif;\ bkef;wefcdk; toa&udk olzkef;pm;wdkY
ukd,fcsif;pm r&paumif;acswum;/
jrifolonf jrifoludkvnf;aumif;? rjrifoludkvnf;aumif; jrif\/ rjrifolonf
jrifoludkvnf;aumif;? rjrifoludkvnf;aumif; rjrif/ ( {yax&*gxm)
ewfwdkYyifhvm ajrygwkef[nf; qHk;c&D;
q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;onf v,fwDwdkuf 13 0grQom oGm;csnfhjyefvSnfh 0gqdkawmfrlzl;\/
usef0grsm;um; jyqdkNyD; awm&Xmersm;ESifh jrif;NcHrdU? rif;vSrdU? zufwef;awm&? omaygif;rdU?
&efukef anmifukef;ausmif;wdkuf ? usdKuf0dkif;? rEav; v,fwDpHausmif;? ppfudkif;awmif pHausmif;
ESifh aZw0efaq;wdkuf? jrpfom;rdU? uwGefrdU owKwGif; ponfwdkY vSnfhvnf 0guyfawmfrlkonf/
1238-ckESpfrS p ysOf;rem;rdYwGif trsm;qHk; oDwif;oHk;awmfrl\/ Z&m'kAv tdkrif;rpGrf;
cefusef;awmf rrlawmhNyD/ tom;ta&mifrSm 0if;0g Munfvifaeaomfvnf; tom;ta&rSm
avsmhvsJvsuf&Sd\/ (t&n0goDawm& rSDaom 0g pkpkaygif; 21- 0gjzpfonf/)
1285-ckESpf 0gum; ysOf;rem;rdU olaX;OD;vef;-a':rrav;wdkY wdkufausmif; oDwif;oHk;awmrl\/
oufawmf 77-ESpf &SdNyDjzpf usef;rma&; tqdk;&Gm;qHk;ESpfjzpfonf/ xdkESpf e,kefvavmufup

cEmukd,frSm tdkwtdtd ,dk,Gif;aqG;jrnfhcJY\/ aq;0g; trsdK;rsdK;jzifh tpm;xdk;aomfvnf;

wpfcPrQom oufom\/
xdkodkY rusef;rrm&SdcdkufrSmyif- ]] a[h-armif"rpm&D? ,ckigedAmef tqHk;tjzwfa&;OD;r,f?
ckaeoma&;vkduf&&if t&ifedAmefw&m;xuf trsm;BuD; vif;vmrSm tpm;taomuf rQwvmNyD;
aeomaumif;ayhapOD;}} [kBuHK;0g;awmfrlao;\/ udk,fawmfum; ,Jh,JhrQom &Sdawmhonf/
b0oufwrf;\ av;yHkwpfyHkudk pma&;jcif; tvkyf jrKyfESHcJYaomfvnf; tm;&awmf rrlav/
q&mawmfum; usrf;yq&mwdkY\ pHcsdefudk csdK;cJY\/ oifykef;BuD;rStp edAmeftxd a&;cJYNyD;
r[kwfavm/
0gqdkvwGif tajctaerSmydk qdk;&Gm;vmcJY\/ ]aeraumif;aeNyD} [kxifaomf rrlao; t&yf&yf&Sd
wynfhBuD;rsm;yif wzJGzJG a&mufvmMu\/
aousawmif OD;wdavmu? OD;y'kr? OD;0PdwESifh v,fwDy@dw OD;armifBuD;.... ponf/
]]igrsm; rusef;rrm &SdvQif tbd"rm yXmef;yOm0g&ygVdawmfBuD;udk &GwfzwfMu yXmef;oHBuD;
igMum;emvdkonf}} [k rdefYawmfrlcJYzl;onfudk wynfhBuD;rsm; wD;wdk;ajymqdk wdkifyifaeMu\/
yxr 0gqdkvrjynfhrD wpf&ufwGif q&mawmf vufzuf&nfMurf; bkOf;ay;cdkuf wpfausmif;vHk;
odrfhodrfhwkefatmif ajrivsif vIyf\/ q&mawmfu wynfhBuD;rsm;tm; ]]'g bmt"dym,fvJ?
odMu&JYvm;}} [k ar;awmfrl\/ tm;vHk; qdwfqdwfaeMupOf]]vlYjynfrSm tbdrmw&m; a[m&wm tm;&avmufygNyD? ewfjA[mawGudk wpfvSnfha[m&ef
tcsdefwefygNyDvdkY avQmufwmuG,fh}} [k rdefYawmfrlonf/
rdk;nSif; q&mawmfvnf; aMu;eef;& ysOf;rem;odkY a&mufvm\/ ajcawmfudk ezl;jzifhyGwf
q&mawmfa&;cJYaom ]tew'DyeD} udkzwfjyonf/
]]at;- aumif;vdkufwmuG,f? tewa'oem em&awmh tbbk&m; tewvuPmokwf
a[myHkjrifNyD; MunfndKvdkufwm? bk&m;&Sif ,ck<uvmovdkyJuG,f? ]cspfom; vlYjynfrSm
w&m;a[mNyD;NyD? ewfjA[mawGudk wpfvSnfh a[mcsdefusNyD} vdkY acgif;&if;rSm bk&m;&Sif<uvmNyD;
rdefYawmfrloHvdk ighem;xJrSm Mum;ae&w,f/ at;-at; igr&SdvdkY tm;ri,feJY? ighpmawG&Sdw,f?
0dyem omoemBuD; BudK;pm;jy&pfuG,fh}} [krdefYrSmawmfrlonf/
vjynfhaeY 12 -em&D tcsdef ivsifwpfBudrf vIyfjyef\/ xdktcg q&mawmfudk,fwdkif OD;wdavmu
paomwynfhrsm;tm; yXmef;&Gwf&ef trdefY&Sdonf/ wynfhawmfMuD;av;OD; wpfvSnfhpD &GwfjyMu\/
aeY 2 -em&D rdepf 10-wGif yO0g&ygVdawmfBuD; tptqHk; &GwfzwfNyD;onf/ &yfpJoGm;aom
yXmef;oHESifhtwl q&mawmf\ 0dnmOfvnf; wNydKifeuf csKyfNidrf;awmf rlav\/ wdkufqdkifvGef;pGm/
q&mawmf xkdESpf 0gb,frSm qdkavrnfenf;?ckESpf&uf &SdvQif tavmif;awmfudk OD;vef;wdkufrS
v,fwDpHausmif;
(,ck OD;a ,sausmif; )odkYajymif;a&TYyifhaqmifMuonf/ oHk;Budrfajrmuf ivsifvIyf\/
ausmif;avSum; teD;&Sd o&ufyifajcmufBuD;rSm tacguftayG;yif r&Sdawmh aomfvnf; xdk&ufwGif
kwfw&uf zl;yGifhaeonfrSm xl;jcm;vGef;vSonf/
bkef;BuD;ysHvGefawmrlvQif tavmif;vkyJG jzpfwwfMuonfhtwdkif; q&mawmf\ tavmif;udkvnf;
rHk&GmrS wynfh'umrsm;u r&rae awmif;Mu\/ ysOf;rem;rdUuvnf; ray;? ykvdyf
tapmifhcsxm;Mu&onf/ rHk&GmrS wynfhrsm;u q&mawmf\ nDt&if; OD;udwdudkygac:
tavmif;awmf&&efvmMu&m ysOf;rem;rS a&SYaewpfOD;u tavmif;awmfteD;odkY <uvmaom

OD;udwdtm; ]] wynfhawmfwdkY ,ckvdk crf;crf;em;em; ylaZmxm;wm oabmusyg&JYvm;bk&m;}}[k

avQmuf&m OD;udwdu ]]aumif;ygw,f 'umBuD; oabmusygw,f}} [k ajymrd\/
xdkpum;udk trdzrf; ]]q&mawmfh nDuawmif ,ckvdk ysOf;rem;rSm ylaZmfwm oabmusw,fvdkY
qdkaerS b,folY tvdkrS vdkufp&mrvdkbl;}} [kqdkojzifh rHk&Gmom;wdkY tHI;ay;Mu&av\/ odkYaomf
OD;udwdtm; 0dkif; qlMuajymMu&m OD;udwdvnf; rdrdEIwfaMumifh rvdrfhwpfywf cHvdkuf&ojzifh
acgif;ykcH tdyfNyD; pdwfraumif;jzpf&&Sm\/ jyefvQif 'DyJ&if;ausmif;odkU ta&muf rdrdudk,fudk BudK;jzifh
pD&if ysHvGef&&Smonf/
tavmif;awmfudk ewfwdkY ylaZmfjcif;
xdkESpf waygif;vjynfhaeYwGif ckESpf&ufwdwd psmyeyJGusif;y\/ t*Fvdyfwdkif; rif;BuD;rsm;?
ta&;ydkifrsm;ESifh te,fe,frS q&mawmfBuD;rsm; pHknDvSonf/
a&pBudKrdUe,f awm&aeaom bkef;BuD;OD;Ekvnf; psmyeyJG&Sdae\/ olum; q&mawmf ppfudkif;
w&m;a[monfudkem& o'gojzifh &[ef;yNyD; 0wfBuD;0wfi,f ypkvkyfauR;vQuf ckwifESifhwuG
y#dywf tarGcH om;BuD;jzpf\/ &[Em[k ausmfMum;onf/ bJGY OD;ynmoD[? q&mawmf
aeraumif;upyif <uvmNyD; 0wfBuD;0wfi,f ypkonf/ q&mawmfu qE&Sdaomfvnf; trsm;u
a&m*gESifh roifh[kxm;aom aq;0g;rsm;udk bkef;BuD;OD;Eku trsm;rodatmif wdkufavh&Sd\/ ar;vQif
]]q&mawmfu cdkif;}} [k ajzMum;avh&Sdonf/ qGrf;cHpm;\/ trsm;ESihfra&m? kurlckwifaqmif
opfyifatmuf aeavh&Sdonf/ emrnfausmf yk*dKvfBuD;rsm; todkif;t0dkif; t&mroGif;Mu/
xdkpHausmif;twGif;&Sd tkwf*l vjynfhaeYwGif rD;oN*K[f&ef pDpOfum eYHomxif;rsm; pDrHxm;Mu\/
odkY&mwGif tavmif;awmfrSm rykyfrodk; yuwd usdef;pufaeouJYodkY aysmif;td 0g0if;ae
rD;roN*Kvf&ufMu/ &[ef;&Sifvl trsm;qEjzifh rSefpDa&Tcs acgif;oGif;um tkwf*l&Sd yvifay:
wifxm;NyD;vQif oHwHcg;ESpfxyfudk aomhcwf *laygufudk t*Fawjzifh taoydwfvdkufMu\/
oHk;&ufcefY MumvQif aumif;uifrS wl&d,moHrsm; Mum;ae&onf/ xdkn ivsifvnf; qufwdkuf
oHk;BudrfvIyf\/ q&mawmfBuD; oHk;q,fausmfvnf; tkwf*lteD; npOf q&mawmf\
aus;Zl;pum;rsm; a[majym aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdMuonf/ tkwf*lrS rD;wpfvufvuf jrifae&onf[k
Mum;&ojzifh oGm;MunfhaomtcgivsifvIyf *layguf ydusaeonfrSty acgif;ESifh aomhESpfvHk;
yuwd &Sdae at;aeMu\/
aemuf rouFmojzifh aomhzGifhMunfh&m tavmif;awmf jymusaeonfudk awGYMu&onf/
tm;vkH;0rf;enf; aMuuJGMu\/ owif;pm
]]tavmif;awmf tvdktavsmuf awaZm"mwf avmifoGm;aMumif;}} owif;ygvmonf/ ta&;ydkif
e,fydkifwdkY OD;pD; ykvdyfpHkaxmufrsm; apvTwfum rHk&Gm? ppfudkif;? rEav;wdkY tylwjyif;
w&m;cH&SmMu\/ ysOf;rem;rS rHk&Gmjyefc&D;onf pm&if;udkvnf; blwm ppfaq;Muonf/ ]rHk&Gmom;wdkY
vufcsuf] [kxifMu\/ w&mcHudkum; rawGYao;/
xdktwGuf rauseyfMuojzifh &if;ESD;aom &[ef;&Sifvlrsm; jyefr<uMu/ oHk;vcefY&Sdaomtcg
tpnf;ta0; ta&;ydkifBuD;u ]]'Dudp vufo,fray:vQif OD;vef;ESifh OD;xGef;vIdifwdk;tm;
tjypfay;&rnf}} [k Budrf;&m bkef;BuD;OD;Eku x ]]tjypfr&Sdoludk tjypfray;oifhaMumif; ]]

uefYuGufonf/
]]'gjzifh vufo,ftppfudk ajymMuyg? ray:vQif OD;vef;? OD;xGef;vISdifwdkYudk tjypfay;&vdrfhr,f}}
[kqdk OD;Eku ]]vufo,f[m usKyfyJ}} [kqdkav\/
]]udk,fawmf b,fhES,fhvkyfwmvJ}} [k0dkif; a'gojzpfaeMuonf/ bkef;BuD;OD;Ekum; &Jwif;pGmyif]]ig ysHvGefawmfrlNyD; ckESpf&uf&SdvQif rif;rD;oN*Kvf&pf? b,folUrS rwdkifyifeJYvdkY q&mawmfBuD;
rSmcJYvdkY vkyfwmyJ? ckESpf&ufjynfhpOfu taMumif;rnDnGwfvdkY ckrSvkyf&wmyJ}} [ky&dowfa&SY &yf
&Sif;jyonf/
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&Sif;jyonf/
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wpfcsufxdk;vdkuf&m qufwkduf ivsifoHk;Budrf vIyfNyD; tkwfrsm;tvdkvdk yduJGusvmojzifh teD;&Sd
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&SdMu\/ tjypfay;vdku ay;Mu&ef ? xdkudp rajym&ao; wpfjcm; b,frSroGm;bJ aecJYaMumif;
xyfajym&m ]]tjypfray;vdkyg}} [kqdk bkef;BuD; OD;Ekvnf; oydwfwpfvHk; oHk;xnfaom
ouFef;jzifh xdktpnf;ta0;rS xGufcGmoGm;avawmh\/ (&[Em[k ausmfMum;aom xdkt&Sifvnf;
*syefacwfwGif a&pBudKrdY ysHvGefoGm;onf/)
aus;Zlk;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ "rmbdor,ESifh pyf ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;BuD;tcsdKUu
]psmeftbdnmOf& tem*grf} [k ,lqvdkMu\/ pmcs? w&m;a[m? pma&;jcif; tcsdefESifh
tiftm;rsm;udk oHk;rwfom;cefY roHk;rl 0dyem tvkyfomvQif b0tjynfh ? tcsdeftjynfh?
tiftm;tjynhf (wpfusyfom;vkH;vHk; ) toHk;cscJYaomf &[ef;udpNyD;av&m\ [kvnf;
a0zefMuonf/
tMum;tjrif&onfqdkaom olwdkYurl ]]q&mawmfonf oHk;q,fhwpfbHk twGif; &Sdaeao;\/
xl;jcm;awmufajymifaom udk,fa&mif udk,f0gjzifh ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;aom y&dowfrsm;tm;
w&m;a[mvsufcsnf; awGYjrif&onf}} [kqdkukef\/
v,fwD *E0ifausmfrsm; ordkif;q&murl ]] aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf
,cktcsdefwGif jA[mjynf a0[ydKvfbHk a&mufaeonf[k ajymvQif ,HkMunfEdkifolOD;a&
rsm;rnfr[kwf}} [k rSwfcsufa&;xm;onfudk awGY&\/ wdusvGef;vSonf/ tb,fudkaxmufq
tb,frS &aom tcsuf[kum; rod&acs/
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ta&;tom;? tusihf? Oy"d? rdefYqdkcsuf ponfrsm;udk cH MunhfygvQif ] psmeftbdnmOf&aom
tem*grfBuD;} qdkonfrSm tenf;qHk;aom jzpfoifh&myg\/ odkYaomf xdkudpum; uREfkyfwdkY\
t&mr[kwfygacs/
OD;acgif; rD;avmifolonf rD;udk aemufrSNidrf;owf t&[wzdkvf ra&mufrcsif; raxmufrauGY
ra&GUr0dkuf ypfvTwfvdkufaom jrm;yrm usifhawmfrlEdkifygvQif jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywd omoem0ifonf
q&mawmf\ ynm"du t&[wzkdvftiftm;aMumifh xdkYxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm
vif;csif;&rnfomwnf;/
(v,fwD r[maxkywduxm? v,fwD *E0ifausmfrsm; ordkif;? q&moufBuD; twKywd?

v,fwD'DyeDrsm;ESifh olawmfaumif;ynm&Sd vlBuD;olrrsm;xHrS Mum;odrSwfem&orQ aphiHkom/)

edAmefESifh tyg,fav;yg; BudKuf&moGm;
]]edAmefcsrf;omBuD;udk jrifaerSawmh csrf;omuav;awG jywfjywfpGefY/
tyg,fav;yg; qif;&JBuD;udk jrifaerSawmh qif;&Juav;awG BudwfrSdwf onf;cH/}}
--ppfudkif; r[m*EmHk q&mawmf/
avSoif;rif;ausmif; q&mawmf
(1215-1288 )
]]avSoif;rif;ausmif; q&mawmfBuD; ysHawmfrlaom avSoif;rif;ausmif;BuD;a&m? olaezl;wJY
awm&Gmuausmif;a&m wpfydifeufxJ avmifrD;usoGm;w,f}} [k q&mawmfBuD;\ wynfhjzpfol
oufawmf96-ESpf&Sd aus;Zl;&Sif rpdk;&drfq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;xHrS rSwfom;&zl; ,if;q&mawmfBuD;\
axkywdudk vdkufvH&SmazG&m armif;axmif&Gm aemifawmfBuD; OD;aombdw xHrSyif vG,fvifhwul
&&Sd ,ckuJYodkY wifjyEdkifygonf/axkywd\ trnfrSm ax&0Hompm&ury'Dydum} [kac:
1289-ckESpf uqkefvu yHkESdyfonf/
a&;om;onfh yk*dKvfrSmvnf; rpdk;&drfem,u? aemif ppfudkif; opf0ifacsmifawm& q&mawmf
OD;aomrmbdod&D jzpfonf/
ygVd-owwwf/ v,fwDq&mawmf\ qEt& ygVdtbd"mefBuD;udk OD;pD;&aom yk*dKvfjzpfonf/
i,fpOfrSp avSoif;rif;ausmif;q&mawmfxH wynfhcHae&oljzpf&m udk,fpm;xm; tm;udk;jcif;
cH&aom wynfhBuD;wpfyg; jzpf\/ omoem0ifwGif xdkonfh y&d,wf? y#dywf uRrf;usifaom
twGif;ae yk*dKvfrsm;\ a&;om;csufrsdK;udk zwf&onfrS &Sm;yg;vS\/ aus;Zl;rsm;vSyg\/
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ausmif;wdkufBuD;yifwnf;/ xdkausmif; oDwif;oHk; aexdkif avSoif;rif;ausmif; q&mawmf[k
wGifvwHYaom oli,fum; ppfudkif;rdYajrmuf ompnfbkZifyif&Gm 1215-ckESpf?
ewfawmfvqef;ESpf&uf? aomMumaeYn oHk;csufwD;ausmf tcsdef tz OD;umvD? trd
a':r,fnSif;wdkYrS zGm;jrifonf/ (rNidrf;atmif? rNidrf;wkwf tpfrESpfOD;&Sd\/) MueftifvuPm
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&Sifrnf aomr? bkZifyif&Gm abm* awm&ausmif; q&mawmfxH ynmoif\/
xdkawm&ausmif; q&mawmfum; vGifwD;acgif tNrJaeaom
"kwiftusifhaqmifawmfrlojzifh taAmumodo awm&ausmif;? taAmumodu q&mawmf[k
wGifonf/ (t&yfac: abm*q&mawmf) &Sifaomronf mPfxufjruf\/ wpfcPtwGif;
aywpft*Fg(12&Guf) ESpft*Fgudk tvGwf&atmif usufEdkifonf/ &vG,f\/ &NyD;pm rarYEkdif/

i,fu&aompm ysHvGefcgeD;umvtxd &GwfqdkEdkifonf/ 17-ESpfom; &Sifwpf0gt& crnf;awmfBuD;

uG,fvGef rdciftdkBuD;tm; vkyfauR;&ef &SifvlxGuf&\/
trsm;ES
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&[ef;ycGifhawmif;&m rdcifBuD;\ pum;rS rSwfom;xdkufaypGm/
]]wpfa,mufwnf;aomom;rdkY tar rcJGcsifayr,fh tarhudk vkyfauR;ypkr,fhtpm; bk&m;&Sifudk
vkyfauR;yg/ tar arG;&usdK;eyfygNyD}} [l\/ &[ef;jzpfvQif abm*awmausmif;q&mawmf\
wynfhyDyD nOfhoHk;,HwGif wpf,Hom tdyfpuf useftcsdef0wfwuf? pmjyefonf/ 'um
'umrrsm;ESifh ra&maem/ &Sif&[ef;rsm;ESifh rajymrjzpfrSajym\/
]]ajymvdkrl tusdK;&Sdaom w&m;pum;udkomajym? rajymvQif aumif;pGm qdwfqdwfae}} [laom
bk&m;&Sif Mo0g'ESifh udkufnDvSayonf/ pmayy&d,wdudk BudK;pm;&mwGifvnf; tcsdeftm;rxm;/
qGrf;cHoGm;&myif oGm;&if;vm&if; usufrSef&ef xef;zl;&Guftwdkrsm;udk BudKwifa&;rSwf
xm;avh&Sdonf/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm ckwifrsm;udkvnf; aqmifonf/
&[ef;wpf0gt& rEav;odkY pmoif<u\/ a&T&ifhrmq&mawmf? aygif;vJwdkuf( ,ck r[matmifajr)
q&mawmf OD;em*xH ynmoifonf/ ESpf0gt& rdcifBuD;xH wpf0gwGif; jyef<uvm w&m;jzifh
csD;ajrmuf\/ ]0de,mabm*} usrf;udkvnf; yonf/ av;0gig;0gwGif rEav; av;jyifav;&yf
emrnfausmf q&mawmfrsm;xH tenf;qHk; ckESpf&ufuspD pmvdkufpmem\/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdudk,fwdkif
pmcsaomtcg ]rnfonfh q&mawmfu rnfodkYpmcsonf} ponfjzifh odkif;odkif;0kdif;0dkif;
pmajymavh&Sdonf/
ig;0grSp ]]omoemawmf\ toufonf 0denf;jzpfonf/ omoem[lonf 0denf;yifwnf;/
ighwpfukd,fvHk; omoem wnfudef;ap&rnf/}} [koabmusum 0denf;ig;usrf; ygVdawmfudk
tm*HkEIwfwuf aqmifawmfrl npOf bk&m;ylaZmfavh&Sd\/ wynfhrsm;udk pmcsaomtcgwGifvnf;
,if;ygVdawmfrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ rudkif&awmh/ tvGwfcsydkYEdkifonf/ ow? aA'ifrsm;udkvnf;
Munfhum rwjzifh wwfajrmufav\/ r,HkEdkifavmufatmif xufjrufvSonf/
aewdygVdawmfBuD;udkyg qufvufusufaqmifav\/ (aemufaomtcg ]avSoif; rif;ausmif;
aewdaumif;} [kyif O'gef;wGifonf/) ig;0gt& 0denf; ig;usrf;ESifh aewdygVdawmfudkyg EIwfwuf
tm*Hk&NyD;aemuf jrif;0efwkduf jrif;0efq&mawmfxH pmcstjzpf cdkvIHonf/
1244-ckESpf avS;oif; twGif;0efrif;u 0wfcsuf&Gm&Sd AdrmefbHkom ausmif;wkdufBuD;udk
jrif;0efq&mawmfBuD;tm; wifv&m rEav;jrif;0efwdkufrS aemufygoHCmwpf&mausmfESifh
<ua&muftvcHonf/ pmcs bkef;BuD; OD;aomrvnf; jrif;0efq&mawmf\ vufHk;wpfqltjzpf
vdkufyg&onf/ xdkausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd avS;oif;Adkvfrif; OD;pHvS aqmufvaom ausmif;

OD;pGmoDwif;oHk;& ]Adkvfausmif;q&mawmf} [kwGifao;\/ jrif;0ef q&mawmfBuD; ysHvGefawmrl

1249-ckESpfwGif OD;aomronf rif;ausmif; q&mawmftjzpf tdkuft&m cH,l&onf/
q&mawmfpmoif,lpOfu trsm;ESifh rwlouJYodkU pmcsyHkrSmvnf; trsm;ESifh rwl/ wpfrlxlk;jcm;vS\/
rnfolrqdk rdrd oif,lvdkaomusrf;udk ae&m? tcsdef owfrSwf wpfOD;csif; oif,lEdkif\/
ynmyg&rDjznhfaomtm;jzifh tcsdefttm;rxm;acs? taMumif;wpfpHkwpfckaMumifh
pmwufysufuGufvQif xdkOD;yOif;&Sd&modkY oGm; ]]OD;yOif;? pmwufMu&atmifav}}[k EId;aqmf\/
xdkolu taMumif;rnD pmrwufEdkifrSom tjcm;pm0gtydkwufvdkolrsm;tm; oifMum;ay;onf/
&cg pmwwfolrsm; ESpfOD;qdkifae olt&if igt&if tjiif;yGm;&m rcsay;awmfrl\/
rQ ynmyg&rD jznfhawmfrlEdkifonfudk tcGifh,l oDv&SIf q&mrsm;onf rdrdwdkYacsmifodkY qGrf;uyf
pmwufMu&m [dkacsmifonfacsmif [dkenf;enf; onfenf;enf; qGrf;pm; pmcsae&ojzifh rGef;vJGrS
ausmif;odkY a&mufawmh\/ xdktcsdefusrSom &Sif&[ef;rsm; pm0gwwfvSnfh &Muawmhonf/
q&mawmfonf 0denf;ESifh aewdudk OD;pm;ay;ydkYcsavh&Sd\/
wpfcgu ppfudkif;taemufbuf &GmaxmifteD; MumeDuefausmif; bkef;BuD;uav;u 0denf;
oifcsifonfqdk ppfudkif;awmifBuD;udk jzwfausmfum ajzvsif<u aeYpOf pmoGm;csay;zl;aMumif;
rpdk;&drfq&mawmf trdefY&Sdzl;\/
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yd#duwdkufrsm;rSm avmuD avmukw&m pmpHkojzifh t<ursm;\/ ausmif;cH bkef;BuD;rsm;vnf;
taMumif;odaeMuojzifh yd#uwdkuf pmwdkufADdkab;wGif ae&mxdkifcif; ay; q&mawmf aeorQ
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pm0goemygaom ausmif;cHbkef;BuD;rsm;vnf; 0rf;omMuonf/
q&mawmf\ t&nftaoG;udk odaom awmifbDvl; q&mawmfonf a&S;q&mudk tNyD;rowfaom
]0dok'dr*f r[m#Dum} 0dyemydkif;udk ed,a&;&ef ayxkyfrsm;udkyg ydkYavQmufxm;onf/
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1257-ckESpfwGif 'l;yqpfay: ay&Gufwif unpfjzifh wpfBudrfwnf; tNyD;owf tacsmwif
a&;awmfrl\/ pmt*Fg oHk;q,f&Sdonf/

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rusufpm;EdkifaygifAsm}} [kqdkum csD;usL;NyD; ayudkcsxm;\/ rEav;a&muf pmcsaomtcg ]]
ppfudkif;bufrSm awmfpGmhavsmfpGm aeMuovm;atmufarh? rif;ausmif;q&mawmf[m
wu,fhyk*dKvfa[h}}[k csD;usL;avowwf/ (,cktcg #Dum ed,rlopfwpfapmifudk aus;Zl;&Sif
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a&;om;dlufESdyfxm;NyD;/)
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1/ &wemoHk;qdkif? iHkMumcdkif? qHkydif 0Eem/

2/ ESpfqD &o? jrwf"r? rSwfMu pOftvm/
3/ y&dedAe? jrwfAk'? rdefYx anmiffapmif;rSm/
4/ edAmefvdku? ocFg&? aeY n rarh&m/
5/ ykMwmrnf&Sd? &Sifom&d? tEd rdefYcJY&Sm/
6/ edAmef vdkvm;? o'gyGm;? rjcm;aeoifh&m/
7/ q&mawmfa&iHk? usifhtxHk? rSmyHk oifhvkyg/
8/ edAmef vdku? vdkorQ? usifhMu aumif;&m&m/
9/ 0Homt&d? om;rked? xm;&SdolYtrSm? (t&d,0Hoq&m)
10/ edAmef vdku ? udk,f{u? aex oifhavsmf&m/
11/ anmifuefq&mawmf? OD;yk"fac : xkwfazmfrdefYcJY&m/
12/ vlewf jA[m? uJY&JUrSm? qdwfpm raMumuf&m/
13/ bk&m;uJYodkY? aMumufoluG,fh? a&mufr,fh edAKwm/
14/ ig;cHku0d? jrwfaAm"d? a[m&SdonftrSm/
15/ pdwfqdk; pdwfnpf? udk,fhaMumifhjzpf? y,fvSpf olwum/
16/ pdwfnpfy,frsdK;? pdwfrqdk;? a&mufdl; edALwm/
17/ refusnf;awmac : q&mawmf? xkwfazmfrSwfp&m/
18/ edAmefudk&nf? ukwfESifhuD? aMumufonfr&Sd&m/
19/ usifhausmfxG#facgif? EIwfawmfaqmif? odatmifrdefYcJY&m/
20/ edAmefvdkvQif;? olYtwif;? ajymjcif;y,fcsdK;yg/
21/ a&T&ifhrm&Sif? q&myif? rSmwGifodp&m/
22/ a[mwdkif; ajymwdkif;? csifhpmEdIif;? a&;wdkif;r,Hk&m/
23/ edAmefvdku? 0d&m*? rdefYrS,Hkoifhyg/
24/ jrif;0efq&mawmf? rdefY>rufazmf? jrifajrmfrSwfp&m/
25/ edAmefvdkvpf? rkef;tcspf? qHk;ypfy,fcsyg/
26/ 0denf;ausmfvS? Aef;armfu? azmfjyrdefYcJY&m/
27/ edAmefudkrif? udk,ftouf? iJYuGufry&m/
28/ avSoif;rif;ausmif;? aewdaumif;? odaMumif;tpOfrSm/
29/ edAmefvdku? onf;cHMu? wGif;yt&m&m/
30/ oHk;yHkrukd#f? w&m;rduf? om;EIdufenf;om/
31/ tcsKyfpum;? qHk;w&m;? oHk;xm;NrJNrHpGm/
32/ t"dym,feuf? todcuf? xnfhpGuf mPf0dZm/
33/ usifhoHk;Adkvfvl? jynfedAL? vG,fula&mufrnfom/
xdkrSwyg; q&mawmf rMumcP qHk;rajymqdkavh &Sdaom Mo0g'vufoHk; pum;rsm;rSmvnf;
rSwfom;zG,f aumif;vS\/ xdkpum;rsm;jzifh q&mawmf\ Zmwdkyfudkvnf; cefYarQmfEdkifonf/
1/ oGm;? &yf? xdkif? avsmif;? &d,mykwfav;yg;wdkY tukodkvf rjzpf&/ ukodkvf w&m;om

jzpfatmif ESvHk;oGif;&rnf/
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3/ aumif; raumif;jzpfaom uHa[mif;udk rarQmfvifh&/ aumif;aom uHopfudkom jzpfyGm;atmif
tm;xkwf&rnf/
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5/ tusifh twkta,mifudk rjzpfap&/ tusifh tppftrSefudk usifh&rnf/
6/ ukd,f\tusifhudk wpfyg;ol rodap&? udk,hftusifh rSef rrSefudk udk,fwdkifodatmif qifjcif&rnf/
7/ olwpfyg;udk tm;rudk;&/ rdrdudk,fom tm;udk; usifh&rnf/
8/ rdrdu rusifhrl olwpfyg;tm; rqHk;r&? udk,fhudkudk,fom ,Ofaus;atmif qHk;r&rnf/
9/ olwpfyg;\ tjypfudk rI&? udk,fhtjypfudkom udk,fjrifatmifI tjypfvGwfatmif y&rnf/
10/ olYypnf;udk rvdkcsif&? ukd,hfypnf;tppfjzpfaom tusifhw&m;udkom vdkcsifaom ormqEudk
jzpfap&rnf/
11/ ypnf;&atmif rusifh&/ w&m;aumif; tppfudk &atmifusifh&rnf/ ("r'g,m'/)
12/ taygif;tazmfESifh aysmfolrsm;ESifh oifhatmifrae&? kyfemrfw&m;wdkYESifh oHk;oyf arGYavsmf
oifhawmfatmif ae&rnf/
13/ aMumufvefYatmif rae&? aMumufvefYrI r&Sdatmifae&rnf/
14/ pmayusrf;*ef? wwfodjcif;? rrSm;ap&? wwfodjcif; trSefusatmif owdorZOf &Sd&rnf/
15/ pmayusrf;*ef wwfodHkrQESifh a&mifh&Jrae&? w&m;wwfodatmif tm;xkwfusifh BuH&rnf/
16/ oHo&m touf&Snf?&efrvdktyf/ oHo&moufwdk&efom vdktyfonf/
17/ &Snfvsm;aom wPSmudkjzwf wkdao;aom yg&rDudk qufay;&rnf/
18/ arYaevQif tzefwvJvJ ao&vdrfhrnf/ rarhvQifaemufxyfrao&NyD/
19/ toufrjywf &Sifvsuf&Sdaom t0dZmwPSmudk aoatmifowf/ tNrJaoomaeaom
tocFwedAmefodkY a&mufatmif
uyf&rnf/
20/ ocFg& tvHk;pHk pJGvrf;aom Oyg'gefudkjzwf? ocFg&[lorQudk pGefYvTwfEdkifrS tEkyg'daoo
edAmefodkY a&mufrnf/
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Mo0g'rsm;? jzpfpOf jzpf&yf t|Kywfrsm;? ESvHk;oGif;yHkrsm;? w&m;aqmifyk'frsm;jzifhvnf; rMumcP
tm;jznfh qifjcif ay;oifhonf/ ay;&rnf/ wdk;? &yf? qkwf(0daoo? Xdwd? [me-bm*d,)
oHk;rsdK;jzifh csdefxdk;Munfh&m\/
qifwl,dk;rSm; tusif
tusifhrsm;udk jywfjywfrdefYjcif;

q&mawmfonf tvtwef;rsm; w&m;a[m&aomtcg Zmwfedygwf 0wKrsm;udk a[mMum;awmfrrl?

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a[mMum;avh&Sdonf/
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OD;ouf&Snftm; ]]EGm;owfNyD; a&pufcsrS ygPmwdygw tukodkvfuH ajrmufovm;}}
[krdefYawmfrl\/ 0denf;tvdk t*FgpHkvQif uHajrmuf\/ okweftvdk 0wKtaqmufttHk jynfhpHkvQif
uHajrmuf\/ tbd"rmtvdk apwem paom w&m;udk,fxif&Sm; jzpfay:vQif uHajrmuf\/ ty,du
a0g[m&rQavmufudk y"meryoifhaMumif;udkvnf; tus,fa[mjyawmf rlonf/
oufowfvGwf tusifh
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yHkpHwpfckudk xkwfjyjcif;jzpfayonf/
tMum;tjrif txifrMuD;oifU
tqdkygoDv&SifMuD;\ tajctaeudk axmufvnf; ur|mef;enf;jy q&mawmf\ *kPfudk qifhyGm;
MunfndkEdkifrnf[k ,lqyg\/ uREfkyfwdkU odapvdkonfrSm wu,fvkyfvQif t[kwfjzpfonf
[laom tcsufyif jzpf\/ xdkoDv&Sif q&mMuD;uJYodkY odjrifolwdkUum; ,cktcg tvGefrsm;aom
ta&twGuf &SdayvdrfUrnf/ odkU&mwGif xdktodrsdK;&dSvQifyif &[Em[l
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t&d,mjzpffcsifrS jzpf&monf/
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qdkMuonf/ rnfodkUqdkap q&mawmfum; ZG?J vHkv MuD;rm;vSay\/ ysHawmfrlcgeD; rrmrusef;&SdpOf
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aq;0g;ukocH,l&ef twefwef avQmufxm; Mu\/ avQmufxm; Muaomfvnf; r&/ aemufqHk;

wynfUMuD;rsm;u v,fwDq&mawmftm; taMumif;pHk avQmufxm; tultnDawmif;Mu&\/
v,fwDq&mawmf udk,fwdkif *lxJodkU<ua&muf ajym&mwynfUawmf t"d|mef&dSaevdkUyg [kawmif;yefavQmufxm;\/ v,fwDq&mawmfvnf; usef;rma&;
tajctaersm;udk MunfU txyfxyfpOf;pm;jyD;aemuf toifUygvmaom OD;yOif;rsm;bufodkY
vSnfUuJ-armifyOif;wdkY? tjyifxrf; yifUMu? t"d|mefwmu OD;Ow&? *ljyifxkwfwmu
v,fwDq&mawmfyJ [kajymajymqdkqdk ausmif;odkUyifUaqmifapcJU\/ q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrl
onfUaemuf ae&m&Sif;Muaomtcg tjrJoHk;onfU acgif;tHk;atmufwGif q&mawmfudk,fwdkif
a&;om;cJUonfU 12-ESpfwm tvkyfcGifrSwfwrf; udk tHYtm;oifYpGm awGUMu&\/ tdyfruf 16rsdK;ESifU tm&Hk edrdwfrsm;? tawG;txifrsm; yg0ifavonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm q&mawmf\
trSmpmyif&[ef;&Sifvl oDv&Siftaygif;wdkU? orx0dyem wdk;yGm;apjcif;iSm wynfUrsm;u orx0dyem
pmtkyfrSm xnfU yHkEdSyf&rnf [k a&;om; rSmxm;awmfrlcJY\/ odkU&mwGif q&mawmfa&;
rnfonfUpmtkyfwGifrQ rSwfwrf;udk rawGU&/
,if;rSwfwrf;udk ppfudkif;awmif&dk;? a0Z,Emacsmif q&mawmft&Sif ra[mo"y@dw \
aus;Zl;aMumifY 1332-ckESpf? wydkUwGJv (10?2?71) xkwf "rAsL[m pmapmif (9-10 ESifU10-5)
wdkUzwf&I&onf/
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wu,fUtmZmenft&SifjrwfMuD;wdkUyifvQif tppftrSefr[kwfaom txiftjrif tawG;tac:
tm&Hkedrdwfrsm; &IyfaxG;ayGvDvSay\/ &[ef;udp rjyD;ao;bJvsuf jyD;jyD[k txifrSm; tjrifrSm;
jzpf&acsao;\ [k oifcef;pm ,lMu&ayvdrfUrnf/
txl;ojzifU,l&rnfU oifcef;pmum; bk&m;qkyefjcif;yifwnf;/ rdrd\ trlt&m
tavmif;awmfMuD;rsm;\ tavUtvmESifU uGmcsifwdkif; jcm;uGmrSef;rod? rdrdudk,fudk
rdrdvSnfUpm;&ma&mufaewwfaom qkMuD;yef qdkolrsm; ,aeUtjywf pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&ayvdrfUrnf/
rSwfwrf;wif xm;awmfrlcJYonfudkvnf; aus;Zl;wifxdkufMuaypGmU/
q&mawmf\ rSwfwrf;um; atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfygonf/
1/ orxur|mef;udk 1257-ckESpf tm;xkwf&m 59-ckESpfodkYa&mufvQif um,y'd pdwy'd
jzpf wpfvavmufyif udk,fpdwfESpfjzm udavomuif;uGmylyefrI tvGefjidrf;at; aejcif;?
2/ if;aemuf 61-ckESpfodkU a&mufvQif uqkefvqef; 7- &uf (ESpfqef; 1-&uf) if;aeYup
aomw'Gg&jzifU o'g&HkawG tjrJMum; ae&jcif;?
3/ if;o'g&Hkudk&jyD;aemuf tvGef eSpfESpfoufouf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm yDwdjzpf aejcif;/
4/ if;aemuf psmefr*fzdkvfw&m;udk r&ao;aomfvnf; &ouJYodkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGm pdwfxJrSm
xifaejcif;/
5/ if;aemufedAmefrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifUwuG t&Sifom&dykw&m? t&Sifarm*vmef tp&Sdaom

&[Emt&SifjrwfwdkUonf cEmyOu j'AfaumifMuD;uJUodkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGm pdwfxJrSm xifaejcif;?

6/ if;aemuf &kyfemrfudk tzefzef qiffjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf 61-ckESpf yxr 0gqdkvqef; 7-&ufaeUn
&kyferfudk qifjcifqJ t0dZmrme ynwfuG,f xderd' O'p ponfuif;vsuf wpfnvHk;
rdk;vif;onfUwdkifatmif ouf&SdoufrJYwdkYonf &kyfemrftpk &kyftpkcsnf; omwnf;[k
tvGefxifvmonf/ if;&kyfemrfw&m;wdkUonf tedp, 'ku, tew w&m;csnf;om[k
tjrJxifaeonf/ rD;cdk;awmifcdk; wdrfcdk;wdkUuJodkU rsm;pGmjzpfvsuf if;tcdk;xJuMunfvifaom
ta&mifjzpf rsufESm&dyfudk xifjrifjcif;?
7/ if;aemuf &kyfemrfw&m;wdkUudk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&dSaomf yxr0gqdkvqef; 14-&ufaeUn
wpfnvHk; rdk;vif;onfUwdkifatmif udavom ylyefjcif; jidrf;at; xderd' O'p ponf uif;vsuf
um,y'?d pdwy' tp&Sdaom w&m;wdkUonf jzpfay:ukef rD;cdk; awmifcdk; wdrfcdk;wdkUuJodkU
vnf;aumif;? rD;awmufuJUodkU vnf;aumif; rsm;pGmaom ta&mifjzpf if;ta&mifwdkUonf tedp,
'ku, tew oabmcsnf;[k tjrJxifaejcif;?
8/ if;aemuf 0dyemOmPf 10-yg;udk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf oroeOmPfrSp
ocFg&kayumOmPfwdkifatmif xifjrifjcif;?
9/ if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf oroeOmPf O',A,OmPfrSm 61-ckESpfup 62-ckESpf
jymodkvjynfUausmf 6-&uf Ak'[l;aeUwdkifatmif tvGefUtvGef xifjrifjcif;?
10/ if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf 62-ckESpf ewfawmfvjynfUausmf 8-&uf aeU av;em&Dup wpfnvHk;
rdk;vif;onfUwdkifatmiff edAmefom tm&HkjyKvsuf r*fav;yg;vHk; &jyD[k xifaejyD;vQif
rdk;vif;aomumvrS r*fav;yg;vHk;r&ao;rSef; odonf/
yt? xt? rt? *t-&t/ (yxr r*-&jyD[k qdkvdk\)
11/ if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf 62-ckESpf jymodkvjynfUausmf 6-&uf Ak'[l;aeU b*FOmPf&ifUjcif;udk
tvGefU tvGef tjrJxifjrifjcif;?
12/ if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf jymodkvjynfUausmf 11-&ufaeUn b, OmPf?
tm'De0 OmPf? edAd'g OmPf? rkOdwkurswm OmPf? y#docFg OmPf? ocFg&kayum OmPf wdkU
tvGefxifjrifjcif;?
13/ if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf ocFg&kayumOmPf\ tqHk; a&S;OD;pGm O-tm-edOmPf wdk.udk
'kuopm[k xifvmonf/ oroeOmPfudk ork',opm [kxifvmonf/
rkOdwkurswmOmPfudk eda&m"opm xifvmonf/ y#docFgOmPf? ocFg&kayumOmPfwdkUudk
r*opm[kxifvmonf/
14/ if;aemuf 0dyemOmPf 10-yg;udk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf opmav;yg;onf
bm0em\ tpGrf;tm;jzifU tjrJxifjrifjcif;?
15/ if;aemuf y#dporkyg'? y#dporkyEw&m;wdkUudk qifjcifjyefonf&dSaomf
if;w&m;wdkUonf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm xifjrifvmukef\/
16/ if;aemuf {uwenf;? emewenf;? tAsmyg&enf;? {0H"rwmenf; av;yg;wdkUudk
qifjcifjyefonf &Sdaomf if;enf;av;yg;wdkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGmxifjrifvmukef\/
17/ if;aemuf 0dok'd 7-yg;udk qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf oDv0dok'd rSp y#dy'gOmP 0dok'd
wdkifatmifxifjrifjcif;/
18/ if;aemuf oduRrf;zl;aom rmwk*gr wpfOD;udk ykwD;? em;a!mif;paom t0wfwefqmwdkUjzifU

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tvGefwifUw,f\/ rnfodkUyifwifUw,faomfjim;vnf; tdkjcif;oabmw&m; ruif;acsao;[k
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if;t&dk;pkaumifMuD;onff tedp, 'ku, tew oabmw&m;[k xifjrifjcif;?
19/ ntcg rtdyfrD aumif;uif Mu,ftaygif;udk MunfU 0dyemyGm;vQif tdyfaomtcg
raem'Gg& Mu,frsm;pGm xifjrifjcif;?
20/ aeUtcg ausmif;trdk;udkMunfU 0dyemyGm;vQif ntdyfaomtcg ausmif;trdk;wdk.onf
raem'Gg& xifjrifjcif;?
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yd,awm Zm,wdaomaum tp&Sdaom *gxmudk tMudrfMudrf tzefzef qifjcifvQif xdkolrSp
yd,yk*dKvf[loa&GU tZwtwGif;&efol? &efolrsdK;ig;yg;udk A[d'tjyif&efol[k tvGefxifvmjcif;?
xdkA[d'&efolwdkUaMumifU tZw jzpfaom avmuD ukodkvfonf twGif;&efol?
tZwjzpfaom tukodkvfonf tjyif&efol[k tvGefxifvmjcif;?
xdkxuf a&S;a&S;aomb0u ukodkvf tukodkvfwdkUonf &efolaumifMuD;awGuJU odkY
0dkif;0ef;vm tukodkvf &efolawGu tyg,fav;bHk oHo&m aESmiftdrfxJ csrnf[k qdkouJuodkU
tvGef xifvmjcif;? ukodkvf &efolawGuvnf; vlUbHk? ewfbHk? jA[mUbHk oHo&m aESmiftdrfxJ
csrnf[k qdkouJUodkU tvGefxifvmjcif;?
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aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefUjcif; jyif;pGmjzpfaomaMumifY odrf;qnf; r&edkif/ rsuf&nfawGvIdifvsuf ESpfem&D
oHk;em&D twGif; tvGeftrif; aMumufvS &efoludkvdkuf a&wGufonf&Sdaomf tukodkvf z
paom oApdwom"m&P apwoduf 7-ck? tukodkvf 0dwuf paom yudPf; apwoduf 5-ck?
arm[ paom tukodkvf apwoduf 14-ck? tukodkvfpdwf 12-ck? if; 39-ck wdkUonf tyg,f4-bHk
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t&lyukodkvf 4-ck? if; 54-ck wdkUonf oHo&m0#fqif;&J usifvnf aMumif;jzpffaom
ukodkvf&efolawG[k tvGeftrif;txl;jrifjcif;?
xdkodkU xifjyD;vQif ynmapwodufudk atmufarYqifjcifonf&Sdaomf if; ynmapwodufonf
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tvGeftusL; xifjrifjcif;?
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csrff;ompGm oufom&m &avonf/
22/ 1266-ckESpf? wydkUwGJvqef;&Spf&uf? we*FaEGaeU najcmufem&Dausmfausmf tcsdefwGif
opmav;yg;uudkodonf/ ivsifESpfMudrf vIyf\/

'O? w? ,t? rt? *t? &t/ ('kwd,r*& [k qdkvdkonf/ xdkESpf ou'g*grf jzpf\/ /pma&;ol
rSwfcsuf/)
wpfq,fU ajcmufcsuf tdyfrufqef;rsm;
1/ ajc jcwuf jcudk eif;rdrnfpdk;aomaMumifU aumif;uifrSae jcudkcgypf&onf jrifrufjcif;?
2/ jrpfudk tvsm;vdkufqefaom oabFm pD;&atmif vdkufaomf oabFmudk rSD&HkrQom &Sd rpD;&[k
jrifrufjcif;?
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1261-ckESpfodkU a&mufaomtcg if;ESpf uqkefvu p 0gqdkvjynfUwdkifvQif oHo&mab;udk
tvGef aMumufaomaMumifU bk&m;qkudk ryefawmU? xdkbk&m;qkudk ryefEdkifjcif;taMumif;[k
xifonf/)
3/ jrpfvnfodkU a&mufaepOf jrpfwpfzufodkU vufypful;rnfvdkvdk? azmifzGJU ul;rnfvdkvdkaeqJ
avSi,fwpfpif;vm xdkavSi,fESifU pD;vsuf jrpfwpfzufodkU a&mufonf[k jrifrufjcif;?
(if; tdyfruft&rSm 'kwd, 0gqdkvjynfUausmfrSom om0uqkudk yef xdkom0uqkudk
yefqifEdkifjcif; taMumif;[k xifonf/)
4/ bk&m;&Sifudk udk,fwdkifudk,fus zl;awGU& bk&m;&SifrsufarSmuf edAmefa&mufatmif 0dyemudk
tm;xkwf&onf[k jrifrufjcif;?
5/ rpifpGefYqJ uk#DESifUwuG wpfyg;odkUa&muf rpif vdrf;uyfavoavm [k MunfUvQif rpif
rvdrf;ruyf [k jrifrufjcif;?
6/ EGH ESpfa,mufaomolonf vufwpfzuf wpfcsufudkudkif EGHxJrSwifonf[k jrifrufjcif;?
7/ ]at;aomtcg ylaom ur|mef;ausmif;ae? ylaom ur|mef;udk tm;xkwf&rnf/ ylaomtcg
at;aom ur|mef;ausmif;ae at;aom ur|mef;ukd tm;xkwf&rnf} [k jrifrufjcif;?
8/ ]onfta&mifonf tb,fta&mifenf;} [k ar;vQif ]r[m*Em&Hkbkef;MuD;\ oDvta&mif} [k
qdkygonf/ ]tb,fusatmif awmufoenf;} [k ar;vQif tued| jA[mUjynfwdkifatmif
awmufygonf[kqdk jrifrufjcif;?
9/ edAmefudk wpf0Dxdom vdkawmUonf/ edAmefudkodjrifatmif Oayum0Dxdcs&rnf jrifrufjcif;?
10/ yl-&kyfemrf? at;- edAmef? az-pdaE,s? ar-w&m;? om;-oHCmu at;edAmefudk
vsifjrefpGm&atmif &kyfemrf&SdpOf jrwfw&m;udk MudK;pm; tm;xkwf/ toufZD0def r&Sdonfbk&m;
a[mMum;onfUw&m;/
(1271-ck? awmfovif;vqef; oHk;&uf? t*FgaeU wpfMudrfrufonf/ if;vqef; q,f&uf t*FgaeU
wpfMudrfrufonf/)
11/ ]zvawH t"d0peH/ {wH=orm'd|d ormouFy paom r*if azmifMuD;onf/
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t&[wzdkvf\/ t"d0peH= trnfaywnf;/ }
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12/ ylvScsnfU? avmifvScsnfU? ylvScsnfU? avmifvScsnfU? oHa,mZOfjywfvQif {;\? ?

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-]awmifMuD;wpfvHk;\ eHab;wGif r[m*Em&Hkbkef;MuD; tr;jyK vrf;azmuf&m aygufaomtcg
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rSDaomtcg r[m*Em&Hkbkef;MuD;tm; ykwfcwfrnftjyKwGif r[m*Em&Hkbkef;MuD;u
wGufcsvdkufojzifUb,ftcgrS rwufEdkifaom acsmufxJodkU usoGm;onf/ usaomtcg
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14/ if;ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfvuG,faeU? r[m*Em&Hkbkef;MuD;onf wpfudk,fvHk;azG;azG;jzLaom
qifjzLpD;vsuf qifjzLay:u bk&m;ay: odkU ta&SUrsufESmuwufvsuf if;bk&m;ay:uae
atmufudkMunfUaomtcg a&awGjrif&onf[k jrifrufjcif;/
15/ if;ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef;wGif a&Tjymom'fMuD;av;aqmif\ tv,fuyvifESifUwuG
a&Tjymom'fMuD; av;aqmif&onf[k jrifrufjcif;?
16/ if;vqef;rSm xD;jzLav;pif;&onf[k jrifrufjcif;/
um; r[m*Em&Hk q&mawmfudk,fwdkif a&;rSwfxm;cJUaom tdyfrufESifU t"dym,faumufyHkrsm;
jzpf\/
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tm&Hkvdrfrsm;0ifjcif;ESifU ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm i,fpOfumvrSp r&dk;om;aom bk&m;qkyef pdwfMuD;ESifY

tzdcH&jcif;rSm q&mawmf b0ESifU &if;ay;cJUaom y"me oifcef;pmMuD;rsm;yifwnf;/
tifMuif;ajrmifESifh edAdEq&mawmf ( 12221222-1278) / (1248(1248-1338)
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bk&m;BuD; ESpfyg;taMumif;udk edAdE q&mawmf a&;om;awmfrlaom ]]odumoHk;yg;}} zwfI&\/
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twdkif;qGrf; bkOf;ay;& aemufumvwGifrS qGrf;[if;yg &onf/

tifMuif;ajrmif q&mawmf tHhzG,frsm;

15-&ufcefY&SdvQif emoD;0wGif tmHkerdwfay:vm ra0cJGEdkifojzifh tifMuif;ajrmif q&mawmfxH
oGm;a&mufavQmufxm;&onf/ a&S;uvnf; tifMuif;ajrmif q&mawmf[k Mum;zl;\/
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od&awmhonf/ q&mawmfBuD;xH enf;cH ajcmufvcefY tm;xkwfpOf a&tcuftcJaMumifh
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aqmufvMuonf/ oHk;av;&uft&wGif xdkausmif;udk rD;avmifojzifh wyf aqmufvMujyefonf/
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a&;jcpfwm;ojzifh 1275-ckESpfu p xkdtrnftwdkif; ac:a0:Muavonf/
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xdkq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; 23-0gt&wGif jynfrdU tifMuif;ajrmifawm& awmxGufawmfrlonf/
xdkq&mawmf\ *kPfxl;ig;ckudk atmufygtwkdif; rSwfom;xm;\/
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'umwpfa,mufomac: jzL;rdU olaX; OD;ouftdrf ESpfnwnf;cdk\/ aousawmif

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qGwfqGwfjzLaeonf[k jrifruf\/ uyd,tm; ajym&m olYrSmvnf; yg;pyfxJrS acgif;rygaom
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v,fwDq&mawmfESifhtwl rEav;odkY c&D;qufonf/
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]'Dvdk jrifwmuawmh taumif;qHk;yJ? kwfw&uf rjrifEdkifMubl;}}[k rdefYawmfrlonfudk

rSwfom;cJY&\/
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aMumifyef;awm& q&mawmf ( 12221222-1288)
aMumifyef;awm& q&mawmfonf aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwD q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ vufoyfarG;
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apmifha&SmufarG;jrLcJY&onf/
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armifoHwlwpfa,muf pdwftm;i,fcJY&\/ odkY&mwGif rdrdvufay:csnf; ypk&if;uG,fvGefcJYMu&aom
q&mESifh zcifBuD;wdkYu aojcif;w&m;\ aMumufrufzG,fudk vufawGU oifjyay;cJYMuonf/
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]]oif;vufrS vGwfajrmufatmif igvkyfrnf}} [k yg&rD ADZu EId;qGay;vdkuf\/ odkYESifh

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cdufueJ odjrifvQif aomwmyef[kom rSwfyg}}[laom q&mawmf\ pum;aMumifhavmrod/
&[ef;awmfrsm;omru oDv&Sif? vlolawmfrsm;yg wvSnfhpD a[majym em,ljcif;jzifhom 0dyem
IMuavonf/
"ry' paom usrf;*efwdkYvnf; ]]w&m;tqHk; aomwmyef ponf rnfa&GUrnfrQ
jzpfMuavukef\}} [kvm&Sdaom cdygbdn mPfxuf&Sonfh yk*dKvfrsdK;udkvnf;
om"uyEdkifjyefonf/ odkY&mwGif yk&Gufqdwfudk ausmufwHk;jzifh zdowf&m rnfrQvsifjrefpGm
ao&aomfvnf; r&Pm oEaZmrusbJ aodk;xHk;pH r&SdouJhodkY vsifjrefpGm w&m;xl;
&Muaomfvnf; kyfemrf"rudk rIrSwf? ryGm;rsm;bJ aomwmyef ponfjzihf jzpfdk;xHk;pH r&SdMuav/
,cktcg xdkyk*KdvfrsdK;vnf; &Sm;ayvdrfhrnf/ aMumifyef; q&mawmfBuD; udk,fwdkifyifvQif
udk,fESifh&if; wpfq,hfav;ig;ESpf tjyif;txef BudK;pm;awmfrlcJY&\/ onfvnf; ynm&Sdaom
olawmfaumif;BuD;wdkY\ t&mayum;/
,ck q&mawmf OD;eEd, vufxufa&mufvmaomtcgwGifum; odkY r[kwfawmhNyD/
rlvq&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ vrf;pOfawmtwdkif; tajymta[mxuf vufawGY IrSwfyGm;rsm;onfh
tydkif; tav;ay; nTefjyawmfrlvsuf&SdayNyD/
aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mBuD; ysHvGefawmfrlaomtcg q&mawmfonf ]]'Dwpfcgjzifh cufcsnfh&JU?
0dedpd,r@dKifBuD; ydvJ&avNyD}} [k rdefYawmfrl\/
'DyeDrsm;udk ausmufpm a&;xkd;&efvnf;? OD;aqmif BudK;pm;awmf rlcJYhonf/
q&mawmf udk,fwdkifvnf;1/ 0d0 'DyeD (1268-71)?
2/ 0dyem 'DyeD (1272)?
3/ obm0 'DyeD (1273)?
4/ oHk;avmu 'DyeD (1278 )?
5/ &wem 'DyeD (1279) ESifh aMumifyef; a[mpOfrsm;? qHk;rpmrsm;udk a&;om;awmfrlcJYonf/
q&mawmfonf 1288-ckESpf jymodkvqef; oHk;&ufaeYwGif ysHvGefawmfrlcJY\/

tdk;apwDwnfxm;udk;uG,fMuonf/ 'DyeD usrf;rsm;udkvnf; ausmufpma&;xdk; ylaZmfMuukef\/

yef;omq&mawmf? q&mawmf OD;wdP? OD;eE,wdkYonf rlv aMumifyef;q&mawmf\ tarGudk jzefYa0
omoemyMuaom usrf;y "ruxdursm; jzpfawmfrlMu\/ xdkwGif ZD;awmq&mawmf OD;eEd,onf
pma&;oltm; ausmif;om;i,fb0wGif az;rapmifha&SmifhcJYaom aus;Zl;&Sif q&mwpfyg;yif
jzpfygaMumif;/
anmifvGefUawm& q&mawmf
(1229 - 1295)
OykofaeUjzpf rdwDvmuef txuf tdkifh&Gmbkef;BuD; OD;auo&ausmif; Oykofonfrsm;
pnfum;vSonf/
Oykofonf a':*Hkonf OykofZ&yftwGif; ykwD;pdyf&if; awmifajrmufav;yg; Munfhum MunfhumESifh
pdwf*PmrNidrf jzpfae\/ om;i,fudk&ifudk rawGUjrif&ao;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;
udk&ifwdkUonf OykofaeUa&mufwdkif; aumif;aumif; pm;&onfhtjyif pmtHpmusuf vGwfvyfrI&ojzifh
aysmf&TifMuNrJjzpf\/ &Hcg rdrdwdkU r,fawmfrsm;&Sd&m OykofZ&yfodkU vma&muf EIwfqufwwfMuonf/
&Sifar"m0Dwpfyg;url r,fawmftem;odkU a&mufrvmao;ojzifh a':*HkrSm ykwD;pdyfr&Edkifatmif
&Sdaeawmh\/
awmxGufoGm;aom udk&ifav;
]]armifyOif;? wynfhawmfrwdkU armif&ifvJ rawGUygvm;}} OykofZ&yfteD;odkU a&mufvmaom
om;tBuD; OD;0dpdwtm; r,fawmfBuD; a':*Hku ar;jref;Munfh\/
]]olwdkU 'DuaeU pmtH&wmrSwfvdkU? oGm;csif&m oGm;aeMurSmaygh}} [k OD;0dpdwu tajzay;\/
odkUaomf &Sifar"m0Dum; qGrf;cHjyefcsdefuwnf;u aysmufaeaMumif; pHkprf;od&ojzifh
r,fawmfBuD;twGuf ydk&ifrat; jzpf&\/ udk&ifh'umBuD; OD;rIwfudkyg wpfausmif;wufqif; &Sm&ef
ylqm&avawmhonf/
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oydwfwpfvHk;eJU awmxGufoGm;av&JUwJh}} [k ajymvdkuf&m a':*Hkcrsm &ifxJwGif 'dwfueJ
jzpfoGm;&Sm\/ a':*Hkonf ae&mrS ysmysmovJxum]]udkrIwf? awmf....wu,fajymwmvm;? wuwJawmf....bkef;BuD;eJU armifyOif;rsm;uvJ awmrxGufzdkU
rwm;Mubl;wJhvm;}} [k wljzpfol bkef;BuD;OD;auo&ESifh om;BuD;OD;0dpdwwdkUudkyg tjypfwif
nnf;wGm;vdkuf\/
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]][Jh....&Sif*Hk? ighrvJ OykofBuD;eJU? nnf;udk tvum;vdrfaeyghrvm;}}
]]'gjzifh udkrIwf b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ? bkef;BuD;eJU armifyOif;udkvJ avsmufacsygOD;/ ckaevdkuf&if
tcsdefrDygao;w,f/ wuwJawmf usKyfom; 12-ESpfyJ &Sdygao;w,f}}

a':*Hkonf aerxd xdkifrxd jzpfaeonf/ Z&yfay:&Sd Oykofonfrsm;yif oufjyif;csaeMuav\/

]][kwfrSmawmh? nnf;om; AdkufxJuwnf;u xl;wJhom;}} [k Oykofonf tbGm;tdkwpfOD;u
rSwfcsufcsvdkufonf/ rSefay\/ a':*Hkonf om;udk,f0ef&onfh tcsdefrSp xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
csifjcif;wyfcJhonf/ aeUpOf oDwif;oDv apmifhxdef;um urXmef;xdkifvdkpdwfrsm; rsdKodyfr&atmif
jzpfcJh&onf/ wljzpfol tdkifh&Gmbkef;BuD; OD;auo&tm; avQmufxm; urXmef;xdkifenf;udk
oif,l&onf/ xdkacwftcgum; 0dyem urXmef;xdkif&onf[k em;vnfMuaomtcgyif
r[kwfacs/ OD;auo&vnf; 0dok'dr*fudk Munfhum Ak'gEkwd? arwmurXmef;wdkUudk
txdkuftavsmufom nTefMum;ay;EdkifcJh\/
a':*Hkonf xl;jcm;vSaom udk,f0efoaEudk urXmef;tmHkjzifh apmifha&Smuf vmcJh&m 1229-ckESpf
waygif;vjynfhausmf 12-&uf Mumoyaw;aeU nOfhwpfcsufwD;ausmf tcsdef owdkUom;udk
csrf;ompGm zGm;jrifcJh\/ owdkUom;&wemonf udk,f0efoaEtcsdefu xl;jcm;ouJhodkU
arG;zGm;vmaom tcgwGifvnf; xl;jcm;aom trSwfvuPmrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/
nmbufajcz0g;jyif tv,f yHkawmif; pufvuPmBuD; wpfckudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGUMu&\/
vuf,m&pf ckywfaMumif;rsm;? tv,frS tem;puf0dkif;udk uefUvefUoGm;aom tuefUaMumif;rsm;udk
Munfh ]xl;jcm;rnfh om;&wem} [k twyf,lqcJhMuonf/ kyfvuPmvnf; yDjyifjywfom;vS\/
ckepfESpft&G,f ausmif;xm; ausmif;om;wdkU wwftyfaom oifykef;BuD;ESifh y&dwfBuD;
q,fapmifwGJudk wpfESpftwGif; tm*Hk &&Sdonf/ o'g&Spfapmif? oN*K[fudk;ydkif;udkvnf;
ausmif;om;b0uyif tm*Hk&&Sdojzifh tudkawmfbkef;BuD;ESpfyg;\ txl;ta&;ay;jcif;udk cHcJh&\/
]ql;onf jzpfpuwnf;u cRefonf} qdkouJhodkY pmayt&mom t&G,fESifhrvdkufatmif
xl;cRefonfr[kwf? &wemoHk;yg;ESifh q&morm;0wfvnf; rcdkif;&bJvsuf
usdwfcsD;usL;&avmufatmif ausyGefoljzpfonf/ wHjrufvSnf;jcif;? bk&m;qGrf;yef;wifjcif;?
aomufa&oHk;a& wnfjcif;...../
12-ESpft&G,fwGif &SifomraPjyK&m tajccHpmrsm; tm*Hk&xm;ojzifh &Sifi,fb0jzifhyif
&[ef;awmfrsm; oif,l&onfh pmBuD;ayBuD;rsm;udk oifMum;EdkifayNyD/
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tbGm;BuD;wpfa,mufu rSwfcsufcsouJhodkU OykofZ&yfem; a&mufvmaom
udk&ifBuD;wpfyg;uvnf;]]'umrBuD;om;u udk&ifr0wfcifxJu oN*K[fawG&aewm? urXmef; 40-wdkU? ynufy&rwfwdkU?
edAmefwdkUqdkwm odaewmAs? usKyfwdkUudkvJ olu awmxGufcsifw,f? urXmef;xdkif&atmif cPcP
ajymaewm? ckvJ reufxJu aysmufoGm;wm}} [k vma&muf ajymaejyefojzifh a':*HkrSm OD;rIwftm;
tjrefvdkuf&Sm&ef pdk;&drfwBuD; ylqmvsuf&Sd\/
]]&Sif*Hk&,f 'DavmufvJ ylraeygeJU? awmxGufwm 0rf;awmif om&OD;rSmyg}} [kajymqdkonfudk
vufrcHEdkifyJ OD;rIwftm; a'goxGufum wlESifhom; bkef;BuD;rsm;xH oGm;rnftjyK OD;rIwfu
a':*Hktm; vufqGJ-

]]vmvm? nnf;om;udk wdkUESpfa,mufvHk; oGm;&SmMur,f}} [kqdkum ac: oGm;\/

a':*Hkonf bkrod brod OD;rIwfac:&modkU vdkufygoGm;&m vlolESifha0;aom ausmif;0if;pnf;dk;
csHKBuD;teD;odkUta&muf OD;rIwfu a':*Hktm; ]wdk;wdk;} [k vuf&dyfjyum csHKtwGif;odkU
vufndI;xdk;jyvdkufonf/ om;&Sifar"m0DrSm aeajymufrxdk;atmif ydef;ydwfaeaom csHKBuD;twGif;
oydwfudk tem;rSmcs oif;ydkifuav;cif;NyD; ajEBuD;pGm urXmef;xdkifaeonfudk
awGUMu&avonf/ xdktcgrS a':*HkrSm oufjyif;wpfcsufcs NyHK;Edkifawmhonf/
OD;rIwfonf a':*Hktm; vufwdkU ajcudkazmhazmheif;um jyefvmMuNyD;aemuf toHrMum;avmufaom
ae&modkUa&mufvQif]]&Sif*Hk? nnf;om;uawmh b,ftxd xl;jcm;OD;r,fh om;vJrodbl;ath? udk&ifwpfyg;udk
ar;Munfhawmh reufxJu ywydkPfqGrf;cHNyD; {uoaeU ({umoedwf) pm;owJhAsm;? 'DcsHKudkvJ
tapmBuD;xJu &Sif;xm;wmwJh/ armifyOif;rsm;uawmh OykofaeU jzpfaeawmh pm0gtm;ordkUvm;? ol
b,foGm;w,fqdkwm b,fodrvJ}} [k &Sif;jyonf/
ESpfa,mufom; tNyHK;udk,fpDESifh OykofZ&yfodkU jyefvmcJhMu\/ &Sifar"m0D[lonf anmifvGefU
q&mawmf avmif;vsmaywnf;/
pmaywm0ef q&mh0ef tm;oGefBudK;yrf;pOf
&Sifar"m0Donf &SifomraPi,f b0uyif &[ef;awmfrsm; oif,lusufrSwf&onfh yd#u
tajccHpmrsm; EIwfwuf&cJh\/ udk,fusifhodumwGifvnf; 0denf;usifh0wftwdkif;yif (pmxJu udk&if)
jzpf\/ touf20-jynfhajrmuf &[ef;b0 a&mufaom tcgwGifvnf; oDvodum
vGefpGmav;pm; ]pmxJu &[ef;yif} jzpfaeayawmhonf/
&[ef;oHk;0gt& rEav;NrdKU bk&m;BuD;wdkufodkU pmoif<u\/ xdk ESpf0grQ aeNyD;vQif
aemifawmfi,fq&m OD;auo&\ trdefUt& anmif&rf;NrdKUteD; (awmifbuf&Sd) a&tdk;pif&Gm
ausmif;a[mif; tapmifhta&Smuftjzpf oDwif;oHk;&onf/ xdktcdkuf 0denf;tausmf rdk;eHukef;
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf anmif&rf;NrdKUodkU udpwpfckjzifh <ua&mufvm\/ OD;ar"m0Donf
0denf;awmfvm cg;yrf;BudK;eSifhpyf r&Sif;vif;aom tcsufrsm;udk rdk;eHukef; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm;
avQmufxm; cGifhyef ar;jref;av&m auseyfavmufatmif tqHk;tjzwfrsm; rSwfom; &&Sdojzifh
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH vdkufyg ynmoif,l&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/
tusifhoDvudk jrwfEdk;vSaom OD;ar"m0DtzdkY 0denf;yd#uESifh tusifhoDvt&m xif&Sm;
ausmfMum;aom rdk;eHukef; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh BuHKBudKuf&onfrSm tcGifhomvSay\/
]]ynmcRefvdkolwdkUonf &Sifom&dykMwmxH? wefcdk;'dyg'f uRrf;usifvdkolwdkUonf &Sifar*vmefxH?
"kwify#dywf jznfhusifhvdkolwdkUonf &Sifr[muyxHodkU}} cdkvHIrdvsufom; jzpfMu&onf/

tiftm;&SdaomacwfESifh tiftm;BuD;rm;aom yk*dKvfxl;rsm;udk rSDcdk&jcif;onf uH&SdolwdkUtwGuf ydkrdk

tusdK;pD;yGm; rsm;ap\/ uHenf;olwdkU twGufum; &Hcg ydkyif tusdK;qkwf,kwfoGm;apwwfonf/
Oyrm rD;ESifhvQyfppf uJhodkYwnf;/ (t&d,ly0g'uHudkvnf; xdkOyrmESifhtwl oabmouf0ifoifh\/)
OD;ar"m0Donf &[ef;ig;0g t&wGif aemifawmf\ cGifhjyKcsufudk ,l aysmfbG,fNrdKU ta&SUawmif
ESpfrdkifcefU a0;uGmaom rdk;eHukef;&Gmausmif;odkU a&GUajymif; owif;oHk;onf/
0denf;tausmf rdk;eHukef; q&mawmf
ae&m rdk;eHukef; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; taMumif;udk tenf;i,f az:jy&ef vdktyf\/
&rnf;oif;NrdKUe,f (a&T'g;blwmteD; ayukef;&GmBuD; ta&SUbuf&Sd) anmifyifomac:
&Gmydk;uav;Zmwd jzpfonf/ (,ck xdk&Gmr&SdawmhNyD/) OD;tif;ESifh a':bHkBuD;
( a':at; )wdkUrS 1209-ckESpf zGm;jrifonf/ ayukef;&Gm 0ef;ausmif;wdkuf OD;PxH
ynmoif,lonf/ &SifomraPbGJU &SifZ,E/ &SifomraPb0jzifh &wemyHk aejynfawmfodkU <u
'udPm&mr bk&m;BuD;wdkuf yk*HanmifOD;q&mawmf OD;okwxH yd#u oifonf/ &[ef;0g
q,f0gausmfvQif ta&SUjyif pvif;wdkuf yxrpmawmfcstjzpf ajymif;a&GU oDwif;oHk;\/ pMuma'0D
rdzk&m;BuD;u udk;uG,f aeUpOf yGJawmfqGrf;tkyfESifh ypnf;av;yg; 'umcH,lonf/
oDaygrif;vufxufwGif i,fq&m&if; OD;PxH jyefvnf wpf0gqdk\/ aemuf r,fawmfESifh
aqGrsdK;rsm;&Sd&m aysmfbG,f? ydawmufukef;&GmodkU <ua&muf oDwif;oHk;onf/ ausmif;vnf;
aqmufvSLMuonf/ xdkausmif;wGifvnf; acwrQomae wynfjh zpfol OD;aZmwtm; vTJtyfum
rdk;eHukef;&GmodkU a&GUajymif; oDwif;oHk;vsuf pmoifwdkuf wnfaxmifonf/ (OD;aZmwvnf; 1255ckESpfwGif aysmf&Gm ta&SUbufodkU awm&xGufavonf/) rdk;eHukef; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;um;
]rdk;eHukef;*dkPf;tkyf q&mawmf} [k xif&Sm; 0denf;yd#u t&m ausmfMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
oDvudk jrwfEdk;aom q&mwynfh
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txl; ta&;ay;awmfrl\/ rMumrDtwGif; rdrd ,lqonfxufyif xl;jcm;onfh yOif;i,fjzpfaMumif;
awGUjrif&onf/ OD;ar"m0Donf &[ef;oDvudk apmifhpnf;&m 0denf;tausmf rdk;eHukef; q&mawmfBuD;
csD;usL;avmufatmif av;pm;dkao\/
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ta&;rrlvQif BuD;av;aom tmywfudkvnf; ta&;BuHKu vHkEdkifrnfr[kwf/ BuD;av;onfudk
EdkifvQif ao;i,fonfudk tvdkvdk apmifhpnf;NyD; jzpf&rnf}} [k OD;ar"m0Du wpfxpfcs ,HkMunfvsuf
&Sdonf/
tiftm;enf;aom ADvHk;iSufi,ftwGuf rajymyavmufaom EG,fBudK;tcsnftaESmif cH&jcif;onf

BuD;rm;cdkifcefYaom xdwfcwfwHk;BuD;ozG,f jzpf xdkae&myif toufaoonftxd a&mufEdkif\/

odkU&mwGif qifajymifBuD; twGufum; xdkaESmifBudK; taESmiftzGJUonf rIavmufonf r[kwfacs/
(v#Kudaumyrokwf? yPmo/)
xdkUtwl tm'djA[p&d,u (yxrqHk;rusifhvQif rjzpfaom) oDv omoem0denf;
odumyk'fawmfrsm;onf bk&m;&Sif\ r[mukPm? oAnkwPf tay:ESifh w&m;awmf\
pGrf;&nfudk r,Hkwpf0uf ,Hkwpf0uf av;eufaom o'g0D&d, r&SdolwdkUtwGuf
xdwfcwfwHk;BuD;rsm;ozG,f jzpfaomfvnf; OD;ar"m0DtwGuf ayghyg;vSonf/ wrif atmifhtnf;
apmifhpnf;ae&jcif; r&Sdojzifh nDvmcHobif0ifaom rif;ysdKrif;vGifonf csyf0wfwefqm 'Gg'&mudk
tomyifqifjref; vef;qef; wuf<uaeouJhodkUwnf;/
yd#uoifdk;aMuaom OD;ar"m0D
rdk;eHukef; q&mawmfonf OD;ar"m0D taetxdkif yd&dao0yfHkrQru vHkUv0D&d, &Sdonfudkvnf;
jrifawGU&ojzifh oDoefU ausmif;wpfausmif; aeapum pmqdkawmftjzpf csD;jrifh\/
(pmqdkawmf[lonf pmtwlvdkufolrsm;wGif q&mcsay;onfhtwdkif; tm;vHk;udk,fpm; &Gwfqdk&ol
jzpfonf/ xdkolrsdK;onf BudKydk MunfhIxm;&ojzifh ydkpmwwfvmEdkifonf/) aeUtcgwGif
orEpdEm paom o'gi,frsm;rS tp 0denf;ig;usrf; ygVdtxuxm? tbd"rm tXuxmwdkYudk
oifMum;&\/ nbuf tbd"rm n0grsm;udk wuf&onf/
]]tbd"rmn0g}} [lonf bkef;BuD;pmoifenf;wGif xl;jcm;aom oifwef;pm0gwpfrsdK; jzpfonf/
tbd"rm ckepfusrf;vm okyfouef teuft"dym,f rsm;udk cHiHkrdatmif jrefrmpum;ajytjzpf
qdkdk;usrf;rsm; a&S;uyif &SdcJhMu\/ xdkqdkdk;usrf;rsm;udk acwftqufquf yjyif oifMum;ydkUcscJh&m
]tbd"rm jrefrmtXuxm} [k qdk&avmufatmif vG,fulav;eufaom usrf;rsm; jzpfukef\/
tbd"rm a0g[m&wpfvHk; oabmw&m;wpfckudk oHk;oyfa0zef&m ]tppfaumuf? twkaumuf?
&oifhaumuf} [l jzpfEdkiforQ tpGrf;ukef okyft"dym,fudk jyqdkxm;&m tXuxm?
#Dumq&mwdkUudkyif vTrf;oGm;ayawmhonf/ tXuxm? #Dumq&mwdkU rawGUjrifcJhaom tao;pdwf
uav;rsm;rStp Ak'tbd"rmudk tjynfhpHkqHk; tusOf;Hk; taumif;qHk;aom oifMum;avhvmenf;
pepfopfwpfckudk jrefrmwdkU wDxGifEdkifcJhMu\/
xdktbd"rmn0gudk q&mhqD oif,lMu&onf/ n0g qdkonfhtwdkif; q&ma&m wynfhrsm;yg
xGef;nSdxm;aom rD;udkyif Nidrf;owf n arSmifESifhrnf;rnf;wGif oif,lMu&onf/
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tcsdefwdkwdkESifh vdk&if;rdatmif tacsmudkif oif,l avhvmcJhMu&onf/ b,frSmrS r&Sdaom oifenf;

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tHzefrsm;ojzifh uav;b0u&aom o'g? oN*K[frsm;rSm ESpfESifhcsD r&GwftHyJ xm;aomfvnf;
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pmt"dym,frsm;udk jyefvnf pOf;pm;um Avmpmtkyfrsm; rvGwfwrf; aw;rSwftacsmwifxm;onf/
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jyefcJh\/
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ESvHk;oGif;jcif;jzifh rdk;vif;aponf/

um; pmoifom;i,f Od;ar"m0D\ aeUpOf vkyfdk;vkyfpOfrsm; jzpf\/

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tEkwfvuPm jyaeonfudk awGU&aomtcg acgif;eyrf;BuD;vm\/ toufawmfvnf;
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]]OD;ar"m0D? y&d,wdudkvJ wwfatmifoif? udk,fwwfNyD;awmh wpfqifhydkUcsNyD; y&d,wdudkvJ

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usDMuxJ oGif;NyD;umrS udk,fhvkyfpm udk,frpm;&yJ aooGm;&wJh awmifolBuD;vdk jzpfaer,fAs/
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awmxGufcGifhjyK&ef t&JpGefY avQmufxm;onf/ odkUaomf cGifhjyKcsufr&/
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tusdK;aqmifaom rdwfaqGozG,f 0ifvmwwf\/
taESmifht,Sufonf ta0;rSvmvQif
mvQif jrifvG,f a&SmifvG,f\/ teD;rS vmvQif jrifcuf a&Smifcuf\/
rdrdoEmefxJuyif xGufay:vmcJhaomf ydk tjrifcuf? ta&Smif cufwwfonf/

,if;wdkUudk ]eD0&P} [lvnf;aumif;? ]Oyudavo} [lvnf;aumif; ]rm&f 10-wyf}

[lvnf;aumif;? ]apmawmcdv? apawm0dedAE} [lvnf;aumif;? ]jA[pmly'0} (ponf)
[lvnf;aumif; trnftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh a[mMum; ajymqdkMu&\/
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rsufESmzHk; trsdK;rsdK;wyfum ow0gwdkUtm; vSnfhpm; ESdyfpuf aejcif;yifwnf;/ xdkoabmudk
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q&mawmf\ &ifESD;aom 'umtcsdKUu bkef;BuD;aysmuf &Sm&if; rwwfomonfhtqHk; yg&rD
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aeU&SdorQ pOf;pm;ae\/ wpfaeUwGif OD;yOif;i,frsm;onf q&mawmfBuD;xHrS (plV0g ygVdawmfudk)
pmwuf jyefvmMuNyD;aemuf refusnf;yifatmuf uGyfyspf xdkifum pkaygif; pmvSnfhoHudk
Mum;vdkuf&&m ydkyif oHa0* jzpfoGm;onf/

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(,ckr&SdawmhNyD) ESifh aysmf&Gm? xdkurS ta&SUbuf wpfrdkifcefUa0;aom q&mawmf OD;aZm\
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toHuvnf; OD;aZmESifhtNydKif oDusL;um MunfEl;zG,f &SdaypGmh/ OD;ar"m0Du oGm;avQmufrS
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tus,fa&;xm;onf/]

&Hcg numv urXmef;acsmiftwGif; yXmef;ygVdawmf yOm0g&udk toHwpmpmESifh &GwftHoHrsm;

Mum;&\/ vjynfhaeU nrsm;wGif ydkMum;&onf/ toHMum;&modkU vdkufMunfh&m toHrSm
wjznf;jznf;a0; oGm;\/ &Hcg toH&Sifudk ouFef;0wfjzifh awGU&onf/ rdk;eHukef;q&mawmf
kupdk;BuD; jzpf\/ w&m;tm;xkwfolwdkUtm; wpfpHkwpf&m tE&m,f&SdvQif BudKwif
odavmufatmif owday;jcif;? tE&m,fumuG,fay;jcif; ponfjzifh tNrJapmifha&Smufum tdk;tdk;
apwDteD; opfyifwpfyif tNrJae xdkur|mef;acsmif awmpyfom vSnfhvnfvsuf &Sdonfqdk\/
a&S;u tcsdKU pmwwftausmf q&mawmfBuD; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf ]"mwk y&dedAmefyGJudk 0ifETJ&ef}
qdkum kupdk;ewfjzpf&ef tm;oefawmifhwMuukef\/ vuf&Sdb0\ tcGifhom jrifhjrwfjcif;ESifh
omoemawmf\ ed,smedu (vGwfajrmuf&m)vrf;udk arQmfrSef;Edkifaom todPf
enf;ug;jcif;wdkUaMumifh vufiif; tcGifhta&;udk vufavQmh tHI;ay;onfh oabmomwnf;/
wpfpHkwpfckaom oufom&m ( w&m;xl; ) r&Sdao;ygbJvsuf touf&SnfpGm kupdk;b0
ae&rnfrSm ysif;rkef;NiD;aiGUzG,f aumif;vSacs\/
psmeformywfESifh tjrif"mwf&jcif;
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tdk;tdk;apwDteD; ajrmufbuf Z&yfBuD;ay: rtdyfrae IyGm;awmfrl&m Z&yfeH&H tjyifbufrS
wufvdkufqif;vdkuf toHrsm; w0kef;0kef; w'dkif;'dkif; qlnHae orm"dr&Edkifatmif &Sd&onf/
]]tif;......rm&fewf wynfhawGyJ? wwfEdkif&if ightoufudkyif owfMuapawmh? ightvkyf igvkyfrSyJ}}
[k toufESifh cEmudk,fudk tjywfpGefvNyD; tm;xkwfawmfrl\/ qlnHaeaomfvnf;
vpfvsLIvdkufonf/ eHeufoHk;em&D rsufESmopfawmfa& uyfvSmol OD;yOif;i,ftm; MunfhIcdkif;&m
ckepfawmifcefU &Snfvsm;aom a>rpdrf;BuD;udk awGU&\/ rMumrD xl;qef;pGm
aysmufuG,foGm;awmhonf/
q&mawmfonf tmemygeudk Edkifeif; uRrf;usifvmojzifh lypsmef? tlypsmef ( &Spfyg;-udk;yg; )
ormywf&Spfyg;udk &awmfrlavonf/ wpfckckudk Edkifeif;oGm;vQif usefur|mef;rsm;udkvnf; tvdkvdk
Edkifeif;onfom jzpf\/ waeUaomtcg tbd"rmpsmefcef;udk ydkUcsawmfrlpOf]]igwdkUawmh orm"dtm; aumif;vmwJhtcg b,forx? b,f uodkPf;jzpfjzpf ESvHk;oGif;vdkuf&if
csufcsif; xifjrifvmwmyJ? ,kwfpGmhtqHk; opfyifrSm&SdwJh opf&GufawGudk pdkufMunfhvdkuf&if
eDvuodkPf; csufcsif;yGm;NyD;om; jzpfaew,f}} [k trdefU&Sdzl;\/
psmeformywf&Spfyg;udk 0ifpm;zefrsm; tbdnmOfr&apumrl r[*Kwf orm"drQjzifh emembm0wdkUudk
yuwdrsufpdjzifh jrifaeouJhodkU jrifae&\/ anmifav;yifNrdkU cifwef;&Gm odrforkwfyGJodkU
<uawmfrlpOf eHeufoHk;em&DcefU xdk&Gm okomefteD;odkU wpfyg;wnf;xGuf awm&tkPf cHawmfrl&m

o&Jwaprsm; ra&rwGufEdkifatmif acsmufvSefUonfudk jrifawmfrl arwmydkYyGm;um

tm#mem#d,okwfudk &GwfcgrS z,f&Sm; oGm;Muowwf/
wpfaeUwGif q&mawmfonf 0wfHkausmif;BuD;ay: w&m;IyGm;awmfrl&m ausmif;zdeyfcRwf
NydwmwpfOD;vm ayuyf xdkifaeojzifh]]oif-b,folvJ}} [k ar;awmfrl&m]]eEd,ygbk&m;? u,fawmfrlyg}} [k avQmuf\/ yxrwdkufMuyfbkef;BuD; ysHvGef&m
oDvpifMu,faomfvnf; cEmudk,f pGJvrf;ojzifh dI;EGrf;ydefcsHK;pGm pm;&rJh? 0wf&rJh Nydwmb0
a&mufae&jcif; jzpfonf/ 'um'umrrsm;tm; tvtwef;jyKap trQa0&m xdkaeUnrSmyif
udk,fa&miftqif; vSyawmufajymifpGmjzifh]]wynfhawmf txufewfjynfodkU oGm;&ygrnfbk&m;}} [k dkaopGm &Sdcdk;avQmufvSm\/
ow0gwdkUtm; u,fwif&m jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfonf vG,fulxufjruf
ESpfouf0rf;ajrmuf tm;udk;avmufaypGmh/
w&m;jzifh a&m*gudk umuG,fay;jcif;
avmu todPf&dSolwdkYonf ydk tvkyfvkyfMu&\/
anmifvGefU q&mawmfrsm; acwfwcdk umv0rf;? yvdyfuyf? ausmufBuD; paom a&m*grsm;
xlajymvSonf/ tqifhqifh tm;aumif;aom rSefbDvl;rsm; wpfckESifhwpfck awGUjrif&yHkcsif;
rwlouJhodkU a&m*gudk umuG,f ukoMu&m tjrifcsif; rwlnDEdkifay/ &moDOwkaMumifh? ydk;aMumifh?
<uufaoaMumifh? ewfponf zrf;pm;aomaMumifh ponfjzifh udk,fjrif&m udk,fajym
udk,foabmaygufovdk umuG,fukoMuukef\/
tjynfhpHkqHk;aom tjriftodonf Ak'0g'om &Sdavonf/
v,fwDq&mawmf uJhodkUyif anmifvGefUq&mawmfvnf; a&m*grsm;ESifh vdkufwrf;ajy;wrf;
upm;ae&\/ vlwdkU tusifhoDv tiftm;enf;yg;jcif;? tpma&pmacgif;yg;jcif; ponfwdkUaMumifh
trEk a&m*gab;wdkU rsm;ukef\/
&SiftmeEmonf a0omvDjynf uyfqdk;a&m*gMuD; usa&mufpOf &weokwf y&dwfawmfudk wpfnvHk;?
&Gwfzwf u,fwifawmf rlouJhodkU? oDv orm"d ynm tiftm;aumif;aom olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;
ta&twGufuvnf; enf;yg;vSao;ojzifh rolawmfawG rsm;oavmuf olawmfoljrwfwdkU
tvkyfrsm;awmf rlMu&\/ ]a&SUodkU ppfvJwdkuf&? aemufjyef olemjyKvJ vkyf&} ouJhodkU c&D;rwGifyJ
&SdMu&avonf/
t&yfav;rsufESm&Sd &yf&Gm NrdKUe,frsm; uyfa&m*gBuD; jyefUyGm;aepOf rdrdausmif;wdkufESifh a*gp&*grf

&Gmrsm;qDodkU ra&rwGufEdkifatmif vmaeMuaom bDvl;rsm;? Nydwmrsm;udk uRJtkyfBuD;rsm;uJhodkU

jrifawmfrl&m &[ef;&Sifvl tm;vHk;tm; oDvapmifh&ef? arwmyGm;&ef EdI;aqmfawmfrlonf/
y&dwfur0grsm;udkvnf; rTefaeatmif &Gwfzwf emMum;ap\/ xdkUaMumifh q&mawmfh ywf0ef;usif
uyfa&m*gBuD;rsm; rjzpfyGm;cJhay/ jzpfpysdK;&m &Gmrsm;vnf; vHk;0 Nidrf;pJapcJh\/ trEkrsm;
tkyfpkvdkuf vSnfha&Smif xGufoGm;Mu&m oGm;vrf;wpfavQmuf&Sd ta0;&yf&Gmrsm; a&m*gzdpD;
cHMu&onfudkvnf; jrifaeawmfrl\/
tbdnmOfr& aeygdk;vm;
q&mawmfonf wpfaeUwjcm; ydefcsHK;um tdk;ay:ta&wif raoHkyif &Sdawmfrl\/ &Hcg
wpf0gwGif;vHk; pm0grsm;udk &yfpJum taotvJ IyGm;awmfrlonf/ avmuDorm"drQudkom &
tMum;tjrif A[d'tmHkom pdwfTwfum ormywf&Spfyg; psmefupm;jcif;jzifh w&m;rwufEdkifyJ
&Sdav\/ tMum;tjrif tmHkrsm;udk ajc&mcH tbdnmOf ( wefcdk;trsdK;rsdK; ) &&ef OD;vSnfh
IyGm;awmfrljyefonf/
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tbdnmOfaum r&Edkifaybl;vm;}} [k ,ckwdkuftkyfq&mawmf (OD;em,u) u avQmufxm;zl;\/
q&mawmfu udk,fawGUESifh xifjrifcsufrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;zG,f atmufygtwdkif; trdefY&Sdawmfrlonf/
]]tbdnmOfuawmh ,cktcg aygufa&mufzdkY awmfawmfcJ,Of;w,f/ bmhaMumifhvJqdk&if ow0gawG
w&m;rapmifhMuawmh OwkrrSef azmufjyefw,f/ Owk azmufjyefawmh OwkZkyfawG?
OwktaMumif;cHwJh toD;tESH tm[m&awG azmufjyef nHhzsif;vmw,f/ pm;aomuf rSD0J&wJh
vlawGrSmvJ tm[m&ZkyfawG nHhzsif;? OwkZ? tm[m&ZkyfawG nHhawmh wGJbuf urZkyfawGvJ
rcdkifrmEdkifawmhbl;aygh/ xdkkyfawGtay: rSDwG,faewJh pdwf"mwf orm"dtm;vJ aumif;oifhoavmuf
raumif;bJ nHhzsif;vmw,f/ kyfawG? pdwfawGnHhNyD; tm;raumif;jcif;aMumifh oEmeftpOfac:wJh
twabmcEmudk,fBuD; rcdkifbJ 0dok'dr*frSm vmwJhtwdkif; 14-yg;aom tjcif;t&mwdkUjzifh pdwfudk
rqHk;rEdkifMuvdkY ormywf&Spfyg;udk &aeMuaywJh tbdnmOf ray:aygufEdkifbJ jzpfMu&w,f/
um; q&mawmf\ xifjrifcsufjzpf\/
q&mawmf oDwif;oHk;&ma'o? xdkacwf xdktcg umvonf tvGefacgif;yg;\/ rdk;acgif\/
tpma&mpm qGHU&Sm;\/ a&m*gb,rsm;jym;\/ odyHynmvnf; rwdk;wufao;/ q&mawmf
awGUBuHK&aom tcsdeftcgESifh t&yfa'oudk MunfhvQif q&mawmf trdefU&Sdcsufrsm; [kwfrSefay&m\/
odkU&mwGif ,ckacwfum; tcsdeftm;jzifh rMumjrifhvSao;aomfvnf; xdkacwftcgESifh
vHk;0jcm;em;vm\/ tpmtm[m&rsm;vnf; jcm;em;vm\/ wdk;wufaumif;rGefvm\/ usef;rma&;
aq;0g;"mwfpmrsm;vnf; rEdIif;,SOfomatmif wdk;wufvmonf/ aoaocsmcsm acwfudk
pOf;pm;ygvQif aq;0g;"mwfpm tpmtm[m&rsm; wdk;wufaMumif; xif&Sm;vSay\/
tpmtm[m&udk xm;bdOD;? tpm;tpm rpm;bJvsuf &ufvrsm;pGm aeEdkifaom oabmrsm;vnf;&Sd&m

uH pdwf Owk tm[m& av;yg;wGif pdwfomvQif jy|mef;\/ ]]pdwf-pdwZkyfonfomvQif

usefwdZkyfwdkUtm; OD;aqmif xdef;csKyfxm;EdkifaMumif;}} txuXm#DumwdkUvnf; zGifhqdkMuonf/
xdkUaMumifh q&mawmf\ t,ltqonf q&mawmfwdkU acwfumv? q&mawmf
oDwif;oHk;&ma'oESifh Munfhaomf rSefuefayvdrfhrnf/
rnfrQavmuf tpmtm[m& Murf;onfqdkap? wpfcgu Ak'ESifh Ak'\wynfhrsm; jrif;pm;*sHKMurf;rsm;
pm;&onfavmuf rqdk;&Gm;ao;acs/ tiftm;&Sdaom acwfodkU ra&mufao;jcif;onf t"dutaMumif;
jzpfonf/ q&mawmf\ uwm"dum& b0yg&rDu xdkodkUyif oabmaygufapjcif;vnf;
jzpfEdkif&monf/
rnfodkUqdkap? q&mawmfudk,fwdkif pGefUpGefUpm;pm; tbdnmOf&&ef usifhyGm;awmfrl&m
udk,fawGUjzpf&yfudk rdefUawmfrlonfrSmum; txl; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f Munfdktm;uszG,f
aumif;vSygbdonf/
tem*wfomoemtwGuf tm;&p&m Asm'dwf
]]wdkYrsm; tbdnmOfr&&if aeygdk;vm;vdkY tm;cJpdwfwif;NyD; 0dok'dr*frSm vmwJhtwdkif; 14-yg;aom
tjcif;t&mwdkUjzifh psmefupm;um pdwfudk qHk;rr,fqdkNyD; tm;xkwfvdkufwm yxrpsmefuae tqHk;
ae0onmem onm,wepsmefwdkifatmif tEkvHk 0ifpm;vdkU&w,f/ tEkvHk qHk;um&Sdao;?
ajcawGvufawG o,fr&awmhbl;/ y#dvHkqHk;atmif (tqHk;uaetp) wpfzefjyefNyD;rsm;
0ifpm;vdkuf&if csufcsif; aoG;aMumavaMumawG jywfxGufoGm;rvm;vdkUawmif xif&w,f/ 'geJU
vufavQmhvdkuf&w,f}}/
]]'g[m bmhaMumifhvJqdkawmh cEmudk,f rcdkifcefUvdkUyJ/ wu,fvdkU rif;rsm;a&m?
wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;yg w&m;apmifhvmMuvdkU Owk&moD aumif;rGefvmr,f qdk&ifawmh
omoemyrSmawmif &Edkifao;wm? omoemwGif;rSm abmufrJh r&EdkifyJ &Sd&rSmvJ? trSefwu,f
&Edkifygw,f}}
]]aemiftcg uwm"dum& (qk,lawmifhwzl;ol) jzpfNyD; ]yg&rD&SdwJh yk*dKvfxl;rsm;}
ay:aygufvmaomtcg r*fESifhwygxJ wpfNydKifeufxJ ormywfawGa&m? tbdnmOfawGa&m? (yk? 'd?
tm paom) 0dZmawGa&m txl; ryGm;rsm;&bJeJUvJ &Edkifw,f? tJ'DtcgrSm tbdnmOfawG
0dZmawG&wJh yk*dKvfxl;rsm; ay:aygufvmvdrfhOD;r,f}}
q&mawmfonf xdkpum;udk pmcs&if;jzpfap? pum; tvsOf;oifhwdkif; jzpfap rMumcP rdefUawmfrl\/
xdkrdefUcGef;awmfuyif q&mawmfrsm; r&SdonfhaemufwGif ]]psmeftbdnmOf& &[Emyk*dKvfxl;rsm;
ay:aygufvmvdrfhrnf}} [laom (tem*wf omoemtwGuf) Asm'dwfpum;yif jzpfonf/
,if;odkUqdkaomf acwfonf trsm;xifouJhodkU ydkqdk;oGrf;rvmbJ aumif;rGefwdk;wufum
omoemawmf xGef;vif;vmrnfrSm aocsmvSayonf/

]]acwfBuD;u qkwfuyfBuD;? toufawGuvJ wdkawmif;? vlawGuvJ 'kpdkuf aomif;usef;aew,f?

omoemh tE&m,f t,l0g' tIyftaxG;awGuvJ rsm;vdkufwm? w&m;xl;&zdkU a0;ukefNyD?
psmeftbdnmOf&wJh &[Emyk*dKvfxl;awG ay:aygufzdkUu omNyD; cufao;w,f}} ponfjzifh
xif&mxif&m ajymqdkMuao;\/
]]tawG;wwf? pmwwfolrsm;u ajymaomf qifajcqifvuf tudk;tum;rsm; ygvmwwfojzifh
em;a,mifzG,f jzpf\/ txifonf tjrifr[kwfacs/ t|uxmq&mwdkUu tMurf;pm;
cGJwrf;csxm;aom acwfig;acwfudkvnf; wpfxpfcs r,l&m/ ]uwm"dum&} udk tb,facwf?
tb,folurQ rydwfyif r[efUwm;Edkifacs}}
t&Sif arm*vdykwwd? t&Sifem*odef? t&Sif t&[H? t&Sif 'dApuf paom psmeftbdnmOf&
t&d,molawmfaumif;rsm; ay:aygufvmaom acwfrsm;onf acwfaumif;BuD;rsm; r[kwf/
omoemwGif; t,l0g'a&;&m tIyfqHk; jzpf\/ ]]&Sif; &ygawmhrvm;}} [kyif xif&onf/
avmua&;&mvnf; xdkUxuf Iyfaomacwf r&SdawmhNyD/ xdkacwfIyf? acwfMuyf?
acwfqdk;BuD;rsm;uyif ajymif;jyefvSefypfEdkifatmif tiftm;BuD;rm;aom yk*dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;udk
yifhaqmif ay;wwfMuukef\/ vif;umeD;wGif ydkarSmifwwfonf/
]]olawmfaumif;u wpfOD;wpfav? vl,kwfrmawGu trsm;BuD;}} [k kyf0wKt& pOf;pm;
&aomt&mr[kwf/ "rAv= w&m;tm;udk jrifr&/ wpfavmuvHk; arSmifrnf;ae\/ vaeum;
wpfpif;wnf;/ xdkOyrmtwdkif; bk&m;&Sifuvnf;....
]]aom rH avmuH ybmaowd? tAmrkawm 0 pEdrm= xdkolum; trdkufwdrfxkrS vGwfxGufvmaom
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pum;bdodwf oGef;awmfrlavh&Sdonf/ (avmuH= rdrdcEmig;yg;? yif&ifteuf)
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a[mawmfrl\/
q&mawmf\ Asm'dwfpum;rsm; ,aeYyifvQif rSefuefp jyKaeaMumif; awGUae&NyD jzpf\/
oufawmfxif&Sm;&Sdaom? odawmfrl? jrifawmfrlaom q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;uvnf; ]2500-wGif
wpfacwfqef;vmrnfh ,aeU omoem} udk ( o'golrsm;tm; ) zGifhqdkawmf rlaeMu\/
]]rm a0g cPH-0d&ma"x= tcGifhaumif;BuD;udk vufrvGwfMuap&m}}
tE&m,frsm;aom tMum;tjrif
q&mawmfonf 1274-ckESpfrS 1280-jynfhESpf ausmfvGefonftxd ckepfESpf &SpfESpfcefU
ormywfupm;um A[d' tmHkrsm;om epfarsmawmf rlae[ef&Sdonf/ 0dyemodkU ul;ajymif;

Ijyefygaomfvnf; r&/ tESpfESpf cd;NcHacgif;yg;pGm rtdyfraeyGm; tiftm;vnf; ukefcef;vsuf

yifyef;vGef;tm;BuD;um a&m*ga0'em zdpD;av\/ a0emudk IrSwf&if; rcHomaomtcg
pdwfoufom&m&aom A[d'tmHk (vlUjynfewfjynf ponf MunfhIaejcif; ) vJvJ
usoGm;[efwlonf/
ykxkZOfb0jzifh psmefupm;&jcif;? tMum;tjrif aygufjcif;rsm;onf tE&m,frsm;vS\/ xdkUaMumifh
]]a,m*Donf tmHkedrdwfudk rvdkuf&? jzpfysufrIudkom jrifonfxufjrifatmif I&m\/}}
0dok'dr*f t|uxmESifh r[m#Dum pkwlyygwcef;]]ykxkZOftwGuf tjrif"mwf ('dApuK) onf tE&m,frsm;\/ psmefl; l;apwwfonfjzpf
0dyemodkU tm;oGefwuf&rnf}} [k rdefUrSmMuonf/
pifppf tMum;tjrifwdkUonf t&D,r*fESifh rxdef;csKyfEdkifygrl tE&m,frsm;vS\/ 0dyvmo
ruif;aom ykxkZOfudk rqdkxm;bd? atmufwef; t&d,mwdkUudkyif aESmifhaES;rI jzpfapEdkifayonf/
xdkUaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu 'dApuK{w'*f& &SiftEkk'gtm; tjrif"mwfESifhpyf (Oy&dyPmo
Oyudavookwf) tE&m,frsm;yHkudk tus,f a[mawmfrlzl;\/ &SiftEkk'gonf 'dApuK &vdkufaysmufvdkuf orm"drNidrf jzpfaepOf tavmif;awmfb0u jzpfpOfrsm;udk a[mjy....
]]twdedZm,dwwH lygeH pdw Oyudavaom= A[d'tmHkwdkUudk wpdrfhpdrfh tvGeftuRH
MunfhIai;armaejcif;onf pdwfnpfl;aMumif;yifwnf;}} [k Tefjyum tjrifayguf tqifhqifh
npfl;rIrsm; a&mufyHkudk a[mawmfrlzl;\/
odrfarGUaom tcktcHuav;rsm;
(tv*'Lyr okwf) ul;ajrmufNyD;vQif ypfcJh&aom azmif OyrmuJhodkU ]]"rudkyifvQif y,f&rnf/
t"rudkrl qdkzG,fr&Sd}} orx (ormywf) pGJNidrI? 0dyemPf pGJNidrIrsm;udk y,f&ef
a[mawmfrlonf/
(v#Kudaumyr okwf) ae0onmpsmefxd pGJNidrIESifh (r[mwPSmocF, okwf) 0dyemPf
tEkpm;txd wG,fwmaerIrsm;udk y,fawmfrl&ef a[mawmfrl\/ xdkNidwG,frIrsm; tm;vHk;onf eduEd
csKyfudkifxm;aom ]"r0dwufac: 0dyEkyudavo} rsm;omwnf;/ (tH? 3? yHoka"m0u
okwftzGifh/) xdkUaMumifh ]]tmHkedrdwf tm;vHk;udk ESvHk;roGif;rl ]tedrdw apawmorm"d} jzpfatmif
ae&rnf}} [k (r[m0*oH,kwf-tedrdwyOokwf) a[mawmf rljyefonf/
opfckwfa,musfm;onf opfyifudk tvGefxufaom &J'if;jzifh ckwfydkif;&m &J'if;pmrsm; vTmueJwdueJ
jywfvGifh jywfvGifh oGm;aomtcg ]]igh&J'if; w,fxufyguvm;}} [k ckwfvdkuf Munfhvdkuf
vkyfaevQif c&D;rwGifEdkifaMumif; ,if;t|uxm (oH? |? 3? 129) q&mu Oyrmay;cJhavonf/

]]a,m*D\ wm0efum; cEmudk,fopfyifBuD; tjzpfjywf tqHk;wdkif r&yfrem; ckwfydkif;oGm;&ef

wm0efrQomwnf;/}}
wpfcsdefu r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&mBuD; &dyfom t*r[mtausmf q&mawmfBuD;wpfyg;
w&m;IrSwfpOf ol\tjrifudk olUtm;yifhvmol a,m*D'umrBuD;tm; ajymajy&m ]wpfaeUvmvJ'g?
wpfaeUvmvJ'g} u rwuf 'umrBuD;u pdwfr&SnfawmhbJ ]]OD;yOif;u w&m;rSwfygqdk? 'ef;pD;?
bdkifpukyfMunfhaewmudk;/ a&SUb,fwufawmhrSmvJ}} [kqdkavonf/ yDwdESifh edrdwfwGif
uRHepfaeonf[k qdkvdk\/
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q&maumif; rdwfaumif;& tcktcHuav;rsm; uRwfvGwfum &[EmjzpfoGm;cJhaom xHk;udk
ESvHk;rloifhonf/ &SiftEkk'gu t&Sifom&dykw&mtm;]]t&Sifbk&m;? wynfhawmf 'dApuKjzifh avmu"mwf wpfaxmifudkyif jrifEdkifygonf/ 0D&d,vJrqkwf?
owdvJxif? udk,fat;Nidrf;rIvJ&Sd? orm"dvJ wnfygonf/ xdkodkU jzpfygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh
&[EmrjzpfbJ ae&ygovJbk&m;}} [k avQmuf\/
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orm"dvJwnfygonf} qdkwJh tBuHonfyif oifhpdwfjyefYvGifhrI (O'p) jzpfw,f/ ]xdkodkU jzpfygvsuf}
qdkwJhpum;udku oHo, ukuKp NidaejyefNyD/ rme-O'p-ukuKp tcktcHoHk;rsdK;udk z,f&Sm;vdkufyg/
]trwm, "mwk,m pdwH OyoH[&wk= edAe"mwfBuD;qDodkU pdwfudk ydkUaqmifxm;vdkufyg}} [k
tcktcHrsm;udk axmufjyvdkuf&m t&SiftEkk'g &[Emjzpfawmfrlavonf/ (wdut*Fkw&-'kwd,
tEkk'okwf/)
xdkUaMumifh wpfqifhxufwpfqifh odrfarGUvSaom t&d,pcef;wGif tcktcHuav;rsm; uif;pif
udpNyD;ajrmufvG,fap&ef q&maumif; rdwfaumif;ESifh TefMum;wdkif; vdkufemvG,foljzpfzdkU
ta&;BuD;vSayonf/
wavmuvHk;udk jrifawmfrljcif;
q&mawmfonf A[d'tmHkrsm;udk vspfvsLI vuPma&;oHk;yg;udkom qifjcifawmfrl&m
avmu"mwfwpfckvHk; o@mefqdwfokOf; jzpfysufcsOf; xifaeawmfrl\/ &Hcg vrf;oGm;yif
r&atmif ',D;',dkif uprf;u0g; jzpfaeojzifh renf;owdjzifh <uawmfrl&onf/ &Hcg
jyif;xefaom vHkUv'PfaMumifh a&m*ga0'emrsm;ufk rvGefEdkifatmif &Sdawmhonf/
1282-ckESpfodkU a&mufaomtcg ta&;BuD;vQifBuD;ovdk pm0grsm; wpf0gwGif;vHk;ydwf rtdyfrae
]aoaomfvnf; jrwf\} [k tm;wif;um IyGm;awmfrl\/
1/ xdkESpf e,kefvjynfhausmf 11-&uf eHeufoHk;em&DwGif 0wfHkausmif;BuD;ay:&Sd xdkifaeus

Budrfukvm;xdkifBuD;ay: IyGm;&m yxrr*fzdkvfudk &awmfrl\/

2/ xdkESpf e,kefvjynfhausmf oHk;&ufaeUn 11-em&DwGif 0wfHkausmif;wdkufBuD;ay:&Sd
ajrmufzufpmcscef; 'kwd,tqifh NyD;ajrmufawmfrlonf/
3/ xdkESpf xdkvjynfhausmf ig;&ufaeU eHeuf tmkPfwufwGif ur|mef;acsmif&Sd
zefcg;yifausmif;ay: wwd,tqifh NyD;ajrmufawmfrlonf/
4/ xdkESpf xdkvjynfhausmf ckepf&ufaeU eHeufoHk;em&DwGif apwDawmfjrwfBuD;tm; rsufESmopfawmfa&?
qDrD;rsm; uyfvNyD; tmHkcHwefaqmif;BuD; tkwfeH&HudkrSD ajrmufbufodkU rsufESmrlum IyGm;&if;
eHeufav;em&D tmkPfwufwGif (tmo0u,Pf t&[E blrdodkU ]yk? 'd? tm} [laom
a&S;a&S;b0wdkUudk jrifawmfrlEdkifaom ykaAed0goPf? ewfrsufpdyrm vdk&mudk
xdk;xGif;MunfhjrifEdkifaom 'dApuKPf paom tbdnmOf ajcmufyg;ESifhtwl) &[Emjzpfawmfrl\/
xdktcsdefrSp a&S;a&S;aom oHo&m usifvnfcJh&aom rdrd? olwpfyg;wdkU\ b0rsm;udk
jrifawmfrlonf/
vufiif;'dX&Sdaeaom vlUbHk? ewfbHk? jA[mhbHkESifh i&JBuD;&Spfxyf ponfwdkUudk vnf;aumif;? xdkxdk
ow0gwdkU\ aojcif;? &Sifjcif;? oGm;&mbHkb0*wdwdkUudk vnf;aumif;? tem*wfwGif jzpfvwHUaom
tajctaewdkUudk vnf;aumif; uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf Pfrsufpdjzifh twdtus odNrifawmfrl\/
a&S;,cifu avmuDorm"djzifh jrifonfxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm omvGefxdk;xGif;
vif;vif;csif;csif;BuD; jrifawmfrlaMumif; (rdrduJhodkU oufpGefUBudK;yrf;vsuf&Sdaom a,m*Dwynfh
tcsdKUtm; wdkufwGef;aomtm;jzifh) rdefUMum;awmfrlonf/
(pum;tvsOf;oifh rSwfom;vG,fulap&ef ESpf? v? &ufrsm; twdtus wqufwnf;
az:jyvdkufyg\/)
q&mawmfurl t&[wzdkvfudk rsufarSmufjyKNyD; aemufwpf&uf naecsrf;wGif ur|mef;acsmif
vkyfaz:udkifzuf rax&fBuD;rsm;ESifh wynfha,m*D &[ef;i,frsm; pHknDpGm qnf;uyfMu&mwGif
xl;jcm;Munfvifaom tom;ta& wnfNidrfaom a`Eawmfjzifh]]bkef;BuD;wdkU? OD;yOif;wdkU? &[ef;w&m;[m raerem; toufudkyifpGefUNyD; rSefrSefuefuef
tm;xkwf&if rkcs &Edkifygw,f/ ,Hk,HkMunfMunfeJU rqkwfrepf BudK;pm;Muprf;yg/ ]o,H tbdnm

opduwGm} qdkwJhtwdkif; udk,fwdkifudk,fydkif qHk;jzwfvdkU&atmifudk odomxif&Sm;pGm

rsufarSmufjyK&ygvdrfhr,f/ ]a0om&Zyawm} udk,fhtvkyfudk,f EdkifEdkifeif;eif; uRrf;uRrf;usifusif
jzpfatmifom vkyfMuyg/ ]ty&ypa,m} b,folUudkrS q&mwifp&m rvdkbJ udk,fh[mudk,f
,HkMunfEdkifwJh todPf &SdvmwmyJ/ ]'dX"r} (&)? ]0d'dw"r} (od) jzpfw,fqdk&ifyJ ]0d*w uxH
uaxm? wdP0dpdudapm} qdkwJhtwdkif; [dkwkef;u rwifrus ESvHk;ESpfcG jzpfNyD; ][kwfrS [kwfyghrvm;}
vdkU w&m;tay:a&m rdrdyg&rDudka&m odkUavm odkUavm jzpforQ tawG;txifawG[m wpfcgxJ
vif;ueJ &Sif;xGufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ wu,fhudk ,Hk,HkMunfMunfeJU wu,fvkyf&if
t[kwfjzpfEdkifw,fqdkwm wynfhawmfvJ ,ckrS wdwdusus bk&m;&Sif 0efcHa[mMum;awmfrlwmudk
&J&JBuD; axmufcH wdkufwGef;Edkifawmhw,f/ BudK;pm;Muprf;yg}} [k trdefU&Sdawmfrlonf/
a0blq&mawmfudk,fawGU anmifvGefUESpfudk,fcGJ
]tbdnmOfr& aeygdk;vm;} paom tqdktrdefUrsm; anmifvGefU axkywdt& azmfjycJhjcif; jzpfonf/
q&mawmfonf tbdnmOf&atmif BudK;pm;aomfvnf; tbdnmOfr&? yk? 'd? tm- [laom
0dZmoHk;yg;jzifh &[ef;udp NyD;ajrmufaMumif;? 0g aw0dZ &[Em t&SifjrwfBuD; jzpfaMumif;
axkywdt& zwfI MunfdkcJhMu&\/ odkU&mwGif aus;Zl;&Sif a0blq&mawmfBuD; cEm0efcsNyD;aemuf
a0blq&mawmfBuD;\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk avhvmaomtcg anmifvGefU q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
aus;Zl;*kPfudkyg jznfhpGuf MunfdkcGifh &cJhygonf/
aus;Zl;&Sif a0blq&mawmfavmif;vsmonf 1285-ckESpf &Spf0gcefUwGif a&Tbdk ykodrfBuD;awm&rS
xGufcGm awmawmiftESHU<ua&mufum tmemygew&m;udk IyGm;awmfrl&m vydkif;twGif;rSmyif
avmuD tbdnmOfrsm;ESifhwuG wwd,tqifhtxd aygufajrmufawmfrl[ef &Sdonf/ rdrd&&Sd
odjrifaom w&m;udk xyfqifhtwnfNyKcsuf &,l&ef vdktyfavmrod? xdkESpfrSmyif
anmifvGefUawm&odkU <uawmfrl\/ xdkawm&&Sd apwDwpfql wHjruf0wfjyKaeaom
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OD;yOif; cPapmifhOD;}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/
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ausmif;BuD;ay:rS pmvdkufoHCmrsm; qif;<uvmonfudk vufdI;Tefvsuf]]uJ-uJ-OD;yOif;? pm0gNyD;ygNyD/ <uayawmh}} [k ajymajymqdkqdk bkef;awmfBuD; wHjrufpnf;udkif
&yfaecJhpOf a0blavmif;vsmvnf; uefawmhNyD; pmcsausmif;BuD;ay: odkU wufoGm;&m
anmifvGefUq&mawmf[lonf rnfodkUaom yk*dKvfrsdK;jzpfaMumif; udk,fawGUzl;jrif MunfdkcGifh
&avawmhonf/
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a0blq&mawmfudk,fwdkif (tifMuif;yif ur|mef;ausmif; wnfpu ck'odum t|uxm
tbdnmOfcef;udk pmcspOf ,ck&Sdaom ausmufqnf 'kwd, a0blq&mawmf "rmp&D,

OD;tmp&wdkUtm; ) trdefU&Sdzl;aMumif; OD;tmp&u pma&;oltm; ajymjyzl;onf/

tcsufudk axmufqaomf axkywdvm ]tbdnmOfr& aeygdk;vm;} qdkaom pum;onf
tapmydkif; tbdnmOfxlaxmifump tcsdefu trdefU&Sdaom pum;om jzpf[ef&Sdayonf/
olawmfaumif;wdkU\ oabmawmfum; odcufaypGmh/
a0blacsmif odrfoHk;vHk;&Sd&m rlvodrfrSm ]t&d,modrf} [k ac:wGif anmifvGefUq&mawmf?
pGef;vGef;*l paom q&mawmfrsm; yg0iforkwfcJhaom odrfjzpf\/ a0blq&mawmfBuD;
tav;*kjyKaom q&mawmfrsm;wGif q&mawmfonf wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfawmfrlcJhygonf/
ck'= pmvHk;0g;aeygojzifh pmvHk;aygif; rSm;Edkifygonf/ pmtkyf&Sdolrsm; jyifay;Muyg&ef/
r,Hkaom q&mawmfrsm;ESifh rdk;MudK;oH
]]&[EmNzpfonfudk bk&m;yGifhoavmuf cufcJrnf}} [k ,lqum tm;avQmh aeMuaom acwfNzpf
tom;ta&? aNEESifh taetxdkifrStp tm;& auseyfavmufonfudk zl;awGYMu&aomfvnf; &[Em
Nzpfawmfrlonfudk wkdufdkufvnf; rdefYMum;awmfrrl r,HkMunfolrsm;vnf; &dScJhMu\/
xkdr,Hkonfhbuf pmoefaom rdwfaqGESifh wynfhrsm; trsm;qHk;yg0if aeMuonf/
aumvm[vrsm;vnf; wpfaeYwNcm; NyefYyGm;um t&yf&yfrS twlae q&mawmfMuD;rsm;yif
wdkifyifxm;MuouJhodkY wpfaeYaomtcg anmifvGefYawm& qHkpnf;rdMuonf/
xkdq&mawmfrsm;um;1/ anmifav;yifNrdKY aumufauGY a0Z,Em q&mawmf bk&m;MuD;?
2/ rHk&Gmcdkif acsmif;OD;NrdKY t*r[my@dw q&mawmf OD;'Dy?
3/ v,fa0;NrdKY ywydkPf q&mawmf OD;tmp&?
4/ aysmfbG,fNrdKY ZD;awmfrif;vS ompnf *dkPf;csKyf q&mawmfMuD; OD;e&dE?
5/ aysmfbG,fNrdKY xef;wyifawm& q&mawmf OD;pEepaom rax&fMuD;rsm; NzpfMu\/
OD;u0dE (rlvaiGawmifawm& q&mawmfMuD oDwif;oHk;aom zefcg;yif ausmif;wGif pka0;
oDwif;oHk;cdkuf ]&w,f? r&avmufbl;} wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tNiif;yGm;cJhMuonf/
]]uJ-uJ pum;&Snfw,fAsm? xef;wyif q&mawmfu wdkuftkyf q&mawmfudk avQmuf&Jygw,f/ ,ck
a&mufaeMuwJh q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk; OD;u0dEvJygw,f? t&Sifbk&m;..w&m;xl;&w,fqdkwmudk
r,HkMunfEdkifMuvkdY ,HkMunfyg &atmif taotcsm trdefY&dSygvdkY avQmufacsAsm? NyD;awmh
trdefY&dSorQ usKyfwdkYudkNyefaNym}} [k OD;pEetm; wGef;ydkYMuonf/ OD;pEevnf; csufcsifxoGm;um
rHGYr&J avQmufxm; &av\/

]]OD;pEe? wdkYrsm; t&dyftNrGuf tm;uszdkY wdkufwGef; aNymMum;cJhwm[m aumufauGYq&mawmf?

acsmif;OD;q&mawmf? v,fa0;q&mawmf? OD;u0dEwdkY ,HkMunfatmif aNymcJhwmr[kwfbl; OD;pEe/
'DrSm t[kwfvkyfaewJh a,m*DawGtwGufaNymwm/ olwdkYwawG[m w&m;tm;xkwfwJh yk*dKvfawG
r[kwfbl;/ csrf;csrf;omom aezdkYom tm;xkwfMuwm/ wdkYrsm;udk,fhudkudk,f zdk;olawmfNzpfatmif
0gMuGm;yvTm;NyD; aNymr,fh tpm;vm; qdkwm odMu&r,f/ wdkY[m pmayusrf;*efawGvJ avhusuf
ydkYcsaewm t"drme (txifa&mufrI)vm;? t[kwfvm;qdkwm rodbJ aeyghrvm;/ w&m;qdkwm
rsufarSmuf&&dSwJh yk*dKvfrSm rdkMudK;ypfwmxuf xif&Sm;ygw,f
m;ygw,}} [k &J&ifh Nywfom;pGm rdefYawmfrl\/
m;ygw,
xdkacwfum; xdkodkYyif rdefYqdk&rnfuJhodkY &dSayonf/
xef;wyif q&mawmfu avQmufxm;NyD; csufcsif;yif wpfvHk;rusef Nyef rax&fMuD;rsm;tm;
avQmuf&m]]uJ-b,hfES,f&dSp? wdkuftkyfq&mawmf trdefY&dSwm [kwfayoy/ usKyfwdkUu cEmudk,fudk w,ftvdkvdkufMu? SmMuwmuvm;/ atmufatmuf t&d,mawmifrS txufxuf t&d,mudk
rodEdkifbl; qdkwm usKyfwdkYu atmufatmufxJrSmawmif rygMubl;As/ wkduftkyf q&mawmf[m
olrwl pGefYpGefYpm;pm; vkyfwm tm;vHk;todygyJ/ pmayusrf;*efeJY Munfh&ifyJ ,HkrSm;p&m r&dSygbl;/
ckawmh ydkNyD;aocsmoGm;wmaygh}} [k 0rf;omtm;& aNymqdkMuukef\/
wpfaeYaomtcg tqdkyg OD;pEeq&mawmfonfyif txl;vQdkKY0SufpGm q&mawmfxH tcsdef,lcsOf;uyf
tpOftquf av;euf,HkMunfpGm 'd|mEk*wd (twk,l) usifhoHk;EdkifMuap&ef &nfG,fvsuf
w&m;xl;&aom ESpf? v? &uf rsm;udk tao;pdwf avQmufxm;cJh\/ q&mawmf y&dedAmef NyKNyD;aemuf
axkywda&;Murnf &dSumrS anmifvGefYa,m*D q&mawmfrsm;tzJGYodkY xdkrSwfwrf;udk ay;ydkYcJhonf/
(a&SYNycJhNyD/)
q&mawmf aysmfbG,fNrdKYteD; rif;wef;Gmausmif; odrforkwfMuGpOf aysmfbG,fNrdKYrS tbd"rmwwf
ausmif;tr a,m*DMuD; a':apmu]]r*fzdkvfpdwfu edAmefudk b,fvkd tmHkNyKw,f? odw,fqdkwm odvdkygw,fbk&m;}} [k avQmuf&m]]tdyfaysmfaewJh vl&JY b0ifpdwf[m uH? uredrdwf? *wdedrdwfudk tmHkNyKaeovdkyJaygh}} [k
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ar;&if bmudkrS rodbl;vdkY aNz&ayvdrfhr,f/ 'gayr,fh bmudkrS rodNyD;wJhaemuf NyefNyD; pOf;pm;
qifNcifvdkufwJh tcgusawmh bmudkodaew,fqdkwm udk,fwkdif od&wmygyJ}} [l
trdefYdSonfrSmvnf; rSwfom;zG,f&m wpf&yfyif/
q&mawmf\ "rmbdor, (w&m;xl;&Ncif ESifh pyf q&mawmf a&;om; NyKpkcJhaom ]orx

0dyem Ek,oacFyusrf;}? ]*Ppm&du y#dywdusrf;? ]edAmew yumoeDusrf;}? ,if;udkyif

ta&;ydkif OD;ausmf'Gef; zGifhqdkaom ]edAmew 0dbm0eD? edAmew 0dZemusrf;} wdkYNzifh
tuJNzwfEdkifayonf/ 0denf; t"du yd#uoHk;yHk uRrf;usifawmf rlaMumif;udkvnf; ]wdyd#u
yudPu'DyeD} (rdk;eHukef; 0dedp,) oHk;wJGudk MunfhvQif odom vSayonf/ xdkwGif yxrwJGrSm
q&mawmfMuD; tqHk;tNzwfrsm;udk udk,fawmfwdkif rGrf;rH a&;om;NyD;vQif usefESpfwJGrSm t&yf&yf
ar;avQmufcsufrsm;udk udk,fawmfwkdif aNz&Sif;csufrsm; Nzpfukef\/
wpf
wpfpyfwnf;&aom wynfh 22-usdyfausmf w&m;xl;&Ncif;
q&mawmfonf 1282-ckESpfrS aemufumvwGif y&d,wfudk tenf;tusOf;rQom ydkYcs y#dywfudkom
txl;tm;ay;awmfrl\/ 1287-ckESpfwGif pm0grsm;rcsbJ wpfwdkufvHk; w&m;tm;xkwfcdkif;awmfrl\/
]]w&m;tm;rxkwfvdkaom yk*dKvfrsm;? pmoifvdkwJh yk*dKvfrsm; tNcm; pmoifwdkufrsm;odkY
aNymif;a&TYMu}} [kyif TefMum; wdkufwGif; oHCmrsm;tm; 0dyem w&m;udkom tcg tm;avsmfpGm
a[mMum;qHk;rawmfrlonf/
q&mawmfum; odwwfaomtcsdefrSp Ak'a0,sm0p? tmp&d, a0,sm0pESifh tvGefMuD;av;aom
oNA[pm&D (oDwif;oHk;azmf) oHCa0,sm0prsm;udk vdkavao;r&dS aqmifawmfrl\/ ]]rdcifEGm;ronf
rdrdvnf;Nrufudkpm;&if; om;i,fudkvnf; wpfzufu apmifha&SmufouJhodkY aomwmyef yk*dKvfvnf;
rdrdw&m;udk tm;wufoa&m usifhMuHaevsufu oDwif;oHk;azmf 0wfudkvnf; Nznfhqnf;NrJNzpfonf}}
[k (rlvyPo- aumord,okwfvm) aomwmyef "rwmckESpfyg;ES
g; ifh a&S;rqGuyif
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awmifxdyfwGif aywpf&mcefY nDnmaom ajrjyif&Sdonf/ tjrifh ayESpf&mausmfcefY &Sdrnfxif\/
tkwf*lewfuGef;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ ]awmMurf;onf} [k qdkum xdkae&modkY rnfolrQ ruyf&JMu/
oxHkrdY yifpif&dumawmf& rif;BuD; OD;bdk;p? ta&;ydkif OD;ausmf'Gef;paom rdYvlBuD;rsm;u y#dywd
omoemyXmeBuD;tjzpf yvkyf&ef awmifajc taqmufttHkrsm; aqmufMu\/ tusifhoDv
orm"d ynmESihfjynfhpHkonf[k ,lq&aom q&mawmfBuD;rsm; wpfyg;tm; &[ef;? oDv&Sif?
vlolawmf tNcHt&Hrsm;ESifhwuG yifhaqmif oDwif;oHk;apMuonf/
awmifxdyf odrforkwf&ef qufpDpOfMuaomtcg odrftwGuf ausmufwkdifopf0g;rsm;udk
awmifay: odkY wifMu&m eHeufrdk;vif;vQif xdkausmufwkdifopf0g;rsm;tm;vHk; tvdkvdk
awmifatmufjyefa&mufaeojzifh tHYtm;oifhukefMu\/ q&mawmfBuD;u ]]

'gtaESmifht,Sufay;Hkyg/ udpr&Sdygbl;}} [kqdkum aemufwpf&ufxdk ypnf;rsm;udk xyfwifap\/

vlrsm;udkyg awmifay: ntdyftapmifhxm;onf/ eHeufrdk;vif;vQif opf0g;rsm;omru vlrsm;yg
awmifatmufodkY a&mufaeojzifh ausmif;aeoHCmy&dowftcsdKYyif wdrf;a&SmifoGm;Mu\/
rdYaevlrsm;vnf; roGm;&JMu/ q&mawmfBuD;vnf; kwfw&uf ysHvGefawmfrloGm;&onf/
wpfaeYwGif OD;bdk;pESifh OD;ausmf'Gef;wdkY xdkawmifokdYoGm; MunfhI&m ]]usKyf'DawmifrSm
ewfjzpfae&w,f/ rMumrD ajcmufvavmuf &Sd&ifawmh uRwfvGwf&rSmyg}}
[k vlrjrif&bJ toHwpfckMum;&\/ ysHvGefawmfrlaom q&mawmfBuD;toH jzpfaeowwf/
OD;bdk;pwdkYvnf; tHYMovsuf jyefvmcJYMu&\/
MudKwifodjrifaom &[Emt&Sifjrwf ESpfyg;
omoempdwf jyif;jyvSaom OD;bdk;p? OD;ausmf'Gef; paom rdUrsufESmzHk; vlBuD;rsm;onf pdwfraumif;
jzpfaeMucdkuf &aohBuD; OD;cED oxHka&mufvmojzifh xdk aerdE&awmif odrforkwfa&; udpudk
tyfESif;Muonf/
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y&d,wf? y#dywf jynfhpHkwJh yk*dKvfBuD; jzpfw,f/ twGif;od twlaezufyg/ olUudkyifhvQif
atmifjrifygvdrfhr,f}} [k tBuHay;ojzifh OD;oH'dkifESifh OD;oHZHkwdkU anmifvGefUawm&odkU vmyifhMu\/
anmifvGefUodkU a&mufMuvQif q&mawmf\ vufHk;wynfhMuD;wpfyg;jzpfol bkef;BuD; OD;Owru
tusdK;taMumif; pOf;pm;um q&mawmfESifh awGUcGifhray;ao;yJ tppt&m&m ydk
aumif;rGefap&eftwGuf trdefUawmfjyef pmwrf;wpfckudk ay;vsuf trdefUawmf jyefapcdkif;NyD;vQif
awmifapmifhewfrsm;\ oabmwlrwludk OD;pGm tprf;cdkif;vdkufonf/
oxHkrdU vlMuD;rsm; prf;oyfMunfhMu&m auseyfonfudk awGU&umrS q&mawmfudk vmyifhMu\/
q&mawmfuvnf; csufcsif; vufrcHao;bJ wpfncefU qdkifiHhap rdUapmifhewf? awmapmifhewfrsm;?
tpdrf;o&Jrsm; tajctaeudk MunfhI qifjcifawmfrl\/ tyemarwmyGm; ydkUawmfrl\/
tapmifhewfrsm; arQmfvifh MunfdkaMumif; odNyD;rS vufcH <ua&mufawmfrlonf/
q&mawmf\ wdkufwGif;wdkufyrS 11-yg;ESifh rdwDvmrdU a&v,fausmif;q&mawmfESifh
pGef;vGef;q&mawmf (xdkpOfu a&v,fausmif; oDwif;oHk;onf/) tygt0if rdwDvmrS ig;yg;?
awmifilrS wpfyg; aygif; 17-yg; <uawmfrlMuonf/
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tajctaersm;vnf; &Sdwef&m\}} [k ,lq&onf/

pGef;vGef;q&mawmfonf oxHkodkU r<urD aerdE&awmif tajctaeudk ZmwfaMumif;vSef tmHk,l

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yvkyfxm;cJhwmawGyg/ we*FaEGaxmifhrSm ajrurluav; &Sdvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dae&mu y&DuHw,fyg/
atmifjrifygvdrfhr,fbk&m;}} [k 0if avQmufxm;zl;\/
xdkpum;rsm;um; tvGef t"dym,f oGm;vSayonf/ xdkUaMumifh b0a[mif; oHa,mZOfonf xdkudp
pGef;vGef;q&mawmf rygvQif rNyD;Edkifaom tcsufwpfckyif jzpfav&m\/
tl;uajymaom taumif;
1284-ckESpf waygif;vqef;wGif q&mawmfESifhwuG tzGJU0if 17-yg;onf oD;oefU
rD;&xm;wpfwGJjzifh anmifvGefUblwmrS <uawmfrlMuonf/ a&wm&Snfblwm acw&yf
&xm;xGufumeD;wGif xl;qef;aom bkef;BuD;l;wpfyg; uyfvdkufygvm\/ vufwpfzuf
awmifa0S;ESifh ud;? tjcm;wpfzuf opfom;yefcufusdK;wpfckESifh cavmufwpfck udkifxm;vsuf
q&mawmfrsm;tm; pdrf;pdrf; MunfhaepOf a&v,fOD;okZmwu ]]oD;oefUwGJjzpfonf}} [kajym&m
]]tdk....ydkifydkif}} qdkNyD; ZGwf0ifxdkif\/
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wpfAspfawmufawmuf ajymqdkum a&SUblwm ta&mufwGif qif;oGm;avawmh\/
xdk twdwfedrdwft& ]]taESmifht,Sufawmh awGUr,f? rIp&mr&Sd}} [k t"dym,f azmfMu\/
tl;uajymaom taumif;jzpfonf/
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q&mawmfrsm; oxHkodkU a&mufMuvQif crf;em;MuD;us,fpGm yifhaqmif aerdE&awmifajc

wnf;ausmif;odkU <uMu\/ q&mawmfudkrl awmifxdyf t*Fgaxmifh 'kwd,yp,H&Sd uGufvyf

wnf;ausmif; oD;oefU wpfyg;wnf; oDwif;oHk;ap\/
wpfNrdKUvHk;u ]]bmowif; Mum;&rvJ}} [k em;pGifhaeMuonf/
q&mawmfonf a&mufonfh nrSp y&dowfrsm;tm; apmapmjyefvTwfum bk&m;0wfyjcif;
y&wf&Gwfjcif;rsm; yvkyfawmfrl\/ arwmudk rsm;pGm yGm;ydkYawmfrlonf/
pGef;vGef;q&mawmfuvnf; aerdE&wpfawmifvHk; za,mif;wdkif SdxGef;um MuufvQmwdkifrsm;
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arwmyGm;ydkYawmfrl\/ trsdK;rsdK;aom ewf? ewfpdrf;o&J wap Nydwmrsm; wpfokwfNyD;wpfokwf
olUtkyfpkESifhol vma&muf uefawmhMu&m w&m;a[m qHk;rvTwfonf/
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jzwfoef;oGm;vm tjypfBuD;av;w,f/ igwdkU 'DawmifrSm omoemyMur,f? oifwdkU
apmifha&SmufMuyg/ oifhtwGuf tdrfawmf (ewfuGef;)vJ topfaqmufay;Muvdrfhr,f}} ponfjzifh
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pGef;vGef; q&mawmfvnf; arwmyGm;? w&m;a[mjyum awmifatmuf wnf;ausmif;odkU
qif;vmcJhonf/
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tkPfwufum wpfn ukefav\/
aemufwpfn/

ta&SUbuf awmifwef;BuD; wpfckvHk;udk NcHK txl;qifjcifvsuf tyemarwm yGm;ydkUawmfrl&m

,cifxuf wefcdk;BuD;aom ewfrif;BuD; tNcHt&Hrsm;pGmESifh vma&mufuefawmhjyef\/
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jyefoGm;onf/
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ta&mift0g wefcdk;? ta>ct&Hrsm; ydkBuD;rm; rsm;jym;\/ awmifay:rQru awmif0Srf;rdUt0Srf;
wpfckvHk; vif;xdefoGm;onf/ ykxkZOfrsm; pdwfazmufjyefavmufatmifvnf; MunfhIzG,f
aumif;vS\/
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&awmfrrlacs/
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polwdkU 'kvb&[ef; cHMuonf/

&[Emt&SifjrwfBuD; ESpfyg;onf odrf atmifratmif qifjcif MunfhIMuaomtcg

bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u aESmifh,Sufojzifh ratmifyJ &Sd&onfudk awGUjrifawmf rlMuavonf/
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orkwfMu&jyefonf/
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[k trnforkwf ,ck xdkae&m apwDyif wnfxm;onf/
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'DkyfemrfvJ wpfESpfyif ausmfvGefrnfr[kwf/ y#dywfudkvJ raerem; ud;pm; tm;xkwfMuyg/

igwdkUr&SdumrS aemifw rjzpf&pfMuESifh/}}
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tvdktavsmufvJus\/ ausmif;ywf0ef;usif tcgrJh yef;rsdK;pHk yGifhaeMujyefonf/
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0JysHum aMumufvefUzG,f toHuGJBuD;jzifh idknnf; jrnfwrf;aeonfrSmvnf; rMumcPjzpfonf/
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&SdvSonf/
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tyrma'e orma'x

q&mawmfum; ydk a&m*gqdk;&Gm;vSonf rxif&/ tom;ta&awmf Munfvifvsuf

a[mMum;qHk;rNrJ qHk;rvsufyif &Sdonf/ e,kefvjynfhausmf oHk;&ufaeUwGifum;
ydktm;enf;vmyHk&\/ a':apmwif aqmufvaom ausmif;BuD;atmufxyf oDwif;oHk;ae&mrS
pmcsawmfrl&m ukvm;xdkifay:odkU ajymif;a&GUay;Mu&onf/ wdkufwGif;&Sd oHCmtm;vHk;tm;
yifhac:ap]]bkef;BuD;wdkU OD;yOif;wdkU? y&d,wf y#dywftvkyfudk rqkwfrepf ud;pm;Muyg/
0denf;odumyk'fawmfESifh pyfvdkU tao;tzGJuav;utp xdef;odrf;NyD; q&morm;wdkU\ 'd|mEk*wd
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ocFg& w&m;awG[m bmrS tm;udk;p&m tESpfom& r&Sdbl;}} ponfjzifh qHk;r a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
xdkUaemuf q&mwlwynfhjzpf rdrdxuf toufodum BuD;Muaom v,fa0; OD;tmp&ESifhOD;aZm
(q&mawmfBuD;ESpfyg;) tm; OD;cs uefawmhawmfrl\/ rMumrD n 11-em&Da&mufvQif
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pkyHkylaZmfMujcif;? rdk;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;jcif; paom tHhzG,frsm;udkvnf; awGUuHMu&onf/
tdk;awmf"mwfudkvnf; kyfyGm;wnf ylaZmfxm;&SdMuonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywd omoem0if 0denf;t"du pmcspmoifyHkpepfESifh rqkwfrepf ,Hk,HkMunfMunfjzifh
ud;pm;ygvQif bk&m;&Sif omoemawmfonf ow0gwdkU tm;xm;&mBuD; tppfjzpfaMumif;
Tef;jyawmf rlavNyD/
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tusOf;ESifh anmifvGefUawm& w&m;tm;xkwfpOf} usrf;vnf; tjynfhtpHk MunfhIawmf
rlEdkifMuygonf/ q&mawmf\ Oyed,twdkif; tm;xkwf NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifawmf rlMuaom
a&TOa'gif;awmif q&mawmf? ajrmif;jr a0|K0wD q&mawmfrsm; taMumif;udkvnf; a&SU
Munfdk&ygvwHU/)
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( 12301230- 1316 )
Zmwf? kyfao;wdkU &Snfvsm;aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk ujyMu&m yxrwGif at;at;aq;aq;

ujyEdkifMuao;\/ Zmwfaygif;cgeD; vif;tm;BuD;tcsdef a&mufvQifum; tcsdefudkuf jzpfap&ef

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vGrf;aqG;oifhoavmufom vGrf;aqG; a&;BuD;okwfysm ujyMu&onf/
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tquftpyf tqiftjyifuGJum tajymif;tvJ jrefqefwwf Zmwfvrf;rqHk;rD idk&tHhavm
&,f&tHhavm rod jzpfMu&av\/
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tajymif;tvJ jrefqefwwf\/
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oufBuD;&G,ftdk a,musfm;BuD;rsm;rSm ykqdk;cg;yHkcs tusrygyJ 0dkif;zGJU ajymqdkaeMuonf/ (wdkufyHk

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y&dowftm;vHk; vSnfharQmf MunfhaeMu\/
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odaeMuNyD; jzpfonf/ <u0ifvmaom bkef;awmfBuD;wdkif; vdkvdkyif tvGefxif&Sm;vSaom
udkomaAsmudk Munfh NyHK;pdpd jzpfoGm;Muonf/ acgif;aygif;u eDwm&J? ydk;om;vHkcsnfu eDwm&J?

pmyGJwpfvHk; ukef; pm&if;ukyfaeaom udkomaAsm\ 0wfyHkpm;yHk tcsdK;rusonfudk jrif

NyHK;awmfrlMujcif; jzpf\/
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jrifoGm;aomtcg rsm;pGm pdwfraumif; jzpf&Sm\/ pmoifbuf bkef;BuD;rsm;uvnf; ,yfudkuG,f
wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; udkomaAsm awmfyHkudk csD;usL;um pdwfraumif; jzpfae&SmMu\/ udkomaAsm\
t&nftcsif;ESifh b0uHMurmudk odxm;olwdkif; pdwfraumif; jzpfMurnfrSm rvGJay/
udkomaAsmonf ]y#dywd omoem0if} wGif aevyrm xif&Sm;vmrnfh ]oxHkaZw0ef
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wydkUwGJ vqef; ig;&uf? paeaeU ae0ify[dk&f av;csufwD; tcsdef zGm;jrifcJhonf/
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&Sdjcif;aMumifh apmfuJbkef;BuD;\ ta&;ay;cH&ol jzpf\/ rMumrDyif ausmif;om;wdkU wwftyfaom
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EIwfiHk&NyD; jzpfonf/ PfxufvGef;vSoljzpf q&mbkef;BuD;u oN*K[f oifray;rDuyif tbd"rm
n0grsm;udk prf; oifjyay;&m rBuHKpzl; tHhMo,l&onf/
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oHk;av;ESpftwGif; 0denf;ig;usrf; aygufajrmufoGm;onf/
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csD;usL;*kPf,l rNyD;Edkif &Sdawmhonf/

&SifvlxGuf olykefuav;
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ZGJowdvnf;&Sd\/ odkYaomf rarQmfvifhEdkifaom uHtaMumif;w&m;wdkUu aoG;tm;opfp &Sifem&'\
b0 pDrHudef; csxm;orQ vGJacsmfoGm;apcJhonf/ kwfw&uf zcifBuD; uG,fvGef\/ ckepfvtMum
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&Sdao; rSDwG,f&mr&Sd twd'ku a&mufMu&onf/
&Sifem&' vlxGuf&avNyD/
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twlkef;um 0rf;ausmif;ae&&Sm\/
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wpfq,fh ckepfESpfom; t&G,fwGif rdpm'd|d ukvm;jzLrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHudk uRefyvmMuukef\/
te,fe,f ykefuef x<uMuonf/ pdwfvdkufrmefyg vkyfwwfaom ADZ? wuf<uaomt&G,f?
BuHorQ rSef;csufrudkuf taMumif;rsm; wdkufqdkif qHkpnf;vmojzifh armifomaAsmwpfa,muf
ausmufyeH&GmrS udk,fa&mif azsmufoGm; avawmhonf/
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[k ol\ OD;&D;awmftm; ajymMum;aom[l\/
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tBudrfBudrf csdefpuf Munfhaejcif; jzpfonf/ odkYESifh wpfpHkwpfck qHk;jzwfum Zmwd tnmajrodkU
jyefcJh\/
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wjznf;jznf; em;oGif;um yOif;wuf&ef cGifhawmif;\/ tm;vHk;u oabmwl cGifhyMuonf/
toufvnf; 20-wGif;odkUyif a&mufvm\/ odkUESifh uefBuD;ukef;&Gm\ ta&SUawmif refusnf;pk
awm&ausmif; bkef;BuD;OD;vuP (0rf;uGJtudk) xH &[ef;y\/ a':ydkif\ nDr0rf;uGJawmfol
a':tHpm+OD;ay:p wdkUu 'g,um cHMuonf/

ausmif;ae ausmif;tdyf ausmif;&dyfESifh ausmif;pdwfu twdwfudk arhaysmufapum

avhvmoif,lzl;aom yd#upmrsm;u OD;em&'tm; acR;odyfem;aeap\/
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OD;yknBuD;awmifac: awmifay:BuD; ausmif;wdkuf oHk;*dkPf;csKyfq&mawmf OD;&mZdExHodkU ajymif;a&GU
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tm;&um OD;em&'tm; pmcsq&m tjzpfrS wpfqifh ausmif;wdkufudkyg vTJtyfav\/
odkUaomf OD;em&'um; xdkwm0efudk Mum&SnfvufrcHbJ rEav;rdUodkUwuf tbd"rmtausmf
rdk;aumif;wdkufodkU pmoif<ucJhMuonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh 'udP0efwdkuf? xdkurS jrawmifwdkuf? xdkurS
pHausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;odkU wpfwdkufNyD; wpfwdkuf? wpfq&mNyD; wpfq&m enf;rsdK;pHkatmif
pmvdkufjcif;? &Sifi,f yOif;i,frsm;tm; wpfqifh pmcsay;jcif;jzifh aexdkifcJh\/
xdkUaemuf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jynfcdkif a&TawmifrdU emrnfausmf a0VK0efq&mawmfxH
a&GUajymif; oDwif;oHk;&m yd#ut&m xufjruf pl;&S? 0D&d,vnf; aumif;? taetxdkifvnf;
tm;&ojzifh q&mawmfBuD;u a0VK0ef ausmif;wdkufBuD;udkyif OD;pD;tkyfcsKyf&ef vTJtyfjcif;
cH&jyefonf/ odkU&mwGif OD;em&'onf atmufrdU atmuf&Gm raysmfydkufojzifh rif;uGef;odkU
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OD;em&'onf t|uxmusrf;y&ef pDpOfqJ tpfrESifh ESrrsm;udk ausmif;odkU ac:,l ]]ig
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tpfrESifh ESrrsm;rSm ,lusHK;r& idka<u;Muukef\/ trsdK;rsdK; awmif;yef avQmufxm;aomfvnf;
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Mum;orQ jriforQ q&morm;rsm;ESifh b0wl pmoifbuf bkef;BuD;tm;vHk; ,lusHK;r& ESajrmwo

aeMuukef\/
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wpfzef (,if; {u "rygVd-wwd,0*fyif)]]aumif;rGef rSefuefaom w&m;usifh0wf r[kwf&m vHkYv0D&d, BuD;olonf 'kua&muf
vHkYvenf;olom csrf;om&\/ usifhMuHaomfvnf; qif;&JvGwfaMumif; w&m;
r[kwfaomaMumifhyifwnf;/ aumif;rGef rSefuefaom w&m;usifh0wfum; vHkYv0D&d,
BuD;olonfom csrf;om vHkYvenf;olrSm qif;&J&onf}} [k omoemawmf vrf;pOfESifh
omoemtjyifrS vrf;pOfwdkU 0D&d, toHk;csyHkudk EdIif;,SOf a[mawmfrlzl;\/
xdkoabmrsm;udk rSef;arQmf ZGJvHkYv 0D&d, aumif;wdkif; tusdK;&Sdonfum; r[kwfacs/
tusdK;rrsm;aom udp? enf;vrf;rrSefaom tvkyfwdkUudk vkyfudkif&m 0D&d,aumif;oavmuf
'kua&mufwwf\/
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[kwf-r[kwf rSef-rrSef? bk&m;paom olawmfaumif;rsm; BudKuf-rBudKuf a0zef pdppf&m\/
[kwfrSefaomfvnf; rdrdpGrf;tm;jzifh wu,fvkyfEdkif rvkyfEdkif pOf;pm;&m\/ tcsdeftcg tajctae
ae&mXme oifhroifh rSef-rrSef a0zef&m\/
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wpfZGwfxdk; BudwfrSdwf BudK;pm;aom 0D&d,wdkUonf aumif;usdK; ray;wwfacs/
tukodkvfuHa[mif; a<u;a[mif;wdkUudk 0dyemukodkvfjzifh pm&if;&Sif;um &Sif;um b0rsm;udk
csHK;csHK; oGm;ae&aom a,m*DwdkUtwGuf pdwfxufoefav? ZGJaumif;av? rZdry#dy'gusatmif
pOf;pm; a0zef&av jzpfonf/ odkUr[kwfygu vrf;pOfyif rSefaomfvnf; tHacsmf
oGm;wwfayonf/
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rif;uGef;tv,fawm& q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; OD;rOLom&u qGJaqmif a[mjy omoemhabmifodkU
jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmonf/ OD;em&'onf ESpfBudrfajrmuf &[ef;y rMumrDyif vufyHwef;rdUrS
q&mawmf OD;*Ermu pmcsbkef;BuD;tjzpf yifhac: vufyHwef;rdU <ua&muf oDwif;oHk;&jyefonf/
vufyHwef;rdU wpf0grQom aeNyD;aemuf rif;uGef;odkU jyefvnf <uvmcJhonf/

OD;em&' csHK;yGJcs idk&jcif;

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0dkif; zdxm;jcif;yifwnf;/)
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wpfe,fvHk;u 0rf;omaeMu\/
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&Sdaeonf/ onf;cHqHk;r a[majym\/ i,farG;NcHayguf q&mwynfh r[kwfMuojzifh
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aemuf ausmif;om;? udk&ifBuD;rsm;xd qefUusifbuf MoZmouf0ifum qHk;r&ef wpfaeUwjcm;
cufvm\/
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aemufqHk;wGif usufoa&cef;twGif; 0if ouFef;udk acgif;ykNcHKum csHK;yGJcs idk&avawmh\/
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xGufoGm;vnf; r&? rsm;pGm pdwfqif;&J&av\/ (tarTt"mwfudk owdy/)
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b0vrf;aMumif;ajymif;&ef EdI;aqmfaeawmhonf/
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tajz&Sm pdwfajyvufaysmuf pmMunfhaecJhonf/
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IrSwf&onfudkrl rpOf;pm;rdojzifh dk;&m Ak'gEkwd? arwmur|mef; wdkUudkom
prf;MunfhaerdcJhonf/

]rif;uGef;odkU a&mufvQif xdktajz&rnf} [k arQmfvifh ,HkMunfpdwfu jyif;jypGm 0ifvm\/ odkUESifh

rMumrD oufqdkif&m q&morm;ESifh 'um 'umrrsm;udk ajyvnf at;aq;pGm ajymqdk xdk rw&m
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OD;em&'onf rw&mrS rif;uGef;odkU a&mufaomtcg awmifay:BuD;ausmif;rS tv,fawm&odkU
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jzpfcJh\/ awmifay:BuD;ausmif; q&mawmfonf y#dywf oifhHkomvkyf y&d,wf
usrf;pmrsm;udkom tcsdef&SdorQ MunfhI&ef 0goemBuD;ojzifh OD;em&'vnf; xdktwkudk ,lcJhrd\/
tv,fawm& q&mawmfrSmrl y#dywd ydktm;oefaom q&mawmfjzpfonf/
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tm;rxkwf EdkifvQifvnf; pmawGrnfrQwwfwwf? 'kurS vGwf&awmhrnf r[kwfyguvm;} [laom
rD;cJjymzHk; jzpfcJh&onfh todPfonf acgif;ay: rdk;BudK;usonfxuf jyif;xefay\/
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arhavsmhpGm odrf;ydkuf vmcJhrdaom b0ZmwfIyf txkyfBuD;udk wpfuefYpD wpfuefYpD ajz
jyaeavawmhonf/
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vdkygawmhuvm;}} ponfjzifh i,fpOfrSp rdrd\ c&D;onfb0udk awmifay:rS pD;
MunfhvdkufouJhodkU MuufoD;xrd avawmhonf/
tyrm' odkufapmihfBuD;rsm;
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usihfawmhrnf MuHaomfvnf; oHCmawmfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;pmcs wdkufiftkyfvTJtyfjcif;om
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xrf;aqmifae&jyefonf/ w&m;avQmuf&ef tBuHvnf; ikyf ikyf oGm;jyef\/
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<uvmum...........
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ikyfaeaom tBuHu &kwfw&uf ay:vmum...
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xGufcGmoGm;\/
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q&mawmfBuD;um; odawmfjrifawmfrl[ef&Sday\/
uHw&m;wdkYonf qef;Mu,fvS\/ owd-orm"d-ynmjzihf apmihfMunhfwwfygvQif
odomvSayonf/ OD;em&'vnf; oufjyif;csvsuf ]]blwH blwa,m ywd}} [k EIwfu
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qHk;jzwfvdkufawmhonf/
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tjyefjyef tvSefvSefMunhf&I oHk;oyf&awmhonf/
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]ay#aumya'o tVuxm} a&;&ef tBuHBuD;u qD;umaejyef\/ ]tVmuxmq&m} bGJUxl;udk
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OD;em&' jrifcsifrS jrifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; OD;em&'uH u xdk tE&m,fudk tcdkuftweYftm;jzihf
ckcHumuG,f ay;vdkuf\/
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rqkwfrepf &IyGm;awmfrl\/ (,cktv,fawm& taemufwdkufac:\)
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p@0ZDrax&fBuD;wdkY uJhodkY jzpfawmhonf/
t&Sif od*0rax&fBuD;onf ar*vdykwwdtm; omoemhabmifa&mufatmif qGJaqmif
a&mufvQif y#dywftvkyfudk tvsifcdkif;\/ odkYwap wwd, oH*g,em omoemjyK&ef
&Sdaeao;ojzihf omoemrS zJcGmroGm;Edkif&Hk/ orm"d todOmPf &ifhusuf&Hk y#dywfvrf;p
aomwmyefrQavmufom csD;ajrSmuf&yfqdkif;xm;\/ "r&oudk odoGm;ojzihf aMumihfMurJhaernfpdk;
t&[wzdkvfayguf ta&mufydkYawmfrrlcJh/ xdkYaemufrS y&d,wd oif,l&ef p@0ZDrax&fBuD;xH
ydkYvTwf\/ omaraPb0jzihf wdyd#u"&jzpfcJhonf/ (yg&mZdu u@tzGihf 30-31/)
pifppf awmfay:BuD;ESihf tv,fawm& q&mawmfBuD;ESpfyg;um; yk*Hrif;? rif;wkef;rif;wdkY\ q&m
psmeftbdnmOf& oD;vHk;q&mawmf\ tyrm' tarGcH wynhfBuD;rsm; jzpfMu\/ tv,fawm&
q&mawmftm; ]tem*grfBuD;} [kyif xdkacwfuqdkonf/
xdktyrm'tarGudk rdrdwdkYvnf; pm;oHk;um xdk tyrm' odkufBuD;udk qufvufom jzpfMuukef\/
(apmapmydkif;url rm&fewfu vufcsufOD;OD;oGm; vufydkufom MunhfaecJh Mu&ukef\/
uHw&m;wdkY\ tpDtrHum; OmPfrDoavmuf tHzG,f&SdaypG/

]]taMumif;onf tb,ftusdK;twGuf/ tusdK;onf xdktaMumif;aMumihf}} ponfjzihf (a&SUoGm;

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okdYrSom ]vmrnfhab; ta0;ujrif} EdkifMuayrnf/
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owdyVmefw&m;onf tvGeftusdK;rsm;aMumif; &dyfpm;rdum ]]ygVdawmfrSmvJ yGihfyGifhvif;vif;?
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MuHpOf;pm; vIyf&Sm;rItm;vHk;udk rvGwfwrf; Munhf ododae&aom tvkyfyif jzpfonf/
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xdktcg ]]wifhw,f csrf;om jrJaom ig}} txifonf tjrifESihfajymif;jyef jzpfoGm;wmh\/
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ay;pGrf;Edkifawmhonfom/
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&&Sdodjrifawmfrl\/ ajr tcdkiftcefY pdkufxm;aom wk&dkPfwkdif(wHcg;wdkif) onf
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&kyfemrf "r b0t"dym,fudk tb,fvlewfjA[m wdkY\ toGifrwl t,l0g' avMurf;aMumihfrQ
a&GUajymif;,drf;,dkifjcif; r&Sdatmif odjrifawmfrlav\/
blwH blwawm 0wd= t&Sdukd t&Sdtwdkif; jrifawmfrlNyD/
tmaygufatmif a[maomfvnf; arm&HkrQom
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ZGwfyifhae\/
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a[ma[m 'dkif;'dkif;BuD; jzpfonfhtwdkif; ZGwfw&Gwf yifh\/ q&mawmfuvnf; bkrodbrod

OD;auvmoyifh&m csufcsif; qif; vdkufygoGm;cJhonf/ OD;auvmotm; rdwfaqG q&mawmfrsm;u

0dkif; tjypfajymaeMuao;\/
oxHkajr EIwfcGef;quf w&m;OD;
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tawmif 60-pBuausmif;BuD; oDwifoHk;apum xdkn a&mufrqdkufyif w&m;OD;csD;jrifh&ef
awmif;yef avQmufxm;Mu\/ cGifhycsuf &onfESifh eD;pyf&m vdkufvH EdI;aqmfum rarmryef;Edkif
0rf;omtm;& em,lMuonf/ q&mawmfvnf; c&D;yef;onfudkyif arhaysmufum pdwfygvufyg
w&m;OD; a[mawmfrl\/ a[maomw&m;rSm ]Oy&dyPmo ygVdawmfvm r[moVm,weduokwf}
jzpfonf/
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a[mjyae\/
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yg&rDuHuvnf; aqmfzefcdkuf jzpf NcdKufNcdKufNrdKufNrdKufBuD; 0ifoGm;\/
xdktcsdefrSp oxHkrdU owdy|mefw&m; emMum;IrSwfolwdkY wpfpwpfp jyefYyGm;vmawmhonf/
Od;auvmo\ EdI;aqmf pDrHrIaMumifh a,m*Drsm; rsm;jym;vmojzifh arC0efwdkufrS
omoeyaZmwduac: a&S;ausmif;wdkuf a[mif;BuD;odkY a&TUajymif; w&m;Xme zGifhvSpf Mu\/
a,m*Drsm; pm;rIaerI tqifajyatmif aqmif&Gufay;Mu&m xdkae&m ESifhvnf; rvHkavmufEdkifatmif
&Sdawmhonf/
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puf&Sifrif;BuD; OD;bdk;p\ tultnDjzifh (,ck&Sdaeaom) ig;{u&Sd awmBuD;udk trdefU*&efcH
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omoem pcJhaom oxHkjynf usHK;oHk;vD 0dkif;&Haom atmifajr ]owdy|mef atmifvH} BuD;udk
vTifhwifvdkufMuonf/

q&mawmfom ray:aygufcJhvQif
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ig;pdrf;onfrsm;rStp ig;owf&myif ]udkifw,f? xkw,f? owfw,f} ponfjzifh jyuf&,f
ajymifavSmifrqHk; &SdcJh\/ ]]oGm;wmvmwm odae&if aomwyef jzpfowJh? auG;wm qefUwm
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tjypfwifum b0ifruscJhMuay/ tcsdKU bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;url w&m;a[m&mwGif jyif;jyif;xefxef
Iwfcs a[majymcJhMu\/
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ajymifavSmifMu? IwfcsMu? uJh&JUMuonfrSm tjypfrqdkom awmhacs/
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dk;wmaompum;udk xyf &Sif;&? zGifh& onfrSm tcufqHk; jzpfonf/
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ajymifavSmifMuonfrSm "rwmyif jzpfonf? tjypf qdkzG,f&mr&Sd/ xdk rodolwdkUMum;
w&m;dk;BuD;udk xkwfazmf&olomvQif rnfrQ onf;cH& rnfrQ ZGJaumif;&rnfudk udk,fcsif;
pmemoifhukef\/ omrn onf;cHjcif;? omrn ZGJvHkUvjzifh tajctaeodkU a&mufvmEdkifrnf
r[kwfacs/
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aqmif&GufEdkifrnfholum; tvGef &Sm;ay&m\/
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rqkwfrepfaom vHkUv 0D&d,ESifh onf;cHjcif;&Sdaom tmZmenf yk* dKvdxl;rsdK;om ray:aygufcJhvQif
owdy|mef a'oemonf ,aeUtxd bk&m;&Sdcdk;pm tqifhrS jrifhwufvmOD;rnf r[kwfacs/
(owdy|mef omoemy&m EdkifiHausmf "ruxdu OD;y@d"r vlxGuf q&mBuD; OD;jrwfausmfonf
q&mawmf\ &JbufawmfBuD; wpfOD;jzpfonf/ ]0dyem#Dum} paom usrf;aygif; rsm;pGmudk y
,dk;',m;jynftxd e,fvSnfh a[majymEdkifol vltmZmenfBuD;yifwnf;/)

ighausmif;rSm bk&m;avmif;rae&
aZw0ef ur|mef;|meBuD; te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS &[ef;&Sifvlrsm; vma&mufw&m;tm;xkwfMu&m
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,cktcg xif&Sm;aom q&mawmfwpfyg;onf q&mawmfxH owdy|mefudk enf;cHusifhoHk;&m
]ocFgkayummPf} tqifha&mufaeNyD[k ,lq&aomtcg awmfawmfESifh w&m;rwuf
trsdK;rsdK;vSnfhNyD; ppfaq;&m tqdkygbkef;BuD;u ]]wynfhawmf bk&m;qkyefxm;ygw,f bk&m;? 'Dbk&m;
omoemrSm om0uqk r,lvdkyg}} [k avQmufowwf/ xdkrS aemufumvwGif ]] wdkYausmif;rSm
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yk*dKvfBuD;um; ppfrSefaom qkBuD;yefjzpf[ef &Sday\/)
bk&m;qkyef (qkBuD;yef) 0g'rSm tcsdKYae&mwGif tvGef acwfpm;vsuf&Sd&m pOf;pm; qifjcifoifhaom
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pum;onf tvGef&ihfoD;vSoa,mif &Sdaomfvnf; bk&m;qkyefonf qdk&m tvGefodcuf
eufdIif;aom tarG"mwfoabmrsm;vnf; ikyfuG,faewwfonf/
tBudKufay; tcsdefqJGjcif;
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roifhawmfyg? vltrsm; ESvHk;romzG,f &Sdygonfbk&m;}} [k avQmufojzifh....
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vufzspfwD; jyefac:vdkufonf/
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(0dok'dr*f t|uxm- 1? 45-vm) r[moHC&udw rax&fBuD;um; &[Emjzpf&ef oDvorm"d-ynm tm;vHk; tqifoifh jynfhpHkvHkavmufawmfrlNyD;jzpf\/ tyrm't&m ]]&[ef;yonfrS
touf 60-txd owdrygbJ yvkyfrdaom t&mr&Sd? (0g) trSwfvGwf bmudkrQ rvkyfpzl;}} [kyif
rSwfwrf;wif&aom rax&fBuD;wnf;/ odkYpifvsuf &[Emrjzpf&onfrSm tjcm;aMumif;r[kwf/

t&daraw,s bk&m;tm; zl;arQmfvdkaompdwf (tmom) NidwG,faejcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/

xdkpdwfuav;wpfvHk; ckcHaeonfrSm tdk;cHr[kwfwef&macs/ ]igh[mig zl;csifvdkY} [k
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t&daraw,sESifh tcsdefqJG cHae&jcif;yifwnf;/
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tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;pdppfMunfhMu\/ xdktem*grf yk*dKvfBuD;u....
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BuD;onf? q&mwynfh[laom tjrifjzifh rI&m/ tawGYtBuHKmPf&SdvQif i,faomfvnf;
todBuD;wwfonfom/)
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*dkPf;orm;wdkYonf ]ow0grsm;udk u,fwif&ef} [laom tod? tNidjzifh bk&m;qkyefMuonf/
0dZmqdkaom (rjrif&aom) yk*dKvfBuD;rsm;vnf; bk&m;qkyefBuD;rsm;[k qdkMuukef\/
r[m,me Ak'bmom0iftm;vHk;vnf; bk&m;avmif;awGcsnf;om jzpfMuonf/ (vlrsdK;?
toGiftjyifESifh trnfcHxm;rI uJGjym;HkrQom jzpf tajccHrS yef;wdkiftxd wpfxyfwnf;
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tw0g' wefcdk;&Sif r[wrjA[mBuD;\ tjcHt&H bk&m;rsm; jzpfaewwfayonf/
tavmif;awmfBuD;rsm;\ usifhenf;usifh[ef wd&pmefyif jzpfaomfvnf; toufESifh oDvudk
vJEdkifaom todtjrifrsdK;&Sdonf ppfrSefaomqkBuD;yefrsm;vnf; &SdEdkifonfyif jzpfyg\/ odkY&mwGif
tppftrSefum; tvGef&Sm;yg;ayvdrfhrnf/
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qkBuD;yefvdkpdwfvnf; NrJNrHaom t&mr[kwf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; wm0womrS qif;<uvmpOf
bk&m;qkryefol[lr&Sd qdkonf/ xdkrdrdwdkYyefaom qkonfvnf; b0oHo&mESihfcsD rqdkxm;bd?

wpfb0twGif;yif rNrJwwfacs/ vuf&SdtcGifhaumif;BuD;udk vufrvGwfMuap&m/

(r[m*EmHkq&mawmf tcef;udkvnf; MunfhygOD;/)
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owd&apawmhonf/
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qnf;yl;cJY&NyD/
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q&mawmfuvnf; OD;aombetm; tyef;ajz em;aeapNyD; naeckESpfem&DcefYwGif pwif

w&m;jyay;awmfrl\/ ]]oawm bduK y&dAaZ}} tpcsDaom aewdygVdawmfudk OD;aombeum;

rdrdavhvmNyD;aom owdy|mef ygVdawmfBuD;udkyif cH t&Sifr[mupnf;udk;um; zGifhazmfaom
aewdygVdawmfBuD;udk emMum;&&m tvGeft&om awGYoGm;\/
]],ck q&mawmfBuD;? a[mjyaewm pmawGYoabm ? pmajym ajymaejcif; r[kwf? vufawGYvkyfNyD;rS
usifhoHk;NyD;rS ajymaewmyJ}} [laom todonf rdrd\ yg&rDADZESifh q&mawmf\ tocFw"mwftm;
("r"mwk) udk tvdkvdk cJGjcm;em;vnf; oGm;ap\/
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rnfrQygonf rygonf) udk odomapvSyg\/
q&mwynfh ar;um aNzum rSwfp&m
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paom kyftrlt&m pdwftrlt&mrsm; tm;vHk;udk MudK;pm; IrSwf&m wpfaeYwNcm; pdwf0ifpm;
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rdrdrsufESm&dyf Munfh&ouJhodkY trSefwus rodrNrifEkdif/
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(ynmonf orm"d taMumif;cHoNzifh) todPfynmrsm; wdk;yGm;vmukef\/
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w&m;a[maumif;BuD; t&SiftmeEm &[Em jzpfawmfrlav\/ (0ZDykaw&*gxm? |/)
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ yGifhvif;aom qEawmfrSmvnf; ypfvTwfaom jrm;yrm wpf&Sdefwnf;?
wpfoefwnf;? wpfxdkifwnf; r&yfrem;yJ t&[wzdkvfaygufatmif usifhBuHapawmfrlvdk\/
(r[ma*god*Fokwf/) rnfonfh taMumif;aMumifhrQ em;ae &yfwefUjcif;udk vdkvm;awmf rrlygacs/
(rlv yPmo-r[moma&myrokwf) vmbfvmb (tcuft&Guf)? oDv (tayG;)? orm"d (tcGH)?
tbdnmOf (tum)? avmukw&mw&m; (tESpf) [k &Sd&m jrwfpGmbk&m; tqHk;tr w&m;awmfonf
cuf&Guf? tayG;? tcGH? tum &HkrQjzifh auseyfraebJ (tumESifh uyfaeaom tESpfudk &HkrQjzifhvnf;
auseyfraebJ) t&[wzdkvf tESpftom;txd wpfb0wnf;jzifh tjywf &,lEdkifatmif
ud;pm;Mu&ef qHk;rawmf rlcJh\/ odkUrSvnf; omoemy&m ydk wGifus,fonfudk jrifawmfrl
jzpfonf/
aomwyef? ou'g*grfb0jzifh wpfXmevGefaomf vlUjynf ewfjynf taxmufaxmuf em;&OD;rnfh
'ku? tem*grfb0jzifh vGef&apumrl touf&SnfvSaom jA[mhjynfrSm cEm0efudk o,fydk;ae&rnfh
'kursm;uvnf; ysif;rkef; NiD;aiGUzG,f&m jzpfonfudk jrifawmfrl wdkufwGef;jcif; ppfppf jzpfay\/
31-bHkum; wpfaxmufem;av arm&av/
a>rESifhusD;rsm; tylaZmfcH
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf oufawmf 86-ESpft&? 1316-ckESpf waygif;vqef;rS p q,f&ufcefU
tdyf,m vJavsmif;um rajymif;rxEdkif &Sd&awmhonf/ tzsm;'D*&Dvnf; 100-102-atmuf
rusawmhyJ q,f&uf aomMumaeUrGef;wnfhcsdef cRJqdkY armusyfum pkwdurZkyf
csKyfNidrf;awmfrl&\/
'um 'umrrsm;vnf; 0dkif;tHk idka<u;Muukef\/ w&m;ay;rnfh t&Sifr&SdNyD/ ywf0ef; usif&Sd
usD;uef;rsm;vnf; jrifraumif;atmif pkaygif;idka<u;um tavmif;awmf xm;&m ausmif;txuf
tkyfvdkuftkyfvdkuf csD jrnfatmf ylaZmfMuukef\/ tpm;a<u;rnfh ocifr&SdNyD/
wefcl;vqef; 13-&ufaeU 1-em&D 25 rdepfwGif vltrsm; zl;ajrmfpka0; aeonfhMum;rS ig;aycefY
&Snfvsm;aom a>rBuD;wpfaumifvnf; wdk;a0SY 0ifvmum ajcawmf&if; acgif;wndwfndwf vkyfum

tdktao yvm\/ tm;vHk; tHhtm;oifhcJhMu&onf/ ESpfem&D rdepfig;q,frQ Mum\/ (xdkpOfu

owif;pmrsm; "mwfyHkyg azmfjyMuonf/)
xdktcg vlwdkU trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk ajymqdkaeMupOf oDv&Sif q&mBuD;wpfOD;u ]]dk;dk;a>r r[kwfygvQif
odom xif&Sm;atmif jyyg}} [k pdwfxJu usdwf t"d|mef&if; tavmif;awmf ajc&if; xdkifae\/
t"d|mefNyD;vQif MumuvyftxufodkU a&mufae&mrS qif;vmum xdkoDv&Sif q&mBuD;tm;
wpfywfywf &Sdcdk;jy\/ tem;&Sd oDv&Sifrsm; tyg;ESpfq,fcefU xajy;Mu&av\/
xdkxuf pdwf0ifpm;cJh&aom jzpf&yfwpfckvnf; &Sdygao;\/
oxHkrdUwGif;rS tcsdKUq&mawmfBuD;rsm; n vlol&Sif;csdef wdwfwqdwf vma&muf
uefawmhMujcif;yifwnf;/ wpfcsdefu rnfodkU EIwfusL;EIwfvGef ajymqdk cJhMuonfrod/ rnfodkU&Sdap?
xdkodkU uefawmh ukpm;jcif;um; olawmfaumif;wdkU vdkvm;aom bk&m;om;awmfwdkU "avhygyif/
kupdk;BuD;tajym
tavmif;awmfrSm 21-&ufrQ rodk;rykyf? tom;ta& rmausm0if;0g ae\/ rD;roN*K[f&ufMu/
olykef&efvnf; r&Sif;ao;onfhtjyif tjiif;vnf; yGm;Muojzifh 1317-ck? uqkefvqef;
&Spf&ufaeUwGifrS rD;oN*K[f Mu&\/ psmyeyGJ&uftwGif; tpdk;& t&m&Sdydkif;rS t0iftxGufvnf;
&Sdaeojzifh olykefaMumifh wpfpHkwpfck jzpfyGm;&ef tajctae &Sdaomfvnf; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
bkef;uHaMumifh aESmifh,Sufrnfhol rsm;vnf; trsm;enf;wl t&yf0wf t&yfpm;jzifh 0ifa&muf vkyfudkif
ylaZmf&olrsm; jzpfoGm;cJhMu&onf/ tdk;"mwfudk ausmif;wdkuf twGif;yif apwDwnfxm;
udk;uG,fMu\/
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh pyfvsOf; oxHk ausmfMum;ump owif;wpfck xGufvm\/
usdKufaumf odrfqdyfbufrS avmuDt&m uRrf;usif odjrifaom bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u rZdra'o&Sd
jrwfpGmbk&m; oDwif;oHk;&m aZw0efausmif;awmf tapmifhjzpfaeaom aomwmyef
kupdk;BuD;wpfOD;tm; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ w&m;xl;tqifhudk odvdkojzifh ac:,l ar;jref;&m
kupdk;BuD;u.....
]]wynfhawmfxuf omw,fvdkUawmh odygw,f? b,favmufomw,f qdkwmawmh ravQmufwwfyg?
'gayr,fh &[Emawmh r[kwfao;yg? ol\Adrmefudk ,ck wkodwmrSm awGUae&ygw,fbk&m;}} [k
ajymMum;owwf/
xdkpum;vnf; ysHvGefawmf rrlrD ESpfaygif; oHk;av;q,fu jzpf wpfxpfcs rrSwf,l&m/
bHkAdrmefrsm; BudKwif aygufaeESifh wwfaMumif;? ajymif;vnf; ajymif;wwfaMumif; A[kokwtjzpf
jyqdkjcif;rQom/ q&mawmfum; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm IyGm; tm;xkwfawmfrlaom tmZmenfBuD; jzpf
&[ef;udpvnf; NyD;aomf NyD;Edkifavmufaom tcsdeftcGifh &awmfrl\/
pyf&m jynfwGif;jynfy &[ef;&Sifvltrsm;wdkUum; ]&[Emt&SifjrwfBuD;} [k wpfxpfcs

ESvHk;ydkufMuav\/ ,cktcg oufqdkif&m wynfhBuD;rsm;xH q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\

"mwfawmfrsm;udk zl;awGUMu&onf/
q&mawmf awm&Sif;cJhaom owdy|mef omoemudk tif;pdef&efukef q&mawmf OD;0dok' (12661320)u pwif OD;aqmif jzefYcsdawmfrlcJh\/ ]rif;uGef;&dyfom} [k ac:onf/ ,cktcgwGifrl
aus;Zl;&Sif r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u jynfwGif;jynfy ESpfXmevHk; a0ae,s tiftm;rsm;pGmjzifh
tcdkiftrm &yfwnf owdy|mef w&m;pnfudk vnfapawmfrlvsuf &Sd\/
(tydkryg zwfI Mum;emzl;ygorQ pkaygif; a&;rSwf wwfpGrf;orQ ylaZmf&ygonfudk avsmf&m
rSwfom; rSef-rSm; EdIif;csifhum usifhBuHawmf rlEdkifMuygap cvdk/ tus,fvdkrl awmifwGif;
OD;wdumpm&t&Sifjrwf a&;om;aom twKywd IMuygukef/)
&[Em [kwf-r[kwf odvdkvQif
1/ twlwuG aejcif;jzifh oDvudkod&\/
(oH0gaoe oDvH a0'dwAH/)
2/ ajymqdkjcif;jzifh pifMu,frIudk od&\/
(oHa0g[ma&e aomap,sH a0'dwAH/)
3/ ab;&ef BuHKaomfrSom PfpGrf;tm;udk od&\/
(tmy'gok xmarm a0'dwaAm/)
4/ aqG;aEG;Munfhjcif;jzifh ynmudk od&\/
(omupm, ynm a0'dwAm/)
,if;wdkUudkvnf; tcsdefMumrS? ESvHk;oGif;rS? ynm&SdrSom od&\/ tcsdefwdkvQif? ESvHk;roGif;vQif?
ynmr&SdvQifum; rodEdkif/ (wdwdwdkUudk &[Em[k ajymrdaom aumovrif;BuD;tm;
a[mawmfrlonf/ o*gxm0*-owZ#dvokwf/)
(&[Em [kwf-r[kwf pdppfpHkprf;enf; tus,fudk Oy&dyPmo-qAdaom"eokwf ygVd? t|uxmESifh
0d-|? 2? 11 pwkwyg&mZdu/ tbd-|-2? 470/ 0dok'd-|? 2? 270/ om&w#Dum=2? 282ponfwdkU MunfhIMuygukef/ olrsm; [kwf-r[kwfxuf rdrd [kwf-r[kwfonf om
ta&;BuD;vSyg\/)

a&Tawmifq&mawmf OD;wdud`Ed,
( 1232 - 1303 )
a&TawmifrdY tr&mrausmif;wdkuf OD;wdud`Ed, q&mawmfonfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywd
omoem0if armfuGef;wif rSwfom;&rnfh q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfonf/
usrf;pmtrsKd;rsKd; ypkum 0dyem urVmef;oHudk wpfEdkifiHvHk; jyefUatmif EdI;vSefYvIYHaqmf&mwGif
t&SifjrwfBuD;\ toHrSm ,ckwdkif jrnfnHvsuf&Sdygacs\/ ]t&SifOD;wdud`Ed, 0dyemtzGJU}
[kyif wnfaxmifum q&mawmf\ y#dywf tarGqufcHomoemyMuayonf/
xdkrQ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSygaomfvnf; twGif;usus avhvm pHkprf;jcif; ryEdkifao;yg
(yg0ifwefvsuf <uif;usef&pfrnf pdk;&ygojzifh) q&mawmf ypkaom ]orkyg' eda&m"*usrf;}
yxrwGJ ed'gef;yg twKywd pmwrf;tusOf;rQudkom rl&if;twdkif; ul;,lazmfjy
Munfdkap&ygonfudk cGifhvTwfum auseyfESifhMuygukef/
aumZmou&mZf 1232-ck? Owk*drE 0gqdkvqef;yu 12-&uf paeaeY eHeuf av;em&Dausmf
tcsdef ppfawGrdY abmufoD;pk&yf pma&;BuD; OD;&Jabmf\ ZeD;jzpfaom pma&;BuD;uawmf
a':jryef;OD;rS jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfjrwfBuD;udk txl;tm;jzifh t"dynm 0dyem
omoemawmfjrwfudk pnfyifjyefYyGm; xGef;um;atmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh om;&wemudk
zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ i,frnfrSm ]armifomrmOD;} jzpfonf/
q&mawmf OD;wdud`Ed, tavmif;tvsm armifomrmOD;rSm nDtpfudkt&if; ESpfa,muf&Sdonf/
armifomrmOD;u tpfudkBuD;jzpf nDi,frSm armifay:xGef; (aemiftcg jrefrmEdkifiH jynfxJa&;0efBuD;
jzpfvmonfh qmay:xGef;) jzpfonf/ tjcm; armifomrmOD;\ 0rf;uGJrsm;rSm1/ OD;ZHomOD;? aTpvG,f& puf&Sifrif;BuD;? zsmyHkrdY/
2/ OD;apmjzL? 'dpBwdwf ta&;ydkifrif;? awmifilrdY/
3/ OD;armifxGef;atmif? txl;&mbuf w&m;olBuD;? ykodrfrdY/
4/ OD;aTom? ykvdyftifpyufawmf? zsmyHkrdY wdkUjzpfonf/
armifomrmOD;udk tG,fodkUa&mufaomtcg rdbrsm;onf acwfynm twef;ausmif; xm;&m
ckepfwef;udk jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; yxr&cJhonf/
armifomrmOD;udk rdbrsm;u omoemawmf\ tarGudk cH,lEdkif&ef Ak'bmomrsm;\
xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& ppfawGrdY taemuf aygufawmacsmif awm& (,ck bk&m;av;qlausmif;)
emZDq&mawmf\ txHawmf &SifomraP yonf/ udk&ifomrmOD;udk ]udk&ifwd} [k OyZsm,f
emZDq&mawmfbk&m;u bGJUoem;awmfrlonf/ udk&ifwdonf omoemawmf arGUavsmfojzifh
aysmfydkufaevmcJh&m touf 20-aphaomtcg OyZsm,f emZD q&mawmfbk&m;u &[ef;y

ay;awmfrlonf/
&[ef;awmf OD;wdonf &efukefrdYodkY <uvm ausmif;awmf&m aTusifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
txHawmf yd#uusrf;*ef ynmt00wdkYudk oifMum;em,lvsuf ausmif;awmf&m aTusifwdkuf
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ wpfzef tdEd,odkY <ua&mufvsuf tdEd, oHk;ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/
tdEd,rS wpfzef oD[dkVfodkU<ua&mufvsuf oD[dkVf ig;ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ oD[dkVf
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf oD[dkVf 'udPomcg aAm"dyif bk&m;*kPfawmfudk tmHkyvsuf
vGefpGmMunfdkvmojzifh vuf0Jbuf vufdI;udkjzwfvsuf qDqGwfaom t0wfjzifh &pfywf
'udPomcg aAm"dyiftm; qDrD; ylaZmfawmfrlonf/
oD[dkVfrS jyef<uvmNyD;aemuf ppfawGcdkif awmausmif; wpfausmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;awmfrl&m
BuD;us,fpGm rusef;rrm jzpfawmfrlojzifh vlxGuf (y&Dok'y) awmfrlonf/ aemufrMumrDyif
oHa0*&vsuf &aohyvkyf r[mrdif awm& oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/
xdkrdYrS BuHcif;rdY uefuav;awm&odkY <ua&mufNyD;aepOf ausmif;trBuD; a':azmh\
avQmufxm;csufjzifh anmifwkef;rdY aT[oFmawm&odkY <ua&mufNyD; ausmif;awmf&m aTusif
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk OyZ,fy (xdktcg &efukefrdY ausmif;awmf&m aTusif
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf anmifwkef;rdY aT[oFmawm& oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/)
q&mawmfbk&m;u ]OD;wdud`Ed,} [laom bGJUjzifh &[ef;yay;awmfrlonf/
OD;wdud`Ed, t&Sifjrwfonf Budrfacsmif;vnf;aumif;? av;rsufESm vnf;aumif;
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlzl;onf/ jrif;NcH oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf xl;qef;vSpGmaom tdyfrufudk
jrifrufNyD;aemuf 0dyemvrf;pOfudk xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif usifhBuHBudK;ukwf
tm;xkwfawmfrl&m wynfh'g,um &Sifvltm;vHk;uyif ]t&d,m olawmfpif rax&fjrwf} [l
,HkMunfo'hg Tifvef;pGmjzifh qnf;uyf udk;uG,fMuavonf/
xdkOD;wdud`Ed, t&Sifjrwfonf xdkxdkrdYGmodkY vSnfhvnfvsuf w&m;"rwdkUudk a[mMum;jyo
qHk;rawmfrlpOf BuHcif;rdY uefuav; awm& oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcdkuf ol&Jwef;olBuD; OD;okc\
yifhavQmufcsufjzifh ol&Jwef; yef;awmif;rdYwdkYodkU<ua&muf w&m;a[mawmfrl&m yef;awmif;rdY
'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh yef;awmif; aMu;bk&m;BuD;teD; ausmif;
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/
xdkaemuf ausmif;'g,umBuD; OD;aTxdkuf\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh aTawmifrdY
aTajymifajymifbk&m;twGif;odkY <ua&muf w&m;a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdktcg OD;bdk;qdkif?
OD;pHGefY? OD;opf? OD;aTxdkuf? OD;atmifausmf wdkYonf ,ck tr&mr wdkufwnf&m o&ufNcHO,mOfudk
0,f,lMuNyD;vQif 1282-ckESpf tr&mrausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifvsuf OD;wdud`Ed, t&Sifjrwfudk
udk;uG,fMuavonf/

OD;wdud`Ed, t&Sifjrwfonf aTawmifrdY tr&mr ausmif;wdkuf rdrdvnf; tm;xkwf?

olwpfyg;wdkUtm;vnf; a[mMum;jyovsuf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf ausmif;'umBuD; OD;pHGefY
uG,fvGefNyD; wpfaeYaomtcg pBuausmif;BuD;ay: ckwiftxuf w&m;tm;xkwfawmfrl&m
a&S;a&S;tm;xkwfpOftcgrsm;uxuf w&m;tjrifaygufawmfrlonf/
xdkaemuf ppfawGrdY tmuRwfawmfukef; q&mawmf OD;em&'tm; rdrdw&m;tjrifaygufyHkwdkUudk
rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/ xdktcgrSp wynfh&Sifvl tm;vHk;uyif tvGef&ifhoefonfh
]tm&d,molawmfpif} [k ESvHk;ydkuf ,HkMunfum qxufxrf;ydk; wdk; ylaZmfMuonf/
odkY urVmef; bm0em w&m;t&m pmawGU udk,fawGU ESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom OD;wdud`Ed,
t&Sifjrwfonf1/ orkyg' eda&m"*usrf;?
2/ "rpMum tar;tajzusrf;?
3/ y&rwm'de,'eusrf;?
4/ a0oemEkyemusrf;?
5/ eDa&mr 0dedp,usrf;?
6/ Ak'gEkwdusrf;?
7/ yOmAsmu&Pusrf;?
8/ 0dnmPmEkyemusrf;?
9/ edAmew0dedp,usrf;?
10/ oN*K[fedosusrf;?
11/ pwkopmEkyeDusrf;?
12/ wda[wku 0dedp,usrf;?
13/ osm'dyumoeDusrf;?
14/ r[mowdy|meokwf ed, ESifh tajzusrf;tp&Sdaom usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk ypkawmfrlonf/
,if;odkY usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmudk ypkawmfrlum rdrdodjrifxm;onfh w&m;oabmwdkYudk azmfjy
omoemyjcif;jzifh tm;&wif;wdrfjcif; &Sdawmfrrlaom q&mawmf OD;wdud`Ed, onf
w&m;;odjrifvdkol taygif;wdkYtm; udk,fwdkif awGYqHka[majymvdkaomaMumifh . . . .
]]rnfonfhrdYurqdk w&m;"rudk odvdk? emcHrSwfom; avhusufvdk yifhac:vQif taMumif;
nDnGwfygu cGifhay;ygaMumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmf yGifhvif;zdkY&m tusKd;aqmifvsuf
tpOf&SdygaMumif;? trx 0dyem w&m;tvkyfudk usepGm vkyfvdkol taygif;wdkYonf aTawmifrdY
&Srf;wef;xdyf? trm&mrwdkufodkY vma&muf w&m;tvkyf BudK;pm;Mu&ef wdkufwGef;
EdI;aqmfvdkufygonf}}-

[laom (t&Sifjrwf\ usrf;tcsdKU) zdwfac:pm xnfhoGif;xm;ayonf/ odkYvQif avmutusKd;?

omoemtusdK;? rdrd\tusKd;? olwpfyg;wdkY\tusKd; wdkYudko,fydk;awmfrlvsuf 1303-ck?
0gqdkvjynfhausmf 11-&uf aomMumaeY nOfh&Spfem&Dtcsdef b0ewfxH ysHvGefawmfrlonf
jzpfygaMumif;/
q&mawmfonf EkpOfb0 Mum;umvwGif tdrf&maxmif orD; ESpfa,mufyif &&SdcJhbl;&m ZeD;ESifh
orD; ESpfa,mufvHk; ppfudkif; r*ifacsmif? rdk;ukwfZ&yf (orD;BuD;rSm 0wfaMumifESifh) oDv&Sif0wfjzifh
{umoeduf ywydkPf"kwif tNrJaqmif w&m;bm0emESifh aeMuaMumif;? ]aomwmyefom;trd}
[lyif ajymqdkMu 1308-ck? 99-ESpfwGif rdk;ukwfolZeD;a[mif; a':ynm uG,fvGefaMumif;?
tbd"Z aT[oFmq&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ausmif;om;b0u q&mawmfxH pmwuf&
awm&aqmufwnf&mwGif 0wfBuD;0wfi,f y&zl;aMumif; ]aT[oFmq&mawmfb0ESifh
pmaytaxGaxG} 39? 137- zwfI&&m ]{uawmf 0ded0w,Hk=wpfpkwa0;MuD; EdAefcdkvIHMuNyD} [kom
atmufarh&ef &Sdygawmhonf/
aouawmif q&mawmf OD;wdavmu
( 1233 -1299 )
]]armifwdavmu vkyfvkdufrSNzifh ZGwfw&GwfcsnfhyJ i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh uef;aeygOD;r,f/}}
v,fwDq&mawmfu OD;wdavmutaBumif; Bum; NrnfwGefawmufwD;aeNcif; Nzpf\/ csufcsif;yif
OD;yOif;ESpfyg;ukd ac:......
]]uJ......armifyOif;ESpfyg;? armifwdavmu ausmif;ukdoGm;acsBu/ olYtem;rSm&SdwJh aypm?
uravGpmtkyfrsm;? cJwH pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; &SdorQ tukefodrf;,lcJhNyD; ighausmif;ay:rSmxm;}} [k
vTwfvkdufonf/
OD;yOif;ESpfyg;vnf; OD;wdavmutm; q&mawmfBuD; trdefU&Sdonfukd avQmufxm;
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vkH; o,f,loGm;Buonf/
OD;wdavmuoonf vGefpGm ZGJvkHYvBuD;ol Nzpfonf/ rkH&GmrdU v,fwDwkduftwGif; 0g;rkd;0g;um
ausmif;uav; ae pmcs? pmBunfh? pma&;Ncif; 0d&d,Nyif;xefvS\/ ntcg
ykPm;rD;tdrfav;Nzifh pmBunfh&onfukd tm;r&Eldif av;axmifhoHNzLykH;BuD;ukdyif rD;pmwyf?
rD;cGufvkyf pmBunfhavonf/
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tvGefrIefvSonf/ eEGif; a&eHacs;wkdUNzifh ay&Gufay:ukd okwfokwf Bunfh&\/ aypmrS

a&eHtckd;taiGUrsm;? a&eHqDrD;cGufBuD;rS rD;tyl&SdefESifh tckd;tanSmfrsm;aBumifh aeYpOf&ufquf

rkd;tvif;Bunfhavh&Sdaom OD;wdavmu rsufpda&m*g pGJuyfvm\/ rsufvkH;ESpfzufvkH;
usD;tmoD;rSnfhuJhokdU eD&J&TJvmawmhonf/ vufoD;qkyfcefY a&miftrf;vnf;ae\/
rsufvkH;ESpfzufESifh ESmacgif;ESpfzufrS aoG;rsm; tqufrNywf ,kdpD;usvmukef\/
xkdtaBumif;ukd bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u avQmufodawmfrloNzifh q&mawmfBuD;u pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;ukd
todrf;ckdif;vkdufNcif; Nzpfonf/ OD;wdavmuum; ukd,fwkdifrBunfhEkdifaomtcg OD;yOif;i,frsm;ukd
tzwfckdif;NyD; em;axmifaeNyef\/
q&mu wdyd#u"&? rdbu olaX;rsLd;rif;EG,f
OD;wdavmuum; rkH&GmrdYtaemuf AefUusDwkdufe,f acgoED&Gm 1233-ckESpfwefaqmifrkef;vqef; 9&uf paeaeUn okH;csufwD; tcsdef OD;wufzd; ? a': oDwkdUrS zGm;Nrif\/ tz olaX;rsKd;? trd
rif;aqGpkd;rsKd;[k qkdonf/
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q&mawmf OD;Z0eum; bkd;awmfvufxuf armif;axmifomoemykdif\ wynfh wdyd#u"&
yk*Kdvfxl;Nzpfonf/ &[ef;Nzpfonftxd iSufaysmawm &Gm ynmoif &[ef;NzpfNyD; rBumrD
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH vma&mufynmoif,lonf/
&lyod'do'gusrf;rS poif,l&m ygVdtXuxm #Dumukd ig;0g? aNcmuf0grQNzifh olrwlatmif
wwfaNrmufcJhol Nzpfonf/ v,fwDy@dwonf OD;wdavmuxHvnf; ynmoif,lcJh&\/
OD;wdavmuum; mPfxufoavmuf ZGJvkHUv 0d&d, BuD;rm;olwnf;/ yk*Hacwf\ rSm bufwGif
xkdq&mwynfhuJhokdU yd#uukd Ekdifeif;ol &Sm;yg;vSonf[kyif t&Siftm'dp0Ho csD;usL;bl;\/
OD;wdavmuonf xkdtcsdef &nf&G,fcsufwpfck&Sd usrf;wpfusrf;ukd rtdyfrae ypkaeaom
tcsdefvnf;Nzpfonf/ xkdusrf;um; ur|mef;tpDt&ifNzpfaom ]aeu
aeur0d"me 'DyeD} wnf;/
OD;wdavmuonf rsufpda&m*gNzpf pmrBunfh&? pmrem& apumrkl a&mufvmolrsm;tm;
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(awmxGufvkdaom qErsm; ) wuf<uaecsdef Nzpfonf/
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a&Tyifem;a&TusD; [louJhokdU v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;ESifh vufyGef;wwD;ae&ol Nzpf q&mawmf\

"gwfrsm;vnf; ul;pufaeykH &\/ av;axmifh oHNzLykH; rD;cGufBuD;ESifh pmBunfh pma&;onfrSm

q&mawmfvnf; xkdUtwlNzpfonf/ tm*tmZmenfBuD;rsm; Nzpfygukef\/
v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;um; aemufumvwGif rD;ukdyif rxGef;nSd&awmhbJ rsufvkH;tpkHawmfrS
xGufay:vmonfh tvif;a&mifNzifhyif ntcg pma&;aBumif;ukd (rEav;rdU? yvkdif;&yf? pufq&m
OD;bxGef;qkdol q&mawmfxH omraPb0Nzifh ae&pOf NrifawGYcJh&onf[k) q&mp`Euwqifh
aNymNybl;\/ t&Sif 'Arax&f vufnSKd;tvif;Nzifh tarSmiftwGif;oGm;ouJhokdU &Sd\/
rnfokdYyifNzpfap OD;wdavmuonf q&mawmf\ y&d,wf t&nftcsif;rsm;ukdomru y#dywf
t&nftcsif;rsm;ukdyg twGif;usus &dyfpm;od&SdaeNyD[k ,lq&\/ rsufpda&m*g NzpfNcif;ESifh
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; todrf;tqnf; cH&Ncif;Nzifh ]]y#dywf ur|mef;tvkyfukdom tm;xkwfawmh}} [k
owday;vkdufouJhokdU &Sdawmhonf/
xkdtcsdefrSp ur|mef;w&m;&IyGm;ae\/ oufawmfum; 25-ESpfrQom &Sdayao;onf/
OD;wdavmuum; wpfzufu pmcs&if; &[ef;w&m;ukd ntcsdef twlBuKd;pm;awmfrl\/
xkdacwfv,fwDawm&um; taNcmuftvSefUrsm;vSonf/ ol&JrBuD;wpfaumif ausmif;avSum;
rBumcP vma&muftdyfaeonfqkd\/
rkd;arSmifusaom nwpfnNzpf\/
wpfwkdufvkH; tdyfarmusaeBuNyD/ q&mawmfBuD;um; tawmif 60-&SdpBuausmif;
vrf;avQmufawmfrlae\/ OD;wdavmu aeaom xaemif;yif teD;&Sduyfausmif;av;qDokdU
vSrf;Bunfhawmfrl&m pBuaNcvSrf;rsm;yif &yfwefUoGm;\/ taBumif;rSm OD;wdavmu aeaom
ausmif;uav; wpfaqmifvkH; atmufvif;"mwfrD; xGef;xm;ouJhokdU vif;xdefaeonfukd
awGUNrif&aomaBumifh Nzpfonf/
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rif;ighausmif;rSm aevkdU roifhawmhblk;? oGm;vkd&m oGm;Ekdifw,f}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/
OD;wdavmuuvnf; -]]rSefyghbk&m;}} [kom avQmuf OD;csNyD; rdrdausmif;uav;okdU NyefvmcJhonf/
aemufwpf&uf oydwfwpfvkH;? okH;xnfaom ouFef;ESifh rdrda&;xm;aom aeur0d"me 'DyeD}
pmrlukd ,l v,fwDwkdufrS xGufcGm&ef ausmif;uav;rS qif;vmcJh\/ q&mawmftm; aemufqkH;
0ifa&mufuefawmhvsuf
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[k avQmuf xGufcGmcJhonf/
(OD;wdavmuonf w&m;orm"drsm; tvGefaumif;aeNyD Nzpf v,fwDwkdufwGif y&dowfrsm;

tBum;rSmaevQif ,kwfavsmhoGm;rnfukd pkd;&drf q&mawmfu trdefU&Sdonfukd raeapcsif

ESifoavm[k pdwfckoGm;aBumif; wpfaeUwGif q&mawmfBuD;u aysmfbG,fq&moufBuD;tm;
aNymNyzl;\/)
w&m;rmefudk w&m;jzifh qHk;rjcif;
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xGufcGmoGm;awmhonf/ oufawmf 26-ESpft& 1259-ckESpf jzpf\/
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awmifwpfawmifodkU ajymif;a&TU oDwif;oHk;onf/ ur|mef;w&m; IyGm;ol (aouyk*dKvf) wdkU
ae&mjzpf ]aouawmif} [k orkwfxm;\/ &[ef;w&m;udk rem;rae ud;pm;av\/ w&m;enf;cH
wynfhrsm;vnf; taqmufttHkrsm; ESifhtwl aeUcsif;ncsif; wdk;yGm;vmonf/ tvGef acgifvSaom
a'o rdU&GmwrQ pnfum;oGm;onf[k qdkMuonf/ jA[pmly'0 (tusifhab;&ef) BuD;yifwnf;/
pseftbdnmOf &&ef txl; pdwfoefawmfrl[ef &Sd\/
v,fwDq&mawmfum; ZGwfw&Gwf vkyfwwfaom wynfhtwGuf pdwfrcsEdkifatmif oHa,mZOf
BuD;awmfrl\/ ajc&m eif;Edkifonfh wynfhjzpfvnf; tm;udk;awmf rlonf/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
1260-jynfhESpf wefaqmifrkef;vwGif OD;wdavmuxHrS pmwpfapmif a&mufvm\/
]]wynfhonf q&morm; trSD&ygvQif aeUn &[ef;udpNyD;&ef &Sdygonf}} [k a&;vdkufaom [l\/
pmudkBunfh yH;awmfrlonf/ odkU&mwGif oHa,mZOfvnf;&Sd? usdKufxdka'o awmawmifrsm;udkvnf;
oabmusae xdkESpf xdkvjynfhausmf 9-&ufaeU ta&muf v,fwDy@dwudk aemufygac:
<uawmfrlonf/
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; <ua&muf csD;jrifhojzifh OD;wdavmuESifh wynfhrsm;tm;vHk;
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om 0wfyMu&\/ wpfaeUwGif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; wpfyg;wnf; udef;atmif;&m
opfcufwJodkU uyd,armifprHk ajympum;t& wdwfwqdwf oGm;a&muf zl;Mu&m q&mawmfBuD;
rsufvTmcs wifysOfacGvsuf ESpfawmifcefUtjrifh wnfNidrfpGm wuf<uaeonfudk zl;awGUMu&onf/
pmrmef w&m;rmef BuD;vSaom OD;wdavmutm; tvkyfjzifh qHk;rawmf rlavoavm[k ,lq&ay\/
usdKufxdkyifaecdkuf wpfaeUwGif OD;wdavmu? v,fwDy@dwwdkUudk aemufygac: oydwfudk,fpD
vG,fum awmifa0S; wpfacsmif;pD udkifvsuf usdKufxD;dk;odkU bk&m;zl; xGufawmfrl\/ awmeuf
euf vmaomtcg awmqifdkif;BuD; wpfaumifonf q&mawmfhqDodkU a&S;I&ifqdkif ajy;vmav\/
aemufrS vdkufygvmMuaom Od;wdavmuESifh OD;y@dwwdkU ESpfyg;rSm eD;&m opfyifay:odkU wuf
ajy;Muowwf/ q&mawmfurl rwkefrvIyf a&SUrSBuHhBuHh &yfawmfrlvsuf ajy;vmaeaom qifBuD;tm;
emVm*D&dcRwfcef;yrm arwmyGm;ydkY aeawmfrl\/ rMumrD qifBuD;rSm OD;Gwf tdktaoay;vsuf
vrf;z,f xGufajy;oGm;av\/ qifBuD; rjrif&aom tcgusrS wynfhESpfyg; acR;oD;acR;ayguf
BuD;i,fjzifh opfyifay:rS qif;vmMuowwf/

xdktcg q&mawmfu yH;&Tifaom rsufESm? MunfomvGifat;aom &,foGrf;aoG;oHjzifh

]]armifwdavmu wdkUxH pma&;vdkufawmh wpfrsdK;ygvm;uG,fh}} [k rdefUawmfrlav\/ xdktcgrS
OD;wdavmuvnf; rdrdudk,fudk tem*grf t"drme (txifa&mufjcif;) [k oabmus
oGm;avowwf/
oD[dkVfacwfwGif avmuD tbdnmOfrQom & rdrdudk,fudk &[Em[k txifa&muf aeaom
wdyd#u"& r[mem* rax&fBuD;tm; tbdnmOf&? &[Emjzpfol wynfhwpfyg;u q&mxHvm
qifBuD;wpfaumif zefqif;cdkif;um? wzef xdkqifuyif rdrdtm; xdk;owfrnfh[ef
zefqif;cdkif;aomtcg qifxdk;cH&rnf &SdpOf rax&fBuD; aMumufvefUoGm;aMumif; (0dok'dr*f
t|uxm) vm&Sd\/
xdkuJhodkUyif ]],ckqifonfvnf; awmqifdkif; [kwfaumif;rS [kwfrnf? v,fwDq&mawmfhqifrsm;
jzpfaervm; rodbl;}} [k wpfcsdefu rdwfaqGrsm;tm; ajymjyzl;&m tm;vHk;uyif uefUuGufcJhMu\/
xdkUaMumifh xdkpum;udk xyfajym&ef EIwf&GHU aeygonf/ qifdkif;ESifh awGUonfrSmawmh
trSefyif/
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oabmouf0ifp&m &Sdygonf/
ur|mef;todjzifh usrf;Sdjcif;
q&mawmf OD;wdavmuonf rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; &Gy&f GyfcRHcRHBuD; tm;xkwf\/ a,m*D
wynfhrsm;udkvnf; vufcH w&m;jyay;\/ te,fe,fodkU <ua&mufvnf; w&m;a[m\/
usrf;rsm;pGmudkvnf; yawmfrlcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywd w&m;pnfBuD;udk q&m\ ajc&mvdkuf
wD;cwfEdkifool jzpfygayonf/
q&mawmf ypkaom usrf;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
1/ aeur"me'DyeD (1258)?
2/ t&d,r*'DyeD (1262)? (v,fwDq&mawmf\ 0dZmr*'DyeDudk twGif; Xmyemxm;onf/)
3/ y@dw a0'eD, 'DyeD (1267)?
4/ wdkif;BuD;aomVo 'DyeDESifh ,if; tTef;usrf;i,f (1280)?
5/ edkwd y'AsOeD?
6/ 0dedp, yumoeD?
7/ pwkAd" Asmu&P?
8/ tbd"rw oly'DyeD (1273)?
9/ r*Fvm tqHk;tjzwf? 0dedp, trsdK;rsdK;ESifh &wkuAsmrsm;?
10/ "r&moDusrf;/ (q&mawmf r&Sdonfhaemuf 1296-ckESpf wynfhrsm;u dkufxm;onf/)

xdkwGif ur|mef; tvkyfESifhpyf ]y@dwa0'eD,usrf;} BuD;onf txif&Sm;qHk; jzpf\/ uodkPf;

IyGm;enf;rsm;twGuf xdkrQavmuf jynfhpHkaomusrf; r&Sdao;acs/ tbdnmOfvrf;
vdkufvdkolwdkUtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f txl;aumif;vS\/ ouf&SdoufrJh avmu"mwf wpfckvHk; cH
"mwfajcmufyg; IyGm;yHkrSmvnf; v,fwDq&mawmf pmrsm; xufyif jynfhpHkvSay\/
xdkusrf;udk a&;&m bk&m;&Sifu wynfhrsm;udk a[mouJhodkU ol\ wynfhrsm;tm; a[myHka[menf;
a&;xm;\/ aousbmodwokwf *gxmrsm;vnf; yg0if&m em;wGif tqef; jzpfMu&\/ ]wynfhwdkU?
wynfhwdkU} [k acgif;wyfac:iif a&;oGm;ojzifh bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u v,fwDq&mawmftm;]]olUpmzwf&wm aumif;awmh odyfaumif;ygoz&m;? 'gayr,fh ]wynfh} ac:wmu cufaew,f}} [k
avQmuf&m....
]]wynfh tac:rcHcsif&if olUpm rzwfESifhayghuG,f}} [k rdefUowwf/
udk,fawGUw&m; tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh pyfvnf; tvGef rSwfom;zG,frsm; yg0ifukef\/ 0dyem
tE&m,fq,fyg;ESifh pyf a&;xm;onfrSmvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSonf/
ta&miftvif;ESifh 0dyem vrf;cGJrsm;
q&mawmfonf 0dyem npfl;aMumif; q,frsdK;udk y@dwa0'eD,usrf;aemufrS a&;om;aom
]]tbd"rwoly'DyeD}} usrf; ydk jynfhpHkpGm azmfjyxm;onf/
1/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif;?
2/ yDwd = tvGefyDwdjzpfjcif;?
3/ y'd = udk,fpdwfESpfyg; tvGefat;Nidrf;aejcif;?
4/ t"darmu = tvGefMunfvif o'gjzpfjcif;?
5/ y*[ = tvGef0D&d, rQwjcif;?
6/ okc = tvGef&Tifvef; csrf;omjcif;?
7/ P = tvGeftodPf xufjrufjcif;?
8/ Oy|me = tvGef owdxifjcif;?
9/ Oayum = Oayum tm;aumif;jcif;? ([efcsufnDjcif;)
10/ eduEd = (,if;odkU jzpf&onfrsm;udk) ESpfoufom,mjcif;/
q&mawmfonf txufygq,frsdK;wGif ]ta&miftvif;} ESifh pyf odkU rSwfcsuf ay;awmfrl\/
]]ta&mifMobmoum; yk*dKvfwdkif;rSm rjzpf/ psmevmbD orm"d BuD;xGm;aom yk*dkvfwdkYrSm
jzpfwwf\/ olwpfyg; rjrif&bJ rdrdom jzif&aom pdwfMunf pdwfvif;? PfMunf Pfvif;
ta&mifvnf; jzpfay:vmwwf\/ olwpfyg;wdkUyg jrifaumif; avmufatmif udk,fa&mifvnf;
xGufwwf\/}}

xdkq,frsdK;wGif ]eduEd} wpfckomvQif tukodkvfjzpf\/ y"mejzpf\/ usefudk;rsdK;um; aAm"dPf

&ifhoefaMumif; (aAm"Dyud,) w&m;aumif;rsm;om jzpfukef\/ w&m; wdk;wufvmonfh
trSwftom;rsm;wnf;/ odkU&mwGif xdkodkU wdk;wufvmonfudk ESpfouf wG,fwmaewwfojzifh
]0dyeyudavo- 0dyem npfl;aMumif;w&m; q,fyg;? 0dyem acs;aSmf q,frsdK;} [k
qdk&onf/
,if;q,frsdK;ESifh pyf q&mawmf rSwfcsufay;onfrSm rSwfom;zG,f aumif;vS\/
y@dwa0'eD,usrf; (1267) wGifum; MobmoESifh pyf atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsuf
ay;awmfrlcJhonf/
]]jzpfrIysufrI O',A, oabmudk aumif;pGm xifjrifEdkifaom tedp0dZmPf jzpfay:
vmcgeD;aomtcg P\ a&SUoGm; Pfa&mif pdwfa&mif ta&miftvif; tmavmuvnf;
jzpfay:wwfonf/ tvif; tmavmuudk ]Mobmo} [k ac:onf/ 0if;0if;ajymifajymif
udk,frSxGufwJh udk,fa&mifjcnfrsdK; r[kwfbl; wynfhwdkU/ udavom yg;ojzifh pdwfPf
Munfjcif;aMumifh pdwfPfvif;wJh tvif; tmavmuwnf;/
]]xdktcg xdka,m*Dyk*dKvfonf 'dApuKrm yk*dKvfuJhodkU ta0;? uG,f&m? nOfhtcg aomfvnf;
lygHkwdkUudk raem'Gg&jzifh xif&onf wynfhwdkU/ xdktcg xdka,m*D yk*dkvftm; orxt&m
y#dbm*odkU a&mufcgeD;tcg psmeft*FgawG ay:bdouJhodkU r*ifw&m;awG? aAmZifw&m;awG?
aAm"dyud, w&m;awGvnf; tm;aumif; xif&Sm; ay:vmMuonf/
]]odkU rdrdoEmef a&S;u rawGUpzl; rjrifpzl; tenf;i,f txl;taxGudk awGUjrif& aomtcg
]w&m;pk[m r*fzdkvfw&m;yJxif&JU? igr*fzdkvfudk &awmhwmyJ xif&JU} vdkUvJ rSwfxifjcif;
jzpfwwfonf/ rrSwfrxif&bl; wynfhwdkU/ r*fzdkvf r[kwfao;bl;}}
tbd"rwoly 'DyeDusrf; (1273) a&;aomtcg 0dyem txifrSm; tjrifrSm; todrSm;rsm;udk ydk
yGifhvif;pGm atmufygtwdkif; xkwfazmf owday;awmfrlcJh\/
udk,fwdkif xdawGUaom yk*dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;\ trdefUtrSmrsm;udk av;pm;pGm owdrltyf?
vdkufemtyfay\/
ur|mef;l;? orm"darSmf
]]w&m;vrf;pOf rvdrfrmaom yk*dKvfwdkUrSm ae&modkU usvQif (O',A,Pf? r*gr*P
'e0dok'd[k qdkvdkonf/) ]]yDwd? y'dpaom w&m;wdkU onfyifvQif r*fyJ? zdkvfyJ?
r*fzdkvfudk&om ta&mif (Mobmo) wdkUonf xGufukef\/ igonf r*fzdkvf w&m;xl;udk&NyD?
udpNyD;NyD}} [k rSwfxif vrf;rwfwwfwGif wefY&yfvsuf qkwf,kwf ysufpD; oGm;wwf\/

]]uJhodkU r*fzdkvf[k rxifrSwfaomfvnf; Mobmo yDwdponfwdkUudk tm;&ESpfouf om,maom

wPSmeduEd tm;BuD;pGm jzpfay:vm pdwfnpfEGrf;ojzifh xdkaAm"dyud, w&m;wdkUwGif ikyfvsuf
qkwf,kwf ysufpD; oGm;wwf\/ xdk txl; jzpfay:vmaom Mobmo yDwd ponfwdkUudk vdkuf
vdkuf tmHkyaeojzifh pdwfwkefvIyf ysHUvGifhjcif; ("rK'p) jzpfvnf; qkwf,kwf
ysufpD;oGm;wwfonf/
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ewfwdkUonf ulyHh tmHkudk xifjrifatmif jywwf\/ tedpxifatmif ysufkyfawG zefqif;
jywwf\/ 'kuxifatmif olemkyf? taokyf? tdk;pkawG zefqif; jywwf\/ orxudk
tm;xkwf&mrSmvnf; orx tmHkedrdwfudk zefqif; jywwf\/ rdrdjrifvdk&m trsdK;rsdK;aom
tmHkwdkUudkvnf; jywwf\/
]]xdkodkUjy xifjrif&aomtcg rdrdpdwfPf &ifhoef xifjrifjcif; r[kwf/ pdwfPf r&ifhoef
rMunfvifbJ olwpfyg; ya,m*aMumifh xifjrif&jcif; jzpf aMumuf&GHU xdwfvefUvsuf
ESvHk;aoG;ysuf oGm;wwfonf/ pdwfPf &ifhoef tcsdefus xifjrifrI r[kwfjcif;aMumifh
rsufvSnfhonf zefqif;jyaom &T? aiG? xrif;? a&wdkUuJhodkU xdkewfjyaom tmHkwdkUonf &SnfjrifhpGm
& wnf raeukef/ rsufvSnfh xrif; a&udk pm;aomuf&aomoltm; 0jcif;? qmavmifuif;jcif;
rjzpfbdouJhodkU xdkewfjyaom tmHkedrdwfwdkUudk jrifxif aejim;aomfvnf; eD0&Puif;jcif;?
psmef? r*f w&m;xl;&jcif; rjzpfukef/ udprNyD;ukef/
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]igwdkUtmHkudk ESpfoufonf} [k Munfdkcspfcif tmHkudk wdk; wdk; xifjrifatmif jy\/ rdrdwdkU
wwfpGrf;EdkiforQ wefcdk;udkvnf; ewftmEkabmfjzifh ay;\/ xnfh\/ ewfwdkU wefcdk;ay;zef?
xnfhzefrsm;vQif xdkyk*dKvfonf ]rsufpdjrif? em;Mum;} arSmfayguf oGm;wwf\/ psmefvrf;?
r*fvrf;odkU ra&mufNyD/ eD0&P udavomwdkU ruif;uGmNyD? uJhodkU aygufaom arSmfudk
]orm"darSmf} [l ac:\/}}
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uJhodkU ]um; psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;r[kwf? vrf;auGUvrf;rSm; acsmufurf;yg;wdkUwnf;? um;
t&d,mwdkU oGm;&m psmefvrf;? r*fvrf; vrf;ajzmifh vrf;rSefwnf;} [k qHk;jzwf xdkvrf; rwfwwf
awGUaom txl;taxG taESmifh t,SufwdkUudk Pfynmjzifh vTrf;rdk; y,fazsmuf? 0dyemwif
vrf;rSefudk odEdkif-vdkufEdkifaom Pfudk ]r*gr*P 'e 0dok'} ac:ygonf/}} (r*= vrf;rSef?
tr*= vrf;rSm;udk? P'e= odjrifaom Pf\? 0dok'= pifMu,fjcif;/)}}
ae&m q&mawmf\ tawGUtBuHKrSm &Sif;vif; jywfom;ay\/ ewfwdkY jyaom tmHkESifh tedp?
'ku xifjrifrIonf rsufvSnfhxrif; pm;&ouJhodkU wu,fr0yHk? xdktmHkudk vufcHrdvQif quf
tMum;tjrif wefcdk;rsm; ay;wwfyHk? ]w&m;aygufNyD} [k xif&aomfvnf; udavom
ravsmhonfhtjyif taESmifht,Sufyif jzpfyHkwdkUrSm vGefpGm av;eufvSukef\/

odkU&mwGif xdktmHkrsm;udk zefwD;olESifh pyf ]w&m;rodbJ tMunfdkvGefaomewf} [k

,lqonfrSmum; pOf;pm;p&m jzpf\/ (a'0wm oH,kwfpaom usrf;*efwdkUvnf;) ewfwdkUonf
rdrdwdkU pGrf;EdkifonfhbufrS trSefwu,f apmifha&Smuf ulnDonfudkom awGU&\/ rSm;aeaomfom
trSefa&mufatmif ulnDonfudk awGU&\/
psmef r*fzdkvft&m bm0empcef; vrf;acsmf vrf;rSm; acsmufurf;yg;usatmif ulnDolum;
omoemawmftm; o'gMunfdkaom ewfrsm; tvsOf; r[kwfygukef/ ewfrdpm wefcdk;&Sif wdkUom
jzpfonfudk t<uif;rJh ,HkMunftyfukef\/ zdkxdk;&myif "mwfvHk;cdk;ol wefcdk;&Sifrsm; &SdwwfMu&m
cdk;,l zsufqD;olonf rdwfaqGr[kwf? &efolomvQif jzpfacsonf/
*latmif;zdkxdk;? rsdK;aphESifh ywf0ef;usif
q&mawmf OD;wdavmuum; oufawmf i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh y#duaus y#dywfwGifvnf; tvGef
rSef;ajc&Sdaom yk*dKvfxl; jzpfayonf/odkU&mwGif y&d,wd pmayrmef? t&G,frmefwdkUaMumifh y#dywf
tvkyfESifh pyf v,fwDq&mawmf uJhodkUaom yk*dKvfBuD; xHyif enf;cHrd[ef rwlacs/ EIwfvGef
EIwfusL;&Sd q&mawmfuyif vdkuf csD;ajrmuf&[ef &Sd\/ ]aumif;uifysHvdkpdwf} uvnf;
jyif;jy[ef &Sdonf/
i,fi,f&G,f&G,f Pfvnf; xufxuf? 0D&d,vnf; xufxufjzifh oufpGefUBudK;yrf;&m
vrf;acsmfrIu rsm;ae[ef wlayonf/ ta&;aumif; ta[maumif; y&dowfuvnf;
0dkif;tHkvmMu&m vlolrsm;ESifh jzwfEdkiforQ jzwfum ydk tjywftowf vkyfawmfrl&[ef &Sdonf/
(vkyf&yfrrSefvQif 0D&d, jyif;xefoavmuf 'kua&mufwwfaMumif; a&SU jycJhNyD/)
&Hcg q&mawmfonf tpmrpm;bJ usifh\/ &Hcg aousawmif&Sd *ludkyif ydwf (*latmif;)
usifhonf[k qdkonf/ ]rZdry#dy'g} rusaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm; vkyfrd&ufom; jzpf&onf/
wdbufvmrm r[m,e bkef;BuD;rsm;? tdEd, qm'l;zuD; bkef;BuD;rsm; *latmif;? ajratmif;tusifh
usifhavh&SdMuonf/ 1837-ckESpf tdEd,v[dkrdU [m&D'wfpfac: zuD; bkef;BuD;wpfyg; ajr t&uf
40-atmif;jycJhzl;\/
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usifh&m ysHvGef&zl;NyD/ ]xdkodkUusifhrS w&m;xl;&rnf} [laom tmHkvdrfrsm; 0ifa&muf aESmifh,Sufjcif;
cH&[ef wlayonf/ aumif;uif a&'D,dk toHvdIif;rsm; a&m,SufaeouJhodkU orm"dpcef;wGif
avmuD tcdkuftwefUydkif; vdIif;rsm; IyfaxG;vSaypGmh/ cGJjcm;,liif&ef cufcJvSaypGmh/

]o&ufrsdK;aph wrmrsdK;aph rsm;onf ajrpdkuf? a&udkaomuf? avudkyif dIuf?

tvif;a&mifudkyif cH,l &Sifoef BuD;yGm;cJhMu&aomfvnf; toD; oD;aomtcg o&ufrsdK;aphu
tcsdKomoD; wrmrsdK;aphonf tcg;oD;\/ rlvtcH tpGJt,l ('d|dADZ) u jcm;em;oGm;ap\/
(oabmudk {u*Fkw&? {u"rygVd? 'kwd,0*f a[mawmfrl\/)
rsdK;aphyif rSefaomfvnf; ]]cg;awmufjrpf,Suf? pdkufa&mzufu? o&ufyifrif;? oD;csdKuif;odkU}} [laom
'"d0g[eZmwfvm o&ufyifonf ywf0ef;usif raumif; tcg;oD; oD;&jyefavonf/ rdrdoEmef
&Sdaom wPSmrme 'd|dtpGJESifh raumif;aom rdwfaqGrsm;onf (tvkyfudkyif vkyfaeapumrl)
tcsdKudk cg;apEdkifMuukef\/
a&S;,cif tprxifaom umvrSp ,aeUusatmif tmemyge paom pdwftvkyfrsm;
a'otESHU? vlrsdK;tESHU? bmom0g'tESHU qifwl,dk;rSm; &SdaeMuonfyif/
tmemygeudkyif xyfwlxyfrQ vkyfonf qdkapOD;? ]ed|} [laom yef;wdkif &nfrSef;csuf rwlMu
taMumif;w&m; wlapumrl tusdK;&&SdyHk rwlnDEdkifMuay/
]]jAm[PwdkU\ yef;wdkifum; jA[mhjynf? &aohwdkU\ yef;wdkifum; tmb&m? y&dAdkZfwdkU\
yef;wdkifum; okbudPSm? tmZD0uwdkU\ yef;wdkifum; tonDb0? omoem0ifwdkU\
yef;wdkifum; t&[wzdkvf}} jzpfaMumif; (rlvyPmo? plVoD[em'okwf tzGifh) vdkif;cGJ
jyxm;onf/
avmuDydkif; twefi,f wlnDMuonfudk Munfh todPf rawGa0Mu&m/ todPf awGa0ap
tcsdKudkyiftcg; oD;apEdkifaom (a&'D,dkvdIif;uJhodkU rjrif&onfh) q&morm; rdwfaqGrsm;vnf;
rsm;ukef\/
q&mawmf OD;wdavmuonf 1276-ckESpfwpfcdk oJoJrJrJ zdkxdk;um od'dvrf;udkyif acsmf
eif;aejyefavonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;twGif; r[m,e od'dajrmuf q&mBuD;wdkU\
tmHkvdkif;cGJ zdkqGJaom tavhBuD;um; jA[p&d, ta&;rBuD;vSouJhodkU em;a,mif a&myg
aeMujyefonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk tm;emp&m aumif;vSyg\/
vufdI;jzifh EdkYwdkufaom &aohBuD;
q&mawmfonf taMumif; wpfpHkwpfckaMumifh &[ef;tjzpfrS &aohy&AdkZf tjzpfodkU ul;ajymif;awmf
rljyef\/ xdktaMumif;udkvnf; 0dobm* (rdef;r) aMumifh ajymif;vJ&jcif; r[kwfrl teD;uyf
aezl;aom aysmfbG,f q&moufBuD;u ajymqdkcJhzl;\/
xdkpOf rm&\ y&d,m,f uHw&m;wdkU\ qef;Mu,frIudk rodjrifEdkifolrsm;u Iwfcs cJhMuonf/
uJh&JUzG,fum; xdkrQomr[kwfao;/ q&mawmf uav;i,f (rdef;uav;)

&aoh0wfjcif;? uav;&Sdjcif;? 'umru yl;yl;uyfuyf txifa&mufatmif qufqHjcif; oHk;rsdK;udk

aygif; t"dym,fwpfrsdK; ajymqdkolwdkUvnf; &SdcJhMu\/
wdw wpfa,mufudkvnf; ausmif;ayguf0rS aumuf,l &&Sdjyefonf/ wpfcgu &nfrGef vSyaom
trsdK;orD; wpfOD;onfvnf; q&mawmf w&m;a[m<u&m rdU&Gmwdkif;odkU vdkufyg olUvufolUajc
a0,sm0p yonf[k qdkjyef\/ wdwdwdkU tuGufqif pdOrme bk&m;ausmif;awmf
0ifxGufjcif;rsdK;om jzpfay&m\/ rm&fewfonf orD;udk xdk;ay; r,lyJaeoltm; tenf;qHk;
,kefxifaMumifxif jzpfatmif xdkodkUyif vkyfwwfonf/
ausmif;ayguf0rS aumuf,l&&Sdaom uav;ESifhpyf q&moufBuD;u]]t&Sifbk&m;? 'Duav;udk b,fvdkauR;arG; apmifha&SmufygovJbk&m;}} [k ar;&m]]q&mouf? bkef;BuD;rSm vufdI;yJ &Sdwmaygh? 'geJU 'Dt&G,f a&mufvmcJhwmyJ}} [l
trdefU&Sdowwf/
(xrif;udk 0g;NyD;vQif vufdI; vdrf;okwf uav;tm; pdkUaponf [kvnf; qdkMuonf/)
aemuf xdkuav;ronf q&mawmftm; aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfum oGm;&m vdkuf&[ef wl\/
rdUtkyfwpfOD;ESifh tdrfaxmifusoGm;onf[k qdkMuonf/ rm&\ y&D,m,fonf ]]r[kwfygbl;}}
ajymaomfvnf; ]]tjrifom;}} [k qdk&avmufatmif tuGufqifwwfayonf/
rnfodkUjzpfap? OD;wdavmu\ aemufydkif;b0 tjctaeonf tarT"mwfwdkU arTcsifwdkif;
tarTcHae&&Smay\/ &[ef;b0rS &aohy&onfrSmvnf; rmwk*graMumifh jzpf[efr&Sd/
&Hcg a,m*Donf taMumif; wpfpHkwpf&m rcdkifvHkyJvsuf ukuKprm&fwyfBuD; zdpD;um udk,fh[mudk,f
tmywfjzifh pGyfpGJvsuf avQmufvJcsuf trsdK;rKsdK;jzifh xdk;csaewwfonf/ &[ef; a,m*DwdkU
owdyzG,fyif/
vurmoGm;olESifh edAmefoGm;ol
ae&m vurmoGm;ol tmumo ol&Jaumif;wdkUtaMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyyg&ap/
vurmonf vlUjynfESifh tvGefjcm;em;\/ oGm;&m c&D;wpfavQmufvnf; taESmifht,Suf
rsm;vSonf/ urmajrrS tay:odkU wufoGm;Mu&aomtcg &moDOwk paom tajctaeonf
urmajr awGU&onfESifh ajymif;jyef jzpfae\/ txuf ckepfrdkif txdom urmajrESifh
tyltat;EIef; wpforwfwnf; &Sd rdkif 50- txufwGif zm&if[dkuf 117-'D*&Dxd &SdoGm;\/
jrifhav ylavjzpfonf/ rdkif 250-cefUwGif 418-'D*&Dxd ylEdkif\/ 12-rdkifu vGefvQif
aumif;uifjyifvnf; wjznf;jznf; arSmiftwdusoGm;\/ jymvJhaomta&mif r&SdawmhNyD/

avxk\zdtm;onf urmajrESifha0;av avsmhenf;avjzpfum udk,fwGif;&Sd zdtm;ESifh jyifyavxk

zdtm;wdkU rrQwaomaMumifh aoG;aMumavaMumrsm; jywfxGuf oGm;Edkif\/ jrifhav avtm;enf;av
jzpf &efav (atmufpD*sif) udk ,laqmif oGm;Mu&\/ ,if;odkU &efavom ygroGm;cJhvQif
ayav;aomif; tjrifh vlonf av;rdepfom touf&SifEdkif\/
tmumowGif (toHudk o,faqmif&ef Mum;cHypnf; r&Sd) toH[l r&Sd/ ajymr&/ rMum;&/
rdk;wdrf &moDOwkESifh aeY-n umv[lvnf; r&Sd/ urmajr\ qGJiiftm; rrDawmhojzifh tav;csdef
[lvnf; r&Sd/ urmajr wpfaygifav;aom ypnf;onf rdkif&Spfaxmif tjrifh wpf udk;ydkif;
ckepfydkif;atmifprQom av;awmhonf/
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jzpfaeaomfvnf; taercuf/ tm;vHk;udk cHqdk&aomf urmajr aeaom vlwdkU\ tjriftodrsm;
tm;vHk; tmumo ajymif;jyef jzpfukef\/
odkU tyltat;? tav;taygh? tjriftMum;rsm; tm;vHk; uGmjcm;aeojzifh tmumo
oGm;rnfholrsm;onf ajrjyif tat;cef;? tylcef;BuD;rsm; twGif; &ufaygif;rsm;pGm 0ifatmif;
'PfcHEdkif&nf&Sdatmif avhusifh&jcif;? tpm;tpmudkvnf; ZGef;? yef;uefjzifh pm;r&?
oGm;wdkufaq;bl;uJhodkU Spf tpmudk avhusifhNyD; vaygif;rsm;pGm pm;ae&jcif;? aoG;aMum
jywfrwwf jyif;xefvIyfcgaom 'kef;ysH'Pfudk cHEdkif&nf&Sd&ef oHurmvHk; twGif;odkU 0if
&ufaygif;rsm;pGm txdk;tvSdrfhcH prf;ae&jcif; ponfjzifh 'kuawGum; rsm;ukef\/ (a,m*Drsm;
twk,lzG,f)
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a&mufoGm;aomtcg jrif&onfh ywf0ef;usifrSm tvdkvdkNiD;aiGU pdwfysuf p&mBuD; jzpfaeawmhonf/
rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunf udk;pm;pdwfvnf; avsmhoGm;\/ trSm; wpfckck vkyfrdaomfvnf; jyif&ef
owdr&/ awGa0? idkif aewwfonf/ tjrifhay wpfaomif;ig;axmif?
ESpfaomif;ig;axmifwGifum; t&uf aomufxm;oluJhodkU ul;rl;xdk; jzpfvm\/ rdrdudk,fudk
txifBuD;pdwfrsm; tvdkvdk 0ifvmjyef\/ trSm;rsm;udk vkyfrdaomfvnf; udk,fvkyforQ trSefcsnf;
xifaewwfonf/ pdwfawG *a,mifacsmufcsm; jzpfoGm;wwfonf/ xdktaMumif;udk BudKwif
od&Sdxm;Mu&onf/
31-bHk qGJtm;rS kef;uefxGufcGm&ef [efjyifaeaom a,m*D\ b0tajc ysdK;pum;
tmumool&Jrsm; urmajrqGJtm;rS kef;uef xGufcGm&ouJhodkU &Sdayawmhonf/
ykxkZOfwdkU aMumufaomw&m;
(oVm,weoH,kwf-lyg&mrokwf) bk&m;&Sif a[mawmf rlonfhtwdkif; ykxkZOfwdkU\

(wPSmt&if;cHaom txif? rme t&if;cHaom txif? 'd|dt&if;cHaom txif) txifrSeforQ

t&d,mwdkU tjrif ajymif;jyef jzpfoGm;onf/
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wG,fwmrIBuD;av wkefvIyf csmufcsm;rIBuD;av jzpf&wwfonf/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; oD[dkVfacwfu &[ef;wpfyg; vuPma&; oHk;yg;wif 0dyemw&m;
a[mMum;pOf vma&mufem,laom 'umwpfOD; w&m;em&if; jzpfysufudk jrifp oJurf;yg;xdyfu
vdrfhusouJhodkU ]]igr&Sdawmhbl;? igh[mvJ r&Sdawmhyguvm;}} [k oabmaygufum
aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefUpGm tdrfodkU xGufajy; oGm;cJhzl;av\/ (cE0*-O'geokwftzGifh/)
xdkodkU pyful;rwful;wGif txifESifhtjrif vGJwwfojzifh ]]kyfemrfwdkUonfomvQif jzpfysufaeonf/
ig? ighOpmr&Sd}} [k NiduyfwG,fwmrI uif;EdkiforQ uif;atmif BudKwif oDv ponfjzifh avhusifh
&Sif;vif;xm;ESifh Mu&avonf/
olawmfaumif;w&m;onf 31-bHk tdk;ruGm tdrfruGm aevdkaom vlrdkufwdkU twGuf
aMumufp&mBuD;yifwnf;/
tm&kHaNcmufyg; vkdif;cGJrsm;
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todmPfonf ykd&IyfaxG;vmwwf\/
tmumookdU wufaom avol&JuJhokdU ukd,fhukdukd,fyif r,kHBunfNcif;? oDv arwmpaom
vufeufud&d,mukd tokH;rcsrdNcif;? tm;rukd;&JNcif;? taNz&Smr&bJ rIdifawGcsaeNcif;? ukd,fhukdukd,f
txifBuD;Ncif;ESifh ukd,fvkyforQ trSefcsnf;bJ xifNcif;? vkyfrSm;onfukdyif Nyif&efowdrxm;EkdifNcif;
ponfNzifh pdwfrsm;*a,mifacsmufNcm; url;&;xkd; Nzpfvmwwfavonf/
1. rsufpdrsm;u xl;Ncm;aom thHzG,fo@efrsm;ukd Nrifa,mif aBumufNcif;? 0rf;omNcif;?
wpfpkHwpfOD; yrlaeonfukd Bunfh&I aBumif;usKd; uGif;qufrsm;ukd Nrifa,mifaeNcif;?
rdrdtvkd&Sdaom ypnf;? vl? ,kwfpGmh tqkH; taBumif;t&mpmay t"dym,frsm;ukd ewfrsm;vm
Nyvmay;vSmonf[k xif&avmufatmif tHhBopGm awGUNrif&Ncif;? txl;rBuKd;pm;&bJ
tvG,fwul rsufpdatmuf a&mufvm&Ncif;? Bunfhp&mpmawG tvG,fwul&
tvkyfysufatmif BunfhrqkH;Ncif;? rsufpdrsm; rl;a0um csmcsmvnfNcif;? xkHxkdif;tkHUrIdif;aeNcif;?
umr tm&kHrsm;ESifhNcnf; awGUBuKHae&Ncif;? Nrif&orQ tay: pdwfwkdpdwfysufaeNcif;/

2. em;uxl
;qef;aom toHrsm;ukd Bum;&Ncif;? rdrdvkyfaeonfukd rvkyf&Jatmif wpfpkHwpfOD;u
em;
aNymvmNcif;? Bum;&Ncif;? rdrdvkyfaeonfukd qufomvkyf? trSefyifNzpfonf [laom
t"dyg,fNzifh wpfenf;enf;Nzifh Bum;vm&Ncif;? tusKd;vkdvm; aNymonfukdyif r,kHBunfNcif;?
em;cg;Ncif;/
3. ESmacgif;u teUHxl;rsm;arT;Ncif;? eHNcif;/
4. vQmrS
vQm ae roifhaom tpmrsm;ukd taBumif;tqufqufzefwD;um rvTJra&Smifom pm;rdae
a&m*ga&mufvG,f&Ncif;? awmifaNymrnf[k BuHxm;vQuf aNrmufukd aNymrdNcif;? twkduftcH
aNymvkdNcif;? w&m;pum;a[maNymvkdvSNcif;? vkH;0raNymbJvJ aevkdNcif;? EIwfydwfusifhvkdNcif;?
tmap;cwfxm;ouJhokdU vkH;0aNymr&atmif t-aeNcif;?
5. ukd,fa&m*gESifhywfouf aBumifhBuNcif;? aeUcsif;ncsif; aoavmufatmif
a&m*gNzpfawmhrnfvm;[k xif&Ncif;? wpfudk,fvkH;&Sdtiftm;rsm; avylazmif;aygufouJhokdU
wpfcPcsif; aNcawG vufawG (xl;cwfxm;ouJhokdU ) qkwfqkdif;aeNcifbD;wyfxm;ouJhokdU
oGm;vmayghyg;vGef;Ncif;? ysH rwwf&SdNcif;? 0d&d,wkd;vkdufvQif aornf[kxifNcif;? rawmfwq
'Pf&mrsm; &vG,fNcif;? acgif;rl; rxlvkdNcif;? ESvkH;om; (&if0) usOf;usyf ylavmifwwfNcif;?
ESvkH;om;ukd qkyfukdifcH&ouJhokdU&SdNcif;? xkdokdU NzpfNyD;vQif a'gotm&kHukd awGU&Ncif;?
awGUNyD;vQif xkdtvkH;usoGm;Ncif;? (rD;,yfonf aoG;EkouJhokdU aoG;EkNcif;?
taBumufvGefNcif;/ )
6. pdwfxJwGif NyqkdcJhonfhtwkdif; Za0Z0g NzpfNcif;? wkd;wufaeaomfvnf; rwkd;wuf[kxifNcif;?
qkwf,kwfaeaomfvnf; wkd;wufaeonf[k xifNcif;? teD;uyf a&mufvmol\
aumif;qkd;pdwftBuHrsm; rdrd ta&mif[yf xyfwlcHpm;&Ncif;? w&m;xl;&vkdpdwf
apmvQifum; b0ifukd rdaeNyD; {u*wmusaeonf? edAmefukd cHpm;aeonf[k
txifa&mufNcif;? xkd om,mvQuf 0yfNyD;cH&um rwkd;wufbJaeNcif;? pdwfqkd;vG,fNcif;?
rmeBuD;Ncif;? ae&onfrSm t&omr&Sd ][m} aeNcif;? touf&Sd&kHNzpfaeNcif;? w&m;t&omr&Sd?
aygh[m[mNzpfaeNcif;? pD;yGm;tmPmwefckd; ponf NrLqG,fonfhaemufokdU vkdufygvG,fNcif;?
NrLqG,frIuvnf; rsm;Ncif;? t"dym,fr&Sd pEkd;paemifh pvkHpckNzpfNcif;? aemifwNzpfNcif;
(aq;rdouJhokdU) awGa0aeNcif;? rIdif;rdaeNcif;? owdarhNcif;/
okdUponfNzifh 'Gm&aNcmufyg; tm&kHaNcmufrsKd;wkdUonf a&m&maomif;aNymif; taumif;tqkd;
trsKd;rsKd;wkduf0ifvmBu&m a,m*Donf ]tb,ft&monf taumif;? tb,ft&monftqkd;}
[kcGJNcm;odNrifwwf&ef? odNrifaomtcg yNyifaNymif;vJ oGm;wwf&ef cJ,Of;aewwfBu\/
rBuKduftm&kHukd wpfenf;enf;NzifhcGm&apumrl BuKduftm&kHNzpfcJhaomf wkd;wufonf[kyifxifum
xkdtm&kHukdyif usK;H vkyfauR;ae&wwf\/ auseyfaewwf\/ Nrif;pD;vQuf txD;rSef;trrSef;
rodonfrSm tqkd;qkH;Nzpfonf/
'Gm&aNcmufyg;rS 0ifa&mufwdkufckdufvmaom tm&kHaNcmufyg;aemuf vkdufum ]],ck rdrdtvkyfonf
rSefuef\avm? bk&m;BuKdufESifhnD\avm? nDaomf rZdry#dy#musus vkyfaeNcif; [kwfyg\avm?

wkd;oavm? qkwfoavm? &yfwHhaeoavm}} ponfNzifh tNrJwef; t&IH;tNrwf i,fEkdifpm&if;Nzifh

oGm;Bu&\/ oGm;wkdif; c&D;aygufonf r[kwfacs/
umuG,f&ef tBuD;qHk; tiftm;
xdktcgrsdK; tcsdKUa,m*Drsm; wHjrufvSnf;jcif; paom tvkyfMurf;rsm;jzifh orm"dudk
zsufypfwwf\/ topf xlaxmifvdkuf zsufypfvdkuf jzpfae rwdk;wufEdkif/
taumif;qHk;aom enf;vrf;rSm arwmbm0emyif jzpfay\/ xdk[mudkvnf; ]c&D;ra&muf? rpl;&S?
t&omr&Sd? tydk} [k xifaewwf rSwfaeus ur|mef;udk rSwf&rSom tm;&auseyf aewwf\/
r[kwfacs/ tmHk twdkufMurf;vmvQif rlvur|mef; (rSwfaeus) udkyif &ufydkif;rS vydkif;txd
&yfwef &yfxm; arwmudkom ayghayghyg;yg; oGm;&if;vm&if; zd yGm;ydkUMu&m\/
aea&mifawmufvQif ESif;arSmif aysmufpJum avQmuf&rnfh vrf;udk oJoJuGJuGJ jrifvm&rnf jzpf\/
&Hcg tued| jA[mhbHkrS t&d,m jA[mBuD;rsm;txd trQa0 wdkifwnf? bk&m; &[EmwdkU\
bkef;wefcdk;wdkUudk cH,l? y&dwfrEef &Gwfzwf? t"d|mef? opmqdk trSm;trSef qHk;jzwf,l&onf/
0dyvmo ruif;aom ykxkZOfwdkUtwGuf vdkif;cGJ,l&ef cufvSygayonf/
avmu xHkaq;? arhaq;? wdkUaq;? cwfaq;? yD,aq;? pdwfdIU? tdyfarGUcs? tmap;cwf paom
twwfynmrsm; &SdouJhodkU rm&fewfwGifvnf; wynfhrsdK;pHk? twwfrsdK;pHk &Sday\/
rm&fewfxuf rdrd\ tukodkvfpdwfonf tqdk;qHk; &efoljzpfonf/ qdk;tmHk 0ifaomtcg
yk*dKvfow0g roHk;oyfrl a,m*Donf ]]ig,ck cHpm;ae&aom 'kuonf tNrJcHpm; &&Sdaeonf
r[kwf/ rMumcP jzpfysuf ajymif;vJaeaom w&m;oabm oufoufrQom jzpfonf/
aoaomfvnf; jrwf\/ wpfavmuvHk; jzpfjzpf ysufysuf rqHk;Edkifaom (rSwfyifrukef?
IrSwfyif rqHk;Edkifatmif) ysif;rkef; NiD;aiGUp&mBuD;ygwum;}} [k ]tedponm? avmautebd&
wdonm} yGm;vnf;aumif;? aumif;tmHk 0ifvmaomtcg ]tokbonm} yGm;vnf;aumif;?
toufudkyif pGefU? wpfpHkwpf&m wG,fwm uyfNidjcif;udk vTwf IyGm;Mu&m\/
]]0da&ma*g awoH t*rum,wd= t&m&m wG,fwm uyfNidrI r&Sdjcif;onf taumif;qHk;aom
tiftm;BuD;yifwnf;/}} (wd0kwf~t*yom'okwf? tocFw"mwfudk tppfaumuf/)

]xifBuD;oHk;vHk;} oHk;q,fhwpfbHk qGJtm;

rsufpd? em;? ESm ponf tZwdum,we ajcmufyg; wnf;[laom vrf;av;cG csxm;aom
ow0gwnf;[laom (rka,m) aumufvdIif;pnf;onf aumif;qdk;ESpfwef lygHkponf A[d'g,we
ajcmufyg; wnf;[laom vlajcmufa,mufwdkU\ xrf;ydk; ajcmufacsmif;jzifh
axmif;axmif;aMurGatmif dkufykwfjcif; cHae&\/

ow0gonf xdkrQjzifh r&yfrl BuD;yGm;rI? b0opf jzpfrIudk xifpm; aeao;aomf? xifrSm;wyfruf

rmefwufaeao;aomf eduEdac: ckESpfOD;ajrmuf vlwpfa,muf\ xrf;ydk; wpfacsmif;jzifh
zGyfzGyfaMuatmif xyfwpfzef dkufykwf cH&jyefouJhodkU &Sd\/ xdkxifpm;rI (rmefwufrI) onf
tvGefodcuf odrfarGUpGm tol&mewfBuD; udk,fhpdwfESifhudk,f tcsKyfcHae&onfxuf odcuf
odrfarGUvS\[k (oVm,we- ,0uvmyd okwf) a[mawmfrlonf/
tol&m ewfBuD;onf ppfHI; tzrf;cH&NyD; ok"rmobif ajcESpfzuf? vufESpfzuf? vnfyif;
ig;XmevHk; csKyfaESmifxm;&m ]ewfwdkUw&m;onf} [k pdwfjzpfvQif xdktaESmifrS vGwfoGm;\/
]rw&m;} [k xifvQif pdwfjzpfumrQESifh csKyfrdvsufom; jzpfaejyefonf/ pdwfjzifhrd pdwfjzifhyif
ajzEdkifojzifh odrfarGUvS\/ (pdwfonf rQ pGrf;onfudkvnf; owdyKyg/) BuD;yGm;rI? b0opf
jzpfvdkrI? xdkxifpm;pdwf [laom rm&fewf\ taESmiftzGJUum; xdkxufyif odcufodrfarGUvS\/
ajrvQdK; rdk;ysHaomfvnf; a&Smifr&/ Pfjzifh jzwfawmufrSom vGwfEdkifaMumif;]]&[ef;wdkU txifa&mufol? (xifpm;ol? txifrSm;ol) onf rm&f\ taESmiftzGJU cHae&ol jzpf\/
txifonf rmefwufrIwnf;/ rmefwufrIonf ql;ajimifha&m*g temab;qdk;BuD; yifwnf;}} [k
a[mMum; zGifhqdkawmf rlMuukef\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlaom 0#frSxGufaMumif; w&m;um; vlwdkif;yif em;vnfEdkifatmif
vG,ful yGifhvif;vSyg\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; (rZdr-aAm"d&mZ ukrm&okwf) ]]reufvkyf nae&?
naevkyf reuf&}} [k vnf;aumif;? (r[mowd y|meokwfESifh tmemygewd okwfwdkUvnf;)
]]ckepf&ufrQjzifh w&m;xl; &Edkifonf}} [kvnf;aumif; &J&JBuD; tmrcHawmfrlcJhyg\/

odkU&mwGif vufawGU usifhoHk;Muaomtcg 10-ESpf 15-ESpf? tESpf-40? 50- vkyfygaomfvnf;

w&m;xl;r&yJ &SdMuonfrSm tb,fhaMumifhygenf;/
tajzum; &Sif;yg\/ tmHkajcmufyg;\ xdyg;dkufykwfjcif; cHae Mu&onfhtxJ BuD;yGm;vdkrI?
xdkUxufomaom b0opfwpfck jzpfvdkrI [laom xifpm;rI= (wPSm)? txifa&mufrI= (rme)?
xifrSm;rI ('d|d) ]xifBuD;oHk;vHk;} ckcH aeMuaomaMumifh jzpfygukef\/ 31-bHk\ qGJtm;onf
BuD;rm;aMumufvefUzG,f ygwum;/
0D&d,Pf jynfhpHkjyefvnf; uHurul
aousawmif q&mawmfonf oufawmf 66-ESpft& 1299-ckESpf? 'kwd, 0gqdkvjynfhausmf 13&ufaeUn ESpfcsufwD; tcsdef avema&m*gjzifh ysHvGefawmf rl&\/
0dok'dr*f bmomjyefq&mawmf OD;eErmvm paom a,m*D wynfhBuD;rsm;u xdkESpf waygif;vwGif
opf0g;puLjzifh tcrf;tem; rvkyfyJ xdkaousawmifay:yif txdrf;trSwftjzpf
tkwfwdkufBuD;wpfck wnfaqmufum psmyeyGJ usif;y ylaZmfMuukef\/ q&mawmfum;
v,fwDq&mawmf wrQyif y#dywd omoemy&m aus;Zl;BuD;rm; vSygay\/ odkU&mwGif
q&mawmftm; ]avmuD tbdnmOf &Edkifol} [kom cefYrSef;& avmukw&m t"d*rum; &-r&
twyfrqdkomacs/
wpfcgu rBuD;vSm q&mawmftm; q&moufBuD;u ur|mef;ay;pOf pum;pyfojzifh]]aus;Zl;&SifBuD;rsm; vHkUv0D&d, todPf BuD;rm;vSygaomfvnf; rSef;oavmuf c&D;aygufawmf
rrlMubl;bk&m;}} [k q&mawmfrsm; oDwif;oHk;&m XmeodkU vSrf; vuftkyfcsDvsuf
avsmufxm;zl;\/
aousawmifq&mawmf w&m;xl;&jcif;ESifh pyf ysHvGefawmf rlNyD;aemuf q&mBuD;tm;
wynfhtcsdKUu ar;prf;Munfh&m]]'g eifwdkUt&mvm;[Jh}} [k rmefrJum....
]]omwm*D&dwdkU wynfh jzpfae&Smw,f}} [k quf ajymqdkzl;owwf/
y&d,wdt&m? vHkUv0D&d, t&m? y#dywd tawGUtBuHK wef;wl &nfwlolyif r&Sdavmufatmif
ajymifajrmufpGm tm;xkwf rqkwfrqdkif; usifhEdkifygwdkif;vnf; &G,fwdkif; raygufygwum;/

0D&d,Pf jynfhpHkjyefygvnf; uHa[mif; rulygacs/ uHa[mif; rulaomfvnf; uHopfxlrdNyD

jzpf&um; aemufrl xGef;awmufavOD;awmhrnf/
q&mawmftm; vufawGU prf;oyfjcif;
q&mawmf OD;wdavmu\ tvkyfpcef;ESifhpyf tHhMozG,faumif;aom jzpf&yfwpfckudk uGefvGefol
tjrwfcGefrif;BuD; OD;pHodrf;\ xkwfazmfajymjycsuf t& xyfrH azmfjycGifh &ayonf/
OD;pHodrf;um; tpdk;&taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; y#dywd w&m;Xmersm;udk pepfwus pm&if;tif;
ypk taxmuftyHh ay;cJhaom EdkifiHawmf Ak'omoemtzGJU y#dywd XmecGJ\ twGif;a&;r;? Ou|
wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif q|oH*g,emESifh wpfydifeuf EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&\ y#dywd omoemy
vkyfief;wGif xdyfqHk;u yg0if xrf;aqmifcJhol a,m*DBuD; wpfOD; jzpf\/ oxHk aZw0ef? pGef;vGef;*l?
a0bl q&mawmfBuD;ESifh txl;ojzifh q&moufBuD;xH Oyed, cH,l ],xmblw vrf;Tef} ac:
acwfrD ur|mef;usrf;BuD;udkyif 2-Budrfwdkifwdkif ypk xkwfa0cJholvnf; jzpfonf/
tqdkyg OD;pHodrf;\ ]q&mawmf OD;wdavmuESifh pyfaom a[majymcsuf} udk orwBuD; apma&Todkuf?
a,m*DOD;wif? jrefatmifOD;wif? OD;pdefdkxGef;? OD;xGef;vSatmif? t*FvdyfvlrsdK; OD;tkef;cdkif (rpwm
arm&pf? urm{ "ra&mifjcnf t*Fvdyfpmapmif t,f'Dwm) polwdkU yg0ifaom ]Ak'omoe
orm*rtzGJU} rS t*Fvdyfvdk xkwfa0onfh ] tdk;yif;'dk;} trnf&Sd pmapmif twGJ-1? trSwf-3?
pmrsufESm 9- atmufyg twdkif; zwfI&ygonf/
'kwd, urmppfrjzpfrD ESpfaygif; tawmfMumu anmifwkef;rdU ul;puf uyfa&m*gBuD; jzpfyGm;
rdUolrdUom;rsm;u aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm; y&dwfarwm tumtuG,f yay;&ef
yifhaqmifMu\/ a&mufvQif xHk;pHtwdkif; npOf w&m;a[mum a&m*gumuG,fa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk
a[mMum;Tefjy ay;awmfrlonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; jyef<urnf &SdpOf anmifwkef;rdU &uf&Snf oDwif;oHk;um tbd"rm
"mwfynmESifh orx 0dyemw&m;rsm; oifMum;ay;&ef avQmufxm;Mu&m q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u]]'umwdkU? bkef;BuD;rSm udpawG rsm;w,f? 'DrSmaezdkU tcsdefr&bl;? 'gayr,fh tm;ri,fMuESifh?
usdKufxdkrSm bkef;BuD;wynfh aousawmif OD;wdavmu &Sdw,f? ol[m bkef;BuD;vdkyJ
omoemyEdkifNyD; 'umwdkU tvdk&SdwJh w&m;udk ay;Edkifw,f? oGm;yifhacsMu? bkef;BuD;u
vTwfvdkufwmvdkU omavQmuf? omoemtwGuf bkef;BuD;u vTwfvdkufwmqdk&if olvJ rjiif;aybl;?
vdkufvmrSm aocsmw,f/}}

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ TefMum;csuft& anmifwkef;rdU rsufESmzHk; 'umBuD; oHk;OD;wdkU q&mawmf

OD;wdavmutm; yifh&ef oxHk usdKufxdk&Sd aousawmif awm& ausmif;BuD;odkU oGm;Muav\/
odkU&mwGif q&mawmfudk rzl;awGUMu&acs/ tusdK;taMumif; avQmufxm;Muaomtcg q&mawmf\
wynfhwpfyg;u]]q&mawmf ausmif;u xGufoGm;wm av;ig;&uf &SdoGm;NyD}} [k qdk b,ft&yfodkU <uoGm;aMumif;
quf avQmufxm; pHkprf;&m]]'umBuD;wdkU...'guawmh q&mawmf&JU udk,fa&;udk,fwm vQdKU0SufudpyJ? q&mawmf
b,f<uoGm;w,fqdkwm OD;yOif;wdkUrSm ajymcGifhr&Sdbl;? 'DvdkyJ <uaeusyJ? 'DtwGuf odvJ
rodcsifMuygeJUav}} [k wynfh OD;yOif;u vrf;pydwf ajymvdkuf\/
anmifwkef; 'umBuD;oHk;OD;rSm tm;udk;wBuD;vm&m rarQmfvifhaom pum;udk Mum;Mu&ojzifh
pdwftysufBuD; ysufoGm;Mu\/ tBudrfBudrf awmif;yefar;avQmuf aomfvnf; bl;uG,fcsnf;
aeojzifh 'umrsm;rSm ydk tm;rvdk tm;r& jzpfaeMu\/ xdkwGif 'umwpfOD;u kwfw&uf
tBuH&]]OD;yOif;bk&m;...? wynfhawmfwdkUvJ [dk....anmifwkef;rdU ta0;BuD;u vmMu&wmyg? wynfhawmfwdkU
oabmwpfckxJeJU zl;awGU&Hkoufouf vmMu&wm r[kwfygbk&m;? OD;wdavmu q&mawmf&JUq&m
aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;&JU txl; TefMum;csuf trdefUawmft& omoema&;
udptwGuf oGm;yifhacsMu qdkvdkU vmyifh&wmyg}} [k avQmufvdkuf&m tqdkyg jyefMum;ol
OD;yOif;vnf; oufjyif;csum rnfodkUrQ pum;rqdkom? twefMumatmif awGoGm;av\/
xdkUaemuf OD;yOif;vnf; ]]uJ....uJ...'umBuD;rsm; vm....vm....}} [k qdkum ausmif;0if;txGufodkU
a&mufatmif 'umBuD;rsm;udk ac:vmNyD;vQif awmif qifajcavQm awmtkyfwpfckodkU oGm;aom
rxidr&Sm; vloGm;vrf;uav;udk vufdI;xdk;vsuf.....
]]tif;.....q&mawmf <uoGm;wmuawmh tJ'D vrf;uav;uae awmxJ <uoGm;wmyJ?
tJ'Dvrf;twdkif; vdkufoGm;NyD; 'umBuD;wdkU[m'umBuD;wdkU q&mawmfudk vdkuf&SmcsifvJ
&SmMuayawmh}} [k qdkum OD;yOif;rSm ausmif;xJodkU 0if<uoGm;\/ 'umrsm;vnf; acwrQ&yfNyD;
pOf;pm;um ]'Da&mufvmNyD;rSawmh awGUatmif &SmMur,f} [k qdkum oHk;OD;om; oabmwl awmxJodkU
vdkufvH &SmazGMu\/
xdkvloGm;vrf;uav;twdkif; vdkufoGm;Muaomtcg awmfawmfuav; oGm;rdMuvQif vrf;ESifh
reD;ra0; awmtkyfwpfae&m opf&Gufrdk; ,m,DocFrf;ausmif;uav;udk awGUMu&\/
ocFrf;ausmif;uav; &Sd&modkU cyfokwfokwf vSrf;MuNyD; teD;odkU a&mufvQif opf&GufwHcg;uav;udk
zGifhMunfhvdkuf&m ,m,D Murf;cif;rsm;ay: wifysOfacGum wnfNidrf at;aq;pGm w&m;xdkifaeaom
q&mawmfudk zl;awGU Mu&onf/

'umoHk;OD;pvHk; nifompGm q&mawmf\ teD;odkU wdk;oGm;NyD;vQif &Sdcdk; OD;csMu\/ toufudkrQ

jyif;jyif; r&JMubJ tcsdefMumjrifhpGm &Sdcdk;vsuf MunfdkaeMuonf/ q&mawmfurl 'umrsm;
teD;odkU vma&mufaeMuonfudkyif odyHkr&acs/ tcsdef MumjrifhpGm vuftkyfcsD MunfdkaeMupOf
'umwpfOD;u ol\ tazmfrsm;tm; vufwdkUNyD; wdk;wdk;uav; ajymvdkuf\/
]]igMum;zl;w,f? t"d|mef orm"dtm; odyfaumif;NyD; 0oDabmf Edkifeif;wJh yk*dKvfrsm;
psmef0ifpm;aewkef;rSm &d,mykwfudk b,fvdkrS aESmifh,Sufr&atmif xdef;odrf;
EdkifMuowJh.......b,fhES,fvJ? [kwf-r[kwf q&mawmfudk prf;MunfhMu&atmif}}
ajymajymqdkqdk rsuf&dyfrsufajc ajc[efvuf[efjyNyD; q&mawmf xdkifaeaom (ajrBuD;rS
wpfawmifausmfcefU jrifhonfh) ,m,DMurf;cif;rsm;udk wpfacsmif;NyD; wpfacsmif; tomt,m
qGJqGJ EIwf,lvdkufMu\/ odkU&mwGif q&mawmfum; xdkodkU yvkyfaeMu onfudkyif odyHkr&?
wkwfwkwfrQ rvIyf? &d,mykwfvnf; ajymif;vJjcif; r&Sdacs/
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&d,mykwftwdkif; wifysOfacGvsuf wpfawmifcefUjrifhaom av[mjyif wpfpHkwpf&m txdtpyfr&Sd
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TefMum;yg&ef avQmufxm;& jyefavonf/
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ajcmufonfqdkum aeYtcgyif r0if0HhMu/ ausmif;xdkifvmaom bkef;BuD;rsm; xGufajy;&\/
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arwmESifh oDvwefcdk;onf wu,fusifhvQif wu,f tpGrf;xufayonf/

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OD;csuefawmUjyD;rS wufawmfrlonf/
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armfvjrdKif 18-&ufMum rdkif'guGif;wGifa[m&m y&dwfowfESpfaomif; ausmfavonf/ rQ
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jyawmfrlcJh avNyDwum;/
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a&;xdk;xm;onf/ t*r[my@dw q&mawmf OD;NEd,onf &efukef rdk;Sif;wdkuf
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; udk,fawmfpm; oufawmf 90-ausmftxd y#dywd omoemyawmf rloGm;\/
armfvNrdKifNrdKU0 owdyXmef q&mawmf
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&efukefyif a&Trif;0Homoemh&dyfomtrnfjzifh oD;jcm;wnfaxmif omoemjyKonf/
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omoemjyKoGm;aom q&mawmfjzpf\/
q&mawmfonf i,fpOfu xdefuef&Gm ? rEav; r[m0dok'gHk a&TusifwdkufwkdY
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armfvNrdKifawmif0dkif;BuD; a&Tusifwdkuf oDwif;oHk;um vl0wfaMumif urXmef;q&mxH
wynfh'um? 'umrrsm;ESifhtwl owdyXmefw&m;udk enf;cHtm;xkwf\/ urXmef;q&mum;
oxHkaZw0efq&mawmfBuD;\ wynfh rJaqmufq&m OD;rif;'if jzpfonf/
pmwwfaywwf ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfBuD;wyg;u rdrdq&menf;ESifhrwlaom *dkPf;wyg;u
w&m;enf;ukd vl0wfaMumifxH enf;cHtm;xkwfEdkifonfrSm omrn pGefYpm;jcif; ? omrn
o'gw&m; r[kwfygacs/ trdefUpmcGsefawmfudk pnfaqmfarmif;cwfum rif;ca,mufsm;u
zwfaomfvnf; xdktrdefYawmfonf bk&ifhtrdefUawmfyifjzpfonf[k cH,lawmfrlavonf/
olawmfaumif;w&m; ? odkYr[kwf olawmfaumif;yk*dKvfwdkY taoG;ta&mifr&Sdacs/ odkYaomf
olawmfaumif;w&m;? olawmfaumif;b0udk abmifcwfum tjrifusOf;ajrmif;aom *Pwl?
b0wltcsdKUu xdktjyKtrludk rESpfNrdKUEdkifMuacs/
odkY&mwGif q&mawmfOD;y@0um; vlq&mxH usepGm enf;,ltm;xkwfNyD; w&m;XmezGifhum
oludk,fwkdifyif w&m;jyawmfrl\/ aemuf aZw0efq&mawmfBuD;xHvnf; xyfrH
tm;xkwfawmfrl\/ xdktcsdefu r[mpnfq&mawmf wGifvwHUaom OD;aombevnf;
aZw0efq&mawmfBuD;xH w&m;tm;xkwfNyD; awmif0dkif;uav; pmcsae\/ q&mawmfESpfyg;
rMumcP awGUqHkESD;aESmum ok"rm ? a&Tusif [k *dkPf;*Ptjrif &SdawmfrrlMu /
__________________
raumif;rIa&Smif ? aumif;rIaqmif ? jzLatmifpdwfudkxm; /
q&mawmfOD;y@0um; armfvNrdKifNrdKUe,fvHk;qdkif&m *dkPf;0denf; pmjyefyGJrsm;rStp vdkavao;r&Sd ?
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owdyXmef ygVdawmfBuD;teufyg jyefqdk&ef tqdkjyK ? axmufyHh tm;ay;awmfrlcJhaom
q&mawmfjzpf\/
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oGm;a&mufuefawmh&m oxHkaZw0ef q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH wynfhcH owdyXmef enf;twdkif;
usifhBuHyGm;rsm; ? w&m;ay;aeonfudkvnf; BudKwifodawmfrlojzifh ]] at; . . . olwdkYvnf; od-odayhg/ wdkYvnf; ysuf . . . ysufaygh ? [kwfbl;vm; ]] [k
wjcm;wynfhrsm;bufodkY vSnfhrdefYawmfrl\/ tjypfrajymonfhtjyif tcsdef&wdkif; awmif0dkif;BuD;
ausmif;wdkufodkYyif MuGa&muf csD;ajrSmufawmfrl\/

wBudrfurl rdk;Sif;q&mawmfBuD; wynfhrsm;ESifhtwl awmif0dkif;BuD;odkY BuGawmfrl&m

OykofjyK&rnfhaeU BuHKaeojzifh OD;y@0BuD;rSL;aom wdkufwGif;oHCmrsm;ESifhtwl OykofjyKawmfrl\/
rMumrD OD;y@0 jyem wufavawmhonf/ *dkPf;Oya'u *dkPf;wyg; oHCmrsm;ESifhtwl
uHBuD;uHi,f rqufoG,f rjyKvkyf&/ 'Pfxrf;&onf/
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tb,ftjypfaMumifh 'Pfxrf;&aMumif; oHCmrsm;a&SU zGifh[avQmufxm;&ao;onf/
OD;y@0uvnf; 'Pfxrf;NyD; oHCmtm; avQmufxm;&av&m oHCmrsm;twGif; rauseyfoHrsm;
xGufvm\/ odkYaomf rnfolrQ apm'u rwufEdkifMu / OD;y@0 avQmufyHku ]] wynfhawmf *dkPf;oHCmuay;aom a&'Pfudk xrf;NyD;ygNyD / wynfhawmf[m olawmfaumif;ESifh
aygif;rdvkdY ,ckvdk 'Pfxrf;&wm jzpfygw,f ]] [l\/
q&mawmfOD;y@0 awmif0dkif;BuD; owdyXmef w&m;jyaomtcg oD[dkVf (oD&dvuFm)
0ZD&m&mr*dkPf;rS OD;aomrESihf OD;acrdEwdkY ESpfyg; q&mawmhfxH ESpfvcefUvma&muf
tm;xkwfoGm;Muzl;onf/ *skmrefbkef;awmfBuD; t&SifOmPykPduvnf; oHCm,emwifpOfu
vma&mufuefawmhum enf;cHzl;\/ q&mawmf oD[dkVfMuGaomtcg tm;vHk;u
BudKqdk0wfjyKMuonf/
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tm;ay;rnfholrsm; ray:aygufojzifh q&mawmfonf armfvNrdKifNrdKU ayguf0odkY a&TUajymif;um
1311-ckESpf 0gqdkvqef; 8-&uf (&efukefr[mpnf&dyfomum; ewfawmfv) wGif
owdyXmefw&m;udk txl;wGifus,fpGm jyoawmfrlavonf/
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q&mawmftjzpf aqmif&Guf y#dywdomoem jyKawmfrlavonf/
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olawmfaumif;wyg; ay:xGef;vmygvQifvnf; xdkYtwlyifjzpf\/
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b0rsm;pGm csrf;om&rnfrSefvQif wpfv? wpfESpf ? wpfb0jzpfaom qif;&Judk raMumufomNyD /
wpfaeY? wpfv? wpfb0jzpfaom wPSmavmb &m*tvdkudk rvkdufoifh /
t&SnfukdarQmf olawmfaumif;w&m; ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf ukd,fhtoufudk pGefYpm;
aysmfydkufoifhvSonf/ ]]
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odrfawmif tif;rBuD;awm&
awm& q&mawmf
( 1237 - 1283 )
odrfawmifawm& tif;rBuD; OD;aZmwdurSmvnf; v,fwDq&mawmfESifh ra&S;raESmif; i,fi,f
&G,f&G,fESifh ausmfMum;vmaom q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfonf/
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bufpHk omoemy XmeBuD;tjzpf awGUjrifEdkifayonf/ y&d,wf y#dywf pG,fpHk wwfajrmuf
jynfh0awmfrlaom tif;rBuD; q&mawmfESifh ('kwd,) qnfBuD; q&mawmfbk&m; ESpfyg;\ omoemh
tarGrsm;yif jzpf&m awmifBuD; uavm paom rdUrsm;wGifvnf; odrfawmif *dkPf;0if ausmif;cGJrsm;
pnfum;vsuf &Sdayonf/
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ajcmuf0gavmufrS p yxr ppfudkif;awmif? aemuf oJawmrdU ta&SUbuf&Sd jyua&Gawmif
awmxGufawmf rlcJh\/
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,ck odrfawmifwdkuf\ajrmuf av;rdkifcefY &Sd pkpkaygif; tdrfajc wpfaxmifcefY &Sdonfqdk\/
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tuJcwf&if; aemufrS vdkufygoGm;NyD;aemuf tusdK;taMumif; avQmuf wdrfusaeaom rsufpd

wpfzufudk ukoay;&onf/
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oDwif; oHk;&\/ OD;&Sdefonf rsufpduk aysmufaomfvnf; jyua&G awmifodkY jyefvnf t<urcHyJ
teD;tyg;&Sd awm&avmufaom wpfae&m&m oDwif; oHk;&ef yifhavQmufojzifh bk&m;pkudk;&Gm\
taemufajrmuf awmBuD;xJodkY <ua&muf ae&mMunfh\/
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aqmufwnf&ef a&G;cs,f&m q&m&Sdefu]]t&Sifbk&m; 'Dae&m[m aeYcif;aeYvnfrSm EGm;aysmufvdkY awmifrS EGm;ausmif;om; r0if&Jbl;/
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rl\/
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vlodrsm;vm\/ 1263-ckESpfwGif bk&m;pk ausmufywfukef; &GmrS OD;qufuav;u
tawmifajcmufq,f&Sd *lESifhwGJ pBuausmif;BuD; wpfaqmif aqmufvonf/ tif;rBuD; awm&um;
awmifoHk;vHk; um&H tif;tdkif xlxyfojzifh orx0dyem tvkyfESifh [yf aeawmhonf/
q&mawmfonf xdk oDwif;oHk;cdkuf 1270-jynfhESpfwGif OD;qufuav;ESifh oJawmrdU *lBuD;
'g,um OD;olawmfwdkYu awmif;yef ]oHa0* ur|mef;usrf;} udk ypkawmf rlcJhonf/ 1274-ckESpf
0gacgifv u0drsufrSef yHkESdyfwdkufwGif dkufESdyfcJhonf/ tmemyge IyGm;yHkudk y"me ur|mef;xm;
Ak'gEkwd arwm paom pwk&m&u ur|mef;wdkYudk tm;ay; wdkufwGef;pum;rsm;jzifh
a&;om;awmfrl&m pmrsufESm 188-&Sdavonf/
odrfawmif*dkPf;\ ordkif;tp
tif;rBuD; q&mawmf\ wynfhBuD;jzpf 'kwd, odrfawmifq&mawmfac: qnfBuD;awm& q&mawmf
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wyfxm;aom cJvufa&;rsm;udk zwfI&&m odrfawmif*dkPf;\ ordkif;tpudk odjrif MunfdkcGifh &
0rf;ajrmuf&ayonf/ xdwfvefY tHhMozG,f rsm;udkvnf; awGY&\/
(q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;\ vufa&;rludk q&mawmfBuD;\ wlr oDv&Sif q&mBuD;xHrS &&Sdygonf/
tzGm;av;[k ac:Muaom q&mBuD;rSm ,ck rEav;awmifjyif xD;vif;wdkuf? rdk;ukwf ausmif;Z&yfrSm
aeygonf/)

bkef;BuD;wpfyg; acgif;wpfvHk;
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acgif;ausmif;ESifh ae udavomudk wdkufMu&onf/
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OD;yOif;BuD; ESifhtwl oHk;yg; odrfawmifodrfudk vmMunfh/ csHKrsm; ydwfae/ ql;av ayg\/
aemuf OD;Z0eonf &efukef v,fwDq&mawmfhxH w&m;emNyD; OD;wdavmuxH w&m; oGm;tm;xkwf/
0guRwfvQif oxHkodkY <u awmif0dkif;BuD; awm& aepOf q&mawmfu ]wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhaeYu
odrfawmif ae&modkY a&mufvmNyD jzpf jyefcJh&ef} rSmojzifh jyefvm&\/ arwmvkyfenf;udk txl;
a[majym jyoonf/

(arwmvkyfenf; ]qnfBuD;awm& q&mawmf} tcef;usrS jyrnf/)

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a&GUajymif;\/ ae&mum; a&S;u &[Emodrfawmf ae&m jzpfonf[k qdk\/ ]odrfawmifrSm
pdefa&mif awmufonf} [k wpfabmifudef; pum; qdkMuonf/
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&SmazG &&Sdyg\/
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( 1239 - 1314 )
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&[Emwpfyg; ay:xGef;aeNyD/ oGm;a&muf zl;arQmfMuukefavmh}} [k a<u;aMumf aeonfudk

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jzifUwpfyg; qHkvnfEGm;odkU ajy;oGm;usifvnf cJY&aom b0oHo&m wpfcGif trQifrjywf vlewf

wd&pmef aemufaMumif;jyef jyefMunfUrqHk;atmif &SdaeawmU\/

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rarmEdkifatmif &SdawmUonf/
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qDcef; jidrf;oGm;\/
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xap\/
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w&m;udk a[mjyvdkufonfrod/ OD;ausmf'ifum; csufcsif;xdkifum bk&m;udk vuftkyfcsD qkawmif;
vdkufawmUonf/
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rdrdawmifUwcsufudk tEkwfvuPm jyonfU aemifwylyefrIu 0ifvmjyef\/
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onfrSmvnf; xdkpdwfyif jzpf edrfUusapEkdifonfrSmvnf; xdkpdwfyifwnf;? rnfodkUjzpfap qDrD;
wpfaxmif tvif;u tarSmifcGif;avjyD/
raoaom w&m; &SmoifUjyD
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OD;ausmf'ifwdkU vifr,m; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pD;yGm;wufonf/ jrif;jcHjrdKU yvdyfa&m*g jzpf aeUpOf
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ajymjy\/
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vmaMumif; ajymjyaomtcg OD;csDwdkifu ckESpfou&mZf ar;prf;jyD; wGufcsufMunfU\/
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aqmufwnf&mr& ydkyif aMumufvefYaeawmUonf/
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tm;cJvdkufonf/ oli,fcsif; OD;csDwdkifESifY OD;pHwifwdkUudkvnf; aeUpOf 0wfwuf0wfuyf ac:&ef
owday; awmif;yefxm;\/
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tcsdefeD;uyfvSjyD jzpf b0udk tusOf;&kef;um wufokwfESifavawmU onf/
rsm;rMumrD umv vomom nwpfn OD;ausmf'ifonf OD;pHwifESifUtwl tdrfa&SUuGyfyspf

pum;ajym&if; ESpfa,mufom; tdyfaysmfoGm;Mu\/ wpfem&DcefU&SdvQif OD;ausmf'ifu OD;pHwiftm;

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tdyfrIefpHkrTm;jzifU . . .
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tdyfrufxJwGif ESpfa,mufom; pum;ajymMu&m em;r&Sif; xyfar;rnf &SdpOf Ed;k vmaomfvnf;
tdyfruf Zmwfvrf;t& quf ar;aerdjcif; jzpfaMumif; owd&oGm;\/
OD;ausmf'ifcrsm aojcif; ab;aMumifU rtdyfEdkif rpm;Edkif jzpfum tdyfaysmfonf qdk&apumrl MuufEdk;
Muuftdyf jzpfae&Sm\/ orma'0ewfwdkU tylwjyif; edI;aqmfae[ef &Sd onf/
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vrf;rSm;jyD; acsmufurf;yg;usukefjyD} vdkUajymawmU igu ]acsmufurf; yg; usrSef;awmU odw,f?
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vdkU ajymwmudk igem;r &Sif; vdkUar;wm? vufpowfawmU rif;vJb,fodrvJ? tdyfrufxJrSm ajymMu
wJUpum;[mudk;}}
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yifUxm;r,f? &Gmu 0wf toif;ol toif;om;awGvJ bk&m;xd roGm;ygeJU?'DrSmbJ oHk;av;&uf vm
0wfwufzdkU zdwfr,f? {nfUvJcHr,f? raumif;bl;vm; }}[k rdrd pdwfcsrf;omrnf xifonfUtwdkif;
ajymqdkpDrH&m OD;pHwifuvnf; oabmwl r@yftwl xdk;Muav\/nOfUOD;,H xrif;pm;aomufjyD;
onfESifU pGef;vGef;&GmrS bk&m; w&m; 0goem ygolrsm; vma&muf 0wfwufMu? w&m;pum; ajymMu
? jiif;Mu? cHkMu\/ ra&T&nfrSm yg&rD jznfUum aq;uGrf; vufzufjzifU {nfUcH&Sm\/ OD;ausmf'if
vnf; twefi,f pdwfoufom&m &[ef&Sdonf/
raow&m;um; rawGUao;acs/
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tdyfrufESifU twdwf edrdwfwdkUonf tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vS\/ ewfwdkUjyaqmif wabmif
twdwf edrdwf tdyfruf vuPm aA'ifwdkUonf aumif;usdK;udk ay;Ekdif aom tppfrsm; &SdouJUodkU
vrf;vTJacsmuf usapaom twkrsm;vnf; rsm;ukef\/ a,m*D tppftwk cGJjcm;Edkifaom tiftm;

r&SdvQif ydk &IyfaxG;apEdkif\/ tvkyfysufwwfayonf/

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tvkyfysufapEdkifaomaMumifU jzpfonf/ cGJjcm;Edkifygrlum; tvkyfcGif tvGeftusdK;rsm;
onfrSmawmU trSefyif/
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vkyfay;aeMu&onf} [k a,m*D t<uif;rJU ,HkMunfygav/ (aeUpOf arwmydkU trQay;ygav/ tul
tnDudkvnf;awmif;cH Edkifay\/) xrif;csufwwfolu csufay;&\/ w&m;jywwfolu jyay;&\/
tdyfruf vkyfwwfolwdkUu tdyfrufvkyfay;Muonf/
]]w&m;tm;xkwfolxuf yg&rD&Sdol? uHaumif;olum; avmu r&SdjyD}} [kom ,HkMunf
udk,fUtvkyfudkom wGifwGifMuD; vkyfMu&m\/ w&m;onf w&m;udkom ay;vdrfUrnf/
uHw&m;wdkU\ tusdK;ay;yHkrSm qef;Mu,fvS\/ tukodkvf t&m ewfqdk; MuD; wpfOD;u
acgif;aqmif pDrHcefUcGJaeouJUodkvnf;aumif;? ukodkvft&m ewfolawmf aumif;MuD; wpfOD;u
OD;aqmif cefUcGJaeouJUodkUvnf;aumif; jrifae&wwf\/ tvGef vnf; tuGufapY wdusvSaypGmU/
uruwm=uHtaMumif;&if;udk rjrif? ae&mom todvrf;qHk;Mu&mrS ewfudk; uG,faom
0g'? zefqif;&Sif bmomwdkU jzpfay:vmMuukef\/
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aygufvm\/ pufxJodkU xif;a&mif;vmMuaom tnmbufrS vSnf;orm;ESpf a,mufvnf;
pma&;MuD;ESifU vdkufyg vmMuonf/ vSnf;orm;wpfOD;rSm bkef;MuD;vlxGuf? v,fwDq&mawmf\
wynfUjzpf tmemyge ur|mef;taMumif;udk ygVdrsm; &Gwfum &Gwfum
rsm;pGma[majymaqG;aEG;onf/
pma&;MuD; OD;bpH um; tmemyge taMumif;udk tenf;i,frQom ajym vSnf;orm;ESifUpGef;vGef;rS
w&m;q&mrsm;udk rdwfqufay;\/ OD;bpHum; v,fwDq&mawmf uyif w&m;xl; &xm;ol
jzpfaMumif; (w&m;ppfar;jyD; om"k ac:cH&ol jzpfonf/ t&d,m yk*dKvfxl;yifwnf;/
rnfonfUudprqdk tusdK;wpfck jzpfay:&m trIrJU trSwfrJU ]jzpfcsifvdkU jzpfwm} [k omrefr
atmufarU&m/ rodrjrifEdkifaom taMumif;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkU pkaygif;qHkqnf; rSom
jzpfay:vm&onf/ tvGef pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSygay\/

OD;ausmf'ifonf w&m;orm; tbd"rmorm;rsm; tm;&yg;& aqG;aEG;aeMuonfudk tem;rS xdkiff

oufjyif;csum rvIyfr&Suf awGawGMuD; em;pdkufae\/ olwdkUajymaom pum;rsm;wGif em;r
vnfonfu rsm;onf/ odkUaomf ]tmemyge} [laom pum;udk xyfcsnfUwvJvJ ajymqdkaeMu&m
]tmemyge} [laom toHudk Mum;&cgrQjzifU OD;ausmf'if rSm MuufoD; wzsOf;zsOf; xae\/
temxydPfolaX;MuD; ukefa&mif;ukef0,foGm;pOf ]bk&m;} [laom pum;udk Mum;&cgp
&dk;wGif;jcifqDxdatmif yDwd jzpf&ouJUodkU &Sd\/
OD;ausmf'ifrSm MuufoD;wzsOf;zsOf; jzpfum tem;rS em;axmif&if; ]]olwdkU rzdwfbJeJYa&muf
vmMuw,f/ igUudk w&m;a[mzdkU vmwm jzpfr,fvm;rod? tdyfrufxJu twdkif; vrf;av;cGu
r@yfxdk;jyD; apmifUaerdjyDyJ/ (OD;ausmf'iftdrfrSmvnf; &GmwGif vrf;av;cGqHkjzpfonf/) olwdkUajymae
wJU w&m;igtm;xkwfvkduf&&if rkcs &awmUrSmyJ}} [k pOf;pm;aerd\/
]tif;-olwdkUajymwm ygVdygXfom;awGeJU? tukefvnf;em;rvnfbl;? cufwmyJ? ighrSm pmuvJrwwf?
jzpfao;ygbl;av} [k tm;avsmUt&IhkH;ay;aom pdwfuvnf; aemufu quf qGJaejyef\/
]w&m;tm;xkwfvdkpdwf} udk ]pmrwwf} [laom pdwfu vdkuf aESmifU,SufaeouJUodkU
a,m*Dwkdif;wGif tvm;wl pdwfwpfrsdK;rsdK;u ukyfydk;udk qGJ qGJ a&SUwdk;aemufiif vkyfwwfayonf/
(,if;vnf; w&m;oabm yifwnf;/) pmoefolrsm; xdkaemufqGJtm; onf ydkrsm;wwf\/
pmawGUvufawGU usifUMuHjyD;olrsm;u wJUwJUMuD; ajymaomfvnf; r,HkEdkifao;/
odkUaom acwfMuD;rsdK; &dk;wGif;csOfqD qdkufrQ wpfpHkwpfckaom xdcdkufrI r&Sdao;vQif ]igae&m
rusao;} [k udk,fUudkudk,f tajzay;um tywfwukwf MudK;pm;tm;xkwfoifUMujyD/
tmemygeES
tmemygeESifU ajymif;&dk;pOf; aumif;
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ta&;MuD;wmyg/ o'g 0D&d,&SdzdkU vdkwmygyJ}} [k ajymvdkuf\/
]]'gjzifU b,fvdk vkyf&rwHk;}} [k quf ar;jyefojzifU . . .
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"rrdwfaqGrsm;&Sd&m 0ifoGm;\/ xHk;pHtwdkif; a[majym aqG;aEG; aeMujyefonf/

OD;ausmf'ifum; r@yfxJodkUyif r0ifawmUbJ tdrfab; tzDxJoGm;um *kefeDtdwf tcif; cif;xm;aom

yufvufukvm;xdkif xdkif ]][if;-0ifw,f?[if; . . .xGufw,f}} [k vlrodatmif usdwf
rsufpdpHkrSdwfjyD; &&Iduf rSwf&I aeavawmU\/
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t&wGif tem*grf a':aiGbHkMuD; xHrS owdy|mef trSwfw&m; rSwfzl;ol OD;a&Tvkyfonf
tdrfodkUa&mufvmum . . .
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]]todvdkufawmU bmjzpfrwHk;}} [k OD;ausmf'ifu ar;jyef...
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]]ukodkvf&&if vkyfr,fAsm}} [k qdkum xdktodavmufrQjzifU tmemygeudk pwifcJY&&Sm\/
tm;uszG,fMuD;ygay/
OD;ausmf'ifonf rQavmufaom todjzifU tcsdef&SdorQ owduyfjyD; vmcJY&m wpfaeUxufwpfaeU
wdk;wufvm\/ EGm;pmtwGuf ajymif;&dk;rsm;udk pOf;&mvnf; owduyfjyD;pOf;&m
aAsmufueJaAsmufueJ ajymif;&dk;jzwfoHESifU trSwfowd tHusjzpfum wdueJ wdueJ csufusus
oGm;onfudk yDwd jzpfae\/ arm&rSef;yif rodacs/
]tif;...ckrS ydkjyD; ae&mus? ukodkvfvJ&? ajymif;&dk;pOf;vJ rsm;rsm;&? tarmvJ oufomao;}}
[k awG;um 0rf;om tm;& aeYnrjywf a&cyf&if;? EGm;ausmif;&if;? aygif;Ekwf&if;? ,mvkyf&if;
wpfcsdefxJ tvkyfESpfck jyD;aeav\/
&IyHkrSwfyHkvnf; ]rkqdk;pdkifoif} [louJUodkU tvkyfuyif wnfU wnfU ay;oGm;avonf/
tdyfaomtcg acgif;? vuf? ajc? udk,ft*Fg taetxm;udk wrifjyKjyif rae&bJ tdyf&if;u
aeom;wus tvdkvdkjyifjyD;om; jzpfoGm;oGm;ouJUodkUwnf;/ w&m;udkom tm;xkwfygav/
rSm;vQifw&m;uyif jyifay;oGm;vdrfUrnf [l\/
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csmcsmvnfaeaom tvif;vHk;uav;rsm;udk jrif&jyefaomtcg wpfrsdK;tm;wufum pdkuf
MunfUrd\/ MunfUvQif tvif;vHk;uav;rsm;u tay: odkU wuf wufoGm;\/ wuf

wufoGm;wdkif;...
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]tif;...w,fvJ[kwfyguvm;/ igwdrfay:udkawmif a&mufaeEdkifrS aum} [k rarmEdkifatmif
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bHk;eef;jymom'fMuD;rsm;udk awGUae&jyef&m...
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(,ckacwfuUJodkU yGifUyGifUvif;vif;r&Sdao; pdwful;aygufovdk vkyfae&onfudk
owdjyKyg/,cka&;aeonfrSm q&mawmfjyefa[monfU twdkif; a&;aejcif; jzpfygonf/)
ausmf'ifwa,muf l;aeNyDwJh
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/IrSwfenf;vnf; rjynfhpHkvSao; / o'g? ynm? 0D&d,jzpfzG,f pmayusrf;*ef A[kokwqdkvnf;
r&SdcJh / odoavmufudkyif toufru wefzkd;xm; IyGm;oGm;ygu ]rkqdk;pdkifoif} [louJhodkY
rnfolrqdk wu,fvkyfvQif t[kwfjzpfonfh oabmudk nTefjyaeawmh\/
]] pmwwfzkdYrvdk? OmPfaumif;zkdYrvdk? tuGswftvGwf awmxGufNyD; tm;xkwf&efrvdk/
wu,f,HkMunfzdkYomvdk\/ t[kwfvkyfEdkifzdkY ta&;BuD;onf }} [k oifcef;pm ay;aeouJhodkYvnf;
&Sdawmhonf/
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owduyfvkduf&m a0'emtay:ESihf owdtrSwfonf pnf;rd wdueJ wdueJ jzpfae\/ xdkYaemuf
OD;ausmf'if\ pum;rsm;onf BuD;us,fvm\/ wdkwdkESifhvdk&if; obm0ususukd ajymonf/ &GmxJrS
vlrsm;ESifh avay;rajzmifh / pum;ajymrwnfh /
&Gmom;rsm;u rdrdwdkYt,ltqESifh rwdkufqdkifwkdif; ]] ausmf'ifwa,mufawmh l;aeNyD }} [k
qdkvmMuonf/
tawG;tac:rwlvQif pum;ajymrwnfh / pum;ajymrwnfhvQif wOD;ESihfwOD;jiif;cHkum &efjzpfHkom
&Sdawmhojzifh OD;ausmf'ifonf a&iHkom aeavawmh\/ tl;[kqdkum pum;ajymzufvnf;
r&Sdawmhacs/ xdktcg ukd,fuvnf; rajymcsif? ajymzufvnf; r&Sdojzihf pum;rajymbJ ae&cgrS
orm"dtm;onf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;BuD; wdk;wufvmonfukd awGU&jyefonf/

pum;pum; ajymygrsm; pum;xJu i&J&

&yfxJ&GmxJ ajymqdkorQpum;rsm;udk bk&m;&Sifu ]wd&pmeuxm} (wd&pmefpum;) [k
a[mawmfrl\/ wd&pmefonf uefYvefYzDvm oGm;ouJhodkY &yfxJ&GmxJrSm ololigigajymaeus
pum;rsm;tm;vHk;onf r*f?zdkvf? edAmefESifh zDvmuefYvefYcsnf; jzpfukef\/ w&m;IyGm;olwdkY rajym& /
&[ef;awmfrsm; rajym&/ &m*? a'go? arm[ enf;aMumif; w&m;ESifhpyfaom
pum;aumif;q,frsdK;ukdom ajymcGifhjyK\/ wpHkwOD;ESihf pum;ajymvQif wd&pmefpum;u
vGwfatmifajymzdkY cJ,Of;vS\/ xdkYaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu ] ajymvQif w&m;ESifhpyfaom pum;ukdomajym
? aumif;aom qdwfqdwfaejcif;jzifh aomfvnf;ae } [k twdkcsKyf qHk;rawmfrlayonf/
pum;ajymjcif;onf tvGeftjypfBuD;av;vS\/ a,m*DtwGuf w&m;pum;yifonf taESmifht,Suf
jzpfEkdifayonf/ xkdYaMumifh pum;rajymjcif;onf oDvtiftm; tjynfht0 wkd;wufvm
orm"domoem wdk;wufvmjcif;jzpf\/ ukd,fvuft*FgvIyf&Sm;rI r&SdbJ ukd,fhowdESifhukd,f
aejyefojzifh NEd,oH0&oDvvnf; tvdkvkd0ifvmum orm"dukd wdk;jrSifhay;vkdufjyefavonf/
OD;ausmf'ifonf vltrsm;u ]tl;} [kac:um 0dkif;ty,fcH&jcif;ESifh olwdkYtawG;tac:rsm;
w&m;oabmrqdkufojzifh rdrdukd,fuyif pum;rajymcsif rajymcsif;onf 0pD'kpdkufav;yg;
EIwfwHcg;BuD; tukefydwfvkdufojzifh tvkdvdkw&m;ESifhtHukduf ? bk&m;BudKufaejcif; jzpfoGm;awmh\/
urXmef;aA'if qifaoESifh usD;rdkuf
OD;ausmf'ifonf pum;rajymbJ aecgrS w&m;ydkwufvmonfukd awGU&\/ ]vlawGajymaeMuwm
aeY&SdorQ yg;pyfrSm i&JrD;avmifaewmyJ} [k oabmusoGm;onf/ &GmxJrS vlawGajymorQudk
aMumufvm\/ vkyforQudk xdwfvefYvm\/
w&m;rod&Smaom vlwdkY BuHorQ? ajymorQ? vkyforQonf ]] oArd tmwdwH = tukefvHk;
rD;[kef;[kef; awmufaeawmhonf }} udk ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKufBuD; ouf0ifoGm;awmh\/
oDvtm;aumif; orm"dtm;aumif;? orm"dtm;aumif; ynmtm;aumif;um 0dyem OmPfrsm;
ouf0ifwkd;yGm;vmawmh\/ kyfemrf jzpfysufjrifp O',A,OmPfumvwGif
todOmPfupm;wwfonfhtwdkif; OD;ausmf'ifonf todxl; tjrifxl;rsm; 0ifvmavawmh\/
'dApuKOmPf ? ykaAed0gomeOmP &rnfholrsm; a&SUaMumif;?aemufaMumif; todxl;? tjrifxl;
(tppftrSefrsm;) ydkjrifvmwwfayonf/ jrifvmonfhtwkdif; xdkA[d'tmHkrsm;aemufodkYcsnf;
aemufa,mifcH vdkufaejyefyguvnf; 0dyemtiftm;rsm; usqif;oGm;wwfjyefavonf/
ae&mum; ]r*gr* OmP'e 0dok'd} Xme jzpfonfhtwdkif; vrf;rSefvrf;rSm; vrf;cGJrsm;aom
tydkif;jzpf rlvw&m;owdukdom pGJpGJNrJNrJ qkyfukdifxm;&onf/ tmHkaemuf rvkduf&/

OD;ausmf'ifonf &Hcgoem;vSojzifh &GmxJrS vltcsdKUtm; ]] rif;&wemoHk;yg; zufuG?

rif;aoawmhr,f }} ponfjzifh aeYpGJ? &ufpGJjzifh owday;ajymMum;\/ owday;cH&olrsm;
OD;ausmf'ifajymonfhtwdkif; aoaoukefMuojzifh olYtem;odkY vltrsm;ruyf&Jatmifyif
&Sdaeawmh\/ OD;ausmf'ifum; ydk[efusaeonf/ rdrd olwyg; vltrsm;\ cEmudk,ftpdwftydkif;?
tqkwf tonf;ESvHk;rStp tao;pdwfjrifae\/ atmufudk MunfhjyefygvQifvnf;
acG;aoaumifykyfwGif usaeaom avmufaumifrsm;yrm vk,ufwdk;a0SUaeMuaom i&Jom;rsm;ukd
jrif&jyef\/ xdktaMumif; rajymbJvnf; raeEdkif ajymrd&m vltrsm;ydk tHhMoMu&av\/
]] tl; tl;eJY OD;ausmf'ifw&m;u t[kwfom;yguvm; }} [k tmHkpdkufvmMuavonf /
OD;ausmf'ifajymorQvnf; rSefrSef aeojzifh uGsJaysmuf? EGm;aysmufrStp vmar;olrsm;
ar;Mu\/ acgif;cJ0rf;emrStp aq;0g;"mwfpm ar;olrsm; ar;vmMuukef\/ ae&m rdk;&GmvQif
atmfjrnfaom zm;ow0guJhodkY rdrdtoHaMumifh aowwfonfukd txl;owdjyKMu&m\/
rdrdpum;onf rdrdtm;jyef owfwwfavonf/
xdktcg OD;ausmf'ifonf kwfw&ufpOf;pm; vltrsm; aESmifh,Sufjcif;rS uif;a0;ap&ef
armif&ifay:acsmufodkYoGm; wa,mufxJBudK;pm; Irwfavawmh\/
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avmuDxJrSm epfoGm;rSm }} [k a[mcJhzl;avonf/
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qifaoonfvnf; usD;rdkuftwGuf woufpmoHk;pm; rukefaom &wemodkufBuD;yifwnf;/
odkY&mwGif qifi,fonf MumpG,faZmaMumifh &THUjyifEGHawmyif uGsHepfum jyefvrf;r&SdcJh&Smay/
usD;rdkufow0gonfvnf; tmomiufiuf rcGJ&uf wrufvsvs qifaoaMumifhyif aocJh&NyD /
,cktcg vlomref? &[ef;omrefwdkYvnf; xdkokdYaom todtjrifxl;rIavmufukdom {&mr
yef;wdkifBuD;tjzpf xm; BudK;pm;aeMujyef&m MumpG,fESihf qifaoukdom rMunfhrl
jyefvrf;r&Sdaom &THUjyifESifh yifv,fa&jyifukdvnf; BudKwif oHk;oyfMuukef&Sm\/ MumpG,fqifao
tppfukd&aomf awmfayoD;\/ jrSLqG,ftiSm; jzm;a,mif;vdrfvnf auGs;aom
MumpG,fqifaovnf; rsm;ukef\/ MuyfMuyfowdjyKMuygav? olawmfaumif; awGwdkY /
ykaAed0goESifh pyf omoemhvrff;pOf r[kwfolwdkYonf b0av;q,favmuf udkomvQif
tuef;c&D;oGm; ouJhokdY tMurf;pm;rQom jrifonf/ (0d? |? 1? 130) ydk;pkef;usl; vif;oavmufom
&Sday\/ (0dok'd ? 2? 41 ) / ckwrsdK; ckwrsdK; ajymif;vJaeaom olwdkYtjrifvnf; zGJyHkpdkufaum
wdkifuJhokdY cdkifrmonfr[kwf? ('D? |? 1? 98) / (y#dord'gr*f tXuxmvnf;Munfh ) / xkdYaMumifh
uHtusKd;ay;ESifh pyforQ ewfrsufpd&olu ajymaomfvnf; r,Hkpm;&acs/ (r[mur0db*Fokwf)

a&S;u '@wdkif;jynf &Sifbk&ifrStp udo0p&aohtm; jypfrSm; &mxl;wufonf/

wdkif;jynfat;csrf;onf/ &wemrdk;&Gmonf[k uHw&m;udk ypfy,fum usifhoHk;cJhMuojzifh
wjynfaxmifvHk; aoaMuysufpD;cJhMu&zl;avonf/ (pwmvDo edygwf? o&b*FZmwf)
xd-od owd vG,fvGef;\
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wdk;jrSifYavjzpfonf/ oGm;vJ 'Dpdwf tdyfvJ 'DpdwfjzifU usdwfrdSwfjyD; vkyfaeonfudk jrif&aomtcg
]]igwdkUawmU edAmefr&csifaeyap? 'DavmufawmUrvkyfEdkifbl;}} [k xif&\/ udk,fUudkudk,f
avQmUwGufMuonf/ ]] ol 'Dvdk 'kucHEdkifwm yg&rD &SdvdkU}} [k jrSifUwGufwwfMujyef\/ r[kwfacs/
vufawGU vkyfMunfUvQif wjznf;jznf; &ufydkif;rQjzifY "r t&om awGUum ,HkMunfrI(o'g)
wdk;vm\/,H
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wpf&ufxuf wpf&uf udk,fEIwfpdwf tyl"gwfrsm; uif;um at;jidrf; at;jidrf;
vmonfudkudk,fwdkif yif odvm\/ olrsm;a[mp&m? wdkufwGef;p&mrvdk/ ,if;udkyif
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[k w&m;awmfu qdkavonf/ vufawGU prf;zdkU? vkyfMunfUzdkUom ta&;MuD;\/ ]]'DvdkrSef;od ig
tapmMuD;u (i,fi,fu) rvkyf&avvm;}} [k a,m*Dwdkif;aemifw jzpfMu&onf/ ajym&onfxuf
tvkyfu ydk vG,f\/ xdkUaMumifU ]]{[dydaum=r,Hk&ifvmvSnfUprf;MunfU}} [k tmrcH&Jjcif;
jzpfonf/ vlwdkif; rvkyfwwfr&Sd&atmifvnf; &Sif;vif;\/ vG,ful\/ odkU&m wGif vufawGU
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renf;tusdK;rsm;rnf[k ,lq 'Davmuf igajymjyvdkUrS rodrjrifwJU ykxkZOf trkduftuef;awGudk ig
bmwwfEdkifOD;rSmvJ}} [k wpfcgu bk&m;&SifyifvQif nnf;nlawmfrlzl;\/ (cE0*-acwLyrokwf)
xdkcsrf;omum; tazmfrvdk? oaEm=at;jidrf;\/ yPDawm=jrdef\/ wif;wdrf a&mifU&JrI r&Sd/
taopeaum= ydkaumif;atmif wpfpHkwpf&m jznfUpGuf (ESrf;jzL; p&mrvdk? tvdkvdkUudk
t&om&Sdae\/ jyqdkjyD; (a`Eig;yg;? Adkvfig;yg; [kvnf; ac:qdk&aom) o'g? 0D&d,? owd?
orm"d? ynm ig;rsdK; wdk;wuf vmav ydk t&om&Sdav? todOmPf wdk;av jzpfawmUonf/
xdktcg tm&Hkig;yg;\ ckdif;ap&m vdkufygaeMu& aom vlrsm;pkESifY cGJcGmum wpfudk,fwnf;
aeEdkifonfrSm owd aumif;vGef;? yg&rD&SdvGef;r[kwf/ tvdkvdk cHEdkif&nf &SdoGm;\/
csrf;omae\/ vlomrmefwdkU udk,fcsif;pm r&EdkifjyD/

OD;ausmf'ifonf ESmoD;zsm; xGufav-0ifavwdkU xGufwdkif;xd

;xd? xdwdkif;od? 0ifwdkif;xd?
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rSwfjcif;? ,if;odkUrSwfaeonfudk odjrifaejcif; (owd?ynm) xdkifvQif wifyg;ESifU Murf;jyif
xdaeonfudk rSwfodjcif; ponfjzifU ]]xd+od+owd}} [kyif owdy|mef wpfckvHk;udk jcHKrdatmif
aqmifyk'f jyKoGm;EdkifavawmU\/ (yx0D"mwfudk y"mejyK &IrSwfom owdy|mef jzpf\/ r[mpnf
q&mawmfbk&m;um; 0ga,m"mwfudk y"merlonf/)
xdkUaemuf cEmudk,f emusifudkufcJrI ylrI at;rI paom a0'emrsm;udkyg pl;pdkuf rSwfodjcif;rsm;yif
wdk; vm\/ ] a0'emvkduf} onf[k ajymprSwf jyKukef\/ a0'em Ekyemac: onf/
xif&Sm;cHcufaom 'kua0'emudkom OD;pm;ay; rSwf[efwl\/ (okc-Oayum a0'emwdkUudkvnf;
rSwfod&onfyif/ odkUaomftusHK;0ifavjyD jzpf txl;rqdk/) xdkUaMumifUvnf; OD;ausmf'ifuatmufygtwdkif; rSwfwrf;wifcJUonf/
]]rcHom? rSefygbd onfw&m;/
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wjznf;jznf; uif;uGm? cGm? vspfvsL&I cEmudk,f &kyfemrfw&m;wdkU\ jzpfrI ysufrItpOfudkom
odjrifvsuf&Sd\/ jzpfysuf tay:om pl;pdkufodrSwfaecJU&m &IrSwf tvGefcsufusvufus
pD;pD;ydkifydkif &Sdae\/ pdwfxJwGif tvGefauseyf 0rf;ajrmufaerd\/ Munf;El; ESpfoufaerdjyef\/
auseyf0rf;omvGef; tm;MuD;aepOf OD;ausmf'if\ a&Su tvif;"mwfMuD;rSm xif;ueJ
ay:vmawmUonf/
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pGJusefaeao;&m tvif;"mwfMuD; ay:vmaom tcgwGifrS a0'emrsm; pkyfpjrKyfp jidrf;csKyfum vHk;0
at;oGm;awmUonf/xdkUaMumifU tvif;"mwfMuD;udk wG,fwm aerdjyefonf/ jzpfysuf owdvnf;
vGwfaeawmUonf/

OD;ausmf'ifonf twefi,fpOf;pm;um ]]tifU[if igU[m [kwfao;ygbl;}} [k ynmjzifU qifjzif

odrSwfrIudk cEmudk,fay: odkU csufcsif; jyef wifydkUvdkuf\/ (Mobmo vJus y'd
epfoGm;onfudk qGJxlvdkufjcif;yifwnf;/) xdktcg apmapmu a0'emrsm; jyef ay:vmMujyef\/
vIdif;xefaom 0J*,uf opfwHk;wdkudk zuf ul;ae&ouJUodkU &SdawmUonf/ r*gr*
OmP'e0dok'dac: vrf;rSef vrf;rSm; owd&Sd&Sd?0D&D, rSefrSef?OmPfudktoHk;cs
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rqHk;Edkifatmif wrSwfxJrSwf ae&onfudkyif jiD;aiGUvm\/ tm&HkESifU odrSwfrIrSm
txufvGefoGm;vdkuf? atmufusoGm; vdkuf? a&SUa&mufoGm;vdkuf? aemufusuef&pfvdkuf
jzpfaejyef\/
xdktcg OD;ausmf'ifonf toufrSefrSef &&Idufum rZdry#dy'g usatmifnSd,lvdkufaomtcg
a`Eig;yg;vHk;rQwnDnGwfoGm;ojzifU eda&m""gwfudk zwfueJrdum ,rf;awmifU xdk;xm;aom
aoewfudk pduaeudkifjzKwfvkdufouJUodkU 'dkif;ueJ rSwfodrIjyKwfxGufoGm;av awmU\/ owd 0D&d,
OmPf&Sdaom a&epfolonf tvkduf oifU arS; arQmvdkuf&mrS qdyfurf;udk acgif;jzifU 'dkif;ueJ
aqmifU0if wdkuf&m qdyfurf;udk rvTwfwrf; qkyfudkif tarmajzouJUodkUvnf; jzpfaeayrnf/
wpfoHo&mvHk; rcHpm;cJU&zl;ao;aom jidrf;at;rIMuD;udk rsuf0g;xifxif awGUjrif&um tarmajy
oufom&m &avawmU\/
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awmUonf/ a>rudkufcH&olonf xdka0'em vHk;0csKyfjidrf; yaysmufoGm;aomfvnf;
wpfoufESifUwpfudk,f rarUEdkifatmif pOf;pm;vdkufwdkif; cHpm;&yHkudk wyftyf rSwfcs odEdkifouJUodkU
xdktajctaeeSifU xdkaeUudk OD;ausmf'iftzdkU &moufyef rarUEdkifawmUacs/ yxr&pf taejzifU
tyg,fav;yg; a<u;pm&if; zsufvdkufaom xdkaeUum;......
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(a,m*DwdkU w&m;&IrSwf&if; edAmefqdkufa&muf rsufarSmufjyKyHkudk r[mpnf q&mawmf tcef;usrS
tjynfUtpHk azmfjyrnf/)
ynmowdESifU bkef;&SdolwdkUtwGuf tmemyge
OD;ausmf'ifonf xGufav0ifavudk rjyif;raysmU &&Iduf owdESifUtod? todESifUowdonfa&S;u
xuf yifydk csyfueJcsyfueJrdum &kyfemrf todrsm; ydk&Sif;vif; jywfom;pGm jrif jrif
vm\/p tm;xkwfu wnf;uyif a`Eysufavmufatmif ,drf;,dkifvIyf&Sm;jcif; &SdcJU[efrwl/
wkefvIyf ,drf;,dkifjcif; onf orm"dtm; enf;onfU oabmyif jzpf\/ wkefvIyf ,drf;,dkifjcif;

om,mjiduyfauseyfjcif; (eduEd) aMumifUyif ydkwkef vIyf ,drf;,dkifjcif; jzpf&\/

bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfu tmemyge &IyGm;&m udk,fa&mpdwfyg ,drf;,dkif wkefvIyfjcif; r&dS yuwd
wnfjidrfpGm &IyGm;aeaom &Sifr[muyderax&f tm; bk&m;&SifESifUwuG oDwif;oHk;azmfrsm; tm;vHk;u
csD;usL; cJUMuzl;\/ (r[muydeokwf? tmemygeoH,kwf/)
oDv orm"d ynm (odkUr[kwf) owd orm"d 0D&d, ynm jynfUpHknDrQpGm(y&dykPbm0dw)
&IrSwfolwdkif;? bk&m;&Sif a[mawmfrlonfUtwdkif; oifcef;pmudk rckefausmfbJ tpDtpOfwus (
tEkykA y&dpw) &IrSwfolwdkif; &Sifuyderax&f uJUodkU (&[Em [kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap)
wnfjidrfat; aq;pGm csrf;omvG,fwuledAmefokcudk &,lEdkifMuayonf/
] edAmefudk avsmUvsJvsJ vkyfr&? udk,fESifUtouf pGefU vkyf&rnf} ponfjzifU xdkxdk ygVdawmfwdkU
a[mMum;xm;onfUt"dym,fudk &kyf0wK qefqef ]avSxdk; vTwdkuf} oabmrsdK; raumuf,l&/
xufoefjyif; jy todOmPf,SOfaom jywfom;wdusonfU pdwf"mwfom ta&;MuD;avonf/
(a,oky,kwmreom 'aVe/) odkUr[kwfygu wpfpHkwpfckaom tcktcH tjidtwG,frsm;udk
rausmfvGefEdkifbJ &kyfwGufwGufum &SifqE? &Sifa*g"du polwdkUuUJodkUyif udk,fUudkudk,fvnfvSD;
owfaoaom jywfom;rI?&J&ifUrIrsm;txd e,fuRH oGm; wwfonf/
tpGJruif;aom ZGJwif;rIrsm;aMumifU tvGefw&m wnfjidrfcsrf;ompGmavQmuf&rnfU rZdry#dy'g
vrf;onfacR;pGef;aomvrf;? aoG;pGrf;aom vrf;jzpfcJU&acs\/ jrifraumif; &Iraumif;
ESm&nfw&TJ&TJESifU vrf;ckvyf ypfvJ aeolrsm;vnf; twHk;t&Hk;/
pifppf tmemygeur|mef;um; tjcm;ur|mef;rsm;xuf tusdK;tmedoifMuD;rm; vSay\/ tusdK;MuD;
rm; onfESifUtrQ qnf;yl;&aom taMumif;rSmvnf; tjcm; ur|mef;rsm;xuf t&if;tESD;rsm;\/
t&if; tESD;um;tjcm;r[kwf? owdESifU ynmwnf;/ ur|mef;wdkif;wGif owdynmvdktyfonfcsnf;
jzpf\/ odkU&mwGif tmemyge ur|mef;wGiftxl;ojzifU ydk vdktyf\/ ]]owdynm r&Sdoltm;
ur|mef;udk igra[m?ray;}}[l rdefUawmfrlzl;onf (tmemyge oH,kwfESifU Oy&Dtmemygewdokwf)/ bk&m; yapu om0u bkef;uHMuD;rm;olwdkU twGufomvQif jzpf\/
bkef;uHenf;ol (vlnHhrsm; \ t&mr[kwf/ xdk yk*dKvf jrwfrsm;onfvnf; cPwpfjzKwf
(aumuf&dk;rD;uJUodkU) vkyf&HkrQ vkyf &aom ur|mef; r[kwf/ pGJpGJjrJjrJ pl;pl;pdkufpdkufav;av;yifyif
owdynm rsm;rsm;jzifU vkyfrS&aom w&m;jzpf\/ (0dok'dr*f? 1?276/)
xdkUaMumifU t&Sdefjyif;aom odaEmjrif;udk pD;olonf tpD;rwwf vdrfUusvQifydk txdemwwf
ayonf/tmemygeum; vlwpfa,mufudk qHyifqGJudkifvdkufouJYodkU pD;pD;ydkifydkif EdkifEdkifeif;eif;&SdvS
cEmaA"wGif tcsKyftjcmtnSmusaom ur|mef; jzpf\/
OD;ausmf'ifonf bkef;uHMuD;rm;ol jzpfonfUtwkdif; wpfaeYrQ rvyfatmif tywfwukwf MudK;pm;
&IrSwf \/ rSwfyHk rSwfenf;vnf; tajymif;tvJ r&Sd/ ]xd-od-owd} yif jzpfonf/ (&[EmjzpfonfU

aemuf wGifvnf;odkUyif rSwfae&\/ rSwfaevdk\/) xdkUaMumifU bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfonf

vlwdkif;em; vnf atmif? rvkyfwwf r&Sdatmif vG,fulvSayonf/ OD;ausmf'ifonf aeU&SdorQ
tdrfrIudprsm;vkyf&if;yif vkyfae&\/ ajymif;&dk;pOf;&if;? EGm;pmauR;&if;? xGef&if;? xif;ckwf&if;
tvpftvyfr&Sd/ tdyfcsdefudkyif txl;avQmUum ydk MudK;pm;vmayonf/
]]tcsdefwpfcktwGif; tvkyfESpfrsdK; vkyfEdkifwm 'D[myJ&Sdw,f/ ckvlawG[m ewfjA[mawGavmuf
tjcHt&Hy&dowf rrsm;Muygbl;/ a&S;u &Sifbk&ifawG olaX;awGavmufvJ tvkyfudp
rrsm;Muao;ygbl;/ olwdkUawGawmif 'Davmufrsm;wJU y&dowfawGtMum;?'Davmufrsm;wJU
tvkyfawG vkyf&if;eJU bk&m;&SifxH awmfu tqHk;tr &vdkU awmufavQmuf aqmifMu (&IrSwfMu)
awmU toD;oD;awG[m &nf&G,f rSef;xm; wmrQru jyD;pD;cJUMuygoAsm}} [k aus;Zl;&Sif
a0blq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;\ Mo0g' (28?5?1955)udk owd&zG,f&Sday\/
rdef;rMurf; vkyf&&Smaom a':a&T&nf
OD;ausmf'ifonf tdrfrIudpvkyf&if;ESifUyif yxrwpfqifUatmifjrifcJU\/ tdrfrIudprsm;vnf;
vpf[if;onf r&SdcJU/ odkU&mwGif ] tvkyfysufw,f} [k qdkum ZeD; a':a&T&nf\ aqmifUatmifU
jiLpljcif;udk cHae&\/ aemufrMum;wMum;apmif;ajrmif;\/ aemuf ckwifay:u wGef;csonftxd
aESmifU,Sufvm awmU onf/ OD;ausmf'ifum; onf;cHvsuf qufvkyfjrJ/
]]raESmifU,SufcsifygeJU &Sifa&T&nf&,f}} [k qdkum wGef;cscHae&aom ajrMuD;ay:yif xdkif &IrSwfjrJ
&IrSwfjyef\/ a':a&T&nfum; ckwifrSMurf;rsm;EIwfjyD; axmifxm;&m OD;ausmf'ifrSm a':a&T&nf
aqmifUatmifUjrnfwGefjyD; xGufoGm;onfESifU tcif;r&Sdaom qifUay:yif xdkif &IrSwfae&onf/
rMumrD a':a&T&nf tdrfxJodkU0ifvmum]]uJ......udk,fawmfMuD; z,fay;OD;}} [k qdkum Murf;cif;rsm;udk jyefcif; ay;jyef\/
]]&Sifa&T&nf&,f? rif; abmufrJU aESmifU,Sufcsif&wmwHk;}} [k ar;&m]]awmf pdwfqdk;jyD; x&dkufatmifvkyfwm}} [k jyef ajym&m OD;ausmf'ifu]]pdwfrqdk;ygbl; r,frif;MuD;r&,f? &dkufvJ r&dkufygbl;/ MudK;pm;jyD; w&m;a[mawmfrlyg}} [k qdkum
&IrSwfjrJ &IrSwfaeavawmUonf/
]aomwmyef} qdkonfrSm omrn yk*dKvfrsdK; r[kwfacs/ ]]'d|d? 0dpdudpmrQom y,fao;onf}} [k
vG,fvG,fyif ajymqdkxifjrifaeMu\/ (tyg,fodkU usapEkdifaom) udavomrSeforQ tm;vHk;
y,fowfjyD;ol jzpfonf/ (t|omvdeD-'ewdum/) &wem oHk;yg;\ aus;Zl;odyHkESifU
b0jyem tzHkzHkESifUpyf ESvHk;om; \ axmufcHcsuf &aom cGifvHk;ydkif,HkMunfrI tvif;"gwfMuD;
udef;atmif; oGm; avjyD/ ig;yg;oDvudkvnf;(b0jcm;apumrl) tvdkvdkyif t<uif;rJU
vHkvJoGm;awmU\/ (y&dyl&um&D/)

rdrd &Sdaom tjypfudk r&Sd[efaqmifrI =(rm,m)? rdrd r&SdonfU*kPfudk

&Sd[efaqmifrI=(omaX,s)?remvdk0efwdkrI=( mrp&d,) paom r&dk;om;rIrsm;vnf;
aomwmyef r&SdawmUjyD/ OZky#dyE=pif;vHk;acsm &dk;ajzmifUolwnf;/ (tH-2?382? 0dbif;-349-&I/)
vlomrefwdkU udk,fcsif;pm r&Edkifaom tjidrf;"mwf? todOmPf tvif;tm;wdkUvnf;
rsm;pGm&Sdukef\/ ao;ao;i,fi,f ES,fES,f&& r[kwfygacs/
pMu0aw;rif; pnf;pdrfESifU rvJEdkifaom csrf;omonf tb,frSmvQif ]olvdkigUvdk} [kwfygcsdrfU
rnfenf;/xdkUaMumifU OD;ausmf'ifonf a':a&T&nftay: pdwfrqdk;bJ oem;om aeawmU\/
tvdkvdk arwmjzifU onf;cHEdkif&nf &Sdvmonf/ a0'emudk &IrSwf&rsm;aom owduvnf;
onf;cHEdkif&nfudk wdk;ap\/ jzpfay:vm aom avmb a'goudk csufcsif;yif odrf;qnf;Edkifonf/
ou'g*grdr*fonf tMurf;pm; avmbESifU a'gowdkUudk owfayawmUrnf/
a':a&T&nfum; wpfaeUxufwpfaeU wpfrsdK;jyD; wpfrsdK;om aESmifU,Sufae\/
]]bmrS wdk;wdk;azmfr&bl;/ awrdvdkyJ/ 'gavmufawmif w&m;tm;xkwfcsifvJ bkef;MuD;vkyfaeygvm;}}
ponfjzifU jrnfwGef awmufwD;vsufom &SdcJU\/ todcsif;rwl tjrifcsif;rwl/ ydk odoljrifolu
ydkjyD;onf;cH&jrJjzpf\/ xdktcg a,m*Donf ydk owdxm;&onf/ rdrdtwGuf todOmPf
enf;olrsm;tm; tjypfydk av;roGm;atmif apmifUa&Smuf&jyef\/odkUr[kwfygu rodolrsm;
t&d,m pGyfpGJjypfMuD; usa&mufoGm; Edkifonf/t&d,m rjzpfao;aom a,m*DwdkUyifvQif
t&d,ly0g'uHeD;yg; tjypfrsm; jzpfapEdkifojzifU ydk onf;cHMu&m\/
t&d,m pGyfpGJjypf q,frsdK;um; tvGefaMumufzG,f aumif;avpGmU/ t&d,m r[kwfoltm;
t&d,mtjzpfcsD;usL;*kPfjyKjcif;onfvnf; t&d,ly0g'uHESifU twlwlyifjzpfaMumif;('o*Fkw&
aumumvduokwf tzGifU)vm&Sd\/ t&d,myk*dKvf? t&d,mjzpf&ef usifUMuHaeaoma,m*DwdkUESifU
qufqH&onfrSm vlrdkufwdkUtwGuf tvGefaMumufzG,f aumif;avpGmU/
vlrkdufrsm; tjypfrMuD;Muap&ef a,m*Dvkyfolrsm;uvnf; taetxdkif tajymtqdkudk qifjcif
Mu&m\/ onf;cHjcif;jzifU rdrd w&m;wufap&HkrQru rodem;rvnf olwdkUudkyg apmifUa&Smuf&m
a&mufay\/
]]w&m;XmerSm aejyD; w&m;orm;vdk raeEdkifvQif raewmu aumif;w,f/ raeMuESifU
wjcm;olawGvJ'DvdkyJ aerSmygqdkjyD; rdrdwpfa,mufwnf; rwnfUwmudk jrifvdkU wpfyg;olu
uJU&JUrdoGm;&if xdkolrSm tvGeftjypfMuD;w,f/ rdrdrSmvJ tpD;tyGm; rrsm;wJUtjyif jrifwJUolawGudkyg
tjypfay;aewmeJU twllwlyJ}}
[k aus;Zl;&Sif a0bl q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u vd*Ft&d,m? tmpm& t&d,m paom t&d,m trsdK;
tpm; rsm;udk cGJjcm;nTefjy rdrdteD;tyg;&Sd MuD;rS &[ef;jyKaom &[ef;a,m*Drsm;tm; qHk;ronfudk

rSwfom;& zl;\/owdjyKtyfvSygayonf/
a,m*Dum; OD;ausmf'ifuJUodkU wpfr*fwpfzdkvfrQ r&ao;vQifvnf; usdwfrSdwf atmifUtnf;om
onf;cHEkdifatmif MudK;pm;Mu&m\/ OD;ausmf'ifrSmrl vG,fvG,fululjzifUyif onf;cHEdkifayonf/
a':a&T&nfum; tavQmUray;/
wpfnwGif OD;ausmf'if w&m;&IrSwf aumif;aecdkuf csnfwdkifrS EGm;rudk MudK;ajzvTwfvdkufjyD;
]]udkausmf'if? EGm;r vGwfoGm;vdkU vdkufacsygOD;}} [kqdkum nMuD;rif;MuD; EGm;vdkufcdkif;onf/
xdkEGm;rSm jriforQa0SUwwf tvGefqdk;aom EGm;rjzpfaomfvnf; OD;ausmf'if xvdkufoGm;aomtcg
tvG,fwulyif zrf;csnfEdkifcJU\/
a':a&T&nfcrsm aeUcsif;ncsif; pdwfajymif;rSef;rod ajymif;vmum rdef;rMurf;vkyf ujy&&Sm\/
Zmwfq&mum; b,foljzpfygavrnfenf;/
a<u;&Sif;aejyD? Mum;r0ifapESifU
a,m*DwdkU owdjyK&rnfrSm w&m;tvkyfcGif (&dk;&dk;,Of,Ofuav;jzifU) taESmifUt,Suf tarT"mwf
0ifyHk rSm odrfarGUvSayonf/ a,m*Dwdkif; em;rvnfEdkifay/ ,ck a':a&T&nf jyKvkyfaeyHkrsm;rSm ]]'g
bmqef; vJ? vlwdkif; 'DvdkyJ vkyfrSmyJ? udk,fUvifom;yJ[m}} ponfjzifU avmu jzpf&dk;jzpfpOf[k
xifzG,f&Sd\/
vlUoabmp&dkuf &IaxmifUt&vnf; wpfydkif;u rSefuefvsuf &Sdonfjzpf ]]'g tarT"mwfoabm}}
[k ajymvQif vG,fvG,fjzifU vufrcHEdkifMuay/ xdkUaMumifU ]]odrfarGU yd&donf}} [k uREkfyfwdkU
qdk&jcif; jzpf\/
tarT"mwfwdkU\ oabmonf &kwfw&uf y,fcs r&atmif wpfpGef;wpfp rSefuefvsuf&Sdonf[k
xif&um tenf;i,f tm;enf;csuf ,dkayguf&Sdaom [muGufrsm;udk qkyfudkifjyD;
wufeif;vmwwfonf/ ajAmiftxif rcHacs? aoG;&dk;om;&dk; [k xifaponf/ rwwfomrS 'JU'dk;
ajAmif0ifvkyfwwf\/ arSmif&dyfcdkEdkiforQcdk vkyfonf/ &EkdiforQ w&m;cH tiSm;&Sm\/
vufudkifwkwfrsm;udk &Sm oHk;avU&Sd\/
a,m*Dtm; ]]igUpdwfESifU igjzpfaeonf? tpm;rSm; aeraumif;jcif; jzpfonf/ igvkyfcsif
vkyfonf? olljzpfcsif jzpfonf/}} [k vSnfUpm; r&vQif a,m*DESifU teD;pyfqHk;olrsm;udk
tiSm;w&m;cH vkyf\/ xdkolrsm;udk wkwfvkyf a,m*Dtm;&dkufwwfonf/ a,m*D\ q&morm;?rdb?
wynfU? om;r,m;? aqGrsdK;rdwf aqG ponf/ a,m*D oHa,mZOfMuD;oavmuf? av;pm;oavmuf?
xdkolrsm;u tiftm;enf;oavmuf (0g avmb a'go arm[MuD;oavmuf) wpfrsdK;jyD; wpfrsdK;
tuGufqif arTwwfonf/

w&m;&IrSwf&m ta&;MuD;aom tydkif;a&mufav? 0ifvmavyifwnf;/ w&m;Xme oGm;&ef

pdwfrul;jzpf atmif? pdwful;vQif roGm;jzpfao;atmif? oGm;jzpfvQif tvkyfrwGifatmif
tuGufqifyHkrSm ,OfvS\/ r,HkEkdifatmif yd&dvS\/ xdkUaMumifU ]]wpfzufurf;odkU ul;ajrmufEdkifolu
tvGefenf;yg; rSmzufurf;yif usef &pfcJU&olu rsm;aMumif;? rkqdk; ydkufuGefrS
vGwfxGufoGm;aom iSufuenf; ydkufuGefxJrSmyif ao&aomiSufu rsm;vSaMumif;}}
a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ xdktcg a,m*Donf ]]igUbufub,fvdkrSefonf? igb,fa&GU b,frQ
tEGHwmcHxm;onf}} ponfjzifU rqkyfudkif&m/ ,ckrSefvnf; a&S;a&S;b0 rsm;pGmu rSm;cJUom[k
ajzqnfyg/ b,folrjyK rdrdrI/
tarT"mwfudk Edkif&ef onf;cHjcif;? cGifUvTwfjcif;? oem;jcif;? arwmyGm;jcif;u vGJ tjcm;enf;r&Sd/
yk*dKvf ow0g ynwfudk rMunfU&/ roHk;oyf&/
rSefonfjzpfap? rSm;onfjzpfap? qdk;onfjzpfap? aumif;onfjzpfap t&IH;ay;jyD; rdrdtvkyfudkom
qufvkyfyg/ r&vQif arwm ememyGm;ydkUyg/ tqdk;vmvQif arwmESifU "gwfobm0udk qifjcif
a'goudkonf; cH/ taumif; (vmbf? 0dobm*) vmvQif tedp tokb qifjcif avmbudk
onf;cH/ MuyfMuyf jyif;xefvQifjrefjrefwufawmUrnf atmufarU/ txl;ojzifU aus;Zl;wifom
aysmfaysmfMuD; vkyfygav/
550-Zmwfaygif;cef;udk owdjyK&efvdk\/ oHo&m qufoGm;&ef r&Sd/ b0pm&if;&Sif;Mu&
vdrfUrnf/ ay;qyfp&m&SdvQif ay;qyf&\/ a<u;topfta[mif; vkyf&rnfUolrsm;rSm ta0;r&Sd?
a,m*D ESifUuyfae\/ aus;Zl;cH aus;Zl;pm; rdb q&morm;? wynfUom;orD; rdwfaqGrsm;omvQif
jzpfukef\/ olwdkUonfom rm&fewf udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf oifESifU &ifqdkifvmwwfMuonf/
rm&fewfum; tarSmif&dyf om aevdrfUrnf/tdrfMuufcsif; tdk;rJokwf cGyfcdkif;ae\/
xdkUaMumifU eD;pyfolrsm;wGif tiftm;enf;olrsm; r&Sd&atmif arwmjzifU w&m;vrf;odkU ydkUygav/
xdkolwdkU tay: MuyfMuyf arwm yGm;ygav/ (yO*Fkw&? vdp0Dukrm&u okwf) tdrfacgif;aqmifwdkU
twGufMuD;yGm;aMumif; w&m;ig;rsdK;udk a[mawmfrl\/
1/ rdbbdk;bGm;?
2/ om;r,m; aus;uRef aqGrsdK;?
3/ tdrfeD; ,meD; vkyfazmfudkifzuf?
4/ &dk;&mewf paom ewfrsm;?
5/ olawmfaumif;rsm;tm; w&m;aom ypnf;jzifU csD;ajrSmufay;v xdkolrsm;\ tcspfcH&atmif
aeyg[k qdkvdkawmfrlonf/
eD;pyfolrsm;xHrS arwmwHkU &,lrIonf ta&;MuD;onfU oabmyifwnf;/ wpfenf;tm;jzifU
arwmraem uHrQomru arwm0pDuH (csdKcsdKomomajym? EIwf\ apmifrjcif;jyK)? arwmum,uH

(udk,fxd vufa&muf ay;urf;ulnD? vuf\apmifrjcif;jyK) ay;EdkifrS ydk c&D;a&muf

atmifjrifonfUoabmyif jzpfonf/
]]rdb om;r,m;? aqGrsdK;rsm;ESifU? apyg;vkyfazmf? ewf-olawmf? oifUay:cspfygap}}
'kwd,tMudrf edAmefa&mufjcif;
OD;ausmf'ifonf a':a&T&nf\ trsdK;rsdK;aom aESmifU,Sufjcif;udk arwmjzifU onf;cHum tcsdef&orQ
&IrSwfyGm;rsm;&m ,cifuxuf ydk todOmPfrsm; vif;vm\/ oGm;zl;jyD;aom vrf;jzpf
tcuftcJvnf; r&SdawmUay/ ]]twGif;a0'em ydk wufjcif;rQavmufom xl;awmUonf/}} [k
a[mMum;zl;\/ (a,m*Dwdkif;odkUjzpf&rnf[kum; wpfxpfcs rrSwfoifU/)
wpfnwGif OD;ausmf'ifonf owdjzifUyif tdyfaysmfoGm;cdkuf tdyfrufxJwGif rD;&xm;blwm&Hk wpfckudk
a&mufoGm; vufrSwf,l&m rdrdu wpfckom,laomfvnf; vufrSwfay;olu av;ckay;yHk? xdkUaemuf
av;ckvHk;tdwfxJxnfUjyD; &xm;odkUavQmufcJY&m &xm;rSm xGufcgeD;ae tjrefvdkufyg wufpD;&yHkudk
jrifruf\/ aemufrMumrD &uftwGif; tdyfrufrufjyefonfrSm ,mcif;odkU a&mufoGm;cdkuf
EGm;wpfaumifajy;vmonfudk jrif vdkufqGJ&m tjrD;udk qGJrdojzifU tjrD;&if;rS jyKwfygvmonfudk
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OD;ausmf'ifonf tqdkyg tdyfrufrsm;udk twdwfaumuf ]]omoemaemufydkif;rSm tjyKwf[}} [k
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vnf; ydk MuD;us,fvmonf/ y&rw obm0usus a0zefEdkifvm\/ A[d'udk jrif&mvnf; ydk
tjrifoef vmonf/ &yfxJ&GmxJ wpfpHkwpfa,muf aexdkifraumif;[k Mum; ]]'DvlaorSmyJ}} [k
OD;ausmf'ifu ajymvQifaooGm;onfyif jzpfonf/ rao[kajymvQif rao/ olajymwdkif;
rSefaeojzifU OD;ausmf'ifem;odkUruyf&JMu/ OD;ausmf'ifrSm ydk ae&musum rdrdw&m;udkom aZmufcs
&IrSwf&av\/
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tudef;"mwfwdkUudk tqifUqifUowf&m tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSay\/ vufESD;pkwfudk
txyfxyfzGyfavQmf&yHk? tvTmvTm oHacs;uyfaeaom oHacsmif;MuD;udk tMudrfMudrf rD;zkwfoefUpif&yHk?
cJovJ&THUEGHrsm;udk rdkufxkwf a&Tusif,l&yHk? tav;r avUusifUolonf wjznf;jznf;csif;
wdk;wdk; r vmEdkifyHk Oyrmrsm;uJUodkU &Sday\/ tMurf;pm; tvwfpm; tEkpm; acs;aSmfrsm;

tqifUqifU uGm uGm oGm;ouJUodkU jzpfayonf/

1/aomwmywdr*fu 'd|d? 0dpdudpm? oDvAwy&mrmo (t,ltq tawG;tac: &wemoHk;yg;?
tusifUw&m;ESifU q&morm;tay:csDwHkcswHk &SdrI? rdpm'd|d trltusifU) rsm;udk y,fonf-[k
qdk&apumrl oDvapmifU jcif; paom a&SUajy; udprsm;uyif tqifUqifU y,fcJU&jyD; jzpf\/ xdkae&m
ra&mufrDuyif aerI pm;rI 0wfrI? avmua&;? "ra&;? q&mtrsdK;rsdK;ab;? tawG;rSm;? t,lrSm;?
csDwHkcswHkrsm; bwpfjyef usm;wpfjyef jzpfcJU&\/vrf;rSef vrf;rSm; prf;w0g;0g; jzpfcJU&\/
oDvapmifUjcif;rStp 0dok'd ckepfyg;jzifU oefU&Sif;a&; vkyfjyD;rSomaomwmywdr*fu tjrpfjywf
owfcsvdkufEdkifonf/ aomwmywdr*f "m;onf rnfrQyif xufapumrl pOf;wD;wkH;yrm oDv paom
tajccHrygbJ jzwf&onf r[kwfacs/
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jzwfEdkif&ef tcuf t&Guf tvufrsm; csdK;EdkiforQ MudKwif csdK;ay;xm;ESifU&onf/ rnfodkUjzpfap
aomwmyef tjzpfodkU a&mufvQifyif t,l0g' a&;&m uGif;vHk;uRwf cGifvHk;ydkif
wdwdususMuD;tjrif&Sif;oGm;avjyD/ ]'e|} [k ac:\/ (,xdEcDavm-&I/)
2/ou'g*grdr*f um; oD;oefU tjrpfjzwfjcif; wm0efr&Sdaomfvnf; avmb a'go ponfwdkUudk
tiftm;enf;EdkiforQ enf;oGm;atmif MudKwif qHk;rxm;ESifU&\/
ae&m vlrsm;pkum; ]ou'g*grfonf (txl;y,fowfaom udavom r&SdvSojzifU)
aomwmyefESifUrxl;} [k xifwwfMu\? r[kwfacs? opfyifrsm; tom;tayG; wpf&pfwufvQif
tESpftom;wpfqifU &ifUusufvmouJUodkU rsufjrif rxl;vS[k xif&apumrl w&m;tESpftom;
wufrIrSm rnfodkUrQ rwlEdkifay/
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tvGefjzpfcJrQom&SdawmU vGefusL;Edkifavmufaom pGrf;tm;r&SdawmYaMumif; ]y#dord'gr*
t|uxm} (y?257-r*OmPeda'o) xl;xl;jcm;jcm; zGifUjyxm;onfudk awGY&onf/ ou'g*grf
][dkudp} r&Sd awmUjyD/
3/tem*grdr*f um; a'goudk tjrpfjywf y,fowf avmbudk tm;enf;ESifUatmif ESdyfay;xm;&\/
4/ t&[wr*fa&mufrS avmb? arm[udk t<uif;rJU owfEdkifonf/ (um; tMurf;pm;
jyojcif;om wnf;/) awmif,mckwfxGifolonf rdrdvufeuftiftm; tvdkuf tjrpfyg
wl;Edkifonfudk wl;? rwl;Edkifao; aom tyifMuD;rsm;udk aemiftcg tjrpfjywf ckwfydkif;&eftwGuf
rD;&dIUjcif;? cufvufcsdKifjcif;? tcGHtayG; cGmxm;ESifU&jcif; ponfjzifU vkyf&ouJUodkUwnf;/

'kuay;rnfU awG;ac: 0g'a&;&m q&mMuD;

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tckduftwefUvdkuf jzpfavUjzpfx&Sdaom usifUpOfrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f &SdouJUodkU r*f
av;qifUwuf&mvnf; y,fowf&rnfU tEko, (tikyf"mwf) udavomwdkU\ tEdI;tqG
txtuef oabmuav; rsm;udk jrifwwfvQif tvGef t&om&SdayvdrfUrnf/
a':a&T&nfonf OD;ausmf'if\ a'goudk 'kwd,tqifU jyif;jyif;xefxef EdI;qGay;cJU\/
xdktEdI;tqGudkcHEdkif&nf&SdonfESifU tMuD;pm;a'goudk atmifEdkifum 'kwd,tqifUodkU
wufvmEdkifcJUonf/ a':a&T&nfum; aus;Zl;wifp&m/
wpfoHo&mvHk;u ikyfudef; ESdyfpufMuaom udavom &efolq,fa,mufwdkUudk ppfolMuD;
av;OD;av;okwfcGJ tqHk;pD&ifMu&m olUtokwfESifUol ikyfae? ykef;aer&/ wpfenf;enf;jzifU
xGufvm&um ppfolMuD;a&SUarSmuf ra&mufrD twkyftcsnf cH&pOf &kef;uefyHk? &dSorQ tiftm;
tukefxkwf &efvkyf xdk;MudwfyHk? aemufqHk; rwwfom vnfpif;cH&yHkrsm;rSm tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,f?
OmPfyxsmjzefUzG,f aumif;vS\/
aomwmywdr*f pufwdkifwufcgeD; vmjyDjzpfaom oHo&m0if 'd|d vlqdk;MuD;onf avmbu
tazmfnSdwdkif; omoemU 'g,um vkyf&aumif;Edk;Edk;? bk&m;qkyefum u,fwif&Sif
vkyf&aumif;Edk;Edk;? xGuf&yfaygufq&mvkyf&aumif;Edk;Edk;? olaX;ol<u,f pmwwfyk*dKvf
vkyf&aumif;Edk;Edk;? aumif;uifysH& aumif;Edk;Edk;?trsdK;rsdK; oa0xdk;um a,muf,uf cwfonfudk
a,m*DwdkUodcJU&jyD/ um; 'd|d &kef;uefyHkwnf;/
qdkvdkonfum; a,m*Donf udk,fwdkifyif odEdkifyg\/ psmeftpOf? 0dok'd tpOf? OmPftpOf
olUtcsdef ESifUol &kyfemrfobm0 jzpfysufyHkrsm;? xdkodkU jzpfysuf&m ynwfaumif
vlewfow0gwdkUyg a&maxG;yg0ifwwfMuyHkrsm;udk od&ouJUodkU r*fav;yg; tqifUqifU
&kyfemrf"r obm0wdkU\ tEdI;tqGtxtuef jzpfysufrI o@efudk OmPftjrif tvGefyif
odomvSay&m\/
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OD;ausmf'ifa&SU rdk;MudK;c jcif;
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wwd,tMudrf edAmefudk rsufarSmufjyKav\/}}

q,fem&D rxdk;rDuav;wGif OD;ausmf'ifwpfudk,fvHk;&dS taMumtjcifrsm; wkwfwkwfqGJum jywfoGm;r

wwf tvGefjyif;xefvSaom a0'emudk cHpm;&onf/
]]'Dae&mrSm cHEdkif&ifcH? rcHEdkif&if vefa&m? 'gausmfrS ig om"kac:rnf}} [k vnf; jyefvnf a[mMum;
zl;\/
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xdkvdk&if;r[kwfaom &kyf0wK jzpfyHkudkom wpfxpfcs,laomf ]] odkUjzpfrSom tem*grfjzpfonf}} [k
rvdkvm;tyfaom ed,mrwpfck xGufvmp&m&Sdayonf/
aemufwpfaeUwGif OD;ausmf'if\ a&Syif jyif;xefaom rdk;MudK;us\/ OD;ausmf'ifum; rnfodkUrQ
rwkefvIyf? rxdwfvefU? pdwfqdk;jcif;? aMumuf&GHUwkefvIyfxdwfvefUjcif;onf a'goyif jzpf\/
OD;ausmf'ifum; a'goudk tjrpfjywf owfEkdifavjyD/ xdktqifUodkU a&mufjyD; jzpfaMumif;
axmufcHcsuf ay;vSmaom rdk;MudK;yifwnf;/ rdk;MudK;rS wu,fU odMum;rdk;MudK; jzpfay&m\/
]omoem tnmqefonf} qdkonfUtwdkif; omoemwpfckck rdrdoEmef udef;atmif;rdygvQif
wpfqifUxuf wpfqifU jrifUxufjrifUom qefwuf&jrJyifwnf;/ avmuD&wemuJUodkU qkwf,kwf
avQmus&dk;r&Sd/
aoavmufatmif ylaom vl\b0ESifU ywf0ef;usif
OD;ausmf'ifonf wwd,qifUodkU a&mufjyD; quf tm;xkwfjyef&m vltrsm;\ tajymtqdk?
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(aMumuf&GHU xdwfvefUjcif;um; a'gor[kwf/ b,wky|me=]aMumufp&m awGyguvm;} [k
pdwf xifvm aom todOmPf taMumufjzpfonf/) tvGef&Snfvsm;vSaom OrifvdkPf
acgif;rMuD;xJodkU 0ifoGm;olonf a0;av tat;"mwf &avjzpfum tyl&Sdefrsm;udk rcHcsifav
jzpfvmonf/ OD;ausmf'ifonf vl0wfaMumif b0udk&GHrkef;um &[ef;jyKcsifae\/ &[ef;jyK&efvnf;
rvG,ful/
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ylavmifaMumif; owdjyKEdkifayonf/ ylonfrSm aoavmufatmif ylay\/
xdktaMumif;ESifUpyf tenf;i,fqdk&aomf rdvdEyOSm vl0wfaMumif toGiftjyif
tm;enf;rIaMumifU (v*F'kAv) [k qdk\/ *kPfESifUb0 cHEdkif&nftiftm; rrQaMumif; Oyrmrsm;jzifU
jyonf/ rdvdEyOSm pum;onftaMumif;&if;odkU rxdqdkufvS/ uREfkyfwdkU oabmusonfrSm w&m;\
tiftm; tyl"mwf tat;"mwfwdkU\ uGmjcm;rIyifwnf;/ (oarm? |-505-ponfif;/)

&[Em\b0 (cEmudk,f)onf udavomtyl tm;vHk; uif;pifum tocFw tjidrf;"mwfMuD;

tjynfU &Sdaeoljzpf\/ tocFw tiftm; av;yHkwpfyHk &Sdaeol (aomwmyef)onf vlUt0wf?
vlYb0? vlUywf0ef;usif av;yHkwpfyHk pdwfukefaeayjyD/ "mwfcsif;rwlawmUay/
vlnHUvlayrsm; bkef;MuD;ausmif;odkU roGm;vdk/ a&mufvQifvnf; MumMumraevdkMu/ ewfjA[mrsm;
vlUjynfvm&m bk&m;&Sif a&SUawmfyif rwfwwf&yfaeonfu rsm;\/ wpf,lZemu
vlapmfeHowwf/
aomwmyefonf b0jcm;oGm; ]ig aomwmyef} [k rodapumrl ydk;&G jcykef;rQudkyif
owfvdkpdwftvsOf;r&Sd/ oHawGcJ&J&J ,ifaumifruyf&JouJUodkU uHig;yg;ESifU tvdkvdk
uif;uGmae\/ "robm0yif/
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&[ef;rsm;ESifUxm0pOf raevdk/
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aumumvdu wdkU bk&m;&Sifa&SU ajrrsdKrcH&? &kyfysufqif;ysuf tzktydrfUrxGuf/
rsufuG,fa&mufrSom jzpfMu&onf/ tocFw"mwf\ed&P y[mef oabm[k qdkoifU\/
tcsKyftm;jzifU tocFw tjidrf;"mwf\ e,fowfcGJjcm;onfU oabm yifwnf;/
vlUb0um; &l;&aomfrSwnfU aMomfaumif;\
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awGUjrif&onf/ ]'DaMuG;awG &Sif;oGm;OD;rSbJ} [k pOf;pm;um a':a&T&nftm; tEl;tnGwf
azsmif;zsawmif; yef&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf\/
]]&Sifa&T&nf? nOf;wdkU igwdkUrSmoHo&mu ukodkvfa&pufqHkvdkU awGUMu&w,f/ ckcsdefupjyD;
igUa<u;udkvJrif;wdkUrqyfygeJUawmU/ rif;wdkU a<u;udkvJ igrqyfyg&apeJUawmU/ iguvJ rif;udk
ESrt&if;vdk oabmxm; ygw,f/ rif;uvJ igUudk armift&if;vdk atmifarUjyD; aeMupdkUvm;?
aemufjyD;awmU igUudkvJ &[ef;jyKcGifU ay;ygvm;uG,f}}

]]udkausmf'if? udk,fajymovdk a<u;awGbmawG xm;ygawmU/ ausygw,f? 'gayr,fU udk,fvJb,frS

roGm;csifygESifU/ &[ef;vJ rcHygESifU/ tdrfOD;cef;rSm armifMuD;t&m xm;jyD; 0wfMuD;0wfi,f jyKy&ap/
tdrfwpftdrfrSm vifom;r&Sd&if rwifUw,fbl; awmf&JU? vlvJ r&dkaobl;}} ponfjzifU aqG;aEG;
ajymqdkMu&m OD;ausmf'ifrSm rSef;ajc rudkuf jzpf&jyef\/
wpfaeUwjcm; pdwfqif;&Jom ae&&Sm\/ vifcef;r,m;cef; jywfaejyD jzpfaom twGif;oabmESifU
ruif;aom tdrfaxmif&Sifb0udk rnfodkU&kef;xGuf&rnfrod jzpfae/ ]rdef;ru cGifUay;rS
&[ef;jyK&onf} [kvnf; xifae&Sm\/
xrif;wpfvkyftwGuf vltrsm; vkyfudkifpm;aomuf aeMuonfrSm ]tjypfuif;aom tvkyf} [l
rawGUoavmufjzpfum vlUb0udk taMumufMuD; aMumuf ae&\/
]uJ......&[ef;0wf&&ifvJ0wf? r0wf&vJ t&l;yJvkyfaeawmUr,f} [k MuHrdMuH&m MuHaerd\/
]*kefeDtdwf MuD;udk vufESpfbufESifU acgif;0if&Hktayguf oHk;ckazmufvQdKjyD; aer,f/ t0wfvJ&?
tcif;vJ&? w,f...... ae&mus/ pm;csdefus tdrfpOfavQmufjyD; cGufwpfckeJU awmif;pm;/}
OD;ausmf'iftm; apmapmu t&l;[k tjcm;olrsm;u ajymcJYMu\/ ,ck oludk,fwdkifyif t&l;vkyf&ef
pOf;pm;aerd\/ odkUrS vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf tvkyfvkyfEdkifrnf[k ,lq onf/ wu,fvnf;
&l;r&ojzifU a':a&T&nftm; wpfMudrfxyf cGifUawmif;jyef \/ r&av/ OD;ausmf'ifrSm rpm;Edkif
raomufEdkif jzpfum wpfaeUwpfjcm; t&dk;ay: ta&wifjzpfvmcJU\/
OD;ausmf'if\ tjzpfudk rjrif&ufMuojzifU tdrfeD;csif;rsm;uyg 0dkif;ul a':a&T&nf tm; em;csMujyef
onf/ r&/
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r[kwfbl;}} [kom ZGwfwif; cHae\/
OD;ausmf'ifum;*kefeDtdwf r0wfbJvsuf acgif;arG;? rkwfqdwfarG;&Snf&Snf t0wftxnf npfnpf?
yg;acsmifem;acsmifusum wu,fU t&l;MuD;yHk ay:aeawmU\/ t&yfuyg 0dkif; ulMuojzifU
aemufqHk; q,fUav;ig;&uf &[ef;jyKcGifU &vm\/ twdkif;rod 0rf;omoGm;awmUonf/
]]at;-at;? 0rf;omvdkufwm &Sifa&T&nf&,f/ yg&rDr&ddSvdkU raysmf&ifvJ q,fUav;ig;&uf rajymeJU?
csufcsif; jyefcJUygr,f/ yg&rD&SdvdkU aysmf&ifvJ qufjyD;aey&apuG,f/}}
]]uJ- aumif;ygjyDawmf? 'gxuf &[ef;rcHcif xGefa&;yufvufeJU yJuav;MuJay;cJUygOD;}}

EGm;ESpfaumiffESifUxGefaxmifudk,fawmf
OD;ausmf'ifonf 1282-ckESpf oDwif;uRwfvjynfUausmf ig;&ufaeUwGif yJMuJ&ef xGefu ,mcif;odkU
xGufvmcJU\/ ,mxJodkU a&mufaomtcg xGefa&;p&ef armif;ESif&m EGm;ESpfaumifrSm vSnfUMunfU
vSnfUMunfUvkyfum roGm;bJ awGjyD; &yfaeMu\/ ][JU} [k aigufaomfvnf; a&SodkUrwdk;bJ
vSnfUMunfUjyD; OD;ausmf'iftm;wpfpHkwpfck jyefajymaeMuouJUodkU &Sd\/
]cgwdkif;qdk [JU-vdkUawmif raiguf&bJ olUxufig &kef;MuwJU aus;Zl;&SifMuD; ESpfaumifuawmif
xHkayayeJU igUudk ESifaeMuygyaumvm;/ tif;udk,fUtaMumif; udk,ftodqHk;rdkU udk,fU[mudk,f
rqHk;jzwf Ekdif&ifudk,fUtodOmPf[m bmtoHk;usawmUrSmvJ/}
OD;ausmf'ifonf &kwfw&uf tMuHaygufum xGefay:uqif;jyD; EGm;udk xrf;ydk;rS MudK;jzKwf
xGefwHk;udk axmifxm;vdkuf\/
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ay;vdkufjyD}} [k qdkum EGm;ESpfaumifudk vTwfvdkufonf/ jyD;vQif OD;0D&d,ac: bkef;awmfMuD;
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ar;/ /'gjzifU aeygOD;? tmumomeOm,we psmef[m ynwftm&HkjyK ovm;? y&rwf
tm&HkjyKovm;/
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ar;/ /0dOmPOm,we psmefuaum/
ajz/ /y&rwf tm&HkjyKygw,f bk&m;/

ar;/ /tmudOnm,we psmefuaum/

ajz/ /ynwf tm&HkjyKygw,fbk&m;/
ar;/ /ae0onm emonm,we psmefuaum/
ajz/ /y&rwf tm&HkjyKygw,fbk&m;/
ar;/ /'gjzifU tmumomeOm ,we psmefuae 0dnmPOm,we psmefudk wufawmU
atmuf tm&HkjyKovm;? txuftm&HkjyKovm;/
ajz/ /atmuf tm&HkjyKjyD; wufygw,f bk&m;/
xdktcg q&mawmfu ][if..... b,fUES,f r[kwfwm? txufwufwm
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]]tJ'Dwkef;u q&mawmfrsm;u a&SUqufrar;vdkU? ar;&if t&lybHkrSm ewdabmynwf r&SdvdkU pmu
qdkxm;w,f/ ynwfudkvJ tm&HkjyKw,fvdkU qdkw,f? b,fvdk ynwfudk b,fyHk tm&HkjyKowHk;vdkU
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tm&HkjyKvdkU&w,fr[kwfvm;? tJovdk r&Sdynwf udk tm&HkjyKw,fvdkU ajzvdkufrSmyJ}} [k OD;u0d
udk,fwdkif wpfcsdefu a[mjycJUzl;\/
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&[ef;jyK&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrl\/
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odrfwpf vHk;avmuf jzpfap aqmif&Gufay;&vQif tvGef tusdK;rsm;oGm;Edkifygw,f}} [k

wdkufwGef;awmfrlonf/
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a&mufawmfrlMuonf/
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w&m;rsm;udk ax&kywd MunfUyg/) OD;u0d a[maom w&m;rsm;wGif y&d,wd rwwfuRrf;ojzifU
t"dym,f zGifU&m ynwfwif&m t&yfoHk;jzpf&yfrsm;udk trsm;qHk; ynwfwif a[mawmfrl&av\/
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wpfpHkwpf&mvGJacsmfjcif;r&Sd/ pmay y&d,wf rwwfolrsm;twGuf omyif oabmaygufvG,fap\/
y&d,wf orm;rsm;twGufvnf; tcsdKU t&yfoHk; ( tbd"rm obm0) rSm ydkyif t&om
ay:aponfvnf; &Sdjyefonf/
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wpfqifUa[majymrI rsm;pGm uGmjcm;vSay&m\/
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vnf; t&omcHpm;&yHkcsif;um; rwlEdkif/ xdkUtwl udk,fU&yfa'o awm&GmodkU jyefa&muf wpfqifU
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vrf;aygufum oGm;a&mufEdkifMu jcif;jzifUyif aus;Zl;MuD;jrwfonfum; ajymzG,f&mr&Sd/ odkU&mwGif
t&SdrSeftwdkif; od&efudkrl vdktyf vS\/
pmwwfolcsif;vnf; odyHkcsif;? xkwfazmfEdkifyHkcsif;um; rwlEdkif/ aomwmyefcsif; vnf; rwl/
&[Emcsif;vnf; rwl/ bk&m;csif;vnf; rwl/
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ta&mifrvif;/ qnf;yl;cJUyHk (yg&rD) csif; rwlcJUonfU oabmyif wnf;/ xdkUaMumifU ]igwdkUbk&m;rS
bk&m;} [k rpGJ,lrSm;&m/ olU tiftm;ESifU olomvQif jzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifUyifvQif a,m*DwdkUonf b0 &[ef;udp jyD;pD;&HkrQavmufudkom rwGufqbJ &aom
tcgwGif ydk tiftm;MuD;rm;aom r*fzdkvf jzpfvmap&ef vdktyf vSojzifU tm;csdefem;csdefrQ rxm;bJ

'ge? oDv? arwm paom tajccH yg&rD xkxnf wdkUudkvnf; cdkifcefUMuap ukef&m\/
omomemwGif; yg&rD tvkyfonf tavmif;awmfMuD;rsm;\ (omoemy) yg&rD
tvkyfrsm;xufyifomvGefMuD;jrwfay\/ wpfbufu *kPfxl;aqmif yg&rD tvkyfwkdUudk vnf;
tcsdef&SdorQ rqkwfrepf MudK;pm;Muukef&monf/ ('ge? oDv? bm0em? Ak'gEkwd paom tajccH
tiftm;rsm;udk udk,fawGU0wKrsm;ESifU wuG ]&wemoHk;yg; aus;Zl;} pmtkyf &IMuygukef)
a':a&T&nf rsuf&nfESifhyifh
OD;u0d &[ef;jyK pGef;vGef;odkY w&m;a[m<uNyD; rMumrD rdwDvmodkY a':a&T&nf vdkufoGm;\/
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uG,f&m ajymjyav\/ (tarT"mwfudk owdjyKMuygukef/)
a':a&T&nfvnf; rnfodkYrQ avQmuf r&onfhtqHk; atmufyguwd av;csufjzifh t&
udkifavawmhonf/
1/..ypnf;av;yg; 'g,dumr jyKvkyfcGifh ay;&ef/
2/..w&m;a[m yifhavQmufaomtcg a[majym qHk;r&ef/
3/..udk,fwdkif ausmif;aqmuf vSLEdkifaomtcg &GmodkY jyef<u&ef/
4/..rdrdtm;vnf; rdrd oabmtwdkif; aecGifhjyK&ef/
xdkYaemuf 1284-ckESpfwGif OD;pHwif rdwDvmodkY vdkufvmum ,cifu ajymzl;onfhtwdkif;
]]pGef;vGef;&Gm awmifbuf csnfpufBuD; ay:aeaMumif;? <ua&muf y#dywd omoemjyK&ef
a':a&T&nfESifh wdkifyifNyD; uRef;zdkom; wdkifjzifh ausmif;aqmufrnfh taMumif;? OD;u0d <uvmvQif
olyg &[ef;cHrnfh taMumifh}} rsm;udk avQmufvSm\/
armif&ifay: acsmuf ausmif;aqmufNyD;vQif OD;pHwifonf &[ef;0wfjzifh iHhvifh xdkESpf 0gqdktrD
a':a&T&nfudk,fwdkif OD;u0dtm; ausmif; yifhvSLavonf/ a':a&T&nfvnf; w&m;rsm;
tm;xkwfae\/ (a':a&T&nfonf umvMum aomtcg uyd, OD;ajymif;ESifh tdrfaxmifusonf/
aemuf uG,fvGefaomtcg Nydwmb0odkY a&mufaeojzifh q&mawmf a[mcRwfawmf rl&onf/)
tem*grf a':aiGbHk pHkprf;vmjcif;
q&mawmfonf armif&ifay: acsmuf xdktcgrS pwif w&m;jyay;awmf rl\/ q&mawmf Tefjy
w&m;ay;&m rjyif;raysmh yHkrSefom &SLdIufcdkif;onf/ 0dwuf0ifvQif ESmacgif;rS EIwfcrf;odkY
vufdI;uav;jzifh qGJcs yGwfoyf I&ef jyay;awmf rlonf/ jyif;jyif; &SLdIufaom enf;ESifhpyf

q&mawmf\ wynfhBuD;vnf; jzpf? 1301-ckESpfu q&mawmftm; &efukefodkY yxrOD;qHk;

yifholvnf; jzpfaom tjrwfcGefrif;BuD; OD;pHodrf; (y#dywdtzGJY Ou|) u ol\ ]],xmblw
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xdrIudk owdjyKap&m tcsdKUaom yk*dKvfrsm;tm; jyif;jyif; &SLdIufaponf/ tcsdKUaom yk*dKvfwdkYtm;
e*dkae twdkif;omvQif El;nHhpGm &SLdIufaponf}} [k azmfjyxm; onfudk awGY&\/
q&mawmf\ vufxufawmf wynfhBuD;rsm; pkaygif; jyKpkonfh ]om&PD, uxm} vnf;
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qEESifhvnf; tudkuf? a,m*D\ pdkufESifhvnf; ruGmap&atmif? a,medaom reodum&
rsm;rsm;jzifh r,Gif;rrSm;&atmif BudK;pm; udk,fhomoem udk,fjyKEdkifMu&efom ta&;BuD;vSay\/)
wpfaeYaomtcg rif;uGef; aZw0ef q&mawmf\ wynfhr tem*grf[k ausmfMum;ol a':aiGbHkonf
q&mawmftm; pHkprf;&ef armif&ifay: acsmufodkY vm Z&yfwpfck wnf;cdkum tcsdef,l pHkprf;
qifjcifMunfhae\/ q&mawmfuvnf; odjrifxm;onfh twdkif; a':aiGbHk ar;rnfh ykpmrsm;udk
BudKwif tmHk,l odatmif vkyfxm;ESifhavonf/ a':aiGbHk q&mawmfxH vma&muf zl;ajrmfcsdefwGif
a,m*Dtrsm;yif Mum;emvdkaZmjzifh pka0;rdMuonf/
q&mawmfonf a':aiGbHk a&muf OD;csNyD;onfESifh rar;rDuyif ajzawmfrlavonf/ y&duHrS tp
r*f tqifhqifhusyHk (a':aiGbHk ar;&ef pdwful;xm;orQ) wpfckrusef ajzqdk a[majymvdkuf&m]]t&Sifbk&m;\ w&m;usifhpOf vrf;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif owdudk y"mexm;jcif; jzpf tvGefw&m
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BudKwif odjrif[efjzifh]]om;awmfcsif&if auR;rS tarawmfrSm}} [k rdefYawmfrl\/
ol[kwf&if [kwfvdrfhr,f
aemufwpfaeYwGif oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh a,m*Dtm;vHk; qGrf;auR;NyD;aemuf om"k tEkarm'em ac:um
a':aiGbHk jyefoGm;avawmh\/ q&mawmfuvnf; a':aiGbHktm; rsm;pGm csD;usL;aeonf/
q&mawmftm; &[Em [kwf-r[kwf tMurf;enf;tm;jzifh prf;oyfolrsm;vnf; &SdcJhzl;\/ q&mawmf

<upOf aemufrSae ayxkyf (aAsmuftdk;) azmufcGJjcif;? tvSLwpfck bdvyf&nfwGif t&ufESifha&m

wdkufjcif; ponfjzifh prf;oyfMuonf/
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oGm;onf[k OD;u0d rdefY\/)
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q&mawmfum; rwkefvIyf/ jrif;vSnf;omvQif teD;odkY ta&muf 'vdrfhacgufauG;
wdrf;arSmufoGm;\/ tMurf; prf;oyfolrsm; 'kua&mufoGm;Muowwf/
w&m;xl; &rIESifh pyf ]rnfolYudkrS rnfonfhtqifh} [k rdefYawmfrrl/ ]]ol[kwf&if [kwfvdrfhr,f}}
[kom rdefYavh&Sdonf/ a,m*D udk,fwdkifyif odEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfyg\/
tppftrSef odjrifaom t&monf y&d,wdjzifhvnf; tppfaq; cHEdkif\/ udk,fawGY y#dywd jzifhvnf;
rSwfausmuftwif cHEdkifonfyif jzpf\/
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pka0;aeMu\/ 0gqdk&ef tcsdefusaomfvnf; ]]cP aeMuOD;}} [k w&m;a[mNyD; wdwfqdwfpGm
w&m;tmHkjyK&if; xdkifaeMu&onf/
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bk&m;0wfjyK&modkY wufvmNyD; q&mawmftm; uefawmh&m 0gqdk oHCmwpfyg; usefae aomaMumifh
tcsdefqGJxm;aMumif; aemufrS odMu&\/ xdk t*EKudk,fawmfum; ,cktcg ]jrif;NcH pGef;vGef;*l
wdkuftkyf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; OD;aombP} yifwnf;/
ae&m rEav; q&mBuD; OD;odef;atmif\ udk,fawGUrSwfwrf; wpfckudk azmfjyvdkyg\/
tbdnmOfESifh eda&m" ormywf
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ul;acgif;&GmZmwd OD;tmpdP\ ajymjycsuft& q&mawmfxH oGm;a&muf wpfywfcefY enf;cH
usifhoHk; aecJhzl;\/
xdkpOfu awGYBuHKcJh&aom tajctaeudk q&mBuD;u ]Ak'0g' oHk;avmuESifh ow0gtp jzpfyHkusrf;}
(22-4) a&;om;xm;&m xdkrSwfwrf;rSm tbdnmOfESifh eda&m" ormywf taMumif; q&mawmf\
trdefY&Sdcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/

q&mBuD;\ a&;om;csufudk rl&if;twdkif; azmfjyygtHh/

q&mawmf OD;tmpdPESifhtwl jrif;NcH pGef;vGef;awm&ausmif; q&mawmfxHodkY a&muf
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'g,umjzpfaMumif;}} avQmufxm;aomtcg pGef;vGef; q&mawmfbk&m;u]]w&m;vkyfief;ESifh pyfqdkifwm ar;vdkorQudk ar;yg}} [k cGifhay;avonf/
uREfkyfu ]]wynfhawmfonf t&Sifbk&m;xHodkY ykpmar;&ef vmjcif; r[kwfyg/ q&mawmf
tm;xkwfxm;aom w&m;vkyfief;udk em,l&ojzifh wynfhawmf\ udk,fydkifPf udkomvQif
toHk;jyK&ef jzpfygonf}} [k avQmufxm;avonf/
xdktcg pGef;vGef; q&mawmfbk&m;onf jrif;NcHNrdKU NrdKUydkifHk;wGif rif;apvkvif tjzpfjzifh
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m; a[mMum;aom tmemyge w&m;udk em,lcJh&onfrS tpjyKum xGufav0ifav vkyfief;udk pwif avhvmyHkrsm;ESifh wuG todxl;rsm; ay:aygufvmyHk wdkYudk uREfkyfESifhwuG
OD;tmpdPtm; ajymjyaeonfrSm nOfh &Spfem&D tcsdefrS p eHeuf oHk;em&DcefY txd Mumjrifhonf/
uREfkyfonf q&mawmf\ ajymjycsufrsm;udk ESpfouf ,HkMunfpGm em,lavonf/ em,lpOf twGif;
uREfkyfonf ar;cGef;[l wpfvHk; wpfyg'rQ rar;jref;ay/ odkYaomf q&mawmf bk&m;onf w&m;
vrf;pOftavsmuf ajymjyae&mwGif uREfkyftm;]]tbdnmOf wefcdk;ESifh r*fw&m; b,foif;u ydkrdk cufoenf;}} ar;ygonf/
uREfkyfu- ]]q&mawmfbk&m; rdefYawmfrlyg}} [k jyefavQmufonf/ xdktcg pGef;vGef;
q&mawmfbk&m;u]]'umodef;atmif? tbdnmOf wefcdk;qdkwm t[kwfr&Sdbl;? orm"dtiftm;udk ,lvsuf
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awGYrSmaygh? t[kwf &Sdwmudk;/ r&Sdwmudk t&Sdjzpfatmif vkyf&jcif;ESifh t&Sdudk a&mufatmif oGm;&jcif;
ESpfrsdK;wGif r&Sdwmudk &Sdatmif vkyf&jcif;u ydkrdk cufvSonf}} [k rdefYMum;awmf rlonf/
pGef;vGef; q&mawmfonf pmay oifMum;zl;aom yk*dKvf r[kwfaMumif;udk trsm;yif od&SdMuonf/
uREfkyfonf q&mawmf rdefYMum;csufudk Mum;em&ojzifh rsm;pGmyif ouf0if ,HkMunfjcif;
jzpfoGm;ayonf/ xdkYaemuf q&mawmfonf tmemyge vkyfief;udkyif uREfkyftm; w&m;ay;ygonf/
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ajz/...../ ajymp&m r&Sdygbk&m;/

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j*Kyfyifq&mawmfu ]]t&Sifbk&m; 0dok'du omyif aumif;ao;onf}} [k ajymav\/
pmawGUESifUvufawGU ndSEdIif;ppfaq;MuyHk
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ygMu\/
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atmufygtwdkif; arjref;pdppfavonf/
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ar;&jyefwmaygU/}}

ar;/ /OD;u0d&JU? ,ck oDwif;vJuRwfcgeD;jyD/ ,ck0gwGif; bmudkrsm; tm&HkjyK oDwif; oHk;

aeygowHk;bk&m;/
ajz/ /omoemawmfudk tm&HkjyKaeygw,f bk&m;/
ar;/ /omoemawmfudkb,fyHk tm&HkjyKygowHk;bk&m;/ ]omoem} qdkwmy&d,wf y#dywf ESpfyg;
&Sdygw,f/ xdkESpfyg;wdkUwGif b,fomoemudk b,fyHktm&HkjyKygowHk;bk&m;/
ajz/ /bk&m;wynfUawmfrSm pmuvJrwwfawmU y&d,wd omoemudk csD;jrSifUjcif;iSm rpGrf; Edkifyg/
'gaMumifU y#dywd omoemay:wGifom orm"d r&ao;aom yk*dKvf rsm;vJ orm"d &avatmif?
&jyD;aom yk*dKvfrsm;vJ &ifUonfxuf&ifUatmif? &ifUjyD;aom yk*dKvfrsm;vJ vdk&if;udp
jyD;pD;Muatmifom tm&HkjyKae&yg\bk&m;/
ar;/ / 'gjzifUvQif arwmaygU bk&m;/
ajz/ /rSefvSygbk&m;/
ar;/ /arwmqdkawmUowynwf tay: pdwfudkxm; avmuD&Sdygao;w,f/ avmukw&m aum
b,fvdk tm&HkjyKjyD;pdwfudk xm;ygowHk;bk&m;/ avmukw&m rSmaum pdwfudk rxm;bl;vm;/
ajz/ / avmukw&may:rSm pdwfudk xm;yg&JU bk&m;/
ar;/ /tJ'D avmukw&may:rSmcsnf;bJ pdwfawGudkxm;ygawmUvm; bk&m;/ tb,faMumifU avmuD
pdwfawGodkU a&mufae&ao;ovJ/
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tvGefav;aomaMumifU avmuDwvSnfU? avmukw&mwvSnfU ajymif;cHae& yg \ bk&m;/
ar;/ /uJ-'gjzifU avmuDynwf tm&HkjyKyHkudkawmU xm;vdkufygOD;awmU bk&m;? avmukw&m
y&rwfudkawmU b,fvdk tm&HkjyKygowHk;bk&m;/
ajz/ /rdrd jrifzl;wmudk tm&HkjyKygw,fbk&m;/
ar;/ /'gjzifU wjcm;pmawG xm;vdkufygOD;awmU? oj*K[f qdkwJUtwdkif; ]]r*HzvO edAmeH? ypa0uwd
y@dawm}} ponfjzifU ypa0uPmaygU/
ajz/ /rSefvSygbk&m;/
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ajz/ /wynfUawmfoabmjzifU b,foif;rS rcufygbk&m;/
ar;/ /r*fudk tm&HkjyKyHk ajymjyprf;ygbk&m;/

ajz/ /Oyrm-a,m*Dyk*dKvfwpfa,mufonf 0dyemw&m;tm;xkwf wufvmw,f qdkyg

awmUbk&m;? tJonfawmU b0if tenf;i,frQ usoGm;jyD;aemuf a&SUpdwfoHk;oHk;yg;u
udavomw&m;udk z,f&Sm;ay;yga&mbk&m;? aemufpdwfu edAmefudk jrifyga&m/
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qif;&JMuD;yguvm;? 'Dqif;&J[m b,folUaMumifU jzpfovJvdkU ppfvdkufawmU if; pdwf apwoduf
&kyf udk jyKvkyfay;wwfwJU ]avmb}udk jrifyga&mbk&m;/
,ck ajymaewmu wpfckpD ajymae&vdkU Mumaewmygbk&m;/ [dkrSmawmU bmrS rMumygbk&m;/
qif;&Judk odwmeJU wjydKifeufxJ jzpfoGm;wmyg/
(uJ-ajymom ajymygbk&m; )
tJ'Dvdk vkyfay;wJUoludk jrifawmU EdkifwJUolu jAKef;ceJ jyKvkyfay;wJUoludk owfvkduf yga&m?
tJ'gu ]r*f} ygbk&m;/
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jywfoGm;yga&mbk&m;/ tJ'g ] edAmef} ygyJbk&m;/
'geJU aemufawmU ]zdkvfaZm} tkyfoGm;yga&m/ tJ'g jrifzl;wmawGygyJbk&m;/
ar;/ /aeprf;ygOD;bk&m;/ 'Dr*fjzpfwJUtcgrsm; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; r*fjzpfrSef; od&JUvm;/
ajz/ /rodygbk&m;? aemuf qifjcifrS od&ygw,fbk&m;/
ar;/ /aemuf-qifjcifrS od&w,fqdkwm [kwfyg&JUvm;/
,xmyd rlav tEky'a0 'aV?
qdaEyd? &kaum ykea&0 &l[wd/
{0Hyd wPSmEkoa, tEky[aw?
edAwaw 'kurd'H ykeyeH/
('aV- [xdk; ryg/ owdjyK/ reom 'aVe-ponf if;/)
tEky'a0? pdrf;pdrf;vwfvwf rowfjzwfao;aom/ rlav? a&aomufjrpfMuD;onf/ 'aV?
jrJjrJcdkifcHUonf &Sdaomf/ qdaEyd? tcuft&Guf tyifjywfaomfvnf;/ &kaum? opfyifonf/ {0H?
twlomvQif/ wPSmEkoa,? tzefzefudef;wwfaom wPSmudk/ tEky[aw? r*fjzifU
ry,ftyfao;onf &Sdaomf/ ykeyKeH? tzefzefwvJvJ/ 'H'kurd? oHo&m 0#fqif;&Jonfvnf;/
edAwaw? jzpf&OD;rnfum; rkcsrvGJwnf;/
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wdkif;wyg;u &efolppfonfudk wkdufcdkufowfjzwf&ef xGufoGm;aom ppfolMuD;onf
rdrdwpfa,mufwnf; roGm;bJ aemufvdkuf aemufyg ppfonf Adkvfyg rsm;pGmwdkUESifU xGuf
&efolppfonfudk wdkufcdkuf owfjzwfovdk ,ck avmukw&mr*f[mvJ avmbudk owf&ef

tazmfrsm; &Sdao;ovm;? wpfa,mufxJbJowfava&mUovm;/

ajz/ /tazmf&Sdygao;&JU bk&m;/
ar;/ /tazmfu b,folwHk;? xnfUay;prf;yg/
ajz/ /Oyrm-a,m*Dyk*dKvf wpfa,mufonf 0dyem w&m;tm;xkwf txG#f txdyfa&mufcgeD;
a&SUpdwfoHk;yg;u udavomw&m; uif;pifoGm;atmif y,f&Sm;vdkufyga&mbk&m;/ tJ'Dvdk udavom
pifoGm;awmU edAmefudk jrifwJUpdwf ay:aygufvmyga&mbk&m;/ if;pdwfu edAmefudk jrifawmU
if;pdwf jrifaom edAmefudk r*furSDcdkwG,fuyfjyD; avmbudk y,fowfvdkufyga&m bk&m;/
ar;/ /r*fawmU oabmusygjyD OD;u0d&,f? tvGefodrfarGU cufcJeufeJwJU ae&mawGaemf?
wynfUawmf rsm;uawmU pmawGU ajym&wm? 'geJU r*faemufzdkvf aZmtkyfvdkufw,f qdkwm pdwfxJrSm
b,fUES,faeowHk; bk&m;/
ajz/ /aumif;aumif; rodvdkuf&ygbk&m;/
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pdwfuvJ tvGefvsifjrefojzifU aumif;rGefpGm odEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'gxuf r*fudk qifjcifwJUtcg
od&SdyHkrsm; b,fvdk aeowHk;bk&m;/
ajz/ /Oyrm-a,m*Dyk*dKvf wpfa,muf[m aomwmywdr*fudk &w,fqdkygawmU? if; yk*dKvf[m
rdrd&aom r*fudk qifjcifaomtcg ]ig aomwmywd r*fudk &jyD} [k od&HkygbJ bk&m;/
ar;/ /zdkvfudkqifjcifwJUtcg bmudk tm&HkjyKowHk; bk&m;? tJ'D zdkvf pdwfjzpfaewJUtcg pdwfxJrSm
b,fvdkrsm;aeowHk;bk&m;/
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bk&m;? tJ'DawmU ]pdwfcsrf;omjyD; rSdef;ae}yga&m bk&m;/
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q&mawmfMuD; ausmif;ay: odkU<uoGm;awmfrl av\/
jrif;jcHq&mawmfu ]r*f\ tazmfonf edAmefyifwnf;} [k ajzqdkonfudk OD;"rduonf oabmrus
rauseyfvS zufyiftdkif q&mawmfMuD;aemufodkU vdkufjyD; ausmif;ay: odkU wuf oGm;av\/
q&mawmf OD;ykn? OD;Zm*&paom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;EsifUwuG 'g,umrsm;rSm zuffyiftdkif
q&mawmfu jrif;jcHq&mawmftm; ar;jref; ajymqdkyHkudk Mum;&ojzifU tvGef ESpfouf ,HkMunfbG,f
aumif;aMumif;ESifU pyfvsOf; wwGwfwGwf ajymqdkum ae&pfMuav\/

OD;"rdu zufyiftdkif q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;jcif;

ar;/ /q&mawmfbk&m;? jrif;jcH q&mawmfbk&m;u avmbwnf;[laom ork', opmudk r*fu
y,faomtcg r*f\ tazmf edAmefyifwnf;[k ajzqdkjcif;udk wynfUawmf oabmr usyg?
tb,fUaMumifUqdkaomf r*0Dxd opmav;yg;onf y'Dyenf;tm;jzifU wjydKifeuf jzpfjcif;aMumifU
edAmefom r*f\ tazmfr[kwf? 'kuopm? ork', opmvnf; r*f\ tazmfjzpfao;\ [k
ESvHk;oGif;rdygonf bk&m;/
ajz/ / r[kwfbl; OD;"rdu&JU/ ]] ra*g'kuopH yZmemwd}} qdkwJUtwdkif; r*fonf 'kuopmudk
ydkif;jcm; odjcif;? ork', opmudk y,fjcif;? r*opmudk yGm;rsm;jcif;? eda&m"opmudk
rsufarSmufjyKjcif; qdkwm r*fudp? r*f\ pGrf;Edkifaom owdawG? tazmfr[kwfao;bl;/
ar;/ /'gjzifUvQif bk&m;? ,rdkufy&dnm0g&twdkif; Omwy&dnm? wD&Py&dnm?y[mey&dnmqdk wJU
y&dnmoHk;yg;onf r*fcP wjydKifeuf &aomaMumifU if; y&dnm oHk;yg;udk r*f\
tazmf[l rqdkoifUaybl;vm; bk&m;/
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wpfyg; rSD&wmudk qdkwmyg/
ar;/ / wpfyg;udk wpfyg; rSD&wmudk tazmfqdkvQif ]]pdawe ed,kwH apwoduH}} qdkovdk r*fESifUtwll
,SOfazmf,SOfzuf jzpfwJU apwoduf 36-yg;udk r*f\
tazmfvdkU rac: xdkufaybl;vm; bk&m;/
ajz/ /tJ'D 36-yg;aom apwodufvJ r*f\ tazmfr[kwfao;bl;? r*fESifU ]o[um&D um&P} om
jzpfao;w,f? ]ork', opmudk y,f&m r*ftm;&Sdatmif tm;udk;tm;xm; rSDcdkp&m r[kwf} aom
aMumifU tazmfr[kwfao;bl;/
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ajz/ /a[m- r*0DxdrSm raem'Gm&m0Zef; jzpfjyD;aemuf ocFg&kayum OmPfqdkwJU y&duH? Oypm?
tEkvHkaZmrsm;u udavom w&m; uif;pifoGm;atmif jyKay;vdkU a*gMwblu edAmefudk jrif&a&m?
'DawmU a*gMwblu ]'DrSm edAmef} vdkU onmay;vdkufwmESifU a*gMwbl\ onmodkU vdkuf
if;a*gMwblonmay;aom edAmefudk trSDwHuJ o[JjyKjyD; r*fu tEko,udk y,fwm OD;"rdu&JU?
OD;u0dajymwm [kwfvdkufwmAsm? tvGefodrfarGUwJU
ae&mawGAs/
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avmifuRrf;apEdkifonf[k qdkoifU\/ xdkUaMumifU ]"r"mwk} t& t|uxm OmPfudk,lonfrSm
OypmjzpfaMumif; jycJUjyD/)

1/ ijrMuD; bkef;MuD; OD;em&'/

2/ ijrMuD; bkef;MuD; OD;omoe/
3/ qDrD;cHk bkef;MuD; OD;em&'/
4/ jrifombkef;MuD; OD;e&dE/

wpfMudrfxyf ar;ppfMujyefjcif;

if;bkef;MuD;av;yg; tnDtnm wdkifyifvmMujyD;vQif y&dwfowf tv,fwGif jrif;jcHq&mawmf

tm; atmufygtwdkif; ar;jref; pdppfMujyefavonf/
OD;omoe/ /udk,fawmf pmoifzl;&JUvm;/
jrif;jcHq&mawmf/ /roifzl;ygbk&m;/
om/ /'gjzifU 0dyem b,ftm;xkwfwwfrwHk;/ oDv0dok'd pdw0dok'drS rodbJESifU/
jcH/ /wynfUawmfu q&morm;rsm;u 'grtyfbl;qdkvQif vufESifUawmif rxdygbk&m;/
1-em/ /]]tm0gaomp......'d wd aw 'o}}vdkUygVdawmfvm wJU twdkif; udk,fawmf yvdaAm" 10
yg;udk y,f&JUvm;/
jcH/ /wynfUawmfvl0wfESifUtm;xkwfjyD;awmU omraPjzpfjyD; rMumrD a&v,fq&mawmf?
anmifvGefUq&mawmfrsm;xH a&mufjyD;aemuf tvkyfrvkyfbJ olwdkU qHk;rwJUtwdkif; aexdkifjyD;vQif
&[ef;tjzpfodkU a&muf&ygw,fbk&m;/
om/ /'gjzifU udk,fawmf pmvJrwwfbJeJU bJUES,f 0dyemudk rSefuefatmif vkyfwwfrSmvJ/
jcH/ /q&morm;rsm; ajymwJUtwdkif; vkyf&wmygbJ/
1-em/ /tdk-bk&m;vufxufu uRwfoGm;olawG[m pmwwfwJU vlcsnfUbJvm;? vrf;rSefwm[m
y"me/
3-em/ /udk,fawmfU owif; Mum;&wmawmUjzifU tvGefbJ? &[EmtjzpfodkU a&mufaewmbJ?
odkUaomf pmrwwfbl; qdkojzifU tcsdKU'g,umrsm;? &[ef;rsm;u pmroifvJ r*fzdkvf&EdkifwmbJ?
pmoifwm tydkyg qdkMu b,folrS roifMum;MuvQif y&d,wd omoemawmfMuD; rysufpD;bl;vm;?
y&d,wd ysufpD;rSjzifU y#dywd-y#da0" ysufpD;ukefa&maygU? tu,f wynfUawmfwdkU Mum;wJU
twdkif; &[Emjzpf&dk; rSefygrl ]pmrwwf} [laom pum;udk rqdkoifU? y&d,m,f wpfrsdK;ESifUom
qdkoifU\/ omoemawmfMuD; ysufpD;uvnf; ykxkZOfxuf t&d,m yk*dKvfu om emoifUonf
r[kwfygavm/
jcH/ /wynfUawmf rwwfvdkU rwwfbl;ajymwmyg bk&m;/ y&d,wd oifMum;aom yk*dKvfrsm;udk
wynfUawmfu ouFef;ponf v'gef;jyD; wdkufwGef;yg&JU/
1-em/ /tdk......udk,fawmfu pmwwfuJUvm;vkdU ar;jyD;awmU pmrwwfbJESifU udk,fawmfwdkUudk
wwfw,fvdkU vdrfajym&tHk;rSmvm;/

3-em/ /udk,fawmf em;axmifaeprf;ygtHk;? ajymygap/

1-em/ /tdk......pmrwwfbl;vdkU rdrdudk,fudk rdrd [kwfrSef&m ajymwmeJUbJ omoem oHk;-&yf
ysuf&awmUrSmvm;/
3-em/ /aeprf;ygtHk; OD;em&'&,f? 'Dpum;udk aemufrS ajymyg? jrif;jcHbkef;MuD; ar;yg&aptHk;/
1-em/ /tdk......udk,fawmfwdkU[m [kwfrSr[kwfbJ? [dk bk&m;vufxufu oli,fcsif; &[ef; 2-yg;
&dSw,f r[kwfvm;/ wpfyg;u &[Em? wpfyg;u yd#uwf oHk;yHkaqmif? 'geJU yd#uwf oHk;yHkaqmif
&[ef;u oli,fcsif;[m pmroif ayroifESifU xif&maew,fvdkU &[Emudk pGyfpGJjyD; jyem
ar;rnftMuHwGif &[Emudk jypfrSm;rSmpdk;vdkU bk&m;u ar;cGef;xkwf ar;&wmudk MunfUyg?
vrf;rSefvdkU ae&musoGm;&if 0dyem vrf;pOfudk olwdkUavmuf b,folrS rodEdkifbl;As/
3-em/ /aeprf;ygtHk; OD;em&'&,f? jrif;jcH bkef;MuD;udkom ar;yg&apOD; tJ-uJUodkU omoemoHk;&yf
t&SnfcdkifcHatmif pmrwwfqdkaom pum;udk y&d,m,f wpfrsdK;ESifUom ajymbdkU aumif;ygw,f/
jcH/ /wynfUawmfuvJ rSefwJUtwdkif; ajymwmygbk&m;/
3-em/ /udk,fawmfpmoifygtHk;vm;? pmoifjyD;rS ajyma[m&vQif omoem omvdkU rMuD;yGm;bl;vm;/
jcH/ /wynfUawmf 0dygufaMumifU pmrwwfwm[k ,HkMunfjyD; oifcsifwJUpdwfr&SdawmUygbk&m;?
wwfvJwwfrnf rxifygbk&m;/
3-em/ /0dygufaMumifU qdkwmvJ[kwfyg&JU/ odkUaomf plVyefwdkUrsm; ykxkZOfwkef;uom
0dygufwm;wm? &[EmjzpfawmU rwm;bl;? ckvJ Mum;wJUtwdkif; &[Emjzpfu pmwwf&rSmaygU/
1-em/ /[if;-[if;? plVyefu y#dord'gyw? tck bmqdkwm udk,fawmf od&JUvm;/
t&d,mcsif;awmif atmufyk*dKvfu txufyk*dKvfudk rodEdkifbl;? &[EmjzpfvQif 0dyguf
rvdkufbl;wJUvm;/
3-em/ /[kwfyg&JU? odkUaomfvJ pmoifMunfUygOD;[k xyfjyef uJUodkU ajymaeMupOf rdk;&GmojzifU
ausmif;ay: odkUwufa&mufMu&jyef\/
ausmif;ay: quf ajymqdkMuyHk
om/ /udk,fawmf tbdnmOf&atmif vkyfjyD;rS a[mygvm;/
jcH/ /&rnf rxifygbk&m;/
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jyD;rS tmemygeudk 123 45678-*Pemenf;rS tpjyK y#dbm*edrdwf aumif;pGm xifatmif

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qHk;ravU&Sd\/
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trdefU&Sdvdkuf\/ xdkUaemuf rMumrD ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ oufawmf-88? 0gawmf-68/

1328-ckESpf? wefcl;vqef; wpf&ufaeU eHeuf 11;30 tcsdef ysHvGefawmfrl&m 1329-ckESpf?
wefcl;vjynfUaeU tEdrpsmye ylaZmfyGJ vkyfMu\/
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wnfxm;onfudk zl;awGUEdkif\/
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1/a,m*Dyg&*lusrf; (1285)?
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trdefU&SdcsufESifU a,m*Dyg&*l paom usrf;rsm;t& rQom azmfjy MunfndKap&ygonf/)
odrfawmif-qnfMuD; awm& q&mawmf
(1244(1244-1321)
odrfawmif qnfMuD;awm& q&mawmfum; odrfawmif*dkPf; 'kwd, ajrmuf q&mawmf jzpf\/
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jzpfonf/
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tvif;jyusrf;} (1312-ckESpf? y-tMudrf? 1316-ckESpf 'k-tMudrfESifU ysHvGefawmfrlcgeD; a&;om;cJU

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usrf;pmi,frsm;rSm y#dywd omoemtwGuf tvGef aus;Zl;rsm;vS ayonf/
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q&mawmfudk,fwdkif usrf;ed*Hk; a&;om;xm;onf/ xdkawm& oJjzL cif;xm;aom oHawmif
wpf&m&SnfonfU pBuausmif;vnf; &Sdonf/
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aAm"dXme} jzpfonf/
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xdkUaemuf &dk;om;ajzmifUrwfonfudk od&ojzifU rdk;ukwfrS olaX; wpfa,mufu arG;pm;&m
rdk;ukwfodkU vdkufygaexdkif&onf/ ]]tJ'g rif;ypnf;awGyJ}} [k qdkum rsm;jym;vS aom
ausmufoHywjrm;wdkUudk jyjyD; aysmf&maysmfaMumif; acsmUarmUxm;aomfvnf; xdk&wem rsm;udk
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t&yfodkUjyefoGm;&&m rdk;ukwfolaX;rSm pdwfraumif;jzpf usef&pfcJU&onf/
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avQmifMuD;aAGESifUyif tif;rMuD;q&mawmfxH uyd, vkyfaeawmUonf/
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olUtvdkudk vdkufavsm&um xdkESpf 0gwGif;rSmyif udk&ifMuD; Z0e tjzpfjzifU av;wdkifpif
ausmif;uav;rSm ae&av\/ (rEav; awmifjyif xD;vif;wdkuf? q&mawmf\ wlr
oDv&Sifq&mMuD; ]tbGm;av;} ESifU ausmufqnfjrdKU a&SUae ]OD;umjidrf; a'gufwm a':rrav;}
wdkU\ ajymjycsuf/)

q&mawmf\ vufa&;rSwfpk atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;onfudk zwf&I&onf(1268? awmfovif; vqef; &Spf&uf? a&TwGif;wl;ausmif; c@odrf yxr ur0gq&m
rHkawm*dkPf;axmuf OD;rmvm? xaemif;ukef;*dkPf;axmuf OD;0dok'? wrmukef; o&ufjcH *dkPf;axmuf
q&mawmf/ aeUem&Djyef wpfcsuf/ 1290-jynfU? 23-0g&/ 1268-0gwGif; omraP vkyfae&/
1294?27-0g&/)
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aouawmif OD;wdavmu q&mawmfrsm;xHvnf; enf;cHusifUoHk;\/ xdkUaMumifU v,fwD
q&mawmf w&m;ppfyHk? ay;yHkrsm;udk ]t&d,m0dZmr*'DyeD} a&;om; rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfrSm
aus;Zl;rsm;vSygayonf/
1/ v,fwDq&mawmf bk&m;MuD;xH pGef;vGef;rS bkef;MuD;ESifU 'umrsm; w&m;tppfcHvmpOf
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t&d,mjzpfjyD xifrSwf&aomfvnf; r[kwfbJ &SdwwfaMumif;? ckepfESpfcefU apmifUMunfUoifUaMumif;/
2/ ppfudkif; r[m*Em&Hk q&mawmf vma&mufzl;ajrmf tppfcHpOf Ak'g EkwdrS 0dyem
ul;yHktaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; rSwfwrf;jyKxm;onf/
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vdkuf MunfUcsifpdwf ay:aygufvm\/ aemufwpf&uf q&mawmfuyif ]]armifZ0e? igeJUvdkufcJU}}
[k qdkum awmxJodkU ac: oGm;\/ oifUawmf&m ae&m w&m;&IrSwfMu &onf/ tarSmif ysdK;p
tvkyfcGifrSx......
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csif;acsmif; eef;opfwufyGyJGrS arwm

1282-ckESpf oxHkjrdKU Zif;usdKufawmif\ ajrmufbuf uwGefrdkif;twGif; csif;acsmif; ola|;u
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uqkefvjynfUaeU a&mufrSom a&;jyD;awmUonf/
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av\/ wpf&ufESpf&uf&SdvQif-

]]armifZ0e? rifU rSefuluGufu w,fxda&mufyguvm;a[U? b,fvdkydkUovJqdkwm wdkUrsm;udk

tao;pdwfvkyfyHk avQmufprf;ygOD;? vl&Sif;wkef;}}
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0g' tus,f&I/)
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q&mawmfrsm; nTefjyonfUtwdkif; tjynfUtpHk a[mjy ay;awmfrl&onf/ xdktcg omoemydkifMuD;rSm
vGefpGmtm;&awmfrlvS ojzifU om"kac:um]]'Dn 'DrSm oDwif;oHk;jyD; nudkvJ qufa[mygOD; q&mawmf? emy&apOD;}} [k awmif;yef
wpfntdyfjyD; a[m&jyefonf/ omoemydkifMuD;uvnf;]]wynfUawmfudk ta&SUjyif yd#u oHk;yHkaqmif cifruef q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; OD;cg;u w&m;
tm;xkwf&ef trdefU&SdonfrSm aeUudk tmavmu uodkPf; MunfU? nudk awaZmuodkPf;

MunfU&rnf/ O*[edrdwf y#dbm*edrdwf vGefpGm xifvG,fonf[k trdefU&Sd MunfUcJUzl;ygonf/

trdefU&SdonfU twdkif; tm;xkwfaomtcg &vG,fayonf/}} [k jyefvnf trdefU&Sdawmfrl\/
omomemydkifMuD;u xyfrHyifUac: aemufwpfMudrf oGm;a&muf a[majym&ao;onf/
(wpfenf;tm;jzifU q&mawmf\ w&m;tiftm;udk cefUajrmfEdkifaumif;\/)
&[Emruav;
0Dwdurudavom uG,fikyfpOf t&d,m xifaom om"u0wKrsm;
,cktcg w&m;tm;xkwfMuaom &[ef;Sifvl oDvSiftaygif;wdkU txl;owdjyK&ef tcsuf
MuD;rsm;udk azmfjyaytHh/
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MudK;yrf; tm;xkwfawmfrlMu&m r*fav;yg; zdkvfav;yg;udk &jyD[k xifrSwfMu q&mwynfh
ESpfOD;oabmwlqHk;jzwfxm;MujyD; ,ck usrfpma&;aom q&mawmfxHvm avQmufxm;aomaMumifh
'dXawGU&ayonf/ q&mawmfu jyef trdefYSdonfrSm... ...
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&ifhoeftm;aumif;aeonfhtcg kyfemrftay: vGefpGm 'ku xifjrifaom 'Pfcsuf
MuD;aeaomaMumifh um,uH-0pDuH usL;vGefaomif;usef;aom udavomESifh raemuHbHk jzpfaom
y&d,kXme udavomwdkUonf uG,fikyfaewwfonf/
a,m*Dyk*dKvf\ 0dyemPf xufoef tm;aumif;aeorQ umvywfvHk; wpfv.... ig;v....
wpfESpf.... ckepfESpf ponfjzifh 0DwdurudavomwdkUonf uG,fikyfaewwfonf/
]]tEko, udavomudk r*fjzifh wu,fry,fao;bJ rdrdpdwfu ]t"drme} jzpf
qHk;jzwfxm;wwfonf}} [k (aus;Zl;Sif v,fwD q&mawmfbk&m;MuD uqHk;rawmfrlzl;aMumif;udk)
w&m;ojzifh a[majymvdkufayonf/
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wynfhjzpfaom &[ef;ESifh w&m;tm;xkwfaom a,m*Dyk*dKvf wpfa,muf awGYMu&m w&m;tm;
xkwf&m rdrdwdkU jzpfysufyHk tvHk;pHkudk oHk;&ufav;&uf qifh ESD;aESmaqG;aEG; MuaomtcgusrS
rdrdwdkU r*fav;qifh zdkvfav;qifh qHk;jzwfxm;onfudk r[kwfaMumif;od q&mwynfh w&m;udk
jyeftm;xkwf&onfudk q&mawmftm; jyef wpfzef avQmufxm;aomaMumifh od&jyefonf/
xdkYjyif wpf&yf &aohOygodumrwpfa,mufESifh vl0wfaMumif Oygodumrwpfa,muf?

xdkESpfa,mufaom a,m*Dyk*dKvfwdkYwGif &aohruav;udk q&mu r*fav;qifh zdkvfav;qifhwuf

]&[Emr} jzpfaejyD[k qHk;jzwfjyD; wpfausmif;wdkufvHk;Sd &[ef;-SifvloDvSifrsm;udk ac:
Sdcdk;cdkif;onf/ r,HkMunf Sdrcdk;Muay/
xdktaMumif;udk q&mawmfxH vmavQmuf oGm;ppf&aomaMumifh 'dX awGYzl;&avonf/
xdkYjyif vl0wfaMumif Oygodumr a,m*D yk*dKvfwpfa,mufonf w&m;udk oufpGefYMudK;yrf;
tm;xkwfjyD; 0dyemPf vGefpGm&ifhoef tm;aumif;vmaomtcg Murf;wrf;aom udavomwdkY
onf uG,fikyfaeaomaMumifh rdrdpdwfonf vGefpGm pifMu,f wnfMunfvSojzifh ]t"drme} jzpf
rdrdudk,fwdkif r*fav;qifh zdkvfav;qifh &jyD[k qHk;jzwfjyD;vQif vmorQ &[ef;Sifvl taygif;wdkYudk
w&m;a[mae&m &uf-vaygif; tawmfMumrS q&mawmfxH 0efaxmufuawmf wpfa,mufESifh
xdka,m*Dr\ tpftru w&m;ESD;aESm&ef ac:vm awGY&ayonf/
udk,fHkrSm oDvSifrsm; udk,fHkxuftaoG;&ifhonf/ q&mawmfESifh tawmifig;q,favmuf
uGmaomt&yfrS vmaeonfrSm em&D0ufavmuf Mumvdrfhrnf[k xif&ayonf/
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jrif&onfrSm vGefpGmMunfdkzG,f jzpfayonf/ q&mawmfhaSU a&mufaomtcg 0wfcsaeonfrSm
rjyD;Edkifatmifjzpfayonf/ xdka,m*D Oygodumrav;udk q&mawmfu]] a,m*D Oygodumruav;/ rdrdtm;xkwfaeaom w&m;rsm;udk Munfdkvdk avQmufapvdk onf}}
[k trdefUSd&m tp-tv,f-tqHk; oHk;yg;vHk; ajyjypf odrfarGY eufeJpGm avQmufxm;aeonfrSm
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r*fav;qifh zdkvfav;qifh jzpfay:yHkrsm;yg avQmufxm;avonf/ (q&mawmf txl; Munfdk
om"k- om"k- om"k oHk;Mudrf ac:rdavawmhonf/)
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tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf 0dyemt&mrSm xdkrQavmuf odrfarGU eufeJaom t&mXmersm;udk acsmarmpGm
obm0"rusatmif tptv,ftqHk; tppfcHEdkifaom yk*dKvf rawGUzl;oavmuf jzpfayonf/
odkUtwGuf q&mawmfu om"k ac:rdayonf/ wu,f tppfcHonfhtwdkif; &[Emr jzpfcJhvQif
,ckavmuf &ufv-Mumatmif raeEdkif[k pmESifhwdkufMunfhayonf/
xdkUaemuf q&mawmfu tEko, ckESpfyg;onf 31-bHk cEmig;yg;udk jzpfapwwfaom rsdK;aph
tppftrSef jzpfaMumif;ESifhwuG tEko,rsm;\ obm0 "rikyfudef;yHk jzpfay:yHkrsm;udk aocsmusepGm
a[mjyay;onf/ tEko,\obm0 "rrsm;udk tvsifu remzl;ao;aomaMumifh txl;ojzifh
oabmusoGm;ayonf/
xdka,m*D Oygodumrav;onf w&m;a[mjyD;aemuf ESpfESpfavmuf Sdaomtcg vlwdkU\ trlt&m

ykwD; vufaumuf paom tqifwefqmrsm; tjynfhtpHk 0wfqif tvwpfckrSm oHCm

awmfrsm;tm; v'gef;aeonfudk q&mawmfudk,fwdkif awGUjrif&&m q&mawmfrSm rsm;pGm oHa0*jzpfrd
ayonf/ aemufrS pOf;pm; ]bk&m; vufxufawmfu aomwmyef ausmif;trMuD; ]0domcg} uJhodkY
jzpfaervm; rod&} [k pdwfudkajz&ayonf/ xdkaemuf tdrfaxmifyom;orD;awGESifh jzpfaMumif;udk
ol\rdwfaqG 0efaxmufuawmfMuD;uajym od&jyefonf/
]r*fzdkvfav;qifh&jyD} [k q&muqHk;jzwfxm;aom &aohruav;vnf; xdka,m*Druav; ESifh wlpGm
tdrfaxmifjyKoGm;onfudk ol\tpfr&if;u q&mawmfudk avQmufxm;od&ayonf/ qHk;jzwf
aomyk*dKvfonf w&m;tm;xkwfaeaom q&maumif;wynfh pmwwfyk*dKvfjzpf q&mwynfh ]r*f
av;qifh&jyD} [k oabmwl qHk;jzwfxm;aom yk*dKvfMuD;yif jzpfonf/
odkUtwGuf ,cktcg w&m;tm;xkwfMuaom a,m*D yk*dKvftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkUonf
,cka&;om;az:jycJhaom tcsufMuD;rsm;udk owdw&m;MuD;pGmxm; pOf;pm;Muapvdkonf/
qdkcJhjyD;aom t&mrsdK; q&ma&m wynfhyg obm0"rudk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif odzdkU&ef vGefpGm
cJ,Of;vSayonf/
xdkUaMumifh ]Oy&dyPmo ygVdawmf? rZdryPmo ygVdawmf} MuD;rsm; a[mMum; qHk;rawmfrlaom
t&d,mjzpfjcif; t*Fgrsm;udk aphaphpyfpyf MunfhIrSwfom;jyD;rS rdrdoEmef y,fjyD;aom w&m;rsm;wGif
] b,fw&m; rsm;udk t<uif;tusefrSd y,ftyfjyD;avjyD/ b,fw&m;rsm;um; 0dyem
&ifhoefaeqJjzpf w'*F tm;jzifh uG,fikyfaeMuonf} [k tjrifrSef&atmif Pfjzifh tzefzef
oHk;oyfqifjciftyfvSayonf/
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ESpfoufzG,fSdaom tmHkig;yg;wdkUESifh awGUjrifxdcdkuf vHk;axG;rdMuaom tcg wpfzefjyef pdrf;Sif
jcif;iSmrjzpfEdkif? taoMuD;yJ[k rSwfxifavmufatmif wpfaEGvHk; ajcmufaeaom opfyifMuD;onf
rdk;Gm a&aomufjrpfudk a&El;El;eyfeyf pdkvmaomtcga&aomufjrpfrS wpfzefjyef "mwfqDMoZm
wufjyD;vQif tnGefY? tGuf? tcuf? tvuf? tyGifh? toD;awG yifvHk;uRwf a0qmatmif xGufjyD;
pdrf;Sifjcif; tjzpfodkU wpfzef a&muf vmjyefouJhodkY xdkopfyifESifhrjcm; a,m*Dyk*dKvfwdkY pdwfrSm
w'*Ftm;jzifh uG,fikyfaeaom tEko,rsm;udk q&mwynfhjzpfolwdkY pdwfrSm wu,fyif tjrpfjywf
avjyD[k xifrSwf oabmwlqHk;jzwfxm;Muonfudk q&mawmfudk,fwdkif awGYzl;ojzifh xifSm;pGm
a&;om;jycJhavjyD/
(if; om"u 0wK tXKywdrsm;udk awGUcJhonfrSm 35-ESpfrQSdjyD)
tcsdKUrSm q&muqHk;jzwfxm;wwfonf/ tcsdKUaom a,m*Dyk*dKvf wdkYrSm udk,f[mudk,f txifrSm;
qHk;jzwfxm;wwfonf/ xdkt&m obm0"rudk ususee ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif odMu&efrSm
tvGefodrfarGUaom t&mXmejzpf o'gw&m;udk aSUoGm;rjyKbJ ynmw&m;udkom aSSUoGm;jyK

tqHk;tjzwf ta&;tMuD;bJ aumif;rGef ajzmifhrSefpGm odSdMu&ef ]Oy&dyPmo ygVdawmf} MuD;

a[mawmfrlaom ]qquokwf? A[k"mwkuokwf} awmfjrwfMuD;rsm;udk MunfYIrSwfom;jyD; t<uif;
tusefrSd y,fjyD;aom w&m;? ikyfvQdK;aeaomw&m;? vHk;vHk; <uif;usefaeaom w&m;rsm;udk
aocsmpGm wdkufqdkif ppfaq;MunfYjyD; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm odSdrS q&mwynfh ESpfOD;vHk; pdwfcsvufcs
qHk;jzwf&ef oifhonf[k xifrSwfayonf/
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av;ig;ajcmufESpf? ckepfESpfavmuf usatmif uHoHk;yg; trlt&m[lorQudk MunfhIqifjcif
ae&OD;rnf/ xdkuJhodkU qifjcifMunfhI wpfpHkwpf&mrQ roifhrwifhaom trlt&mrsm; ray:aygufrS
pdwfcs&rnf? xdkrQavmuf odrfarGY eufeJcufcJaom t&mXmejzpfaomaMumifh omrefjzpfaom t&mwdkU
onf rqHk;jzwftyf rqHk;jzwfxdkufay/ MuyfMuyfowdSdMuyg a,m*D
yk*dKvftaygif;olawmfaumif;wdkU/
opfyiftajcmufMuD;u jyef twuf? tcuf? tyGifh? toD;awG a0qmatmif ay:ayguf vmouJhodkU
a,m*D yk*dKvf\ oEmef vGefpGm ESpfoufavmufatmif tmHkig;yg;wdkUESifh awGUxd
vHk;axG;rdaomtcg tEko, "mwfikyfawG a0qmatmif xGufay:vmwwfonfudk rsm;rsm;MuD;
owdSdMuygukef/
(um; 0dyem t&m ta&;MuD;qHk; vdk&if;y"me tcsufMuD; jzpf arwmw&m; a&SUxm;um
xif&Sm;pGm a&;om;az:jyjcif;jzpfaywnf;/)
oydwftdkif awm&q&mawmf OD;udwd
(1255(1255-1331)
q&mawmfonf 1288-ckESpfrSp 1331-ckESpf ysHvGefawmfrlonftxd ESpfaygif; av; q,fausmf
oydwftdkif awm&om wpfyg;wnf; oDwif;oHk;awmffrl\/ oydwftdkif awm& um; oxHkc&dkif
(oxHkrS 28-rdkif? rkwr ra&mufrD 10-rdkiftvdk) aygifjrdKUe,f usHKu&Gmudk a*g p&*grfjyKonf/
&[Em jzpfwm ewfawG odovm;
1316- ckESpf uqkefvuG,faeUu jzpf\/ uwGefu OD;xGef;MudKif? OD;bdk;ausmUESifU usHKu&Gm
ausmif;q&m OD;*smat; (q&mawmfUxH uyd,vkyf aemifwGif &[ef;jyKol)wdkU q&mawmfxH
tzl;tajrmf a&mufvmMucdkuf]]q&mawmfbk&m;? wynfUawmfrsm; jyD;cJUwJU oMuFefwGif;u a';y&drf; o&ufawm&Gm
awm&ausmif;udk OykofapmifUoGm;Muygw,f bk&m;/ o&ufawm bkef;MuD;u ]oydwftdkif
q&mawmf[m &[Em jzpfaejyDvdkU ewfMuD;rsm;u igUudk vmavQmufMuw,f} vdkU
trdefU&Sdvdkufygw,fbk&m;/

]]o&ufawm bkef;awmfMuD;u oydwftdkifudk vmcsifw,fvdkUvJ trdefU&Sdvdkufygw,f bk&m;}} [k

avQmufxm; Muonf/ q&mawmfrnfodkU trdefU&Sdavrnfudkvnf; arQmfvifU em;pGifU aeMu\/
q&mawmfu twefMum pOf;pm;jyD;aemuf]]'umMuD;wdkU jyefoGm;wJUtcg avQmufvdkufMu? ta&;wMuD; rvmygapeJUOD;? aemufawmUvJ
awGUMu&rSmaygU? 'Dvdkom avQmufxm;vdkuf}} [kom rdefUawmfrl\/
xdktwdkif;yif avQmufxm;Mu&m oHk;&ufcefUMumvQif o&ufawmbkef;MuD;xHrS 'umMuD;rsm;xH
owif;ydkUvdkuf\/
]]bkef;MuD;ausmif;xJrSmyJ oydwftdkif q&mawmfudk zl;awGU&jyD;ygjyD}} [l\/
1318-ckESpf uqkefvqef; 9-&ufaeUwGif o&ufawmbkef;MuD;onf oydwftdkif awm&ausmif;odkU
a&mufvm\/ xdktcg oydwftdkifq&mawmfu {nfUcHEIwfqufajyma[m vsufu]]o&ufawmbkef;MuD;? wynfUawmfudk zl;awGU&jyD;ygjyDvdkU owif;jyefydkUvdkufw,f qdkwmawmU
[kwfygjyD/ t&Sifbk&m; zl;awGU&w,fqdkwJU bkef;MuD;[m wynfUawmfaum [kwfyg&JUvm;}} [k
q&mawmfu jyHK;&TifpGmjzifU ar;awmfrl&m]][kwfvdkuforS q&mawmfbk&m;? onftwdkif;ygyJ? enf;enf;av;rS rvGJygbl;}} [k
jyefavQmufvdkufonf/ q&mawmfum; xdktaMumif;udk rnfodkUrQ trdefUr&SdbJ]]aeprf;ygOD;? t&Sifbk&m;udk ewfMuD;awGu ajymw,fqdkwm b,fwkef;uvJ? t&Sif bk&m; &ufeJU
rSwfrdao;ovm;? aemufjyD; olwdkUvmavQmufwJU tcsdefrSm t&Sifbk&m; aum bmvkyfaeowkef;}} [k
pum;vSD;vTJum quf ar;awmfrljyefonf/ xdktcg o&ufawm bkef;MuD;u]]rSwfrdygjyDvm; q&mawmfbk&m;/ 1315-ckESpf oDwif;uRwfvqef; 6-&ufaeU n 7em&Davmufuyg/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm wynfUawmfvJ w&m;tm;xkwfaecdkuf jzpfygw,f/}}
oydwftdkif q&mawmfonf o&ufawm bkef;MuD; 0rf;omtm;& avQmufaeonfudk wnfjidrf
at;aq;pGm em;axmifawmfrlae\/ o&ufawmbkef;MuD;u quf avQmufjyef onf/
]]vma&mufwJU ewfawG[m atmufewfuav;rsm;awmif r[kwfygbk&m;? ewfrif;MuD; rsm;
jzpfygw,f/ olwdkU[maumif;uifuvmjyD; ]MudK;pm;jyD;om tm;xkwfyg/ pdwfravQmUvdkuf ygeJU/
oydwftdkifq&mawmfjzifU &[EmjzpfawmfrloGm;jyD t&Sifbk&m;} vdkUawmif tm;ay;oGm; ygao;w,f}}
[k avQmufavonf/ ae&m a,m*DwdkU owdjyK&rnfrSm ewf[kajymwdkif; vnf;

,HkMunftyfonf r[kwf? ewfwdkif;vnf; todOmPf&Sdonf rrSwf&/

o&ufawmbkef;MuD;vnf; qHk;rpum;rsm; rSwfom; em,ljyD;aemuf rdrdausmif;odkU jyef<uoGm;av\/
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ckESpfyg;wdkU oydwftdkif awm&odkU qHkpnf; <ua&mufvmMuonf/ 0guRwf umvjzpf
uefawmUMu&efjzpf\/ tqHk;tr em,lMu&efvnf; jzpf\/
xdktcg q&mawmfu tm*EKu bkef;MuD;rsm;tm; w&m;pum; a[mMum;qHk;ronf/ owwdkUoEmef
wpfoHo&mvHk;u ikyfuG,fudef;0yfaeaom udavomq,fyg; tEko,"mwf rsm;ESifU pyf
trdefU&Sd&mwGif q&mawmfu]]t&Sifbk&m;rsm;? a,m*D wpfOD;&JU oEmefrSm y&d,k|meac:wJU udavom x<uvm wmudk ewfrsm;
odEdkifovm;? rodEdkifbl;vm;? b,fvdk,lqMuovJ}} [k ar;awmfrl&m]]odEdkifrSmygyJbk&m;}} [k avQmufMu\/
]]'gjzifU a,m*DrSm udavompdwf jzpfay:aew,fyJqdkygawmU/ tJovdk udavompdwf jzpfay:vmwJU
tcgrSmaum ewfrsm;[m odEdkifovm;? rodEdkifbl;vm;}}
]'gvJ odEdkifrSmygyJ bk&m;}}
q&mawmonf twefi,f pOf;pm;ae\/ tm*EKu a,m*D bkef;MuD;rsm;rsufESmudk vnf; rodrom
wpfcsuf vSrf;MunfUjyD;aemuf]]at; 'gaMumifUyJvm; rqdkEdkifbl;/ wynfUawmfrSm 1312- ckESpfupjyD; 1321-ckESpftxd udavom
x<uvmw,f&,fvdkU wpfcgrQ rjzpfzlbl;/ udavompdwf jzpfay:vm w,f&,fvdkUvJ wpfcgrQ
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avmuDtbdnmOf &oavm
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olrsm;u]]aMumifuav;vm;? usm;uav;vm; rodbl;}} qdkum q&mawmfUxH ,lvm jyMu&m

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1314-ckkESpfu jzpf\/ usHKu&GmrS 16-ESpfom; armifatmifonf udk&if0wfjzifU oxHkpmoif

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q&mawmf/ /tm&Hktxm;aumif;vQif awGU&wwfw,f/

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OD;0go0u wpfqifUuREkfyfwdkUtm; trdefU&dScsufrsm;om jzpfygonf/

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csefvmcJUonfudk zl;jrifaeus vlrsm;jrif tHUMoMu&onf/

q&mawmf oDwif;oHk;aom ausmif;rSm oHk;cef;wGJjzpf tqHk; pMuwGJxm;\/ tpGefqHk;tcef;wGif

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jzKwf csD;jrSifUvdkuf\/
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================================================== =======
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[lyif qHk;jzwfvdkufavonf/ olxifonfUtwdkif;yif olUtm&Hk pdwful;xJ ay: onfUtwdkif;

vkyfxm;aom opf&GufopfoD; trIefUrsm;udk orD;i,fpm;aom tpmwdkif; enf;enf;csif; jzL;

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================================================== ===========
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vdkufygvmMuonfudkyif aemifwjzpfum a&SUrS &yfaeaom q&mawmf udkom MunfUjyD;
pdwful;udk,fpDESifU &yfaeMu&onf/
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ravQmuf&JojzifU]tb,fodkU} [k rod&acs/
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oabmvuPmESifU wm0efum; vQdKU0Sufeuf&dIif;vSay\/
odrSwf&onfrSm wefcdk;&Sif t&d,m yk*dKvfxl;wdkif; wefcdk;udk vdkovdk &csifrS &Mu\/ e*g;udk
*VKefokwf&m tbdnmOf& &[EmMuD;trsm;yif &Sdygvsuf &Spf0g& &[ef;i,f wpfyg;u awmifMuD;
zefqif; vdkufygu,fwif&zl;\/ (0dok'd? 1?150/) tavUtusifU (0oDabmf) rsm;rSom
vQyfwpfjyuf vdkovdk &Edkifayonf/ q&mawmf\ 0oDabmf Edkifeif;yHkudk odomvS ay\/
aMumufvdkU a&Smif&m 0dkif;vdkuf
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bkef;wefcdk;MuD;onf[k Mum;? od? tyluyfolrsm;vnf; renf;acs/ pmar;yGJatmif vdkol rsm;rS

tp ola|;jzpfvdkol? ab;&efa&m*g awGUaeolrsm;tqHk; olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;tm; aysmufap q&m?
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pum;rsm;rsm; ajymcGifUr&ojzifU pmjzifUa&;uyfavU&Sd&m q&mawmf wpfcg tawGUcHvQif
qufuyfpmrsm;udk 0gpmurm MunfU[efjyK ab;rSmcsyHkxm;&m &Hcg pm&GufxyfMuD; wpfxGmwpfrdkuf
&Sdaewwfonf[k qdkMu\/
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armfvjrdKifrS ZeD;armifeSHESpfOD; q&mawmftm;pmuyf\/ EIwfuvnf;]]wynfUawmfwdkUorD;(-)?(-)aeUu olykefzrf;oGm;wm ckxd rawGU&awmUyg/ q&mawmf u,fygOD;
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taMumif;ar;jref;Mu&m olykefrsm;rSm tpdk;&wyfESifU t0dkif;cH&ovdk txdwfwvefU &kef;&if;
qefcwfjzpfjyD;ajy;vTm;MupOf tqdkyg trsdK;onfvnf; ra,mifrvnf vGwfajrmufvm&m
armfvjrdKifodkUoGm; aom vrf;aMumif;ay: odkU avQmufvmrd&ufom; jzpfaeonf[k qdkonf/
tvm;wl jzpf&yfwpfck wGifrl trsdK;orD;i,fESpfOD; olykefvufxJa&muf idk,dkaepOf q&mawmf
MuD;udk,fwdkif a&SUrS <uvmjyD; ]]rylESifU? idkraeESifU? rMumcif vGwfrSm}} [k rdefUqdkjyD; aysmuf
uG,foGm;&m rMumrD ab;rS vGwfonf[k twdtusyif ajymqdk\/
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t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;um; ]]tJ'g igvkyfvdkufwmaygU}} [k rajym&Hkomru &dyfrdrnf udk yif
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udk,fa&;udk,fwm udpuav;rsm;jzifU 'kuray;oifUMuay/
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tcsdefjynfUaqmifawmfrlMuavonf/
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a,mufu awmeuf&modkU ac: oGm;jyD;aemuf rvGwfEdkifatmif MudK;jzifUwkyf opfyif
csnfxm;Mu\/
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awmf rsufESmawmf pdwfxJ ay:vmojzifU q&mawmf oDwif;oHk;&modkU &nf&G,fvsuf]]q&mawmfbk&m;? wynfUawmfudku,fygOD;bk&m;}} tm;udk;wpfMuD; EIwf>rufwordd&m
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acgif;wpfvHk;udkjy MunfUvdkuf&m trSefyif jzpfaeojzifU toufocif q&mawmftm;
toufay;yif MunfndKrdavawmUonf/
avmuDqef rMudKufEkdifMu
wpfaeUaomtcg OD;0go0q&mawmf &efukef<uvmcdkuf A[ef;oHk;xyfausmif; q&mawmf?
armfvjrdKifrS (......) q&mawmfrsm;ESifU pum;vufqHkus&m q&mawmfrsm;u OD;0go0tm;]]OD;0go0&,f? wqdwf udk,fawmfUq&mawmf avQmufprf;ygOD;? wynfUawmfwdkUawmU Mum;xJu
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ur|mef;w&m; wpfckckay;vdkuf&ifjyD;wmyJ? tJ'g q&mawmfudk avQmufprf;yg/ b,fUES,fUvJ/
wynfUawmfwdkUajymwm rvGefygbl;aemf}}
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avQmufxm;rnfU taMumif;om wHkUjyefvdkufonf/ oydwftdkifodkU a&mufaomtcg ]q&mawmfrsm;
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nmjzpfap r&nfnTef;ygbl;uG? arwmyJ ydkUvdkufwmyJ}} [k rdefUawmfrlojzifU todcufaom
olawmfaumif;wdkU\ oabmudk qifjcifum qdwfqdwfyif ae&avonf/
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aumif;vSay\/ avmukw&me,fy,fwGif tocFw"mwf tiftm;MuD;onf tMuD;tr; jzpfouJUodkU
avmuDe,fy,fwGifum; arwm"mwfudk vTrf;rdk;Edkifaom tiftm;[l r&Sd paumif;acs/
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olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;\ udpwGif ykxkZOfwdkU tjrifjzifU 0ifa&mufpGufzuf a0zef&ef pdwfqErapm
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a,medaomreodum&ay:wifvsuf aESmifU,Suf&m? 'kuay;&m? tcGifUta&; ,l&mvnf; rus atmif?
tcGifUaumif;MuD;udkvnf; vufrvGwfap&atmifom MunfU qnf;uyfMuukef&m\/

oabmrxm;wwfvQif rdrdrSmvnf; aysmufapq&mxH csOf;uyf&oavmufom

tcGifUta&;&rdrdqnf;uyfrI rvdrfrmjcif;aMumifU o'genf;ol? ta0zefrsm;olwdkUtm;
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usa&mufwwfavonf/ owd&SdMu ukef/
q&mawmfum; trEkavmu? tnavmu tusuftpm;rsm;[ef&Sday\/ a[majym
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toHk;csawmfrlavU&Sdonfudk awGU&wwfayonf/
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aumif;aom raumif;aom pkaqmif;ae&wmeJU wpfb0ukef&w,f}} ponfjzifU
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tpHkoHk;av;q,f &Sdaewwf\/

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vlyGJpm; ewfyGJpm;
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avawmU\/
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jynfUpHk&pjrJ jzpfavonf/
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aysmufrvm;}}
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usefvlrsm;rSm awmifay:rSqif; vmcJUMuonf/
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ysHwufoGm;onfudk zl;awGU Mu&onf/
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t"dym,frsm;udk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; a&;xm;onf/
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----------------------------------------------------------MudKuf&mwpfckwnf;a&G; t[kwfvkyf
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twGif;rSmyifvQif vdk&mt&yfodkU ysHoGm;jcif; wpfrsdK;tm;jzifU ESpfrsdK;&dSonf/
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&SdvdrfUrnf/
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tyf/a0'emzHk;aeonf/}}
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eJordef q&mawmf OD;auo&
(1256(1256-1333)

yJcl;wdkif;? arSmfbDc&dkif xef;wyifjrdKUe,f vdIifabmv,fjrpf\ ta&SUbufurf; ]eJordef}

ac: &GmMuD;wpf&Gm &Sd\/ tdrfajc av;&mausmfavonf/
eJordef&Gm txufausmif;ac: acrmoD0Hwdkuf oDwif;oHk;aom q&mawmf OD;auo& onfxkd&Gm
tz OD;MumO? trd a':ao;ao;wdkUrS 1256-ckESpf wefcl;vqef; 12-&uf wevFmaeUwGif
zGm;jrifcJU\/
eJordef txufausmif; q&mbkef;MuD; OD;ynmxHESifU a&eHacsmif;jrdKUodkU <ua&mufynmoif
OD;ynmysHvGefaomtcg xdkausmif;yif ausmif;xdkif q&mawmf jzpfawmfrl\/
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jzpfonf/
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1972-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dvu &dkufESdyfcJUzl;\/)
----------------------------------------------------------------q&mawmf
q&mawmf\ tavUtx
q&mawmfonf pum;tvGefenf;\/ wpfyg;wnf;om aeawmfrlavU&Sdonf/ wpfae&m
tcsdefrsm;pGm aexdkifwwf\/ ow0gwdkUtay: tvGefoem;vSonf/ tvtwef; &ufa&m \/
tpm;taomufvnf; tvGefjcdK;jcHonf/ oufowfvGwf tjrJbkOf;ay;\/ tcsdefjynfU w&m;udkom
ESvHk;oGif;aeonf/ 'um 'umrrsm;udkvnf; w&m;tm;xkwf&ef wdkufwGef; w&m;pum;udkomvQif
ajymavU&Sd\/
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wufokwfavSmf vmMu\/ ysOf;ryifqdyf qdkufuyf vlxkMuD;rSm 0wfaumif;pm;vSjzifU vzG,f
ypnf;rsm;udk ,laqmifum rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ
rar;rjref;bJ q&mawmf\ ausmif;qDodkU wef;pD oGm;Muonf/ yGJvrf;wrQ pnfum;
xl;jcm;aeojzifU wpf&GmvHk; tHYtm;oifUaeMu\/
ausmif;odkUa&mufvQif OD;yOif;rsm;u q&mawmftm; usufoa&cef;odkU oGm; yifUay;
Mu&\/tcef;jyifodkU xGufcJvSonf/ q&mawmf <uvmvQif ypnf;rsm; a&SUcsum-

]]wynfUawmfrsm; ausmif;q&mawmfu t&Sifbk&m;[m yk*dKvfxl; yk*dKvfjrwfMuD;

jzpfaMumif;tdyfrufrufojzifU oGm; zl;acsMu qdk vma&muf zl;ajrmfMuygonfbk&m;}} [k
avQmufMuonf/
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zl;ajrmfolrsm;um; ,if;odkUyif rMumcP a&mufvm wwfayonf/ q&mawmfum; 0dyem
w&m;udkom a[m vTwfawmfrl\/
cGifUvTwf onf;cHjcif;
q&mawmfonf ausmif;twGif;&Sd o&ufyiftm; t&yfxJrS vli,frsm; ykqdk;jzifU vG,f
cdk;,lcl;qGwfonfudk awGUaomtcg cl;olrjrifap&ef a&SmifuG,f ay;\/ rausrcsrf; jzpfae aom
ausmif;om; udk&ifrsm;udkvnf;]]pm;csifvdkU cl;wm cl;ygapuG,f? raESmifU,SufMuygESifU}} [k wm;jrpfawmfrl\/
a&cyfvmol vHkri,frsm;u yef;rsm;udk tvkt,uf cuf&Guf usdK;atmif cl;qGwfMuonfudk
ausmif;om;udk&ifrsm;u avQmufxm;jyefvQifvnf;]]rdef;uav;awGqdkwm yef;MudKufw,fuG,fU? cl;ygap}} [k ESpfodrfUawmfrlonf/
&yf&Gm 'um 'umrrsm;u ESpfESifUcsD &Sif;vif;cGifUr&aom usufoa&cef;udk tcGifUom
&Sif;Muaomtcg acgif;tHk;? apmif? jcifaxmifrStp Murf;ydk;rsm; cJaeonfudk MuufoD;xcref;
awGUMu&\/ aeylodkU xkwfvSef;onfudk jrifvQif]]tdk.....aeygapuG,f? ow0gawG taetxdkifysufwm raumif;ygbl;}} [k wm;jrpfawmfrl\/
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcsdef&SdorQ w&m;udk ESvHk;oGif;um usufoa&cef;rS xGufcJvSonf/
tcgwpfyg; emrusef; jzpfawmfrl &yf&GmxJrS 'umrsm; ausmif;odkUvmum tvSnfUus
ntdyfjyKpkMu\/ wpfnwGif tapmifU olemjyKrsm; tdyfarmuscdkuf a&rGwfodyfawmfrlojzifU
q,faycefU a0;uGmaom aomufa&tdk; &Sd&modkU udk,fwdkif zifa&TU'&GwfqGJum aomufawmf
rl\/uwkefu,ifjzifU jyeft<uwGifrS tapmifUolemjyKrsm; Edk; tdyf&modkU wGJydkUMu&onf/
rdrdtwGuf wpfzufom; wm0efwufrnfudk rvdkvm;/
wpfcgu avjyif;rkefwdkif;us&m opfyif tdk;tdrfrsm; vJjydKukefMu\/ ausmif;MuD;rSmvnf;
avaMumif;usojzifU oGufoGufcg wkefvIyfum ,dkifapmif; oGm;\/ tm;vHk; xGufajy;
wdrf;a&SmifMuonf/

q&mawmfurl xdkif&muyifrx/ wkefvIyfjcif;r&Sd? yuwdaejrJ at;aq;wnfjidrfvsufyif &Sdonf/

&ufa&mrIESifU a&mifU&Jjcif;
q&mawmfonf &&orQ pm;aomufzG,fESifU toHk;taqmifrsm;udk rnfonfUtcgrQ tydk[lrxm;/
aeUzdkUnpmrcsef/ ukefatmif pGefUvay;urf;&efom tcGifU&SmavU&Sd\/
wpfcgu 'um 'umrrsm;u trSwfwrJU q&mawmfoDwif;oHk;&m tcef;xJodkU 0ifMunfU&m jcifoH
w0D0DMum;wGif ouFef;udk acgif;jrD;jcHK avsmif;aeonfudk awGUMu&\/ rnfonfUtcsdefu
jcifaxmifaysmufaerSef; rodMu&acs/ tusdK;taMumif; ar;avQmufMuaomtcg]]vlwpfa,mufu tdyfp&m jcifaxmifr&SdvdkU tvcHwmeJU jzKwfjyD; vvdkufjyD}} [kom rdefUawmf rl\/
odkUESifU 'umrsm;u csufcsif; csKyfvMu&onf/
wpfcguvnf; twefMum emrusef; jzpfawmfrl&m tvJtvS,fjyKay;&ef ouFef;tydkyif
r&Sd/&efukefodkU oGm;a&muf tjref0,f,lv'gef;&onf/
q&mawmfonf eHeuf tm&kPfqGrf; rbkOf;ay;/ vufzuf&nfyGJ jyifxm;aeus jzpfaom
ausmif;cef;ab;odkU tcsdefusvQif <ua&muf bkOf;ay;\/ wynfU OD;yOif;rsm;u tqifoifU jyifqif
tuyfcHxm;&onf/ &Hcg OD;yOif;rsm; omrIemrI udp&Sd c&D;vGefcdkuf ausmif;om; udk&ifrsm;\
ayghavsmUrIaMumifU vufzuf&nfyGJyif rxm;&Sdaom &ufrsm; renf;acs/
q&mawmfum; rnfolUudkrQ rnfodkUrQ trdefUr&Sd/ tcsdefusvQif <uvmjrJ <uvmjyD; vufzuf&nfyGJ
uyfrnfUolr&SdvQif tcsdefwefu usufoa&cef;odkU jyef<uavonf/ysHvGefcgeD;
oufawmf&G,fawmfMuD; Z&mzdpD;aomtcg ESpfESpfcefU aq;0g;ukoay;&olaq;cef;r;MuD;
OD;armifuefu]]a&m*g b,favmufwdk;aeae q&mawmfMuD;rSm ar;avQmuforQ jyHK;&TifpGm acgif;ndwfaevdkU
t&dyftuJMunfUjyD;awmUom aq;uk&awmUw,f}} [k qdkavonf/
ESpfudk,fcGJ <uoavm
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udk,fpDESifU vltrsm; vma&muf zl;ajrmfMu\/ q&mawmf aexdkifraumif; tcef;tjyifodkUyif
rxGufEdkifaMumif; od&aomtcg vma&muf zl;ajrmfolrsm; tHhtm; oifUaeMuonf/

]]reufuyJ wynfUawmfwdkU&Gmudk qGrf;cH<uvmvdkU wynfUawmfyJ qGrf;avmif;v vdkuf&ygao;w,f

bk&m;}} [k q&mawmfudk rzl;awGU&rD tapmifU OD;yOif;tm; 'umwpfOD;u avQmuf vdkuf\/
OD;yOif;vJ jyefrajzwwfatmif &SdaepOf xdk'umuyif quf]]q&mawmfU aemufuygvmwJU armifausmif;om;udkawmif rif;emrnf b,folvJ rif;taz
b,folvJvdkU wynfUawmfu ar;vdkufrdao;w,f/}}
]]tEdkU b,fvdkajymvJ}} [k OD;yOif;u ar;&m]]wynfUawmfvJ rodygbl;/ udkwifaz? rwifaiGwdkUom; armifaygufpvdkU ajymoGm;wmyJ}} [k
wdwdusus ajymaejyefojzifU &kwfw&uf owd&um OD;yOif;u aqmUupm;aeaom
ausmif;om;armifaygufpudk csufcsif;ac: ar;MunfU&m eHeufu b,frS roGm;aMumif; avQmuf\/
oHo,udk,fpDjzifU rnfolrQ tajzr&EkdifbJ&Sd&m q&mawmftm; zl;cGifUjyK&efom tapmifU OD;yOif;tm;
0dkif; awmif;yef avQmufMuojzifU OD;yOif;vnf; q&mawmftm; tcef;xJrS wGJaqmifum
yifUay;&onf/
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MunfndK zl;ajrmfMu&avawmUonf/ q&mawmfum; w&m;pum; wpfcGef;ESpfcGef;rQavmuf
csD;jrifUEdkifav\/
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owif;rsm; jzpfyGm;avU&Sd&m xdktaMumif;udk wynfUrsm;u ZGwfar;avQmufMuaomtcg
q&mawmfum;...
]tm&HknGwfcJUonf} [kom ajzawmfrl\/ xdktajzvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSay\/ ewfrsm;
EdI;aqmfjcif; r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;oGm;avawmUonf/ oDv orm"d tiftm;&Sdaompdwfonf
wpfcsufnGwfvdkuf&HkrQjzifU tb,frQ wmoGm;onfudk oHk;oyf arwm bm0emponfudk
yGm;xHkMu&m\/
----------------------------------------------------------------------odaomolonfom odonf
q&mawmf ysHvGefjyD; ESpf&uft&wGif vlaumif;yuwduJUodkU qD;0rf;rsm; xGufusojzifU

okwfoifay;Mu&onf/ tavmif;awmfukdvnf; rD;roj*K[fbJ *loGif;xm;&ef rdefUrSmawmf rlcJU\/

tavmif;awmfrSm aysmif;tdEl;nUHvsuf vufajcrsm; tcsdefra&G; auG;qefU vIyf&Sm;
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jyKpkzl;aom usrf;rsm;vnf; r&Sd rMunfU&/ rnfonfUw&m;udk ESvHk;oGif;onf[kvnf; rxif&Sm;/
q&mawmf OD;auo&rwdkifrD ig;quf ajcmufqufu xdkausmif; oDwif;oHk;cJUaom eJordef&Gm
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xdkacwfu ]&[Em} [k ausmfMum;um ,ckuJUodkUyifyGJvrf;wrQzl;ajrmf v'gef;MuaMumif;udkyg
azmfjyxm;avonf/ blrdeufoH Xmaeygay/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfum; acwfumv tcsdeftcgra&G; tawG;txifjzifU qHk;jzwf
r&atmif tpdaE,s*kPfudk aqmifjrJaqmifaernfomygwum;/
odolrSom odEdkifayawmUrnf/
rdk;ukwf q&mawmf
(1261(1261-1324)
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wlw,fvdkU a[mw,f}}
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]]e*dkuawmU tazmfcsif;yJ/ b,fUavmufxdatmifcH&ovJ qdkawmU yg;pyfu om;wpf
jyKwfusavmufatmif? emusifatmif cH&w,f/ om;wpfvTwfvdkufawmU rxdk;MuawmUbl;/
aemuf&oGm;wJUtaumifaemuf vdkufjyD; xdk;Mu qdwfMujyefw,f/}}
-------------------------------------------------------------vlUtxmudk od rnSmrwm rdefUqdkjcif;
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wif;wif;&if;&if; wdkuf&dkufyif ajym\/ vufndI;xdk; jyonf/
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r&jyD/ &kyfemrfjzpfysufudk xdk;xGif;od&efvnf; tqHk;tr a'oem A[kokwudk toifU&Edkifaom

acwfvnf; jzpfay\/
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q&mawmfum; ]]'Dacwf jrefrmEdkifiH &Sifukrm&uy}} yif jzpf omvGefol rqdkxm;bd? tvm;wl
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a0zefMunfU/}}
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rcufbl;/}}
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]]&SifqE[m 'Dow cHaevdkU 45-ESpfavmuf tedp-'ku-tew&Iayr,fU w&m; r&wm

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jzpfjyD/}}
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a[mxm;\/
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owESifU pyf omoemwGif &SiqEwpfyg;avmuf Oyrmjy&Hkom &Sdavonf/
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tvkyfcGifodkU qGJoGif;vdkuf&m a,m*Drsm; vGefpGmc&D;aygufajrmuf EdkifMu ayonf/
]tus,fa0zef ajymjyrS w&m;&rnfU yk*dKvfrsdK;} [lonfrSm oabmyifwnf;/ aemuf vlwdkUvnf;
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Adrdom&rif;xHrS tmemyge owif;pum; yg;vdkufaom pmawGUrQjzifU prf; &IrSwf&m
rdzk&m;awGMum;rSmyif pwkwpsmef& aemufqHk; tem*grf jzpfcJUavonf/
pmrsdK;udk zwf&Ivdkjcif;uyif rdrdrSm yg&rD&SdoljzpfaMumif;udk ,HkMunfonf/
twdwfedrdwfESifUvmaom tmZmenf
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oDvay;? a&pufcs? w&m;a[m vkyfcJU&onf/
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arG;zGm;cJU\/ xdk&Gmum; bdk;awmfvufxufu oDD;yifrsdK;pHk pdkufysdK;aom O,smOf awmf jzpf\/
]r[moD&deEm0ef} ac:\/
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yOrajrmuf om;&wem jzpf\/
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wnfaevmonf} [k tdyfruf jrifruf\/ owdkUom; udk,f0ef\ t&Sdeft0gaMumifU xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
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xdkUaMumifU rdcifonf arG;zGm;onftxd udk;yg;oDv apmifUxdef;um w&m;pmayjzifUom
tcsdefukefvGefap\/
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txl;&&Sdonf/

wpfaeUwGif &Sif0drvonf ouFef;wef;ay: ouFef;udk acguf wifxm;&m rMumrD ysm;aumifrsm;

ysHoef;pktHkum ouFef;ay: todkufttHk vkyfMuonf/ ]tvGefxl;jcm; ausmfMum;rnfU udk&if} [k
edrdwfzwfMuav\/
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ajymif;cif;rS ajymif;zl;cl;&ef &SifpEudk avSay:wif &Sif0drvudk,fwdkif avSmfcwful;&m
aMumufrufzG,f 0J*,ufMuD;xJodkU arsmygoGm;\/ rnfonfU avSMuD; avSi,frQ
jzwfoef;roGm;&Jaom 0J*,uf jzpfonf/ udk&ifrsm;rod&SmMu/
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jrKyfawmUrnf[k xifum avSrsm; tjyif;avSmfcwf u,fq,f vmMuonf/ aMumufvefUwMum;
atmf[pf ajymqdkoHrsm;udkyif udk&ifESpfyg;rSm tHhMo aeMu\/ ]]usKyfwdkUavS bmrSrjzpfygbl;/
jidrfaewmyJ}} [kyif u,fq,fvmolrsm;tm; wtHhwMo jyefajzaeMuonf/
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0J*&ufonf vIdif;MuD;avSatmuf jzpfcJU&avoavm/ &Sif0drvum; a`E&& tomyif avSmfcwf
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traw"mwf(trw"mwf-edAme"mwf) ygcJUonfU yk*dKvf[kwfEdkif r[kwfEdkif xdkodkUaom
ab;&efrsm;uvnf; om"ujyKwwfay\/
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MudK;pm;ygav/ oifu toufudk rpGefUvdkaomfvnf; wpfaeU toufu oifUudk pGefU vdrfUrnf/
tcsdKwGif ]ysm;oum}? w&m;wGif ]tbd"rm}
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&Sif0drvvnf; jrdKUwuf tbd"rm oifvdkpdwfrsm; jyif;jyvsuf&Sdonf/
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&Sif0drvonf rdbq&morm;rsm;xH cGifUyef avQmufxm;&m rdbrsm;u ESpfMudrf oHk;Mudrfwdkif

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w&m;a[m jyefvTwfvdkuf\/ tpfr oDv&Sifq&mESifU a':ykn? a':0dpm&DwdkU u r*Fvmwdkuf
q&mawmfMuD; OD;okZmwxH oGm;a&muftyfESHMu\/ ruk#ausmif; ae& onf/ r*Fvmwdkufum;
omrnXmer[kwfacs? blrdeufoef rSefaom ae&m jzpfay\/
tr&yl& eef;wnfrnf&Sdaomtcg OD;ay:OD;ESifUwuG rif;MuD;av;yg; jrif;onfawmf ESifU Adokum
wpf&mausmfwdkU pcef;cswnf;cdk r*Fvmtcsdefudk apmifUqdkif;aecJUMuaom ae&m jzpf\/
MuufoGefcif; awm& ausmif;wdkuf Xmevnf; jzpfonf/ ]oDv0daom"eD usrf;} MuufoGefcif;
q&mawmfonf y#dywf t&m xif&Sm;aom q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfaMumif; a&;xm;onfudk
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wGiftbd"rmemrnfausmf yxrausmf q&mMuD;OD;tkef; (1208-1287)xH MudK;pm; ynm
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ausmif;rvHkavmuf r,fZ,fyif&dyfcdkum pmtHpmusufMu&\/

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,ckwdkif aomufpdkU rukefygacs/
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&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; csydkUaom n0grsm;udkyif vm em,lMuonf/
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0ifvm\/ xdktcgrS pwifum ntcg tcsdefxm; w&m;&IrSwf awmfrlawmUonf/ [efusrnfUoludk
owday;&onfrSm vG,fulvSay\/
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atmifjcif;&Spfyg; ausmif;wdkuf q&mawmf OD;em*0Ho (1248-1332) jzpf\/ rdk;ukwf q&mawmf ESifU
q&mwl wynfUjzpfonf/ tbd"rm n0grsm; oif,ljyD;aemuf &moufyef {upm aeawmf rl\/
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tmemygeESifU uodkPf;rsm; Edkifeif;awmfrlyHk&onf/ &Hcgausmif;0if; wpf0if;vHk;
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yifUavQmufcsuft& aqmif;av;vwGGif rif;uGef; rdk;ukwfacsmif pm0gcsydkUawmfrlavU

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vm\/
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oDcsif;qdkwJU udk,fawmfawG rwufMuygapeJU}} [ljzpfygonf/ 'umrsm;bufuvnf; rsufpd em;

MuD;zdkU vdkvSonf/
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1322-ckESpf wefcl;vwGif q&mawmf oGuyg' qD;csdKa&m*g pGJuyf acwyg;&GJU

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( Creator of PDF file)
atmifoD[efOD; (09/01/2009)