. , .

,
, ,
.
, , ,
.
supermarkets , ,
. , .

, , ,
, .
, ,
.
: ,
, .
. ,

.
. , ;
;
;
, ,
, , .
.
, .
.

 , ,
, , , ,
. , .
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
; , ,
, ,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , . ,
trans ,
.
, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], C-reactive protein
(CRP), ; .
,
LDL HDL.
Lp(a), CRP,
, ; ,
, Lp(a) .
CRP. Lp(a),
C, ; ,
, B6, B12 ;
.
. , ,
. , , .
, ,
,
I, dr. George Mann .

, ,
. 25
,
,
.
( ); American
Heart Association. , ,

 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

, , ,
: trans ,
, ,
;
, 97
(64%) , , 2002
Journal of the American Medical Association.

20 , 10% , 1950 30%
45% . ,
, ,
1920. 50, dr. Dudley White,
, , ,
, .
1900
1950, .
,
, ,
.
dr. White ,

, , , ,
, .
,
dr. Norman Jolliffe, Nutrition
Bureau New York Health Department. Anti-Coronary Club 1957,
40-59 , , American
Heart Association (AHA). . ,
, ,
. Jollife, ,
,
, .
1966, Journal of the American Medical Association.
, ,
, (220 mg/dl 250 mg/dl),
,
, . dr. Jolliffe; , 1961.
, .
,
, ,
.
, , .
. .

 , . ,
. ,
. D
.
. ,
. .
. . ,
, . ,
. /
.
. .
VLDL,
. VLDL .
IDL, . , VLDL
. LDL, ,
. , .
HDL, , .
, .

-
.
, HDL
, . HDL ,
.
, .
LDL (), Lp(a). LDL
, .
.
.

, . ,
. ,

.
, ,
, Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLOS)
.
: SLOS,
SLOS ,
SLOS. , , ,
, .
,
. .
. ,
20 mg/dl.
, :
: ,
.
D: .
:
. , .
: .

: , ,
.
.
, .
, .
,
. , ,
. ,
.
, , ,
;
. ,
. ,
, .

, :
1. ,
. ,
. .
2. .
.
3. , . ,
.
4. . ,
.
.
5. .
,
, , -, - CD8+ .
, , ,
LDL .
6. , D,
, , , ,
, .
7. ,
.
8. .
, ,
,
.
9. ,
.
,
.
10.
. ,
.
11. , , .
, . Meyer Texon,
New York University Medical Center, ,

 .

, ;
; ,

(. , . 1). ,
, .
dr. Harlan Krumholz Yale ,
(,
. 2).
. ,
.
Uffe Ravnskov Medline ,
(, . 3).

David Jacobs ,
, (,
. 4).
.
: , ,
;
Jacobs 100.000
San Francisco . ,

(, . 5). ,
, ,
,
, . ,
.
LDL
LDL . LDL ,
. LDL . LDL
. , ,
, LDL,
.
dr. Sucharit Bhakdi Giessen ,
(, . 6).
- , ,
. ,
. ,
,
. Bhakdi - ( ,
) - .
LDL.
, - LDL.
,
, , . Dr.
Willy Flegel ,
, LDL
(, . 7). , LDL
.
LDL , . Matthew Muldoon
Pittsburgh Pennsylvania ,
LDL

(, . 8). ,
.
Kenneth Feingold California LDL

. LDL ,
(, . 9).
,
. ,
(, . 10).
, .
;
.
.
,
, ,
. .
1995 Lancet , 450.000 16
, 13.000 . :
.
EUROSTROKE, 2002 .
: EUROSTROKE
, ,
.

.
, , ,
. , ,
.
,
. ,
(,
. 11).

 , .
LDL .
, .
, Amgen,
, , LDL 64%
. , , ,
, LDL . LDL ,
, . , LDL . LDL
. ,
LDL, .
, ,
. ,
.

dr. Harlan Krumholz Yale ,

.
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
. 15 , Stroke 2004,
: 64%


, ,
,
.

. 1958 2.837, 1999 2.202. 1958
84% , 1999 62%

. 1958 11% , 1999 18%. 1958 5%

, 1999 20%.
. , . ,
1965 1995, .
60-69 1950 1995 1.334 226
( 100.000/). 600%.
.
, .
, .
, ,
.

.
.

, .
, , . ,
, ,
; ,

; , ,
, .
, .
, ;

60, George Mann
Vanderbilt Nashville ,
(, . 12). ,
. Mann ,
, .
. , dr. Gerald Sharper
Makerere Uganda , ,
samburus (, . 13).

 60, George Mann

Vanderbilt Nashville, , .
, .
, . Mann ,
. .
, dr. Mann . . ,
, . dr. Mann
.
samburus , .
. , .
, . samburu
, , ,
.
, ,
.
. , samburus.
. 2 4,5
, Mann.
,
. Mann , .
. , Mann .
. , ,
, 50% .
.
. ,
, .
;
. Mann

 .

, . .
, . Gujarat
, Punjab ,
Gujarat
.
(, . 14). ,
.
dr. S. L. Malhotra Bombay
.
679 . , , 135
100.000 , Madras . , 20 100.000
, Punjab .
, Madras
12 Punjab. Punjab,
.
, Madras ,
Punjab (, . 15).
.


samburu . Zebu
Holstein, , samburu
,
, 170 mg/dl (, . 16).
.
.
. 60%
, 150 mg/dl,
(, . 17).
dr. Ian Prior Wellington
Tokelau Pakapuka ( ),
, (, . 18).
. ,
.
Tokelau, Palapuka
,
.
1966 .
tokelauans .
.
, (, . 19).

- , . ...

tokelauans , 10%. 45-54

195 mg/dl 219 mg/dl 213 mg/dl
225 mg/dl.,
tokelauans, ,
.
. ,
.
, .
.
, Tecumseh, Michigan,
Michigan dr.
Allen Nichols. 2000
24 . ,

. , ,
, .
.
,
(, . 20).
Mayo Clinic Rochester , dr. William Weidman
, ,
(, .
21).
, Jeremy Morris 99
(, . 22).


.
.
, 76
.
.
dr. Rolf Kroneld Turku
Inio Turku
.
Inio,
. , Inio
, .
Inio.
Inio 283 mg/dl 239 243
. .
, dr. Harold Kahn
10.000 . 10
200
(, . 23). ,
,
.


. , .
, ;
, Tecumseh, Mayo Clinic
Morris
.
. ,
Tecumseh Mayo Clinic,
. ,
.
, Hitchcock Bracey Busselton
. ,
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
.
(, . 24).

, , (, . 25).

, 2 . 100 mg
, , ,
, . ,
, .
dr. Enig : ,
, :

.
, .

 , ,
(, . 26).
, ,
.
,
.

, , ,
; .
dr. Harlan Krumholz Yale
997 , Bronx, .
,

(, . 27). ; .
,
.
, . Framingham
: 1 mg/dl 11%
. , ,
. ,
. Framingham ,
, .
,
. ,
. .
, .
. dr. Bernard Forette
,
. ,
.
(, . 28). ,

. ,
.

 ()
( , ), .
, , .

. ,
. .
-6 . -6
, .
Bernard Hennig, Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2001,
, -6
.
, .
,
, , . ,
, .
, ,
, , .
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, ,

:
(, . 29).
dr. Gilles Dagenais 5000
12 , ,
, (,
. 30). .
.
, dr. Henry Shanoff Toronto
120 ,

(, . 31).
, ,
,
(, . 32)
dr. Dmitri Shestov St. Petesburg ,
. dr. Shestov
HDL LDL , LDL
. HDL.
, LDL HDL (,
. 33). , , HDL .
,

 , ,
. ,
.
1936, Kurt Lande Warren Sperry
. (, . 34), ,
.
.
dr. J. C. Paterson , 800
(, . 35). .
, dr. Paterson ,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
. dr. Paterson

.
.
Agra dr. K. S. Mathur (, . 36), 200
,
.
, .
. 1973 Dr. Charles Bemis
Peter Bent Brigham 70 (, .
37). 24 25% .
24 16, .
12 ,
.
dr. Demetrios Kimbiris , .
17 25 ,
(, . 38).
dr. Clarence Shub Mayo Clinic (, . 39) ,
,
60 mg/dl.

.
, ,
. ,
.
, .
San Diego , 75

, , .

. European Heart Journal ,
11.500 . Behar ,
( 160 mg/dl) 2,27
.
,
. ,
170 mg/dl.
. Journal of the American Medical
Association Cholesterol and Mortality. 30 years of follow-up from the
Framingham study ( . 30
Framingham). , 50

 . (
) . , ,
14% 1 mg/dl
.
.
Journal of Cardiac Failure Tamara
Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure (

). 1134 ,
,
. , ,
, .
400 mg/dl 188 mg/dl
. 2003, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,
Brescianini . 3.295
65 84 , ,
(<189 mg/dl) ,
. 276 417 mg/dl

189 mg/dl.

1. Behar S. et al., Eur Heart J. 18, 52-59, 1997; Casiglia E., Eur J Epidemiol. 9, 577-586, 1993; Chyou PH.,
Eaker ED., Age Ageing 29, 69-74, 2000; Forette B., et al., Lancet 1,868-1,870, 1989; Fried LP., et al., JAMA,
279, 582-592, 1998; Harris T., et al., J Clin Epidemiol 45, 595-601, 1992, Jonsson A., et al., Lancet 350,
1778-1779, 1997; Raiha I et al., Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 17, 1224-1232, 1997, Rudman D., et al., J Am
Geriatr Soc 35, 496-502, 1987; Schatz IJ., et al., Lancet 358, 351-355, 2001; Schupf N et al., J Am Geriatr
Soc 53, 219-226, 2005; Siegel D., et al., Am J Epidemiol 126, 385-399, 1987; Staessen J., et al., J Hypertens
8, 755-761, 1990; Ulmer H., et al., J Womens Health 13, 41-53, 2004; Weverling-Rijnsburger AW., et al.,
Lancet 350, 1119-1123, 1997
2. Krumholz HM et al., JAMA 272, 1335-1340, 1994
3. Ravnskov U., QJM 96, 927-934, 2003
4. Jacobs D et al., Circulation 86, 1046-1060, 1992
5. Iribarren C., et al., Int J Epidemiol 26, 1191-1202, 1997; Iribarren C., et al., Epidemiol Infect 121, 335-347,
1198
6. Bhakdi S., et al., J Biol Chem 258, 5899-5904, 1983
7. Flegel WA., et al., Infect Immun 57, 2237-2245, 1989; Flegel WA., et al., Infect Immun 61, 5140-5146,
1993
8. Muldoon MF., et al., Clin Immunol Immunopathol 84, 145-149, 1997
9. Feingold KR., et al., Infect Immun 63, 2041-2046, 1995
10. Netea MG., et al., J Clin Invest 97, 1366-1372, 1996
11. http://www.fao.org/docrep/V4700E/V4700E0i.htm
12. Mann GV., Shaffer RD., Sandstead HH., Cardiovascular disease in the Masai, Journal of Atherosclerosis
Research 4, 289-312, 1964 Mann GV., Shaffer RD., Rich A., Physical fitness and immunity to heart disease
in Masai, The Lancet 2, 1308-1310, 1965 Mann GV., Shaffer R., Cholesteremia in pregnant Masai women,
Journal of the American Medical Association 197, 123-125, 1996 Mann GV., et al., Atherosclerosis in the
Masai, American Journal of Epidemiology 95, 26-37, 1972
13. Sharper AG., Cardiovascular studies in the Samburu tribe of northern Kenya, American Heart Journal 63,
437-442, 1962
14. Charters AD., Arya BP., Incidence of ischaemic heart disease among Indians in Kenya, The Lancet 1,
288-289, 1960

288-289, 1960
15. Malhotra SL., Epidemiology of ischaemic heart disease in India with special reference to causation,
British Heart Journal 29, 895-905, 1967
16. Shaper AG., Cardiovascular studies in the Samburu tribe of northern Kenya, American Heart Journal 63,
437-442, 1962; Shaper AG., et al., Serum lipids in three nomadic tribes of northern Kenya, American Journal
of Clinical Nutrition 13, 135-146, 1963
17. Lapiccirella V., et al., Enquete clinique, biologique et cardiographique parmi les tribus nomades de la
Somalie qui se nourissent seulement de lait, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 27, 681-697, 1962
18. Prior IA., et al., Cholesterol, coconuts and diet on Polynesian atolls: a natural experiment: the Pukapuka
and Tokelau Island studies, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1552-1561, 1981
19. Stanhope JM, Shampson VM., Prior IAM., The Tokelau Island migrant study: serum lipid concentrations in
two environments, Journal of Chronic Disease 34, 45-55, 1980
20. Nichols AB., et al., Daily nutritional intake and serum lipid levels. The Tecumseh study, American Journal
of Clinical Nutrition 29, 1384-1392, 1976
21. Weidman WH., et al., Nutrient intake and serum cholesterol level in normal children 6 to 16 years of age,
Pediatrics 61, 354-359, 1978
22. Morris JN et al., Diet and plasma cholesterol in 99 bank men, British Medical Journal 1, 571-576, 1963
23. Kahn HA., et al., Serum cholesterol: Its distribution and association with dietary and other variables in a
survey of 10,000 men, Israel Journal of the Medical Sciences 5, 1117-1127, 1969
24. New England Journal of Medicine 98, 317-323, 1978
25. Reiser R., The three weak links in the Diet-Heart disease connection, Nutrition Today 14, 22-28, 1979,
Slater et al., Nutr Report Inter 14, 249, 1975, Porter et al., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30, 490,
1960
26. Enig M., Know your fats, 2000
27. Krumholz HM., et al., Lack of association between cholesterol and coronary heart disease mortality and
morbidity and all-cause mortality in persons older than 70 years, Journal of the American Medical
Association 272, 1335-1340, 1994
28. Forette B., Tortrat D., Wolmark Y., Cholesterol as risk factor for mortality in elderly women, The Lancet 1,
868-870, 1989
29. Jacobs D et al., Report of the conference on low blood cholesterol: Circulation 86, 1046-60, 1992
30. Dagenais GR., et al., Total and coronary heart disease mortality in relation to major risk factors
Quebec cardiovascular study, Canadian Journal of Cardiology 6, 59-65, 1990
31. Shanoff HM., Little JA., Csima A., Studies of male survivors of myocardial infarction: XII. Relation of serum
lipids and lipoproteins to survival over a 10-year period, Canadian Medical Association Journal 103, 927931, 1970
32. Beaglehole R., et al., Cholesterol and mortality in New Zealand Maoris, British Medical Journal 1, 285287, 1980
33. Shestov DB., et al., Increased risk of coronary heart disease death in men with low total and low-densitylipoprotein cholesterol in the Russian Lipid Research Clinics prevalence follow-up study, Circulation 88, 846853, 1993
34. Lande KE., Sperry WM., Human atherosclerosis in relation to the cholesterol content of the blood serum,
Archives of Pathology 22, 301-312, 1936
35. Paterson JC., Armstrong R., Armstrong EC., Serum lipid levels and the severity of coronary and cerebral
atherosclerosis in adequately nourished men 60 to 69 years of age, Circulation 27, 229-236, 1963
36. Mathur KS., et al., Serum cholesterol and atherosclerosis in man, Circulation 23, 847-852, 1961

37. Bemis CE., et al., Progression of coronary artery disease. A clinical arteriographic study, Circulation 47,
455-464, 1973
38. Kimbiris D., et al., Devolutionary pattern of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with angina pectoris.
Coronary arteriographic studies, American Journal of Cardiology 33, 7-11, 1974
39. Shub C., et al., The unpredictable progression of symptomatic coronary artery disease, Mayo Clinic
Proccedings 56, 155-160, 1981