HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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Nguyn Trung Hiu

M TURBO TRONG THNG TIN DI NG 3G

Chuyn ngnh: K thut in t M s: 60.52.70

TM TT LUN VN THC S

H NI - 2011

Lun vn c hon thnh ti: HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS. inh Th Cng

Phn bin 1:

Phn bin 2: ..

Lun vn s c bo v trc Hi ng chm lun vn thc s ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng Vo lc: ....... gi ....... ngy ....... thng ....... .. nm ...............

C th tm hiu lun vn ti: - Th vin ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

M u Trong x hi ngy nay, thng tin mang ngha ht sc quan trng. V vy trong nhng nm qua , cc nh khoa hc, cc nh cung cp dch v khng ngng nghin cu ci thin cht lng dch v v cung cp nhng dch v mi nhm p ng nhu cu v s dng dch v thng tin ca con ngi, c bit l trong lnh vc thng tin di ng. Nhu cu trao i thng tin ngy cng tng c v s lng, cht lng v cc loi hnh dch v km theo i hi phi t m ra cc phng thc mi nng cao v pht trin mi c th p ng c cc nhu cu . Chnh v vy thng tin di ng 3G c a ra nhm gii quyt phn no vn . H thng thng tin di ng 3G ra i chng minh c nhng u im ca mnh so vi cc h thng trc , nhng vn t ra l gii quyt lm sao cho vic trao i thng tin v cung cp dch v t hiu qu nht. C rt nhiu cc cng ngh, k thut c a ra nhm gii quyt vn ny v k thut m knh trong trong thng tin di ng c a vo s dng chng minh c u im ca mnh. Trong qu trnh m ha, m turbo thng c s dng v em li kt qu rt kh quan.Vn a ra l lm sao cho vi s dng m turbo em li kt qu tt nht. V th vic ci thin cht lng m turbo trong thng tin di ng 3G ang rt c quan tm. Do thi gian c hn, lun vn khng th trnh by ht c tng th ca cc mng 3G nn Trong lun vn ny s i su vo tm hiu v mng WCDMA l ch yu . Cu trc lun vn gm 3 chng: Chng 1: Tng quan v thng tin di ng 3G Ni dung ca chng gip ta tm hiu mt cch tng quan v mng di ng 3G nh lch s pht trin, cc k thut hay c s dng m y l 2 cng ngh chnh l iu khin cng sut v k thut chuyn giao. Chng 2: Phng php m ha trong thng tin di ng 3G (WCDMA) Ni dung ca chng 2 tm hiu v cu trc c th ca mt mng di ng 3G cng nh lp vt l ca WCDMA. Qua chng 2 cng a ra cc k thut m ha thng c s dng trong WCDMA. Chng 3: M turbo trong thng tin di ng 3G

y cng l chng chnh ca lun vn, chng ny trnh by v cu trc ca b m ha v b gii m turbo. Trong chng ny cng trnh by mt phng php nhm ci thin cht lng m turbo trong thng tin di ng 3G nh kt hp m turbo vi iu ch 4PSK.

Chng 1 TNG QUAN V THNG TIN DI NG

Trong chng ny chng ta tm hiu v lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng v thng tin di ng 3G cng mt s phng php lm tng tnh hiu qu trong qu trnh pht trin dch v ca 3G nh: iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao mm, 1.1. Lch s pht trin thng tin di ng

Nm 1946, mng in thoi v tuyn u tin c th nghim ti ST Louis, bng Missouri ca M. Thng 12-1971 a ra h thng cellular k thut tng t, FM di tn s 850Mhz. Da trn cng ngh ny n nm 1983, mng in thoi di ng AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone Service) phc v thng mi u tin ti Chicago nc M (1G) Th h th 2 (2G) c ph bin trong sut thp nin 90. y l thi k chuyn i cc cng ngh t analog sang digital. Th h th 3 (3G), t nm 1992 Hi ngh th gii truyn thng dnh cho truyn thng mt s gii tn cho h thng thng tin di ng 3G: ph rng 230MHz trong gii tn 2GHz, trong 60MHz c dnh cho lin lc v tinh. Sau Lin Hip Quc T Truyn Thng (UIT) ch trng mt h thng thng tin di ng quc t ton cu vi d n IMT- 2000 s dng trong cc di tn 1885-2025MHz v 2110-2200MHz. Th h 3G gm cc k thut: W-CDMA (Wide band CDMA) kiu FDD v TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) kiu TDD. Dch v bt u t nm 2001 - 2002.
1.2. Gii thiu v h thng thng tin di ng 3G 1.2.1. Lch trnh nghin cu pht trin h thng thng tin di ng th h ba

Cng trnh nghin cu ca cc nc Chu u cho W-CDMA bt u t cc n CDMT (Code Division Multiple Testbed): Phng th nghim a truy nhp theo m) v FRAMES (Future Radio Multiple Access Scheme: S a truy nhp v tuyn tng lai) t u thp nin 90. * Lch trnh nghin cu v a mng W-CDMA vo khai thc: Chu u v Chu , h thng W-CDMA c a ra khai thc vo u nm 2002 Lch trnh nghin cu pht trin ca cdma2000/3GPP2 chia thnh 2 pha: - Pha 1: (1997 1999) Nghin cu pht trin mu u tin ca h thng. - Pha 2: (2000 -2002) + Pht trin h thng vi mc tiu thng mi cc nh sn xut hng u ; + Nm 2002: Bt u dch v thng mi
1.2.2.Cc chun ca 3G

Lc u 3G c d kin l mt chun thng nht trn th gii, nhng trn thc t, th gii 3G b chia thnh 4 phn: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System), da trn cng ngh truy cp v tuyn W-CDMA, l gii php ni chung thch hp vi cc nh khai thc dch v di ng (Mobile Network operator) s dng GSM. FOMA: Thc hin bi cng ty vin thng NTT DoCoMo Nht bn vo nm 2001, c coi nh mt dch v thng mi 3G u tin v khng tng thch vi UTMS d s dng cng ngh WCDMA. CDMA2000: L th h k tip ca cc chun 2G CDMA v IS-95. CDMA2000 cung cp tc d liu t 144kbit/s ti trn 3Mbit/s. TD-SCDMA ang c pht trin ti Trung Quc bi cng ty Datang V Siemens. H tr tc t 384kbit/s n 2Mbit/s.
1.2.3.Cc Thng s k thut. Cc thng s k thut ca WCDMA c m t bi bng di y. Bng 1.2. Bng thng s k thut ca WCDMA

Bng thng knh Ch song cng Cu trc knh RF ng xung Tc chip rng khung iu ch tri ph

5MHZ FDD v TDD Lan truyn trc tip

3.84Mbps 10ms Cn bng QPSK

(spreading modulation)

(ng xung) knh kp QPSK (ng ln)

iu ch d liu

QPSK (ng xung) BPSK (ng ln)

M ha knh Pht hin kt hp

M xon v m turbo Ngi dng knh hoa tiu chuyn dng ghp theo thi gian (UL(up link) v DL(Down link)) v knh hoa tiu chung DL

Ghp knh ng xung

Ghp knh theo thi gian knh iu khin v knh d liu.

Ghp knh trong ng ln

Ghp knh theo thi gian knh iu khin v knh hoa tiu. Ghp knh I &Q cho knh d liu v knh iu khin

Nhiu gi tr

Bin i tri ph v a m

H s tri ph

4-256 UL v 4512DL

iu khin cng sut

Vng h v vng kn nhanh (1.6Khz)

Tri ph (spreading) (DL)

Chui OVSF cho tch knh v chui Gold 218-1 dng cho tch cell

v tch ngi s dng Tri ph (spreading )(UL) Chui OVSF v chui Gold 241 dng cho tch ngi s dng Chuyn giao Chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao cng ni tn 1.3. Cc k thut dng trong 3G 1.3.1. iu khin cng sut 1.3.1.1. ngha ca iu khin cng sut Vic iu khin cng sut c a vo gii quyt vn gn xa v tng ti a dung lng h thng. iu khin cng sut l iu khin sut pht t mi thu bao sao cho cng sut thu ca mi thu bao trm gc bng nhau. Do cng sut pht ca my thp nn c th lm tng tui th ca pin. 1.3.1.2. Phn loi iu khin cng sut. Khi xt n mt h thng iu khin cng sut thc t ta cn ch xem xt cc mt sau: * Tiu chun cht lng * Nhng php o * Thi gian tr Da vo cc tiu ch t ra phn loi iu khin cng sut ngi ta phn vic iu khin cng sut ra lm 2 lo i chnh l: iu khin cng sut vng h v iu khin cng sut vng kn. 1.3.1.2.1. iu khin cng sut vng h . 1.3.1.2.1.1. iu khin cng sut vng h ng ln. Chc nng PC (Power Control) c thc hin c u cui v UTRAN. Chc nng ny i hi mt s thng s iu khin c pht qung b trong v cng sut m tn hiu thu c RSPC (Received Signal Code Power) c o ti UE (User Equipment) trn P-CPICH (Primary Common Pilot Channel) tch cc. 1.3.1.2.1.2. iu khin cng sut vng h ng xung. Trn ng xung, PC vng h thit lp cng sut khi u cc knh ng xung trn c s bo co o c t UE. Chc nng ny c thc hin c UE v UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). 1.3.1.2.2. iu khin cng sut vng kn 1.3.1.2.2.1. iu khin cng sut vng trong ng ln. iu khin cng sut vng trong ng ln c s dng thit lp cng sut DPCH (Dedicated Physical Channel) v CPCH (Common Physical Chanel) ng ln. Node B nhn

c SIR ch t UL PC vng ngoi RNC v so snh n vi SIR c tnh trn k hiu hoa tiu ca DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Chanel ) ng ln trong tng khe. Nu SIR thu c ln hn SIR ch, Node B pht lnh h thp n UE, ngc li Node B pht lnh tng thm n UE trn DPCCH ng xung. 1.3.1.2.2.2. iu khin cng sut vng trong ng xung UE nhn BLER (block error rate) ch do RNC (Radio Network Controller) thit lp cho DL PC vng ngoi cng vi cc thng s iu khin khc. UE so snh SIR c tnh vi SIR ch. Nu c tnh ln hn ch, UE pht lnh TPC gim pht ng xung n Node B, ngc li n pht lnh TPC tng n Node B. 1.3.1.2.2.3. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng ln UL PC vng ngoi thc hin SRNC (Serving Radio Network Controller) lp SIR ch ti Node B cho tng UL PC vng trong. SIR ch c cp nht cho tng UE da trn c tnh cht lng ng ln (BLER v BER) cho kt ni RRC(Radio Resource Control). 1.3.1.2.2.4. iu khin cng sut vng ngoi ng xung DL PC vng ngoi c thc hin ti UE, gi tr SIR ch cho DL PC vng trong c iu chnh bi UE bng cch s dng mt thut ton ring m bo cht lng o (BLER) ging nh cht lng ch do RNC thit lp. 1.3.2. K thut chuyn giao 1.3.2.1. Khi qut v k thut chuyn giao trong mng di ng Cc mng di ng cho php ngi dng truy cp dch v trong khi di chuyn gip khch hng c th di chuyn mt cch thoi mi m vn s dng c dch v nn n i hi chuyn giao vng i vi thit b ca ngi s dng m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dch v khng dy khi ngi s dng in thoi di ng di chuyn qua cc vng bin gii ca trm thu pht sng. K t khi gii thiu Cng ngh CDMA, mt tng c xut ci thin vic chuyn giao l qu trnh chuyn giao mm. 1.3.2.2.Cc loi chuyn giao trong h thng 3G WCDMA C 4 loi chuyn giao trong h thng thng tin di ng WCDMA. l:
Chuyn giao ni b h thng

Chuyn giao trong h thng l chuyn giao xy ra trong vng mt h thng. n c chia thnh 2 loi l chuyn giao trong mt tn s v chuyn giao lin tn s.
Chuyn giao lin h thng

Chuyn giao lin h thng l ni gia cc t bo c cc t bo c cng ngh cng ngh truy cp v tuyn khc nhau (RAT) hoc ch truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau (RAM). Quyt nh chuyn giao tr c gim thiu ng k nht .
Chuyn giao cng (HHO)

HHO l mt loi th tc HO trong tt c cc ng lin kt v tuyn c ca mt in thoi di ng c pht trc khi cc ng lin kt v tuyn mi c thnh lp.

Chuyn giao cng c th xy ra trong mt s trng hp nh: chuyn giao t mt cell ny sang cell khc khi hai cell c cng t n s sng mang khc nhau hoc t mt cell ny sang cell khc khi cc cell c ni n 2 RNC khc nhau v khng tn ti giao din Iur gia hai RNC ny. chuyn giao cng gm : + Chuyn giao cng cng tn s +Chuyn giao cng khc tn s
Chuyn giao mm v mm hn.

Chuyn giao mm l loi phng tin chuyn giao c trng CDMA thc hin trong h thng UMTS v to thnh mt trong nhng tnh nng c trng nht ca phng php truy cp WCDMA. Chuyn giao mm v mm hn xy ra khi cc trm di ng c s chng cho ca 2 cell ln cn. Trong trng hp trm di ng chuyn giao mm l vng ph sng ca 2 cell trong khu vc chng cho ln nhau thuc cc trm gc khc nhau. Chuyn giao mm hn l ni m mt trm gc nhn c 2 tn hiu ngi dng t hai khu vc lin k m n phc v. 1.4.Kt lun chng Trong chng mt chng ta tm hiu lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng cng nh l do ti sao cn phi pht trin mt th h mi l thng tin di ng th h th 3 p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Qua chng 1 chng ta cng nm c mt s phng php k thut c p dng trong 3G nm nng cao tnh hiu qu ca dch v . Trong chng tip theo, chng ta s tm hiu c th v cu trc c th ca mng 3G ( c th l mng WCDMA) v mt s k thut m ha trong mng.

Chng 2 CC K THUT M HA TRONG 3G Trong thng tin di ng 3G, k thut m ha ng vai tr ht sc quan trng. N lm cho vic truyn ti tn hiu tr nn thun tin, cng nh lm gim xc sut li trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu cng nh tng tc v lm gim bng thng . Trong chng ny i su vo trnh by v s khi tn hiu trong thng tin di ng 3G (WCDMA) v lp vt l trong WCDMA lm ni bt chc nng ca lp vt l, qua a ra cc k tht m ha thng s dng trong thng tin di ng 3G. 2.1. S khi trong 3G (WCDMA) 2.1.1. M hnh cu trc M hnh cu trc ca WCDMA c m t nh hnh 2.1

Hnh 2.1. M hnh cu trc h thng WCDMA N bao gm +UE (User Equipment) UE gm 2 phn: - Thit b di ng (ME: mobile Equipment): l u cui v tuyn c s dng cho thng tin v tuyn trn giao din Uu. - Module nhn dng thu bao UTMS ( USIM): l mt th thng minh cha thng tin nhn dng ca thu bao, thc hin cc thut ton nhn thc, lu gi cc kha nhn thc v mt s thng tin thu bao cn thit cho u cui. + UTRAN (UMTS: Universal Terestrial Radio Access Network) Mng truy cp v tuyn c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truy cp v tuyn. UTRAN gm hai phn t: Node B v RNC. + CN (Core Network) Cc phn t chnh ca li mng gm:

- HLR (Home Location Register): L thanh ghi nh v thng tr lu gi thng tin chnh v l lch dch v ca ngi s dng - MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center/Visitor Locaton Register): l tng i (MSC) v c s d liu (VLR) cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch knh cho UE ti v tr ca n. - GMSC (Gateway MSC): Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v cng kt ni vi mng ngoi. - SGSN (Servicing GPRS Support Node): Node h tr GPGS ang phc v, c chc nng nh MSC/VLR nhng c s dng cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi (PS). - GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): Node h tr GPRS ang phc v, c chc nng nh GMSC nhng ch phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi. +Cc mng ngoi: - Mng CS: Mng m bo cc kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh. VD: ISDN, PSTN. - Mng PS: mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi. VD: internet. +Cc giao din v tuyn - Giao din Cu : L giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. - Giao din Uu: L giao din m qua UE truy cp cc phn t c nh ca h thng. - Giao din Iu (UTTRAN- CN):
Cung cp cho cc nh khai thc mng kh nng trang b UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau. L mt giao din m chia h thng thnh UTRAN c th v CN. Iu c th c hai trng hp khc nhau : Iucs(Kt ni UTRAN vi CS chuyn mch knh) v Iups (Kt ni UTRAN vi CS chuyn mch gi) - Giao din Iur: Cho php chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC t nh sn xut khc nhau - Giao din Iub: Giao din cho php kt ni mt node B vi mt RNC.

2.1.2. Cu trc phn lp ca WCDMA

Hnh 2.2. Cu trc phn lp ca WCDMA Giao din v tuyn c phn thnh 3 lp giao thc: - Lp vt l (L1): c t cc vn lin quan n giao din v tuyn nh : M ha, iu ch, tri ph - Lp kt ni s liu(L2): Lp khun s liu vo cc khi s liu v m bo truyn dn tin cy gia cc node ln cn hay cc thc th ng cp. - Lp mng(L3): c t nh a ch v nh tuyn. 2.2. LP VT L TRONG THNG TIN DI NG 3G (WCDMA) Trong lp vt l chng ta tm thy cc knh chung, chng c truyn i v nhn v bi tt c cc ngi s dng, v cc knh chuyn dng, c c quyn cho tng ngi s dng. Mi UE s bit c cc m dnh ring cho cc knh chung v cc m c quyn dnh ring cho chng, nhng khng bit c cc m ca cc knh ring cho cc UE khc. Lp L1 cung cp dch v truyn ti d liu n cc lp cao hn bng knh truyn ti. Cc dch v ny c cung cp thng qua cc lin kt v tuyn, hnh thnh mt hoc mt s knh truyn ti v mt knh vt l c thnh lp bng cc ng truyn tn hiu. 2.2.1. Cu trc lp vt l Lp vt l c chia thnh hai lp con l lp truyn ti con v lp vt l con.
2.2.1.1.Knh vt l

Knh vt l c miu t gm : Khung v tuyn: Di 10 ms (38400 Chips) v n c chia thnh 15 khong thi gian (khe). Khe thi gian: khe ny mang cc trng ca cc bit ko di 2/3 ms tng ng vi 2560 Chips. Cc knh vt l gm: * Knh vt l ng ln (UPCH): +Knh UPCH ring : -Knh s liu vt l ring (DPDCH)

-Knh iu khin vt l ring ( CPCCH ) + Knh UPCH chung: -Knh truy cp ngu nhin vt l(PRACH) -Knh gi chung vt l(PCPCH) * Knh vt l ng xung(DPCH) +Knh DPCH ring +Knh DPCH chung -Knh hoa tiu chung(CPICH) -knh vt l iu khin chung s cp(P-CCPCH) -Knh vt l iu khin chung th cp(S-CCPCH) -Knh ng b (SCH) -Knh vt l ng xung dng chung (PDSCH) -Knh ch th bt (AICH) -Knh ch th tm gi (PICH)
2.2.1.2.Cc knh truyn ti

Cc knh truyn ti c hai loi l knh truyn ti chung v knh truyn ti ring. im khc nhau gia chng l knh chung l ti nguyn c chia s cho tt c hoc mt nhm ngi trong cell, cn knh ring l ti nguyn c n nh cho mt ngi dung duy nht . *Knh truyn ti ring Knh truyn ti ring mang thng tin t cc lp trn lp vt l ring cho mt UE. Bao gm s liu cho dch v hin thi cng nh thng tin iu khin lp cao. Cc knh ring h tr chuyn giao mm. * Knh truyn ti chung + Knh qung b (BCH) + Knh truy cp ng xung (FACH): + Knh tm gi (PCH) + Knh truy cp ngu nhin (RACH + Knh gi chung ng ln (CPCH) + Knh ng xung dng chung (DSCH) 2.2.2. Chc nng ca lp vt l 2.2.2.1.Chc nng lp vt l con * X l cc knh vt l.
+ Ghp knh theo thi gian ca d liu v iu khin cc bt. + iu ch NRZ. N bao gm kt hp mt tn hiu bng gc vi thng tin trong bit n t cc bc trc. + Chuyn i ni tip-song song.

N c s dng trong ng xung trong tt c cc knh (ngoi tr trong SCH) kt hp mi cp lin tip k hiu l "I" hoc "Q".

+ Lan truyn tn hiu.

N c bao gm trong qu trnh knh ha v xo trn.

+ Ghp cc knh vt l.

N l tng hp nhng chc nng ca tng knh ghp li. Trong ng ln, n ch c s dng cho knh DPDCHs v knh DPCCH.
+ iu ch analog.

N c bao gm chuyn tn hiu tn s khong 2GHZ trong mi trng truyn khng kh * iu khin cng sut 2.2.2.2. Chc nng lp truyn ti con Cc d liu n lp truyn ti con di hnh thc ca cc khi truyn ti bi mi khong thi gian ca truyn dn. iu ny ph thuc ca knh truyn ti c th v c th c gi tr t 10, 20, 40 hoc 80 ms.
* B sung ca CRC:

CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) c hnh thnh bi mt tp hp cc bit c thm vo cc khi truyn ti vi mc ch pht hin cc li c th.
* M Ha Knh:

Mc ch ca m ha knh l bo v thng tin chng li cc ri lon ca cc knh (ting n, nhiu, vv ..) ci thin cht lng truyn dn. Bng 2.2. M Ha knh Knh truyn ti BCH PCH RACH CPCH, DCH, DSCH, FACH M ha turbo Khng c b gii m 1/3, 1/2 1/3 M ha knh M chp Tc b m ha 1/2

* Cn bng ca khung v tuyn:

Cn bng ca khung v tuyn bao gm lm y ln cc chui bit u vo m bo rng u ra c th c phn on trong mt s phn on d liu tch ri c cng kch thc trong khi phn on ca khung v tuyn.
* Phn on khung v tuyn:

Khi khong thi gian truyn dn tt 10 ms (kch thc khung), cc chui bit u vo s c phn on v gn vi khung v tuyn lin tc.

* Tc thch nghi ph hp:

N phc v thch nghi tc nh phn gc ca knh truyn ti tc nh phn ca cc knh vt l.

* Ghp cc knh truyn ti:

M ha knh truyn ti l ghp knh ni tip hoc tng t th, ti mt thi im trn mt khung v tuyn.
* Phn o n on ca cc knh vt l:

Khi c s dng nhiu hn mt knh vt l, trong khi ny s c cc bt phn chia cc knh vt l khc nhau.
* Sp xp cc knh vt l:

Cc bit c gn vi cc knh vt l cho mi knh vt l cc bit c truyn i theo cp bc tng dn. 2.3. Cc k thut m ha trong 3G 2.3.1. M Vng M khi l loi m chia dng thng tin thnh nhng khi tin c k bit . Mi tin c biu din bng mt khi k thnh phn nh phn u = (u1, u2, , uk), u c gi l vector thng tin. C tng cng 2k vector thng tin khc nhau. B m ha s chuyn vector thng tin u thnh mt b n thnh phn v= (v1, v2 ,,vn) c gi l t m. M vng l phng php m ha cho php kim tra d vng (CRC-cyclic Redundance Check ) v ch th cht lng khung cc khung bn tin. M ha vng dng h thng gm 3 bc : + Nhn a thc thng tin u(x) vi xn-k. + Chia xn-k.u(x) cho a thc sinh g(x), ta c phn d b(x). + Hnh thnh chia t m b(x)+xn-k Tt c cc bc trn c thc hin bng mch chia vi thanh ghi dch (n-k) tng c hm hi tip tng ng vi a thc sinh g(x). Nguyn l hot ng: Bc 1: Cng ng cho thng tin qua mch, k ch s thng tin u0,u1uk c dch vo t mch t thit b u cui nhn trc u(x) vi xn-k ngay sau khi thng tin c a vo mch th n-k ch s cn li trong thanh ghi l nhng con s kim tra chn l . Bc 2: Ct t ng hi tip bng cch iu khin cho cc cng gi h (khng cho thng tin i qua). Bc 3: Dch cc con s kim tra chn l v a ra ng truyn. Cc ch s kim tra ny kt hp vi k ch s thng tin to thnh vector m .

Hnh 2.5. S m ha mch vng vi a thc sinh g(x) = 1+g1x+g2x2++gn-k-lxn-k-l++xn-k 2.3.2. M xon
V d b m xon NSC c ch ra trong hnh 2.6, d liu u vo t bn tri {Xi} c lu tr trong thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh (D), mi ln bit d liu mi u vo c dch sang bn phi trong cc thanh ghi dch, khi c 2 bit u ra l {Z1, i v Z2, i} c tnh ton bng mch XOR, cc bit c lu tr trong thanh ghi dch thay i theo d liu u vo. V tc ca b m ha r = v di rng buc l K l s bit u vo ln nht m bit u ra ph thuc vo, trong trng hp ny K = 4.

Hnh 2.6. B m xon khng h thng vi tc 1/2 B m xon c ch ra trong hnh 2.6 l khng h thng, c ngha l cc bit u vo ca b m ha khng xut hin u ra ca n. Nh vy cc t m ch cha cc bit piraty v khng th tch thnh d liu ring bit v parity nh mong mun m Turbo. Thay vo chng ta mong mun l mt b m ha h thng, c u vo xut hin u ra. Khi t m u ra c th phn thnh thnh phn d liu v parity. Nh hnh 2.7 mt b m xon h thng quy c th c to ra t mt NSC s dng mt ng phn hi t mt trong hai u ra a v u vo (ng phn hi lm cho n c tnh quy). Khi mt u ra parity c a v u vo ch cn mt u ra parity khc cn c truyn i. iu ny cho php d liu u vo c truyn cng vi u ra parity, trong khi tc ca b m ha vn c duy tr l r = .

Hnh 2.7. M xon h thng quy vi tc c th c s dng cho m Turbo theo chun UMTS

2.3.3. M ha turbo Qu trnh m ha ny s c trnh by c th trong chng 3 2.4.Kt lun chng

Trong chng 2 chng ta c tm hiu v cu trc tng qut ca mt mng di ng 3G ( WCDMA) v lp vt l trong thng tin di ng 3G (WCDMA) gm cu trc cng nh chc nng ca chng. Qua ch ra c mt s phng php nng cao hiu qu cht lng 3G c thc hin ti lp vt l c th l phng php m ha. Trong chng ny cng trnh by mt s phng php m ha lm ni bt m turbo khi c ng dng trong 3G s c trnh by c th chng sau.

Chng 3 M TURBO TRONG THNG TIN DI NG 3G(WCDMA) M Turbo c gii thiu vo nm 1993 gm 2 m xon quy c kt ni song song , phn bit nh mt b xo trn ( interleaver) gi ngu nhin v thut ton gii m lp vi cht lng tin ti gii hn Shannon khon vi phn mi dB . Hin nay, m turbo c s dng trong thng tin di ng th h th 3, 4, trong thng tin v tinh, trong truyn thng v trtrong chng ny trnh by v s ra i ca m turbo, qu trnh m ha v gii m turbo cng nh cc ng dng ca n trong khoa hc k thut ngy nay. Phn cui chng trnh by v phng php ci thin cht lng m turbo trong thng tin di ng 3G cng nh phn m phng thy c s ti u ca m turbo trong thng tin di ng 3G so vi cc m khc. 3.1. S ra i ca m Turbo Cc m turbo ln u tin c gii thiu vo nm 1993 bi Bernou, Glavieux v Thitimajshima, a ra gin v xc sut li nh l hm ca E b/N0 v s ln lp. y gin m t c nhng thnh tu ca chng vi xc sut li bit l 10-5 , s dng tc qua knh nhiu trng (AWGN l knh c mt ph cng sut tri u ) v iu ch BPSK c t s Eb/N0 = 0.7 dB.
3.2. S m ha turbo trong UMTS B m ha c s dng cho UMTS l m turbo vi di rng buc ca b m ha RSC l K = 4. Nh trong hnh 3.1 u ra ca b m turbo UMTS l s kt hp tun t ca cc bit h thng {Xi}, gi tr u ra tng ng ca b m ha u tin {Zi} v gi tr u ra tng ng ca b m ha th hai {Zi}. Nh vy, tc b m ha xp x r = 1/3. Kch thc ca d liu u vo c th thay i trong khong t 40 bit n 5114 bit. Cc b xo trn c kch thc ph hp vi t m u vo. Trc khi m ha, c hai b m ha thnh phn c khi to gi tr ban u bng 0. Sau khi b m ha c k bit u vo, mi b m ha c th c mt trong 2 trng thi khc nhau. Tuy nhin b gii m thc hin tt hn nhiu nu n bit khng ch l trng thi ban u m cn l trng thi cui cng ca n.

Nh vy cn bit trng thi cui cng sau khi m ha ton b d liu u vo. Mt la chn n gin l s dng cc trng thi ton 0 khi b m ha cn chuyn trng thi ton 0 cho b m ha vi t m tip theo.

Hnh 3.1. M ha Turbo theo chun UMTS Trong UMTS b m ha c ch ra trong hnh 3.1 t c bng cch thay i v tr ca b chuyn mch t v tr trn xung di sau khi k bit u vo c m ha. Ch rng do b xo trn, trng thi ca hai b m ha l khc nhau v nh vy cc bit cn thit cho mi b m ha cng s khc nhau. Nh vy, cc cm bit c pht i khng ch l cc bit ui {Xk+1, Xk+2, Xk+3} tng ng vi cc b m ha pha trn m cn cc bit ui {Xk+1, Xk+2, Xk+3} tng ng vi b m ha pha di. Khi thm 6 bit ui vo tng ng vi cc bit tng ng t b m trn {Zk+1, Zk+2, Zk+3} v di {Zk+1, Zk+2, Zk+3} c pht i nh vy tc b m ha thc t l nh hn 1/3. Trong thc t tc ca b m ha l r=k/(3k+12). Tuy nhin khi k ln, cc bit ui thm vo l khng ng k.

3.3. Gii m Turbo theo chun UTMS

Sau khi m ha c n bit ghp vo mt khung, sau c iu ch v truyn trn knh truyn v gii m. Ui tng ng vi bit m ha c iu ch. (c th l bit h thng hoc parity) v Yi tng ng l tn hiu nhn c. Ch rng Ui c th ch l 0 hoc 1, Yi c th nhn bt k gi tr no. Hay ni cch khc trong khi Ui l mt gi tr cng, Yi l gi tr mm. Cc gi tr nhn c cho cc bit h thng v parity c a vo LLR tng ng cc u vo b gii m Turbo c ch ra trong hnh 3.2. Cc u vo R(Z1, i) v R(Z1,i) l cc gi tr LLR tng ng vi u ra parity ca nhnh trn (Zi) v nhnh di (Zi) ca b m ha trong hnh 3.2. u vo R(Z2, i) v R(Z2, i) c t bng 0. Vi mi bit d liu Xi, b gii m Turbo phi tnh cc gi tr LLR nh sau:

( X i ) ln

P ( X i 1 | Y1 ...Yn ) P ( X i 0 | Y1 ...Yn )

(3.2)

Gi tr LLR ny c so snh vi kh nng bit d liu thc t vi xc sut bng 0 trn ton b t m nhn c (Y1...Yn) Khi LLR ny c tnh ton, mt quyt nh cng cho Xi c th c thc hin bng

 1 v cch so snh n gin cc LLR ny vi 0, c ngha l khi ( X i ) 0 th c lng bit l X i 0 ( X i ) 0 th c lng bit l X i
W (X i )
R( X i ) V1 ( X i )

R( Z1, i )
R(Z '1, i )

1 ( X i )

V2 ( X i )
V2 ( X 'i )
2 ( X 'i )
X i

2 (X i )
Hnh 3.2. Cu trc b gii m turbo theo chun UMTS Cc b gii m Turbo s dng t m nhn c cng vi thng tin cu trc b m ha tnh ton

( X i ) . Tuy nhin, bi v b xo trn lm phc tp cu trc ca m ny, v khng c kh nng tnh ton c ( X i ) n gin bng cch s dng mt b x l xc sut. Vic tnh ton c lng LLR s dng cu trc b m ha pha trn l 1 ( X i ) v b m ha pha di l 2 ( X i ) . Mi ln thc hin c
lng LLR u c tnh ton s dng qu trnh x l u vo mm v u ra mm (SISO) Nh vy b x l SISO u tin s a gi tr LLR u ra thnh u vo ca b x l SISO th 2 v ngc li (sau khi thc hin xo trn v gii xo trn), Bi v cn phi thay i i thng tin phn hi gia cc b x l, thut ton gii m Turbo l lp i lp li. Sau mi ln lp cc b gii m Turbo c th cho kt qu c lng d liu tt hn mc d mi ln lp tip theo ci thin hiu sut t hn so vi trc . 3.4. B x l SISO Quan trng nht ca b gii m Turbo l thut ton c s dng thc hin qu trnh x l SISO. Cc thut ton SISO s dng mt s li biu din cho tt c dy c th xy ra vi trng thi b m ha. c bit, mt li ch ra tp cc trng thi c th xy ra ca b m RSC chu k xung th i, trong i nhn gi tr t 1 n k+3 (gi s 3 bit ui) khi b m ha RSC c s dng bi UMTS c 2 phn t nh, s lng trng thi ca b m ha bt k thi im no u l 8, khi b m ha chuyn xung nhp t thi im i sang i +1 n thc hin mt qu trnh chuyn i trng thi t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc. Cc kt ni gia cc trng thi c gi l nhnh ch ra trng thi thi im i+1 c th nhn c t trng thi thi im i, mi trng thi thi im i c 2 nhnh, mt nhnh tng ng vi u vo Xi = 1 v nhnh cn li tng ng vi u vo Xi = 0. Mi mt t m khc nhau tng ng vi ng xc nh thng qua mt li. y ng nt lin tng ng vi bit u vo l 1 v ng nt t tng ng vi bit d liu u vo bng 0. Qu trnh qut ny c th thc hin c lp bng cch s dng

mt trong hai thut ton l: thut ton Viterbi u ra mm (SOVA) v thut ton MAP. Nhn chung thut ton SOVA t phc tp hn thut ton MAP nhng hiu qu thc hin km hn. 3.5.Cc ng dng ca m turbo

M turbo nhn c s quan tm ca cc nh nghin cu do truyn d liu gn vi gii hn Shannon. Vic m ha ny c s dng trong nhiu ng dng nh lu tr d liu, truyn thng hu tuyn, truyn thng khng dy, h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3, truyn thng v tinh, vin trc v thng tin lin lc v tr *H thng lu tr d liu M turbo c p dng ghi quang hc v gim thiu t l li bit. Do m ny c kh nng sa li hiu qu hn so vi cc m trc y c s dng c th l m RS v m RLL gip qu trnh t c BER khong 10-12 hoc thp hn. Hin nay c rt nhiu nghin cu lu tr d liu quang s dng m turbo nhm nng cp dung lng lu tr ca a DVD ln 25GHz bng cch s dng khu s (NA)0.85 v bc sng 405nm. Tc ng ca m turbo ln cng lu tr d liu l vic ci thin tc truyn dn v t l li bit thp.Vi t l li bit nh hn v kh nng truyn ti nhiu d liu hn trn mt knh truyn, chng ta c th truyn nhiu d liu hn trong cng mt thi gian. * H thng truyn thng c nh M turbo c th c p dng cho h thng truyn ti s dng iu ch a sng mang nh cc modem ADSL vi cng ngh a m ri rc (Discrete Multi-tone technology) (DMT). Vi m turbo, chng ta c th ci thin bng thng tn hiu do c c li m ha cao hn. Cc b m ha turbo v b gii m turbo ca ADSL trong s trn s dng hai b chn. B chn thm gim thiu tc ng ca ting n trong knh v thit k ca cc b chn phi cung cp mt khong ln cho chui u vo ci thin hiu sut sa li. M turbo c th ci thin cht lng dch v ca xDSL bng cch ci thin li m ha v gim t l li bt. *Inmarsat Dch v a phng tin ca Inmarsat l mt dch v mi da trn m Turbo v 16QAM cho php ngi s dng giao tip vi chm v tinh Inmarsat-3 t mt my tnh xch tay c kch thc thit b u cui 64 kbit/s. Cng ngh bng hp da trn 16QAM v m ha turbo cung cp gim ng k (> 50%) bng thng cn thit cho cc knh v tinh di ng ng thi tng hiu qu cng sut v tinh. * DVB M ha turbo y cho php truyn tc d liu bit t 144 kbit/s n 2 Mbit/ s v s dng mt vng trn i nh phn quy c h thng m xon thnh phn (CRSC). N c th x l cc gi tin ATM (53 byte) hoc MPEG (188 bytes), kch thc khi thc t c bin i t 12 n 216 byte. *Truyn thng V tr C th ng dng thch hp nht ca m Turbo l truyn thng v tr ( deep-space). iu ny trc ht l bi v s dng xen k ln c th ti a ha c m ha turbo khi m khng cn

quan tm n tr. Th hai, nhiu hn hai b m ha s cp c th c kt hp theo nhiu cch to ra mt m turbo tc thp mnh m phc tp tng khng ng k . * Trong Thng tin di ng 3G: Trong cng ngh 3G, m turbo c s dng nh mt tiu chun knh m do kh nng t c tc m ha cao hnv gim thiu t l li bit ca b gii m. S dng m Turbo trong cng ngh 3G m bo thng lng ln hn trong khi BER t l nh. 3.6. u im v nhc im ca m Turbo M Turbo c th dng lm tng tc d liu m khng lm tng cng sut ca truyn d liu, hoc chng c th c dng gim cng sut c s dng truyn ti vi tc d liu nht nh. Hn ch chnh ca chng l vic gii m tng i phc tp v tr tng i cao lm cho chng khng thch hp i vi mt s ng dng. i vi ng dng v tinh, iu ny khng phi l mi quan tm ln, v khong cch truyn dn ln cho php c tr do tc truyn hu hn. 3.7. Ci thin cht lng m Turbo trong 3G M Turbo s dng b hon v bit v nguyn tc gii m lp nhng s n gin hn, t c t l li bit rt thp. S m Turbo kh n gin nhng c hiu qu s dng ph khng cao v nhanh xut hin sn li. Nhm nng cao hiu qu sa li, TTCM s dng b hon v symbol c Robertson v Worz gii thiu nm 1995, hoc tng thm cc m thnh phn trong s my m . Tuy nhin s kh phc tp. khc phc hai hn ch ca s Turbo v n gin ha v mt thit k so vi TTCM, c th thc hin s Turbo kt hp iu ch a mc nng cao hiu qu s dng bng thng. Chng ta s thy rng s m ha Turbo n gin kt hp vi iu ch 4PSK cho php ci thin ng k phm cht theo BER, ng thi tng c hiu qu s dng ph tnh theo s bit/sec/Hz. 3.7.1 M hnh h thng Hnh 3.7 m t s khi (cng l s m phng trong MatLab Simulink) ca h thng m Turbo kt hp vi iu ch 4PSK. Chui bt tin c gi nh l to ra t mt ngun Bernoulli vi xc sut u gia 0 v 1. My m Turbo bao gm hai my m chp h thng quy (Recursive Systematic Convolutional RSC) vi t l m ha 1 / 2 , lin kt song song thng qua mt b hon v bt. Cc bt trn u ra ca mi my m RSC b loi b xen k (puncturing) ch gi li cc bt d ( p1 cho my m th nht v p2 cho my m th hai). Cng vi chui bt tin S , trn u ra ca my m Turbo c chui b ba bt ( S , P1 , P2 ) , nh vy t l m ha l R 1/ 3 . Mc d cp chui bt ( S , P1 ) l tng quan do l u ra ca cng mt my m chp, nhng nh c b hon v bt m ta c hai cp chui bt hu nh khng tng quan l ( S , P2 ) v ( P 1, P 2 ) . Nu tin hnh diu ch 4PSK i vi cc cp chui bt ny mt cch c lp theo lut Label_A v Label_B ri lng ghp chui cc symbol sau iu ch li thnh mt chui tn hiu pht th kt qu ta c chui cc symbol 4PSK c lp truyn i qua knh tp m Gao-x trng cng tnh

(Additive White Gaussian Noise AWGN). Hiu qu s dng ph tng th ca h thng l 1 / 2 bit/sym, hay 1 / 2 bit/sec/Hz. Tc ny tuy thp hn so vi iu ch BPSK khng m ha (1 bit/sec/Hz) nhng cao hn so vi m Turbo vi iu ch BPSK ( 1 / 3 bit/sec/Hz). u thu, chui cc symbol thu c s c a ti hai b gii iu ch mm i vi tn hiu 4PSK, nhm tnh ra cc gi tr t l hp l theo hm log (Log-Likelihood Ratio LLR) ca chui b ba bt ( S , P1 , P2 ) . ng b vi cc symbol c pht i, cc symbol l c dng tnh cc gi tr LLR cho cp bt ( S , P2 ) , cn cc symbol chn c dng tnh cc gi tr LLR cho cp bt ( P 1, P 2 ) . Ta thy rng c hai chui gi tr LLR cho cc bt p2 , nhng do cc symbol c truyn qua knh AWGN c lp nn gi tr LLR ca tng bt p2 c cng li (tnh theo xc sut th c nhn vi nhau). Cc gi tr LLR ny c coi nh l quan trc knh dng gii m Turbo theo nh thng thng. Di y l nhng iu khc bit c bn ca s mi xut so vi s gi m Turbo truyn thng. 1. u ra cp nht gi tr LLR cho cc bt m ( S , P2 ) (u ra L(c) ) ca b gii m u vo mm u ra mm (Soft-Input Soft-Output SISO) th nht da trn khi gii m theo xc sut hu nghim (A Posteriori Probability APP) ca Benedetto et al , c dng cung cp thng tin tin nghim cho gii iu ch cc bt p2 . 2. u ra cp nht gi tr LLR cho cc bt m P2 (u ra L(c) ) ca b gii m u vo mm u ra mm (Soft-Input Soft-Output SISO) th hai c dng cung cp thng tin tin nghim cho gii iu ch cc bt s v p1 .

S
P2

In1
Out
In2

O
P 1
E

In1
Out

In2
P2

L u
L c

L u
L c

L u
L c

L u
L c

O
E

Out1
Out 2

In1
In2

In1
Out

In2

z SCCC_len

z SCCC_len

Hnh 3.7. S khi h thng m Turbo kt hp vi iu ch 4PSK Cc lut iu ch Label_A v Label_B s dng hai nh x l SP (Set Partitioning Phn hoch tp) v Gray. nh x phn hoch tp c phn bit thnh SP1 v SP2, ch khc nhau s hon i v tr ca hai bt trong nhn nh phn ca cc im tn hiu 4PSK. Quy lut nh x c th hin qua chm sao tn hiu trn Hnh 3.8 v bng nh x di y.
01
10 10

10

00

01

00

11

00

11

11

01

A2

B2

A3

A1

B3

B1

A4

B4

Hnh 3.8. Cc lut m ha v chm sao tn hiu 4PSK Bng 3.1. Kt qu nh x cc bt u ra my m Turbo thnh cc cp tn hiu 4PSK SP1 SP2 Gray SP1- Gray SP2- Gray SP SP2 P 1P 2 1P 2 -Gray Gray -SP1 Gray -SP2 SP1 SP2 000 0000 A1B1 A1B1 A1B1 A1B1 A1B1 A1B1 A1B1 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 0101 0010 0111 000 1101 1010 1111 A2 B2 A3 B3 A1B3 A1 B2 A2 B4 A3 B4 A3 B1 A2 B1 A4 B2 A4 B3 A3 B3 A2 B2 A4 B4 A4 B4 A4 B4 A1 B2 A4 B3 A2 B1 A3 B4 A2 B2 A3 B3 A2 B4 A1 B2 A2 B3 A3 B1 A4 B4 A3 B2 A4 B3 A4 B2 A1B3 A4 B4 A2 B1 A3 B2 A2 B3 A3 B4 A3 B4 A1 B2 A3 B3 A2 B1 A4 B4 A2 B2 A4 B3 A4 B3 A1 B2 A4 B4 A2 B1 A3 B3 A2 B2 A3 B4

3.7.2 Kt qu m phng

Hnh 3.9 th hin cc ng cong BER dng so snh phm cht ca h thng trong trng hp cc lut nh x Label_A v Label_B s dng nh x nh x SP1 v nh x Gray. Trong 4 t hp ca nh x SP1 v Gray th khi nh x Label_A = SP1 v Label_B = Gray c BER nh nht khi t l tn trn tp (Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR) tnh theo Eb / N 0 (dB), tuy nhin sm xut hin sn li. Trng hp nh x Label_A = Gray v Label_B = SP1 t sn li mun hn nhng sn li rt thp. Trng hp c hai lut nh x s dng nh x Gray tng ng vi trng hp iu ch BPSK, ch khc l vi hiu qu s dng ph cao hn. Trng hp c hai lut nh x cng s dng . So snh vi BPSK, ta thy hiu qu s dng ph ca s 4PSK mi cao hn, ngoi ra BER vi nh x SP1, SP2 cng tt hn so vi BPSK. Khi cng s dng nh x Gray th, khi SNR ln, phm cht ca h thng Turbo vi 4PSK tin ti phm cht ca h thng vi iu ch BPSK.

Hnh 3.9. So snh BER ca s m turbo ca 3G ci tin vi iu ch 4PSK, tc bit/giy/Hz. S Turbo mi vi vic tng tnh c lp gia cc bit trc khi nh x ln symbol t c BER thp SNR nh, ng thi s iu ch 4PSK lm tng hiu qu s dng ph. C th tng hiu qu sa li ca s bng cch tng kch thc Interleaver, s ln lp v la chn cp nh x cho Label_A v Label_B ph hp. Kt qu cho thy s dng hai loi nh x khc nhau th tnh c lp cao hn, do BER thp hn. Trong cc cch ghp th Gray SP1 v Gray SP2 cho kt qu rt kh quan vi BER 107 ti 1dB. 3.8.Kt lun chng Qua chng 3 chng ta tm hiu c v m turbo : lch s ra i ca m, b m ha v gi m turbo cng nh cc ng dng v cc u nhc im ca m turbo. Chng 3 cng trnh by c ci thin cht lng m turbo da vo s m ha Turbo n gin kt hp vi iu ch 4PSK. Vic ny cho php ci thin ng k phm cht theo BER, ng thi tng c hiu qu s dng ph tnh theo s bit/sec/Hz.

KT LUN V KIN NGH

Sau mt thi gian tm hiu, nghin cu vi s gip tn tnh ca thy gio PGS-TS. inh Th Cng, cng vi s c gng n lc ca bn thn, lun vn hon thnh ng thi gian quy nh v t c mc tiu nghin cu ra vi nhng ni dung sau: Lun vn trnh by c nhng vn c bn v lch s pht trin ca thng tin di ng 3G cu trc ca mt mng di ng m c th l WCDMA cng nh mt s k thut c dng ci thin cht lng trong mng WCDMA. Trong lun vn cng i vo tm hiu v lp vt l v cc k thut m ha trong WCDMA t tm hiu v m turbo trong thng tin di ng 3G (WCDMA). Lun vn cng a ra c phng php ci thin cht lng m turbo nng cao hiu qu s dng trong thng tin di ng 3G. Ti c gng tp hp nhng kin thc c c t s hng dn ca gio vin, t cc ngun ti liu c cung cp mt cch ngn gn y nht. Nhng do hn ch v thi gian v kh nng ca bn thn, chc chn lun vn khng trnh khi nhng sai st ti xin trn trng tip thu nhng kin ng gp ca cc thy c cng cc bn quan tm n vn ny lun vn thm hon thin hn. Trong thi gian ti, nu c iu kin, t i c th pht trin thm nh: -p dng m turbo nng cao cht lng trong truyn thng a phng tin. - Thit k b chn ci thin cht lng m turbo. Mt ln na ti xin trn thnh cm n thy gio PGS-TS. inh Th Cng v cc thy c trong Trng Hc vin cng ngh Bu chnh vin thng tn tnh hng dn, gip ti trong sut qu trnh thc hin lun vn ny.