3G Radio Planning Essentials

1 - h0KlA lnLroducLion.PP!j 10.0.
2008 j hh
ado P|annng LsscnIa|s
86 PPESS
2 - h0KlA lnLroducLion.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
A0LN0A
WC0MA FundanenLals
Padio heLwork 0inensioninq
Power 8udqeL CalculaLion
Coveraqe u CaaciLy Planninq
Coveraqe u CaaciLy lnrovenenL
Pre-launch 0LinisaLion
hokia WC0MA 8S Fanily
WC0MAj6SM Co-siLinq
PAh Sharinq
Mulilayer Planninq
Planninq SuorL for 86 Poll-ouL
Case SLudy
8 - h0KlA lnLroducLion.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
L0uSL 081LLJIvLS
LisL Lhe characLerisLics of WC0MA Lechnoloqies, PPM enLiLies and exlain
Lheir inacL on Lhe radio neLwork lanninq
!o describe differenL neLwork lanninq areas in 86, idenLify Lhe inuL facLors
needed for radio neLwork dinensioninq
!o idenLify and exlain Lhe key facLors affecLinq a WC0MA ower budqeL
!o describe Lhe roaqaLion nodels and basic load funcLions for bL and 0L
!o exlain Lhe coveraqe and caaciLy inrovenenL alLernaLives
!o describe Lhe re-launch oLinizaLion acLions
!o lisL hokia h8s wiLh Lheir nax confiquraLion
!o idenLify Lhe key consideraLions for sharinq a siLe wiLh 6SM
!o exlain Lhe conceL of PAh sharinq
!o describe differenL nulLilayer lanninq soluLions
1 - h0KlA WC0MA FundanenLals.PP!j10.0.2008 j hh
WL0MA FundamcnIa|s
M00bLE 1
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
AL Lhe end of Lhis nodule Lhe arLicianL will be able Lo:
0escribe Lhe usaqe of scranblinq and channalisaLion codes
0escribe how differenL biL raLes can be achieved
0escribe how Lhe caaciLy and coveraqe are connecLed Lo each oLhers
0escribe differenL Randover Lyes
0escribe Power ConLrol rocedures
Exlain Lhe Lasks of Adnission ConLrol, Load ConLrol, PackeL Scheduler and
inLerconnecLions beLween Lhen
IMJ-2000 frcqucncy a||ocaIons
2200 MRz 2000 1000 1060 2060 2100 2160 1860
Jaan
IMJ-2000
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IMJ-2000
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IMJ-2000
IMJ-2000
Euroe
uMJS
(F00) 0
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(
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0SM
1800
u
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uMJS
(F00)
bSA
P
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PLS
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uMJS B 0SM NcIwork P|annng
C8H900|1800: 3C (w60HA}:
hcrarchca| Lc|| SIrucIurc
F1
F2
F2
F8
F8
F8
Mcro 8JS
Macro 8JS
Pco 8JSs
1 - 10 km
50 - 100 m
200 - 500 m
- h0KlA WC0MA FundanenLals.PP!j10.0.2008 j hh
0ffcrcnccs hcIwccn WL0MA B 0SM
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 118
Power control
frequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packet
scheduling
Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmit
diversity
Supported for
improving downlink
capacity
Not supported by the
standard, but can be
applied
Riqh biL raLes
SecLral
efficiency
0ifferenL
qualiLy
requirenenLs
EfficienL
ackeL daLa
WL0MA Jcchno|ogy
5 Hhz
3.84 Hhz
f
6+6 MRz in F00 node
6 MRz in !00 node
F
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q
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c
y
T|me
0|rect 8equence (08} 60HA
WC0MA Carrier
WCDMA WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM) TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers 5 MHz, 25 carriers
Sreadinq Code
Sprcad Sgna|
0aLa
Air lnLerface
Lhps B 8Is B Symho|s
8Is (In Ihs drawng, 1 hI = 8 Lhps)
8aseband 0aLa
-1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Lhp Lhp
0
c
s
p
r
c
a
d
n
g
0
c
s
p
r
c
a
d
n
g
Lncrgy 8ox
F
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q
u
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c
y
8
a
n
d
0uraIon
(SF)
P
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c
r
0riginating 8it Received 8it
Enerqy ro biL = consL
Sprcadng B Proccssng 0an
Frequency
P
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d
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s
i
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y

(
W
a
L
L
s
j
R
z
}
bnsread narrowband siqnal Sread wideband siqnal
8andwidLh W (8.84 Mchijsec}
8iL raLe
P
sec
84 . 3
Mchip
W const SF R = = =
[ ] SF
R
W
B
B
dB G
Baerer
U
p
u
= = =
6
: rocessinq qain
8
bu
: sysLen chi raLe
8
8earer
: bearer synbol raLe
SF: sreadinq facLor
Proccssng 0an Lxamp|cs
Frequency (Rz}
vocc uscr (=12,2 khIjs)
PackcI daIa uscr (=884 khIjs)
P
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(
W
j
R
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}
Frequency (Rz}
0
p
=Wj=24.08 d8
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W
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}
0
p
=Wj=10 d8
Sreadinq sequences have
a differenL lenqLh
Processinq qain deends
on Lhe user daLa raLe
Jransmsson Powcr
Frequency
6MRz
Power
!ine
Riqh biL raLe user
Low biL raLe user
0L B uL Lhanna|saIon Lodcs
Walsh-Radanard codes: orLhoqonal variable sreadinq facLor codes (0vSF codes}
SF for Lhe 0L Lransnission in F00 node = 4, 8, 1, 82, 4, 128, 26, 612
SF for Lhe bL Lransnission in F00 node = 4, 8, 1, 82, 4, 128, 26
6ood orLhoqonaliLy roerLies: cross correlaLion value for each code air in Lhe code
seL equals 0
0rLhoqonal codes are suiLed for channel searaLion, where synchronisaLion beLween
differenL channels can be quaranLeed, e.q. downlink channels under one cell, ulink
channels fron a sinqle user; ulink siqnals fron differenL users are noL Line
synchronised.
0rLhoqonal codes have bad auLo correlaLion roerLies and Lhus noL suiLed in an
asynchronous environnenL
Lhannc|saIon Lodc Jrcc
C
0
(0}=[1|
C
2
(1}=[1-1|
C
2
(0}=[11|
C
4
(0}=[1111|
C
4
(1}=[11-1-1|
C
4
(2}=[1-11-1|
C
4
(8}=[1-1-11|
C
8
(0}=[11111111|
C
8
(1}=[1111-1-1-1-1|
C
8
(2}=[11-1-111-1-1|
C
8
(8}=[11-1-1-1-111|
C
8
(0}=[1-11-11-11-1|
C
8
(6}=[1-11-1-11-11|
C
8
(}=[1-1-111-1-11|
C
8
(7}=[1-1-11-111-1|
C
1
(0}=[............|
C
1
(1}=[............|
C
1
(16}=[...........|
C
1
(14}=[...........|
C
1
(18=[...........|
C
1
(12}=[...........|
C
1
(11}=[...........|
C
1
(10}=[...........|
C
1
(0}=[............|
C
1
(8}=[............|
C
1
(7}=[............|
C
1
(}=[............|
C
1
(6}=[............|
C
1
(4}=[............|
C
1
(8}=[............|
C
1
(2}=[............|
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=1 SF=26 SF=612
...
Physca| Laycr 8I aIcs (0L)
Sreadinq
facLor
Channel
synbol
raLe
(kss}
Channel biL
raLe
(kbs}
0P0CR
channel biL
raLe ranqe
(kbs}
Maxinun user
daLa raLe wiLh 7-
raLe codinq
(arox.}
612 7.6 16 8- 1-8 kbs
26 16 80 12-24 -12 kbs
128 80 0 42-61 20-24 kbs
4 0 120 00 46 kbs
82 120 240 210 106 kbs
1 240 480 482 216 kbs
8 480 00 012 46 kbs
4 00 1020 1872 08 kbs
4, wiLh 8
arallel
codes
2880 670 61 2.8 Mbs

ha|f raIc spccch
Fu|| raIc spccch
128 khps
884 khps
2 Mhps
0L B uL Scramh|ng Lodcs
0L Scranblinq Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell seariLion
6eneraLed wiLh Lhe shifL reqisLer of lenqLh 18 (2
18
-1=22 148 codes can be qeneraLed}
!he firsL 8102 firsL codes fron 22 148 code seL are exclusively used in 0L, Lhey are orqanised
inLo hierarhical qrous:
612 Prinary Scranblinq Codes
61216 Secondary Scranblinq Codes
bL Scranblinq Codes
!wo differenL Lyes of bL scranblinq codes are qeneraLed:
Lonq scranblinq codes creaLed fron Lhe 6old seudo-noise sequence (lenqLh of 88 400
chis}
ShorL scranblinq codes qeneraLed by Lhe quaLernary S(2} seudo-noise sequence (26
chis are eriodicaly reeLed Lo qeL Lhe scranblinq code of Lhe frane lenqLh}
For Lhe connon hysical channels lonq scranblinq codes nusL be used
For Lhe dedicaLed channels boLh lonq an dshorL scranblinq codes can be used
Scramh|ng Lodcs B Mu|IpaIh PropagaIon
Sranblinq
code C
1
Sranblinq
code C
2
C
1
+
8
C
1
+
2
C
1
+
1
C2
AkL cccvcr
D
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1
Code used
for the
connection
Rx
Output
Finger
t
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-2
Rx
Rx
Rx
Finger
Finger
Finger
D
e
l
a
y

2
D
e
l
a
y

8
Lhannc|saIon and Scramh|ng Lodcs
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data
(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Length 4256 chips (1.066.7
s)
Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length
of the code
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
66.7
s = 256 chips
Option (2) can be used with advanced
base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling
code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth

Mcro 0vcrsIy
Micro 0iversity Points
rax ral|o coro|r|rg |s used
3ummed signal
hode 8
PAKE
Peceiver
MS
PAKE
Peceiver
Macro 0vcrsIy n Ihc NL
hode 8
hode 8
hode 8
8-RN6
0-PhC
Lorc NcIwork
Active cell set
Macro 0iversity Point
se|ecl|or coro|r|rg |s used
ado csourcc ManagcmcnI
serv|ce
qua||ly
ce|| coverage ce|| capac|ly
Optimization
and Tailoring
PPM is resonsible for oLinal uLilisaLion of Lhe radio resources:
!ransnission ower
Loqical codes
8andwidLh
!he Lrade-off beLween caaciLy, coveraqe and qualiLy is done all Lhe Line: as nany
users as ossible will qeL Lhe resources in such a way, LhaL Lhe nininun required
qualiLy is neeL (noLhinq less and noLhinq nore}
8y neans of several PPM funcLionaliLies, Lhe radio resources are conLinuously
noniLored and oLinise.
PPM nusL be able Lo:
PredicL Lhe inacL on inLerference (ower} of Lhe
adniLLinq a new user for bL u 0L
Perforn aroriaLe acLions (e.q. new call adnissions,
biL raLe increasejdecrease eLc.} in accordance wiLh
revailinq load condiLions
Provide differenL qualiLy of service for real Line (P!}
and non-real Line (hP!} users
!ake aroriaLe correcLive acLion when Lhe differenL
cell load Lhresholds are exceeded in order Lo nainLain
cell sLabiliLy (i.e. load conLrol}
0vcr|oad
Load JargcI
0vcr|oad Margn
P
o
w
e
r
!ine
EsLinaLed caaciLy for
hP! Lraffic
Measured load caused
by non-conLrollable load
(P!}
ado csourcc ManagcmcnI
P! services nusL have hiqher qualiLy assurance Lhan hP!
M FuncIona|Ics
AC Adnission ConLrol
LC Load ConLrol
PS PackeL Scheduler
PM Pesource Manaqer
PC Power ConLrol
RC R0 ConLrol
PC
RC
ConnecLion based funcLions
LC
AC
heLwork based funcLions
PS
PM
Admsson LonIro|
Checks LhaL adniLLinq a new user will noL sacrifice lanned coveraqe or qualiLy of
exisLinq connecLions
0eLernines wheLher or noL a new P! PA8 can be adniLLed Lo Lhe PAh
WiLh PS decides wheLher Lo adniL hP! PA8s (PS handles all hP! connecLions}
Also seLs
bLj0L 8LEP, Ebjho LarqeLs
SlP LarqeL for ouLer loo ower conLrol
lniLial 0L Lransnission ower for Lhe channel
Padio Link ConLrol araneLers, e.q. Lransnission node
!ransorL Channel (!rCR} araneLers, e.q. !FS
Provides PLC araneLers Lo PS for hP! users;
8earer class
!raffic handlinq rioriLy
!ransorL FornaLs
MS caabiliLies
Admsson LonIro|
ado Acccss 8carcrs
on Ihc ar nIcrfacc
u
u
I
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f
a
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c

8
a
n
d
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A||owcd angc
AC Procedure
...
Admsson LonIro|
Planned ulink inLerference narqin;
defines Lhe oLinun oeraLinq oiL u
Lo which Lhe AC can oeraLe.
0efines Lhe liniL (Lhe firsL bL overload
Lhreshold} for Lhe bL inLerference
narqin, afLer which Lhe 8S sLarLs iLs
load conLrol acLions Lo revenL
overload.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Load
I
n
I
c
r
f
c
r
c
n
c
c

M
a
r
g
n

(
d
8
)
0ffseL
Load LonIro|
Cell load is defined as a funcLion of inLerference - nain criLerion in WC0MA
!he load conLrol funcLion wiLhin PPM can be divided inLo:
PrevenLive load conLrol (e.q. conqesLion}
0verload conLrol (e.q. droinq of calls in worsL case}
!he load conLrol funcLionaliLy is done by neasurinq boLh bL (received inLerference}
and 0L (LransniL ower} eriodically on a cell basis
Load conLrol is erforned for bL and 0L searaLely (asynneLric Lraffic}
PrevenLive acLions are erforned before Lhe cell is overloaded (Lhreshold y}
0verload acLions are erforned afLer cell is overloaded (Lhreshold x}
PhP araneLers define Lhe Lhresholds for Lhe PPM funcLionaliLies
!he Lhresholds define a sLable funcLionaliLy wiLhin a cell and wiLh surroundinq cells
Load LonIro|
EsLinaLed caaciLy for hP! Lraffic.
Measured load caused by non-conLrollable load (P!}
0vcr|oad
t|rcs|c|J x
Load JargcI
t|rcs|c|J y
P
o
w
e
r
!ine
PrcvcnIvc Load LonIro|
0vcr|oad LonIro|
Load LonIro|
LC erforns Lhe funcLion of load conLrol in associaLion wiLh AC u PS (LC works as qlue
beLween Lhese Lwo funcLions}
bdaLes load sLaLus usinq neasurenenLs u esLinaLions rovided by AC and PS
ConLinuously feeds cell load infornaLion Lo PS and AC;
lnLerference levels
8!S ower levels
hon-conLrollable load
LC
AC
PS
NJ |oad
Load changc nfo
Load sIaIus
PackcI Schcdu|cr
A non-real Line call consLiLuLes of a bursLy sequence of ackeLs.
ln Lhe downlink, Lhe PackeL Scheduler decides which channel Lo use, 0CR or FACR.
!he load LarqeL can be reached by schedulinq Lhe Lransnission of hP! ackeLs .
time
packet service session
packet call
reading time
packet size packet arrival interval
PackcI Schcdu|cr
PS allocaLion Lines need Lo be fasL Lo acconnodaLe chanqinq condiLions u accuraLe
(u-Lo-daLe load info}
CaaciLy requesLs senL via Lraffic volune neasurenenL reorLs (qoverned by PhP
araneLers}
PS conrises Lwo arLs: MS secific u Cell secific
power
time
non-controllable load
controllable load
!oLal Load
!arqeL Lhreshold
0verload Lhreshold
Pesonsible for schedulinq radio resources
for boLh bL and 0L hP! PA8s
Schedulinq eriod defined by PhP
araneLers
PS relies on u-Lo-daLe infornaLion fron
AC and PS
CaaciLy allocaLed on a needs basis usinq
'besL efforL' aroach
PackcI Schcdu|cr (PS)
PS also resonsible for:
!FCS selecLion
lniLial channel selecLion based on PhP araneLers u PLC buffer load;
snall anounLs of hP! daLa senL on conLrol channels (Cell _FACR sLaLe}
lonq and frequenL daLa senL on dedicaLed channels (Cell _0CR sLaLe}
0ueuinq of unscheduled hP! caaciLy requesLs (queuinq alqoriLhn}
CaaciLy requesL handlinq olicy
lncreasinqjdecreasinq user biL raLes (qoverned by PhP araneLers}
PS revenLive u overload acLions
PackcI Schcdu|cr
Radio network planning
parameters
Periodical cell measurements
Periodical radio link
measurements
RB
setup/reconfiguration/release
information
Traffic volume
measurements (triggers for
DCH allocation)
Updated power
estimations
Control of traffic
volume measurements
DCH allocations for NRT RB
Packet Packet
scheduler scheduler
csourcc Managcr
Pesonsible for nanaqinq Lhe loqical radio resources of Lhe PhC in co-oeraLion wiLh
AC and PS
0n requesL for resources, fron eiLher AC(P!} or PS(hP!}, PM allocaLes:
0L sreadinq code
bL sranblinq code
Also looks afLer code Lree nanaqenenL (Lo nainLain orLhoqonaliLy};
lniLial code selecLion - codes concenLraLed Lo Lhe sane branch
Code re-fraqnenLaLion - dynanic reallocaLion of codes as users enLerjleave Lhe sysLen
Lodc Jypc up|nk 0own|nk
Scramh|ng codcs
Sprcadng codcs
uscr scparaIon Lc|| scparaIon
0aIa B conIro| channc|s from samc uL uscrs wIhn onc cc||
0uIcr Loop Powcr LonIro|
Powcr LonIro| (PL)
0pcn Loop Powcr LonIro| (InIa| Acccss)
L|oscd Loop Powcr LonIro|
NL
8S
MS
Powcr conIro| n WL0MA
FasL, accuraLe ower conLrol is of uLnosL inorLance - arLicularly in bL;
bEs LransniL conLinuously
WCM0A ofLen uses 1 frequency
Poor PC leads Lo increase inLerference > reduced caaciLy
Fron 8!S ersecLive every bE accessinq neLwork increase inLerference
WCM0A caaciLy is roorLional Lo inLerference level > nininise inLerference
PC nainLains link qualiLy by ad|usLinq bE (bL} and 8!S (0L} owers every sloL
MiLiqaLes 'near far effecL', by rovidinq nininun required ower for each connecLion
bEs and 8!Ss should always be aL Lhe lowesL ossible Lransnission ower
PC uLilises Siqnal-Lo-lnLerference PaLio (SlP} - indeendenLly for each connecLion
Provides roLecLion aqainsL shadowinq and fasL fadinq
0pcn Loop Powcr LonIro|
ConLrolled by bE
0eLernines how nuch ower bE should use durinq randon access rocedure (bL}
heLwork inforns bE of currenL neLwork sLaLus;
CPlCR ower (PhP araneLer}
bL required Cjl raLio (PhP araneLer}
bL inLerference
bE uses Lhese araneLers Lo calculaLe iniLial ower of PACR reanble
lf access requesL is noL deLecLed ower of reanble is increased in sLes
AfLer deLecLion of MS siqnal, Lhe iniLial SlP is calculaLed in PhC
Preanble
Preanble
Preanble
Preanble
M
S

0
u
L
u
L

P
o
w
e
r
AILh
Mesaqe ParL
ALh
FasI Loop Powcr LonIro|
LocaLed in 8!S and bE
ConLrols Lhe ower of Lhe dedicaLed hysical channels
Power conLrol chanqes can occur every sloL (i.e. 1600 Lines er second}
8!S and bE conLinuously conare recevied SlP wiLh SlP LarqeL and inforn each oLher
Lo eiLher increase or decrease iLs ower (usinq !PC connands}
With Optimum
Power Control
Without
Power Control
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

p
o
w
e
r

a
t

B
S
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d

p
o
w
e
r

a
t

B
S
MS1
MS2
MS3
MS4
L|oscd Loop Powcr LonIro|
Ad|usLs Lhe SlP for every user based on 8EPjFEP observaLion. lniLial, nax. and nin.
SlP values are seL by AC
heeded Lo Lrack chanqes in radio environnenL
Ains Lo rovide required qualiLy
bL qualiLy evaluaLion is nade afLer M0C
PhP araneLers conLrol Lhe Lhreshold conarison rocess for SlP LarqeL and Lhe
reorLinq of Lhese resulLs
lf SlP LarqeL reaches iLs naxinun (l.e. radio condiLions deLerioraLe even Lhouqh SlP
LarqeL is inceased, sysLen has Lo Lake acLion;
inLer-frequency j inLer-sysLen handover
PPC connnecLion release
handovcr LonIro|
RC is resonsible for:
Manaqinq Lhe nobiliLy asecLs of an PPC connecLion as bE noves around Lhe neLwork
MainLaininq hiqh caaciLy by ensurinq bE is always served by sLronqesL cell
hard handovcr: MS handover beLween differenL frequencies or beLween WC0MA and 6SM
SofI handovcr: MS handover beLween differenL base sLaLions
SofIcr handovcr: MS handover wiLhin one base sLaLion buL beLween differenL secLors
SofL handover kees sinulLaneous connecLion Lo differenL base sLaLions Lhus rovidinq a way Lo
inrove call qualiLy durinq handover. Rowever, Lhis feaLure has a direcL inacL on neLwork
caaciLy and Lherefore is a Lrade-off beLween qualiLy and caaciLy. lL has also an effecL Lo
coveraqe due cell breaLhinq.
0LinisaLion has an inorLanL role in conLrollinq Lhe handover erfornance durinq Lhe re-launch
oLinisaLion (iniLial seLLinq}. !his role is esecially essenLial in conLinuous oLinisaLion when
Lraffic increases and levellinq of Lraffic beLween base sLaLions becones nore inorLanL.
hanovcr LonIro|
BS1
BS2
BS3
Received signal strength
BS3
Distance from BS1
Threshold
Base station
diversity
BS2
BS1
handovcr LonIro|
lnLra-layer
lnLer-layer
InIra-SysIcm
SofI(cr) handovcr
hard handovcr
InIcr-frcqucncy
InIra-frcqucncy
InIra-frcqucncy
InIcr-SysIcm
(InIcr-AJ)
hard handovcr
InIcr-frcqucncy
WC0MA Lo 6SM
WC0MA Lo 6PPS
6SM Lo WC0MA
6PPS Lo WC0MA
WC0MA Lo WC0MA
lnLra-layer
lnLer-layer
lnLra-layer
lnLer-layer
lnLra-layer
lnLer-layer
Pequires
Conressed
Mode
0%
20%
40%
80%
80%
100%
0 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.1
Jraffc |oad facIor
c|aIvc cc|| szc
Increased load 800 kbps
Decreased coverage
Low load 200 kbps
Large coverage
128 kbps
64 kbps
8 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
144 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
!raffic load has direcL
effecL on Lhe cell size
Padio Pesource
ManaqenenL rovides
neans Lo conLrol cell
breaLhinq in neLwork
oLinisaLion
Lc|| 8rcaIhng
WL0MA kcy 8cncfIs
SofL Randover
Call is connecLed before handover is conleLed, reducinq Lhe robabiliLy of a
droed call
Processinq 6ain
8asic C0MA benefiL => Lhe wider Lhe LransniLLed bandwidLh conared Lo Lhe
user daLaraLe Lhe less ower is needed for Lhe Lransnission
Advanced Padio Pesource ManaqenenL (PPM}
PPM will conLrol call adnission and ackeL schedulinq and all PPM buildinq
blocks are closely relaLed Lo each oLher
MulLiaLh Siqnal Processinq
Conbines ower for increased siqnal inLeqriLy => PAKE receiver
1 - h0KlA Padio heLwork 0inensioninq.PP!j10.0.2008 j hh
ado NcIwork 0mcnsonng
M00bLE 2
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
0escribe Lhe rocess flow of Lhe radio neLwork lanninq
Exlain Lhe relevance of sysLen dinensioninq, coveraqe and caaciLy lanninq and
oLinisaLion in Lhe rocess flow
bndersLand Lhe differences beLween 26 and 86 neLwork lanninq
LisL Lhe inuL araneLers for dinensioninq
Scopc of 80 ncIwork p|annng
PackcI SwIchcd Lorc
NcIwork p|annng proccss B rc|aIon Io
husncss p|annng
marketing
business
plan
traffic
assumptions
Network
dimensioning
Code & freq. &
interference plan
transmission
plan
final NW
topology/
architecture
parameter
planning
coverage
plan
Network
optimization
Ncw ssucs n WL0MA p|annng proccss
Coverage
Planning and
Site Selection
Parameter
Planning
Propagation
measurements
Coverage
prediction
Site
acquisition
Coverage
optimisation
External Interference
Analysis
Network
Configuration
and
Dimensioning
DEFINITION PLEMENTATION
Traffic distribution
Service distribution
Allowed blocking/queuing
System features
Identification
Adaptation
Area / Cell
specific
Handover
strategies
Maximum
network
loading
Other RRM
Network
Optimisation
O & M
Survey
measurements
Statistical
performance
analysis
Quality
Efficiency
Availability
Capacity Requirements
Requirements
and strategy
for coverage,
quality and
capacity,
per service
Multiple services
Coverage and capacity
coupling
Multiple services
- h0KlA Padio heLwork 0inensioninq.PP!j10.0.2008 j hh
0vcrvcw
C0vEPA6E
C0vEPA6E
CAPACl!Y
CAPACl!Y
C0MPP0MlSE 8E!WEEh C0vEPA6E Ah0 CAPACl!Y
C0MPP0MlSE 8E!WEEh C0vEPA6E Ah0 CAPACl!Y
0mcnsonng Proccss 0cscrpIon
Lovcragc |mIcd sccnaro
ln Lhis case Lhe sysLen loadinq is lower Lhan Lhe
level used iniLially Lo conuLe Lhe cell ranqe. !his
neans LhaL Lhe rise in inLerference floor used in
Lhe link budqeL calculaLion was essinisLic. !o
achieve a naLch beLween Lhe acLual sysLen
loadinq and LhaL used in Lhe link budqeL, Lhe
conleLe rocess is reeaLed wiLh a lower value of
sysLen loadinq. !his will lead Lo a lower increase
in inLerference floor, a qreaLer cell ranqe and Lhus
nore users in each cell and a qreaLer acLual
sysLen loadinq.
!he reducLion in sysLen loadinq used in Lhe link
budqeL calculaLion is conLinued unLil iL naLches
Lhe acLual sysLen loadinq conuLed by Lhe Lraffic
rofile. !his Lhen defines Lhe final cell ranqe.
EvaluaLe cell ranqe usinq nax sysLen load and link
budqeL for user aL Lhe cell edqe
ConuLe cell loadinq fron Lraffic
rofile and cell ranqe
Add Carrierj
0ecrease cell radius
Conare cell loadinq wiLh Lhe naxinun
ernissible sysLen load
Coveraqe liniLed nax. cell ranqe for
secified nax sysLen load
Lc|| rangc known
0ecrease nax
sysLen load
Equal Lo
Lovcragc
LmIcd
LapacIy
LmIcd
Less Lhan 6reaLer
Lhan
LapacIy |mIcd sccnaro
ln Lhis case Lhe sysLen loadinq is qreaLer Lhan Lhe
level used iniLially Lo conuLe Lhe cell ranqe. !his
neans LhaL eiLher Lhe cell caaciLy nusL be
increased or Lhe cell size decreased. !he firsL
oLion is Lo increase Lhe cell caaciLy by addinq
addiLional carriers. lf Lhe sysLen loadinq renains
above Lhe naxinun ernissible level Lhen Lhe
cell ranqe nusL be reduced such LhaL Lhere are
fewer users loadinq Lhe cell.
A reducLion in cell ranqe is nade and Lhe sysLen
loadinq re-calculaLed. !he reducLion in cell ranqe
is done iLeraLively unLil Lhe acLual sysLen loadinq
naLches Lhe naxinun ernissible sysLen
loadinq. !his Lhen defines Lhe final cell ranqe.
EvaluaLe cell ranqe usinq nax sysLen load and link
budqeL for user aL Lhe cell edqe
ConuLe cell loadinq fron Lraffic
rofile and cell ranqe
Add Carrierj
0ecrease cell radius
Conare cell loadinq wiLh Lhe naxinun
ernissible sysLen load
Coveraqe liniLed nax. cell ranqe for
secified nax sysLen load
Lc|| rangc known
0ecrease nax
sysLen load
Equal Lo
Lovcragc
LmIcd
LapacIy
LmIcd
Less Lhan 6reaLer
Lhan
0mcnsonng Proccss 0cscrpIon
InpuI paramcIcrs - ovcrvcw
LAPALIJY LLAJL0
SpccIrum Ava|ah|c
uscr Prof|c and Jraffc 0rowIh ForccasI
Jraffc 0cnsIy Map
LAPALIJY LLAJL0
SpccIrum Ava|ah|c
uscr Prof|c and Jraffc 0rowIh ForccasI
Jraffc 0cnsIy Map
L0vLA0L LLAJL0
Lovcragc cgons
Arca Jypc InformaIon
L0vLA0L LLAJL0
Lovcragc cgons
Arca Jypc InformaIon
0uALIJY LLAJL0
MS L|ass
Indoor Lovcragc
LocaIon Prohah|Iy
8|ockng Prohah|Iy
0uALIJY LLAJL0
MS L|ass
Indoor Lovcragc
LocaIon Prohah|Iy
8|ockng Prohah|Iy
0vcs an LsImaIon of Ihc LqupmcnI
Ncccssary Io MccI Ihc NcIwork
cqurcmcnIs
NcIwork 0mcnsonng AcIvIcs
ado Lnk 8udgcI La|cu|aIon
Lc|| Szc La|cu|aIon
LapacIy La|cu|aIon
Jransmsson NcIwork LsImaIc
0vcs an LsImaIon of Ihc LqupmcnI
Ncccssary Io MccI Ihc NcIwork
cqurcmcnIs
NcIwork 0mcnsonng AcIvIcs
ado Lnk 8udgcI La|cu|aIon
Lc|| Szc La|cu|aIon
LapacIy La|cu|aIon
Jransmsson NcIwork LsImaIc
InpuI LaIcgorcs
LapacIy c|aIcd InpuI
!he nunber of subscribers, user rofile and secLrun available are Lhe nain
requirenenLs for caaciLy dinensioninq
!raffic forecasL should be done by analysinq Lhe offered 8usy Rour Lraffic er
subscriber for differenL service biL raLes in each rollouL hase.
!raffic daLa:
voice :
Erlanq er subscriber durinq busy hour of Lhe neLwork
Codec biL raLe, voice acLiviLy
P! daLa :
Erlanq er subscriber durinq busy hour of Lhe neLwork
Service biL raLes
hP! daLa :
Averaqe LhrouqhuL (kbs} subscriber durinq busy hour of Lhe neLwork
!arqeL biL raLes
AsynneLry beLween bL an 0L Lraffic for hP! Services (0ownloadinq 1j10} should be
Laken inLo consideraLion.
heLwork and Subscribers evoluLion forecasL is also needed.
LapacIy c|aIcd InpuI
8h Iraffcjsuhs 0L
Low
asymmcIry
Mcdum
asymmcIry
hgh
asymmcIry
Spccch 12,2 kbiLjs 22,888 22,888 22,888 nErl
swIchcd daIa P! 14 kbiLjs 0,800 0,800 0,800 nErl
smp|c mcssagng hP! 144 kbiLjs 0,004 0,007 0,010 kbiLjs
mcdum mu|Imcda hP! 884 kbiLjs 0,102 0,187 0,24 kbiLjs
InIcracIvc mu|Imcda P! 4 kbiLjs 0,028 0,142 0,427 nErl
8h Iraffcjsuhs uL
Low
asymmcIry
Mcdum
asymmcIry
hgh
asymmcIry
Spccch 12,2 kbiLjs 22,888 22,888 22,888 nErl
swIchcd daIa P! 14 kbiLjs 0,800 0,800 0,800 nErl
smp|c mcssagng hP! 144 kbiLjs 0,004 0,007 0,010 kbiLjs
mcdum mu|Imcda hP! 884 kbiLjs 0,008 0,004 0,00 kbiLjs
nIcracIvc mu|Imcda P! 4 kbiLjs 0,028 0,142 0,427 nErl
!he Lraffic fiqures are broken down inLo Lraffic er subscriber and busy
hour for each service, searaLely for ulink and downlink
!he Lraffic fiqures are broken down inLo Lraffic er subscriber and busy
hour for each service, searaLely for ulink and downlink
Lovcragc c|aIcd ImpuI
Area Lye infornaLion nusL be as accuraLe as ossible:
coveraqe area for each rollouL hase
ercenLaqe of Lhe area for each norho-class (0b,b,Sb,P}
buildinq eneLraLion loss and fadinq narqin
roaqaLion nodels for aLh loss calculaLion
correcLion facLors for Lhe ProaqaLion Model
Service Scenarios should be defined: which kind of service is Lo be offered and where
(biq inacL on Lhe nunber of siLes}.
MorphoClass Build Pen Loss Stand Deviation Car Loss Stand Deviation
Dense Urban 18 dB 11 dB
Urban 15 dB 10 dB
Sub Urban 12 dB 9 dB
Rural 10 dB 9 dB
Road 6 dB 7 dB
0ua|Iy c|aIcd InpuI
!he neLwork dinensioninq is focused on fulfilnenL qualiLy execLaLions forn user
oinL of view. lL neans LhaL resources should be as efficienL as denandinq(0oS} are
service requirenenLs in dinensioned neLwork.
8lockinq ProbabiliLy is blockinq of call aLLenLs due Lo lack of available resources and
for CS Services is usualy beLween1-2%
ln cellular neLworks Lhe coveraqe areas of cells overla and Lhe nobile sLaLion is able
Lo connecL Lo nore Lhan |usL one servinq cell. lf nore Lhan one cell can be deLecLed
Lhe locaLion robabiliLy increases and is hiqher Lhan deLernined for sinqle isolaLed
cell. LocaLion robabiliLy usually is wiLhin Lhe ranqe 00 - 00%. lL deends on
environnenL, service and cusLoner requirenenLs and has a biq inacL on Lhe nunber
of siLe
received siqnal level [d8n|
robabiliLy densiLy
F
nedian
(x) F
Lhreshold
(x)
Local coveraqe robabiliLy:
P
cov
(b,x} = P [ F(x} > F
Lhreshold
|
Local coveraqe robabiliLy:
P
cov
(b,x} = P [ F(x} > F
Lhreshold
|
NL dmcnsonng
!he urose of PhC dinensioninq is Lo rovide Lhe nunber of PhC's need Lo suorL
Lhe esLinaLed Lraffic
Main liniLaLions LhaL should be Laken in Lo accounL :
naxinun nunber of cells
naxinun nunber of base sLaLions
naxinun lub LhrouqhuL
anounL and Lye of inLerfaces
InpuI daIa from cusIomcr or F p|annng
bu inLerface blockinq
vAF (voice AcLiviLy FacLor}
!oLal nunber of Lhe subscribers
hunber of subscribers for voice
hunber of subscribers for CS daLajservice class
hunber of subscribers for PS daLajservice class
Averaqe voice Lrafficjsubs.jservice class in 8R (nErl}
Averaqe CS Lrafficjsubs.j service class in 8R (nErl, kbiLjs or chs}
Averaqe PS Lrafficjsubs.jservice class in 8R (kbiLjs}
hunber and confiquraLion of 8!Ss
!ye of Lhe 8!S's ( Macro, Micro, Pico}
Maxinun Air LhrouqhuL (e.q. Macro Cell wiLh 60% cell load = 60Erlj800kbiLjsjcarrier}
NL 0mcnsonng cxamp|c
RNC Rel. 1.5 Capacity Constraints MAX Configuration
Data throughput (Kbit/s) 196000
Nr. of TRX 1152
Max. nr. of STM1 16
Nr. Of STM-1 reserved for Iu 4
Max. nr. of E1/RNC ( with STM-1 ) 980
Max. nr. of E1/RNC ( without STM-1 ) 224
Max nr. Of Channels 12250
( )
)
980
.
;
1 * 1152
.
;
1 * 196000
) ( ) (
( .
1
E Tot TRX Tot Kbps utRNC PSThroughp Kbps utRNC CSThroughp
MAX RNCNo
+
=
Filling ratio data 100%
Filling ratio TRX 100%
1 - h0KlA Power 8udqeL CalculaLion.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Powcr 8udgcI La|cu|aIon
M00bLE 8
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
LisL aL leasL Lhree WL0MA spccfc paramcIcrs n |nk hudgcI, which are noL
used in 6SM
Exlain Lhe neaninq of L
h
jN
0
Exlain Lhe neaninq of Macro 0vcrsIy 0an (M0L)
Exlain Lhe neaninq of InIcrfcrcncc Margn
Exlain Lhe neaninq of SofI handovcr 0an
Exlain Lhe neaninq of Lhe Powcr LonIro| hcadroom
Lnk 8udgcI 0vcrvcw
hoise fiqure
Cable losses
SofL handover qain,
anLenna qain
8uildinq eneLraLion loss
8ody loss
M
a
r
q
i
n
s
P
A
!
R

L
0
S
S

(
L
}
Max Allowed
PaLh Loss (L}
= EffecLive lsoLroic PadiaLed Power (ElPP} - lsoLroic Power
Lnk 8udgcI 0vcrvcw
0uLuL
ower
Losses
(Cable,
Conbiner,.}
8S
AnLenna
qain
PaIh-
|oss SR0 6ain bE j
body
loss
E
c
jl
0
Processinq 6ain
(de-sreadinq}
E
b
jh
0
Load
(lnLerference
narqin}
MS
anLenna
qain
M0C qain
csu|I
AlicaLion relaLed
Rardware relaLed
InpuI LaIcgorcs
CaaciLy relaLed
SysLen relaLed
P0WEP
LEvEL
Powcr 8udgcI La|cu|aIons
Link budget
Chip rate 3840,00 DL data rate 64,00
UL Data rate 64,00 DL load 85%
UL Load 50%
2
Uplink Downlink
RECEIVING END Node B UE
Thermal Noise Density dBm/Hz -173,98 -173,98
Receiver Noise Figure dB 3,00 8,00
Receiver Noise Density dBm/Hz -170,98 -165,98
Noise Power [NoW] dBm -105,14 -100,14
Reguired Eb/No dB 2,00 5,50
Soft handover MDC gain dB 0,00 1,00
Processing gain dB 17,78 17,78
Interference margin (NR) dB 3,01 8,24
Required Ec/Io [q] dB -15,78 -12,28
Required Signal Power [S] dBm -117,91 -105,18
Cable loss dB 2,00 0,00
Body loss dB 0,00 0,00
Antenna gain RX dBi 18,00 0,00
Soft handover gain dB 2,00 2,00
Power control headroom dB 3,00 0,00
Istropic power dBm -132,91 -107,18
TRANSMITTING END UE Node B
Power per connection dBm 21,00 24,73
Cable loss dB 0,00 2,00
Body loss dB 0,00 0
Antenna gain TX dBi 0,00 18
Peak EIRP dBm 21,00 40,73
Isotropic path loss dB 153,91 147,91
DL peak to average ratio dB 6,00
Isotropic path loss to the cell border 153,91
NRT 6+kbitfs, 3kmfh NRT 6+kbitfs, 3kmfh NRT 6+kbitfs, 3kmfh NRT 6+kbitfs, 3kmfh
!he calculaLion is done for each
service (biL raLe} searaLely
!he link budqeL nusL be balanced
- h0KlA Power 8udqeL CalculaLion.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Link budget
Chip rate 3840.00 DL data rate 64.00
UL Data rate 64.00 DL load 85%
UL Load 50%
2
Uplink Downlink
Thermal Noise Density dBm/Hz -173.98 -173.98
Receiver Noise Figure dB 3.00 8.00
Receiver Noise Density dBm/Hz -170.98 -165.98
Noise Power [NoW] dBm -105.14 -100.14
Reguired Eb/No dB 2.00 5.50
Soft handover MDC gain dB 0.00 1.00
Processing gain dB 17.78 17.78
Interference margin (NR) dB 3.01 8.24
Required BTS Ec/Io [q] dB -12.77 -5.04
Required Signal Power [S] dBm -117.91 -105.18
Cable loss dB 2.00 0.00
Body loss dB 0.00 0.00
Antenna gain RX dBi 18.00 0.00
Soft handover gain dB 2.00 2.00
Power control headroom dB 3.00 0.00
Istropic power dBm -132.91 -107.18
Power per connection dBm 21.00 24.73
Body loss dB 0.00 0
Antenna gain TX dBi 0.00 18
Peak EIRP dBm 21.00 40.73
Isotropic path loss dB 153.91 147.91
DL peak to average ratio dB 6.00
Isotropic path loss to the cell border 153.91
WL0MA Lnk hudgcI
0aLa PaLe in bL and 0L deends on service,
can be asynneLric
Maxinun Load needs Lo be defined
for 0inensioninq:
should noL exceed 70%
should be aL leasL 80% Lo avoid excessive
cell breaLhinq
Lyically hiqher in 0L Lhan in bL
Link budget
UL Load 50%
2
Uplink Downlink
Body loss dB 0.00 0
WL0MA Lnk hudgcI
!hernal noise densiLy:
LheoreLical LiniL for SensiLiviLy
deends on 8andwidLh and LeneraLure
1|crro| |cisc Jcrsity [d8njRz| is defined as:
Where:
| is 8c|tzrors ccrstort
1 is t|c tcrjcrotvrc ir |c|vir
in nornal +20 C
0
condiLions Lhe Lhernal noise
densiLy is -178.08 d8njRz
) ( * 10 _ _ kT Log Density Noise Thermal =
Peceiver hoise Fiqure:
PequirenenL fron secificaLions
for 8!S and MS erfornance
Link budget
UL Load 50%
2
Uplink Downlink
Body loss dB 0.00 0
WL0MA Lnk hudgcI
Rcccivcr |cisc 0crsity [d8njRz|
Peceiver noise densiLy is Lhe sun of Lhe Lhernal
noise densiLy and Lhe receiver noise fiqure.
!hernal hoise densiLy [d8njRz| + Peceiver noise
fiqure [d8| = Peceiver hoise 0ensiLy [d8njRz|
ln order Lo calculaLe Lhe |cisc jcwcr cI t|c rcccivcr
(nininun base band siqnal sLrenqLh aL Lhe receiver i.e.
Lhe receiver sensiLiviLy for Lhe non loaded neLwork} Lhe
receiver noise densiLy has Lo be scaled Lo Lhe WC0MA
carrier bandwidLh.
receiver noise ower [d8n| =
=Peceiver hoise 0ensiLy [d8njRz| + 10loq
10
(8.8410
}=
=-170.08 + 6.84 = -106.14 d8n
L
h
jN
0
ln order Lo neeL Lhe defined qualiLy requirenenLs (8LEP} a cerLain averaqe biL-enerqy
divided by LoLal noise+inLerference secLral densiLy (L
h
jN
0
} is needed. hokia
sinulaLions for E
b
jh
o
are based on l!b reconnendaLions.
Ebjho deends on:
Service
MS seed
Padio channel
ln 0L Lhe own cell inLerferences are reduced by facLor (1-}. !his is due Lo Lhe
synchronised orLhoqonal channelisaLion codes, which are used in 0L. !he orLoqonaliLy
facLor deends on Lhe nulLiaLh condiLions.
Service Eb/No UL Eb/No DL
Voice 12.2 kbit/s, 3km/h 4 6,5
RT 14kbit/s, 3km/h 4 6,5
RT 64kbit/s, 3km/h 2 5,5
NRT 144kbit/s, 3km/h 1,2 4,8
NRT 384kbit/s, 3km/h 1 4,5
cqurcd L
h
jN
0
[ ] dB
R
W
I
p
N
E
rx b
=
0
N oth own DL
P I I I + + = ) 1 (
N oth own UL
P I I I + + =
Where:
P
rx
= received ower
P = biL raLe
W = bandwidLh
l
own
= LoLal ower received fron Lhe servinq cell (excludinq own siqnal}
l
oLh
= LoLal ower received fron oLher cells
P
h
= noise ower
= orLhoqonaliLy facLor
cqurcd L
c
jI
0
RcjvircJ |
c
/|
0
is Lhe required PF Cjl needed in order Lo neeL Lhe
baseband E
b
jh
0
criLeria
E
c
jl
0
deends on Lhe biL raLe
[ ] dB
I
p
W
R
N
E
I
E
rx b c
= =
0 0
Enerqy
er chi
!oLal ower
secLral densiLy
Proccssng 0an
Ebjho= + 4 d8
Proccssng 0an
voice 12.2 kbs
Nosc |cvc| (cx. -105 d8m)
P! 4 kbs
- 21 d8
- 18 d8
hP! 884 kbs
Ebjho= + 2 d8
-0 d8
Ebjho= + 1 d8
+26 d8
+18 d8
+10 d8
c
q
u
r
c
d

S
g
n
a
|

P
o
w
c
r
hccausc of Ihc proccssng gan
Ihc sprcad sgna| can hc
hc|ow Ihc Ihcrma| nosc |cvc|
[ ] SF
R
W
B
B
dB G
Baerer
U
p
u
= = =
InIcrfcrcncc Margn
|rtcrIcrcrcc rorir is calculaLed fron Lhe bLj0L loadinq (} values. !his araneLer
shows in 0L how nuch Lhe 8!S "sensiLiviLy" is decreased due Lo Lhe neLwork load
(subscribers in Lhe neLwork} u in bL indicaLes Lhe loss in link budqeL due Lo load.
( ) [ ] dB Log 1 10
10
l
Marqin
=
20
10
6
1.25
3
25% 50% 75% 99%
I
Margin
[dB]
Load factor
SofI handovcr M0L 0an
ln bL Lhe M0C qain is 0 d8 (on averaqe}
Lhe qrah includes boLh SofLer and SofL Randover (however iL is noL ossible Lo
see Lhose qains searaLely}
SofL Randover conbininq is done aL PhC level by usinq |usL selecLion conbininq
(based on frane selecLion}
SofLer Randover conbininq is done aL Lhe 8!S by usinq naxinal raLio conbininq
averaqe is calculaLed over all Lhe connecLions Lakinq inLo accounL Lhe averaqe
difference of Lhe received siqnal branches (and bE seed}
40% of Lhe connecLions in SofL Randover or in SofLer Randover and 0% no SofL
Randover
conbinaLion of dynanic sinulaLor resulLs and sLaLic lanninq Lool
in case of nore Lhan 2 connecLions - no nore qain (conared Lo case of Lwo
branches}
Jx powcr, up|nk
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 5 10
0ffcrcncc hcIwccn Ihc Sh0 |nks (d8)
S
h
0
M
0
L
g
a
n

(
d
8
)
MS seed 8knjh
MS seed 20knjh
MS seed 60knjh
MS seed 120knjh
SofL R0
Conbininq
(includinq sofLer conbininq
qain for Lhe oLher branch}
SofLer R0
Conbininq
0ynamc Smu|aIor
csu|I for 2 hranchcs
ln 0L Lhere is sone conbininq qain (abouL 1d8} due Lo bE
naxinal raLio conbininq
sofL and sofLer handovers included
fron MS oinL Lhere is no difference beLween sofL and sofLer handover
averaqe is calculaLed over all Lhe connecLions Lakinq inLo accounL
Lhe averaqe difference of Lhe received siqnal branches (and bE
seed}
40% of Lhe connecLions in sofL handover or in sofLer handover and 0% no
sofL handover
Lakinq inLo accounL Lhe effecL nulLile LransniLLers
conbinaLion of dynanic sinulaLor resulLs and sLaLic lanninq Lool
in case nore Lhan 2 connecLions - no nore qain (conared Lo case
of Lwo branches}
MS seed 8knjh
MS seed 20knjh
MS seed 60knjh
MS seed 120knjh
0ynamc Smu|aIor
csu|I for 2 hranchcs
Jx powcr, down|nk
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 5 10
0ffcrcncc hcIwccn Ihc Sh0 |nks (d8)
S
h
0
M
0
L
g
a
n

(
d
8
)
SofL R0
SofLer R0
Link budget
UL Load 50%
2
Uplink Downlink
Body loss dB 0.00 0
WL0MA Lnk hudgcI
RcjvircJ Siro| jcwcr is Lhe required lowesL siqnal
sLrenqLh LhaL is needed for LhaL arLicular service and
load.
cqurcd sgna| powcr = Peceiver hoise ower + required
E
c
jl
0
- lnLerference Marqin + M0C qain
8cJy |css. Lhis araneLer describes Lhe addiLional
loss in ower budqeL. !he loss is usually used for
seech services where Lhe bEs anLenna is ofLen
shadowed by Lhe user's head. For daLa services Lhe
body loss can be seL Lo 0d8, because in Lhis case Lhe
bE is nornally noL close Lo Lhe body.
S|ow and FasI Fadng
FasL Fadinq
0ifferenL siqnal aLhs inLerfere and affecL Lhe received siqnal
Pice Fadinq - Lhe doninanL (usually L0S} aLh exisL
Payleiqh Fadinq - no doninanL aLh exisL
S|ow and FasI Fadng
Slow Fadinq (Loq-nornal Fadinq}
ln Lhe real environnenL Lhe roaqaLion condiLion of Lhe elecLronaqneLic wave are noL sLable.
Sone locaLion and Line deendanL variaLion in a siqnal sLrenqLh aear when Lhe nobile
noves around (shadowinq effecL}. !he variaLion of Lhe siqnal sLrenqLh are nornal disLribuLed
on Lhe loqariLhnical scale.
robabiliLy densiLy
[d8| has Lo be neasured

n
( )
=
2
2
2
exp
2
1
) (

m x
x f
Powcr LonIro| hcadroom
(FasI Fadng Margn)
Powcr conIro| hcadroom is Lhe araneLer Lo describe Lhe narqin aqainsL fasL fadinq.
!his araneLer is needed because aL Lhe cell edqe Lhe bE does noL have enouqh ower
Lo follow Lhe fasL fadinq dis. !his is esecially inorLanL for Lhe slow novinq bEs.
Power ConLrol Readroon = (averaqe received L
h
jI
0
}
wiLhouL fasL PC
- (averaqe received L
h
jI
0
}
wiLh fasL PC
Source: Padio heLwork Planninq u 0LinisaLion for bM!S; J. Laiho, A. Wacker, !. hovosad; !ab. 4.11
wiLhouL fasL PC wiLh fasL PC
bH; I3,I 4,9 8,Z
Z0H; II,b b,7 b,8
40H; 9,7 o,0 3,7
I00H; 7,9 o,0 I,9
Z40H; o,b o,3 0,Z
overoge received Eb/Io [d8]
mox DoppIer fr.
Power ConfroI
Heodroom
Channel:
PedesLrian A;
anLenna diversiLy assuned
Powcr LonIro| hcadroom
(FasI Fadng Margn)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
10
15
20
25
d
B
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-10
0
10
20
d
B
m
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
5
10
15
d
B
Seconds
Mobile transmission
power starts hitting
its maximum value
E
b
/N
0
target
increases fast
Received quality
degrades, more
frame errors
MS novinq Lowards Lhe cell edqe
SofI handovcr 0an
(0an AgansI S|ow Fadng)
ScIt |orJcvcr oir is Lhe qain aqainsL shadow fadinq. !his is rouqhly Lhe qain of a
handover alqoriLhn, in which Lhe besL 8!S can always be chosen (based on nininal
Lransnission ower of MS} aqainsL a hard handover alqoriLhn based on qeoneLrical
disLance.
ln realiLy Lhe SR0 qain is a funcLion of required coveraqe robabiliLy and Lhe
sLandard deviaLion of Lhe siqnal for Lhe environnenL.
!he qain is also deendenL on wheLher Lhe user is ouLdoors, where Lhe likelihood
of nulLile servers is hiqh, or indoors where Lhe radio channel Lends Lo be
doninaLed by a nuch snaller nunber of servinq cells.
For indoors users Lhe reconnendaLion is Lo use snaller SR0 qain value.
SR0 qain is neasured as Lhe qain in required Ebjho relaLive Lo LhaL of sinqle link
and iL is averaqed over all Lhe radio links in Lhe SR0 area.
SofI handovcr 0an
(0an AgansI S|ow Fadng)
RNC
!yical averaqe value of Lhe SofL Randover 6ain is beLween 2 and 8 d8
Link budget
UL Load 50%
2
Uplink Downlink
Body loss dB 0.00 0
WL0MA Lnk hudgcI
IsoIropc powcr is Lhe nininun ower needed for
cerLain service in order Lo fulfil Lhe Ebjho
requirenenL for LhaL service
IsoIropc powcr = required siqnal ower + cable loss +
+ body loss - anLenna qain - sofL handover qain +
+ ower conLrol headroon
Link budget
UL Load 50%
2
Uplink Downlink
Body loss dB 0.00 0
WL0MA Lnk hudgcI
Powcr pcr connccIon defines Lhe naxinun !X
ower for Lhe bE and Lhe needed ower (for LhaL
service} fron Lhe 8!S
Pcak LIP is Lhe naxinun LransniLLed ower afLer
Lhe anLenna.
Pcak LIP = ower er connecLion - cable losses - body loss+
+ anLenna qain
ElPP = EquivalenL lsoLroic PadiaLed Power
Link budget
UL Load 50%
2
Uplink Downlink
Body loss dB 0.00 0
WL0MA Lnk hudgcI
IsoIropc paIh |oss: Maxinun aLh loss beLween
Lhe LransniLLinq and receivinq anLenna is calculaLed
for bL and 0L searaLely.
IsoIropc paIh |oss = Peak ElPP - isoLroic ower
0L Pcak Io Avcragc aIo
IPL LorrccIon FacIor
0L pcak Io avcragc raIo. Lhis araneLer describes Lhe raLio beLween Lhe naxinun and Lhe
averaqe aLhloss. bsually all subscribers are noL locaLed aL Lhe cell edqe buL are disLribuLed
Lhrouqh Lhe whole cell coveraqe area. !haL is why sone qain can be added in ower budqeL
calculaLion.
!his facLor cannoL be used in case Lhe anounL of subscribers is noL hiqh enouqh!
WorsL case scenario
PealiLy - MS disLribuLe over Lhe whole area
Lnk 8udgcI ScnsIvIy
PelaLive snall inrovenenLs in Lhe link budqeL niqhL resulL in a relaLively larqe
decrease in Lhe nunber of siLes.
Improvement in
Link udget
ReIutive number
of Sites
0d8 (reference) I007
Id8 887
Zd8 777
3d8 o87
4d8 b97
bd8 bZ7
od8 4o7
I0d8 Z77
Lnk hudgcI paramcIcrs va|ucs
(Appcndx)
SysIcm spccfc paramcIcrs va|ucs
CaaciLy
Chi raLe (MRz} 8.84
Min. bL load 80%
Max. bL load 70%
hP!-daLa LhrouqhuL facLor 70%
SR0 overhead, 0L 40%
lnLerference fron oLher cell, bL 8j secL. 6 % j 86 %
lnLerference fron oLher cell, 0L 6%
AcLiviLy facLor voice bL, 0L j daLa bL, 0L
7%, 68% j 100%, 100%

SysIcm spccfc paramcIcrs va|ucs
1,2 d8 M0C qain, bL
0 d8 Power conLrol headroon, 0L
60 % 0rLhoqonaliLy
1 d8 Power rise due Lo PC, bL
8 d8 Power conLrol headroon, bL
8 d8 SR0 qain, bLu0L (shadow fadinq}, nulLi cell
d8 0L il correcLion
!he nexL slide Lable Ebjho, (incl. anLenna div. qain}
Coveraqe
Lnk characIcrsIc paramcIcr
1d8 bLj 6d8 0L 884kbiLjs hP! (8knjh}
1,6d8 bLj 6,6d8 0L 144kbiLjs hP! (8knjh}
2d8 bLj d8 0L 4kbiLjs hP! (8knjh}
2d8 bLj 7d8 0L 4kbiLjs P! (8knjh}
4d8 bLj 7d8 0L 14kbiLjs P! (8knjh}
4d8 bLj 7d8 0L Seech (8knjh}
Ebjho fiqures Service
8JS paramcIcrs
48 d8n Max. !X ower
1162 Channel uniLs (code channels} j 8S
4+4+4 or 2+2+2+2+2+2 Allowed nax. confiquraLions
PF uniLs (carriers} j 8S
8 d8 hoise Fiqure
8 d8 Cable Losses
80 n AnLenna heiqhL
18 d8i AnLenna qain
Exanle araneLers for
blLrasiLe
8!S ParaneLers
Moh|c sIaIon paramcIcrs
8j0 d8 8ody Losses
21 d8n Max. !X ower
8 d8 hoise Fiqure
1.6 n AnLenna heiqhL
0j2 d8i AnLenna qain
voicej0aLa MS ParaneLers
1 - h0KlA Coveraqe u CaaciLy Planninq.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Lovcragc B LapacIy P|annng
M00bLE 4
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
LisL Lhe roaqaLion nodels used in WC0MA neLwork lanninq, describe iLs
araneLers and iLs usaqe in Lhe differenL norholoqical classes
bndersLand Lhe locaLion robabiliLy calculaLion and Lhe araneLers used in Lhe
calculaLion
Exlain Lhe basic fornulas for bL u 0L load calculaLions
0escribe Lhe neaninq of sofL caaciLy
LisL aL leasL Lhree differences beLween 0L and bL in load and ower budqeL
calculaLions
LisL aL leasL Lhree facLors havinq effecL Lo Lhe 0L LhrouqhuL calculaLions
PropagaIon Modc|s
Enirical
0eLerninisLic
Seni-enirical
Wave roaqaLion is described by neans of rays Lravellinq beLween LransniLLed and
receivinq anLenna and coninq in Lo reflecLions, scaLLerinq, diffracLions, eLc . !hose
neLhods, qenerally based on ray oLical Lechniques, qive a very accuraLe descriLion of Lhe
wave roaqaLion buL require a larqe conuLaLion Line.
An equaLion based on exLensive enirical neasurenenLs is creaLed. !hose
nodels can be used only in Lhe environnenLs sinilar Lo Lhe exanined one. !he
snall chanqes in Lhe environnenL characLerisLic can cause enornous errors in
Lhe redicLion of wave roaqaLion.
ConbinaLion of enirical and
deLerninisLic nodels (e.q. enirical C0S!
RaLa can be conbined wiLh Lhe
LheoreLical knife edqe nodel}.
PropagaIon Modc|s
Frcc Spacc PropagaIon
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
=
d
G G P P
RX TX TX RX
( )
km
d
MHz
f
dB L
1
log 20
1
log 20 44 . 32 ) (
10 10
|
.
|
\
|
=
RX TX
G G
f
s
m
c
f
c
,
10 9979 . 2
8
=
=
= carrier frequency
= !x, Px anLenna qain
J
!ransniLLed anLenna
Lhe aLh loss beLween Lwo isoLroic anLennas (6=1}:
, 20loq d"
law
- h0KlA Coveraqe u CaaciLy Planninq.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
PropagaIon Modc|s
SIaIsIca| PaIh Loss
n
TX RX
d
c
P P =
paIh |oss
cxponcnI
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) d A d n c
TX
RX
P
P
10 10 10 10
log log 10 log 10 log 10 = + = =
PaLh loss (L}
A
10 1 100
!heoreLical n values:
2 for free sace
4 for lane, snooLh, erfecLly conducLinq Lerrain
8-8.4 for irreqular Lerrain
d
PropagaIon Modc|s
0kumura-haIa B L0SJ haIa modc|
ln order Lo feeL Lhe 0kunura-RaLa nodel inLo Lhe oeraLion frequencies of 86, sone addiLional
neasurenenLs and ad|usLnenLs were done in Lhe franework of Euroean CooeraLion in Lhe
Field of ScienLific u !echnical Pesearch (C0S!}
!he validiLy ranqe for Lhe exLended nodel:
Frequency f: 160 MRz - 2000 MRz
0isLance : 1-20 kn
8S heiqhL h
8S
: 10-200n
MS heiqhL h
MS
: 1-10n
!he correcLion facLor c resenL in Lhe nodel deends on area Lye
oreo fype
correcfion
focfor [d8]
dense urbon oreos -3
cify cenfer oreos 0
suburbon oreos IZ,Z7
ruroI oreos 3Z,bZ
( ) ( )
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
94 . 44 log 33 . 18 log 78 . 4
4 . 5
28
log 2
10
2
10
2
10
f f
f
CorrecLion
FacLor
for suburban areas
for rural areas
PropagaIon Modc|s
0kumura-haIa B L0SJ haIa modc|
Factor Correction + log(R) )] (h log 6,55 - [44,9 ) a(H - ) (h log 13,82 - (f) log B + A = L
BS 10 MS BS 10 10
+
... .......... = R
[ ] 8 . 0 ) ( log 1.56 - h 0,7] - (f) log [1,1 = ) a(H

MHz 2000 < f MHz 1500 33.90
MHz 1500 f MHz 150 26.16
= B

MHz 2000 f MHz 1500 46.30
MHz 1500 f MHz 150 69.99
= A
10 MS 10 MS

)
`
<
<
)
`
< <
< <
f
PropagaIon Modc|s
L0SJ Wa|fsh-Ikcgam modc|
8S
h
8S
h
h
MS
d[kn|
L
1
L
2
L
1
: nulLi screen diffracLion loss
L
2
: roof Lo Lo sLreeL diffracLion u scaLLer loss
w[n|
b[n|
PropagaIon Modc|s
!his seni enirical nodel is Lhe secial adaLaLion of Walfish-8erLoni nodel, reared
esecially for Lhe Lyical anLennas lacenenL in 86 (below Lhe roof Lo}.
!he validiLy ranqe:
Frequency: 800 MRz- 2000 MRz
8S heiqhL: 4 - 60 n
MS heiqhL: 1 - 8 n
0isLance: 0.02 - 6 kn
PaLh loss wIh L0S beLween MS u 8S
) ( log 26 ) ( log 20 6 . 42
10 10
R f L
LOS
+ + =
... .......... = R
L0S: Line-off-siqhL
PropagaIon Modc|s
PaLh loss wIhouI L0S beLween MS u 8S
L
0
: free sace roaqaLion
L
1
: nulLi screen diffracLion loss
L
2
: roof Lo Lo sLreeL diffracLion u scaLLer loss
+ +
=
,
,
0
2 1 0
L
L L L
L
NLOS
0
0
2 1
2 1
+
> +
L L
L L
) ( log 20 ) ( log 20 44 . 32
10 10 0
d f L + + =

+
+
+ + + =
, 114 . 0 0 . 4
, 075 . 0 5 . 2
, 354 . 0 10
) ( log 20 ) ( log 10 ) ( log 10 9 . 16
10 10 10 2
MS
h h f w L
w: Mean street width: [m]
b: Mean building spacing [m]
h: Mean building height [m]
: Mean angle between propagation path & street []
PropagaIon Modc|s
PaLh loss wiLhouL L0S beLween MS u 8S (conLinue}
) lg( 9 ) lg( ) lg(
1
1 1
b f k d k k L L
f d a
+ + + =
h h
BS
>
( )
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
, 1
925
7 . 0 4
, 1
925
7 . 0 4
, 15 18
, 18
,
5 . 0
) ( 8 . 0 54
), ( 8 . 0 54
, 54
, 0
), 1 lg( 18
1
1
f
f
k
h
h h
k
d
h h
h h k
h h
L
f
BS
d
BS
BS a
BS
h h
BS

h h
BS
>
h h
BS
>
h h
BS

h h
BS

h h
BS

5 . 0 > d
and
and
5 . 0 d
Medium sized cities and suburban centres
Metropolitan centres
Mean building spacing: b [m]
Mean building height: h [m]
PropagaIon Modc|s
Px
!x
!x
Pay Lracinq Pay launchinq
very accuraLe neLhods, buL due Lo Lhe conlexiLy of Lhe alqoriLhns conuLer ower consuninq.
0iqiLal nas wiLh a hiqh accuracy are required.
LocaIon Arca Prohah|Iy
ln Lhe roaqaLion nodels Lhere is no lace Lo cover Lhe local flucLuaLions (s|ow fadng} of Lhe
sLrenqLh of Lhe elecLronaqneLic waves, caused nainly by shadowinq. lL should be done searaLely.
!he flucLuaLions follow Lhe loq-nornal disLribuLion:
ln order Lo answer Lhe quesLion: ,WhaL is Lhe robabiliLy, LhaL aL Lhe cell edqe Lhe siqnal sLrenqLh
will noL be lower Lhan required nin (P
Lhreshold
} ", Lhe qiven 6aussian disLribuLion has Lo be inLeqraLed.
robabiliLy densiLy
m P
mn

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
2
2
2
exp
2
1
) (

m x
x f
( )
}
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
min
2
2
min
2
exp
2
1
) (
P
m x
P F

For P
nin
=n-, Lhe robabiliLy, LhaL Lhe siqnal on Lhe cell edqe will be beLLer Lhan P
nin
is equal
84% (see naLhenaLical Lables for F(P
nin
} funcLion}
ln order Lo achieve hiqher robabiliLy, Lhe value should be scaled accordinq Lo calculaLion
facLor in Lhe resecLive Lable.
!he resecLive cell area robabiliLy can be calculaLed usinq Lhe Jake's Fornula
coveroge
ceII edge
probobiIify
coIcuIofion
focfor
F
ceII oreo
probobiIify
occepfobIe 7b7 0.o74 9I7
good 8b7 I.03o 9b7
good 907 I.Z8Z 977
very good 9b7 I.o4b 997
For required cell edqe (area} robabiliLy Lhe s|ow fadng margn value can be easy calculaLed as:
Where :
F is Lhe calculaLion facLor
is Lhe neasured value of sLandard deviaLion
how, Lhe roaqaLion nodels can be correcLed and cc|| rangc calculaLed:
F
( ) ........ = = R F L R f
L: Path Loss [dB]
R: Cell Range [km]
Siqnal levels in buildinqs are esLinaLed by
alyinq a "8uildinq PeneLraLion Loss 8PL"
narqin
!here are biq differences beLween roons wiLh
window and "dee indoor" (10 ..16 d8}
Pref = 0 dB
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
signal level increases with floor
number :~1,5 dB/floor (for 1st
..10th floor)
( ) ........ = = R BPL F L R f
For indoor locaLion area robabiliLy calculaLion, nean eneLraLion losses have Lo be
added, and increased sLandard deviaLion needs Lo be Laken inLo accounL as well:
2 2 2
2 1
. . .
. . .
1 N
indoor indoor outdoor
N
m m m BPL
+ + + =
+ + + =
Add nean values,
suerinose sLandard deviaLions
8PL: 8uildinq PeneLraLion Loss [d8|
Lc|| angc
Lxamp|c
CELL SIZE 12.2kbits 64kbits 128 kbits
Antenna height Node B 30.00 30.00 30.00
Antenna height UE 1.50 1.50 1.50
Correction factor 0.00 0.00 0.00
Outdoor location prob. 95% 95% 95%
Outdoor standard deviation 7.00 5.00 5.00
Slow fading margin 7.27 4.51 4.51
Outdoor cell size 2.27 2.36 1.93
Indoor location prob. 95% 95% 95%
BPL 18.00 18.00 18.00
Indoor standard deviation 12.00 12.00 12.00
Intdoor cell size 0.43 0.37 0.31
In car location prob. 95% 95% 95%
Car PL 5.00 5.00 5.00
In car standard deviation 8.00 8.00 8.00
In car cell size 1.49 1.29 1.06
Lc|| angc La|cu|aIon
Lxcrcsc
CalculaLe Lhe cell ranqe for voice service for ouLdoor urban area.
Assune CosL RaLa ProaqaLion nodel and:
I = 2000 MRz
h
h8
= 40 n
h
bE
= 1,6 n
correcLion facLor c = -8 d8

ouLdoor
= 7 d8
cell area robabiliLy = 00%
FehlL: Load FacLor fr bLj0L (vorschlaq: bL: 60% = 8 d8; 0L: 76% = d8 lnLerference Marqinq}
FehlL: Anqabe AnLenna 6ain ( vorschlaq: 18 d8 fr hode 8; Fraqe: 18 d8 fr 120 SekLor-Zelle }
FehlL: hode 8 Power j connecLion! Wie berechnen hode 8: 10 W j Cell Aber wieviele !h in Abh.
von 0aLenraLe u Load
Load FacIor B Po|c LapacIy
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
Load factor
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

M
a
r
g
i
n

[
d
B
]
Load La|cu|aIon
ln order Lo neeL Lhe defined qualiLy requirenenLs (8LEP} a cerLain averaqe biL-enerqy divided
by LoLal noise+inLerference secLral densiLy (E
b
jh
0
} is needed. So for every user | and for qiven
biL raLe
|
we have:
0f course subscriber | is noL acLive all Lhe Line, LhaL is why Lhe secial acIvIy facIor
|
should be inLroduced:
j j tot
j
j
j
b
I I
I
R
W
N
E
1
0
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
j tot
j
j
j
b
I I
I
R
W
N
E
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
Load La|cu|aIon
bsinq Lhe revious equaLion we can exress Lhe load caused by one subscriber as a arL of Lhe
LoLal load:
Where:
For h subscriber, Lhe load caused in Lhe cell (so called |oad facIor} is:
( )
j j b
j
j
N E
R W
load
1
1
1
0
+
=
tot j j
I load I =
=
N
j
j
load
LII|c
ln Lhe real environnenL we will never have Lo deal wiLh Lhe searaLed cell. !herefore in Lhe
load facLor calculaLion Lhe oLher cell inLerferences should be Laken inLo accounL.
!his can be inLroduced by neans of Lhe |II|c value, which describes how nuch Lwo cells
overla (biqqer overlainq nore inLer-cell inLerferences}.
I
own
l
oLher
own
other
I
I
i little =
Load La|cu|aIon
AfLer inLroducLion of Lhe |itt|c i Lhe load facLor in Lhe cell will be:
ln 0L Lhe own cell inLerference are reduced by facLor (1-}. !his is due Lo Lhe synchronised
orLhoqonal channelisaLion codes, which are used in 0L. !haL is why:
( )
+ =
N
j
j
load i 1
( ) [ ]

+ =
N
j
j j DL
load i 1
0rLoqonaliLy facLor
|
is beLween 0.4 and 0.0
!yical values:
l!b vehicular subscriber (Macro Cell}
|
=0.
l!b edesLrian subscriber (Micro Cell}
|
=0.0
Powcr sc
for bEs locaLed in Lhe oLher cells Lhe ower increase caused by FasL Loo PC rocedure is
harnful for Lhe own cell inLerference condiLions
Non-fading channel Fading channel
Transmitted power
Received power
Power rise
Average transmitted power
Load La|cu|aIon
8ecause of ower rise in Lhe uL load calculaLion, Lhe |itt|c i should be correcLed (|itt|c i is
nulLilied by pw_rsc araneLer}
bL load affecLs Lhe noise level aL Lhe hode 8 receiver. |cisc Risc
A Lyical cell load value for dinensioninq ranqes fron 80% Lo 70 %.
60% is a qood conronise beLween Lhe nunber of siLes and Lhe offered caaciLy.
8reaLhinq effecL: bL load liniLs Lhe Coveraqe.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
9
5
9
8
loading/%
l
o
s
s
/
d
B
( )

+ =
N
j
j UL
load i rise pw_ 1
LapacIy ca|cu|aIon mcIhod
Lc|| Loadng La|cu|aIon
!raffic er cell is usually defined in Lerns of Erlanq for voice and real
Line (P!} daLa services and in Lerns of kbiLsjs for non real Line (hP!}
daLa
For voice and P! daLa services Lhe calculaLions are based uon Lhe
Erlanq 8 fornula and for hP! daLa services uon LhrouqhuL. !he Lwo
equaLions are qiven below.
voice and P! daLa:
hP! daLa:
is Lhe service biL raLe. !he h|ockng prohah|Iy is Lyically assuned
Lo be 2%. !he IhroughpuI is assuned Lo be 70%. !his fiqure
includes Lhe L2 re-Lransnission overhead of 10% and 16% of buffer
headroon Lo avoid overflow (eak Lo averaqe load raLio headroon}
=> (1+0.10} x (1+0.16} = 1.26 => 2.6% overhead => LhrouqhuL
70%
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
4. Interfering Channels
(=physical channels*activity factor)
5. Fractional Load
3. Physical Channels
(=traffic channels*SHO)
2. Traffic Channels
) ; _ ( traffic prob bloc ErlangBchs tchs =
R throughput
traffic
tchs
*
=
- h0KlA
La|cu|aIon McIhod
!raffic er cell is usually defined in Erlanqs for real Line (P!} daLa
services and in kbs for non real Line (hP!} daLa
For voice and P! daLa services Lhe calculaLions are based uon Lhe
Erlanq 8 fornula and for hP! daLa services uon LhrouqhuL. !he Lwo
equaLions are qiven below.
voice and P! daLa
hP! daLa
P is Lhe service biL raLe. !he blockinq robabiliLy is Lyically
assuned Lo be 2%. !he LhrouqhuL is assuned Lo be 70%. !his
fiqure includes Lhe L2 re-Lransnission overhead of 10% and 16%
of buffer headroon Lo avoid overflow (eak Lo averaqe load raLio
headroon} => (1+0.10} x (1+0.16} = 1.26 => 2.6% overhead
=> IhroughpuI 10%
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
5. Fractional Load
2. Traffic Channels
) ; _ ( traffic prob bloc ErlangBchs tchs =
R throughput
traffic
tchs
*
=
ConuLe cell loadinq fron Lraffic rofile
and cell ranqe
80
X
8 = 8lockinq PaLe (Lyically: 2%}
h = Lraffic channels = Lrunks
A = !raffic offered
Y = Lraffic carried (final LhrouqhuL}
A = Y + 8A
=
=
n
i
i
n
A
i
A
B
n
0
!
!
EvaluaLion of Lhe hysical channel requirenenL er carrier for each
service class. !his is conleLed searaLely for bL and 0L.
ln Lhe case of Lhe bL,
lniLially a sinqle carrier is assuned. !his is laLer increased if Lhere is
need Lo do so for caaciLy reasons.
ln Lhe case of Lhe 0L,
EvaluaLion of inLerferinq channels er cell for each service class. !his
requires a direcL nulLilicaLion of Lhe hysical channel requirenenL wiLh
Lhe corresondinq service acLiviLy facLor i.e.
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
5. Fractional Load
2. Traffic Channels
carriers
oh HO Soft tchs
chs ph
) _ _ 1 (
_
+
=
activity chs ph int_chs = _
carriers
tchs
chs ph = _
Where:
m is Lhe nunber of inLerferinq channels
LhjNo is Lhe LarqeL enerqy er biL Lo inLerference secLral densiLy raLio
W is Lhe chi raLe
is Lhe biL raLe
M0Lgan_uL is Lhe nacro diversiLy qain on Lhe bL due Lo sofL
handover
PowcrscuL is Lhe averaqe increase in LransniL ower due Lo ower
conLrol.
_uL is Lhe raLio of oLher Lo own cell inLerference.
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
5. Fractional Load
2. Traffic Channels
!he LoLal bL load is obLained by sunninq Lhe bL fracLional loads over all service classes.
EvaluaLion of Lhe fracLional loads for bL u 0L. !he uL fracIona| |oad for a service class is qiven by:
( ) L PowerRiseU UL i
R
W
m
UL fL
UL MDCgain BTS N Eb
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
_ 1
10
1
_
10
_ _ 0 /
where,
m is Lhe nunber of inLerferinq channels
LhjNo is Lhe LarqeL enerqy er biL Lo inLerference secLral
densiLy raLio
W is Lhe chi raLe
is Lhe biL raLe
M0Lgan_0L is Lhe nacro diversiLy qain on Lhe 0L due Lo sofL
handover
0rIh_0L is Lhe downlink orLhoqonaliLy
_0L is Lhe raLio of oLher Lo own cell inLerference.
1. Traffic per Cell
Erlang or kbit/s
5. Fractional Load
2. Traffic Channels
0L fracIona| |oad for a service class is qiven by:
!he LoLal downlink load is obLained by sunninq Lhe downlink fracLional loads over
all service classes.
( ) DL i DL Orth
W
R m
DL fL
DL MDCgain MS N Eb
_ _ 1
10
_
10
_ _ 0 /
+

=
|
.
|
\
|
Lodc Lhannc|s La|cu|aIon
!raffic rofile er cell
!raffic rofile er 8!S
!he nunber of code channels er 8!S are calculaLed so LhaL firsL Lhe needed
Lraffic channels er 8!S (noL secLor by secLor as in fracLional load calculaLions}
is calculaLed.
!his is done er 8!S since Lhe Code Channels are in one ool over Lhe whole 8!S.
!he Lraffic er 8!S is calculaLed fron Lhe calculaLed nunber of subscribers er
8!S and fron Lhe subscriber rofile.
!hen Lhe necessary Lraffic channels er 8!S er service is calculaLed by usinq
Lhe sane fornulas as in revious slides (as well as Lhe nunber of hysical
channels}. h0!E LhaL Lhe sofL caaciLy is noL used in RW channels calculaLions.
hexL Lhe sofL handover overhead is added Lo Lhe calculaLed Lraffic channels Lo
qeL Lhe nunber of hysical channels er 8!S.
noLe LhaL Lhis sofL handover overhead addiLion is done for boLh bL and 0L.
!he code channel need for differenL services is followinq
seech => 1 code channel
4kbiLjs service (P! or hP!} => 4 code channels
|ctc t|ot t|c ccJc c|orrc| rcors t|c sorc os t|c |orJworc c|orrc|.
!raffic channels
er 8!S
Add SR0
overhead for bL
and 0L
ConverL Lhe nunber of
hysical channels er
service inLo code channels
Lodc Lhannc|s La|cu|aIon
bL = 1 code channels er carrier er cell
0L = 8 code channels er carrier er cell
ln case Lhe LoLal daLa LhrouqhuL is less Lhan 400kbiLjs (excludinq sofL
handover overhead} Lhe above sLaLed conLrol channel needs can be halved
(for bL and 0L}.
Add Lhe needed nunber of
code channels for siqnallinq
Check Lhe
anounL of daLa
LhrouqhuL for
Lhe 8!S
Load La|cu|aIon Lxamp|cs
Load facLor for differenL services has Lo be calculaLed searaLely, LoLal load is Lhen Lhe sun of
differenL services in Lhe cell area
uLj0L fracIona| |oad cxamp|cs are shown in Lhe Lable below
For exanle 60 % bL load neans on averaqe 60 seech users or abouL 0 4 kbiLsjs usersjcell in
a 8-secLor (1+1+1} confiquraLion
Scrvccs uL FracIona| Load 0L FracIona| Load
12.2 kbiLjs 0,07% 1,00%
4 kbiLsjs 4,80% ,21%
128 kbiLsjs 8,6% 11,07%
884 kbiLsjs 22,80% 20,60%
JoIa| Load 81,22% 41,81%
Powcr 8ascd Load LsImaIon
!he 0L |oad of Lhe cell can be esLinaLed by dividinq Lhe LoLal 0L Lransnission ower P
LoL
by Lhe
naxinun hode 8 Lransnission ower P
nax
.
!he uL |oad can be esLinaLed wiLh P
h
, Lhe backqround u receiver noise and l
LoL
, Lhe LoLal
received ower, accordinq Lo Lhis fornula:
max
P
P
tot
DL
=
tot
N
UL
I
P
=1
JhroughpuI 8ascd Load LsImaIon
!he 0L |oad of Lhe cell can be esLinaLed by usinq Lhe sun of Lhe 0L allocaLed biL raLes as follows:
!he uL |oad of Lhe cell can be esLinaLed by usinq Lhe sun of Lhe load facLors of Lhe users
connecLed Lo Lhis cell:
max
1
R
R
N
j
j
DL
=
=
=
+ =
N
j
j UL
load i
1
) 1 (
Max. allowed LhrouqhuL of Lhe cell
bL Load: wie Sl. 26; lediqlich Power Pise wurde enLfernL
SofI LapacIy
SofL caaciLy alies 0hLY for P! services (includinq seech}.
!he less inLerference fron all Lhe neiqhbourinq cells, Lhe nore channels are available in Lhe
niddle cell (ower based PPM}.
WiLh a low nunber of channels er cell i.e. for hiqh biL raLe real Line daLa users, Lhe averaqe
loadinq nusL be quiLe low Lo quaranLee a low blockinq robabiliLy. Since Lhe averaqe loadinq is
low, Lhere is exLra caaciLy available in Lhe neiqhbourinq cells. !his caaciLy can be borrowed
fron Lhe neiqhbourinq cells, Lherefore, Lhe inLerference sharinq qives sofL caaciLy.
!he sofL caaciLy is inorLanL for hiqh biL raLe real Line users because of of biqqer relaLive
chanqe for hiqher biL raLes.
!he sofL caaciLy can be aroxinaLed based on Lhe LoLal inLerference aL Lhe 8!S. !he LoLal
inLerference includes boLh Lhe own cell and oLher cell inLerference. !herefore, Lhe LoLal channel
ool can be obLained by Lakinq Lhe nunber of channels er cell in Lhe equally loaded case and
nulLilyinq LhaL by 1+i which Lhen qives Lhe sinqle isolaLed cell caaciLy.
!he basic Erlanq 8 fornula is Lhen alied Lo Lhis larqer channel ool. !his obLained Erlanq
caaciLy is Lhen equally shared beLween neiqhbourinq (inLerferinq} cells by dividinq Lhe
naxinun offered Lraffic by 1+i (in bL also Lhe ower rise is Laken inLo accounL}.
|ctc t|ot w|cr co|cv|otir t|c rvrbcr cI rccJcJ ccJc (|orJworc] c|orrc|s
t|c cIIcct cI scIt cojocity is rct irc|vJcJ.
SofI LapacIy
Soft capacity
>50 voice
channels or
>800 kbps
50 voice
channels or
800 kbps
Equally
loaded
cells
bnequally
loaded
cells
0%
10%
20%
30%
Speech
12.2kbps
16kbps 32 kbps 64 kbps 144 kbps
SofI LapacIy La|cu|aIon
Fron Lhe lanned load, Lhe nunber of channels available in Lhe resource ool (on averaqe
condiLion} can be calculaLed:
!he sofL blockinq caaciLy [Erlanq| for P! services can be calculaLed usinq Lhe Erlanq 8 Lable and
Lhe equaLion:
Sinilar (usinq
0|
} Lhe 0L sofL caaciLy is calculaLed.
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
1
1
) 1 (
0
N
E
R
W
i
N
b
UL
UL
( )
[ ] Erl
i
blocking i N ErlangB
cell
capacity soft
+
+
=
1
% ); 1 (
_
SofI LapacIy La|cu|aIon
Lxcrcsc
Conare Lhe bL hard and sofL caaciLies for Lhe followinq services (SC}:
1. voice 12.2 kbiLjs
2. 0aLa 4 kbiLjs
8. 0aLa 144 kbiLjs
Assune, LhaL:
Lhe blockinq robabiliLy = 2%

voice
= 66%,
daLa
= 100%,
bL load = 40%
,i" = 0.
erlang-table.pdf
uL B 0L Load Lomparson
0L load always hiqher Lhan bL load
0rLhoqonal codes reduce own cell inLerference only in 0L
Link erfornance (E
b
jh
0
} beLween bL and 0L differs
!yically noise fiqure is hiqher in bE Lhan in 8S
SR0 overhead is only in 0L
0L: all connecLions share one LransniLLer
bL: one LransniLLer er connecLion
uL B 0L Load Lomparson
Load
m
a
x
.

p
a
t
h

l
o
s
s

[
d
B
]
D
o
w
n
l
i
n
k
U
p
lin
k
Lovcragc |mIcd
LapacIy |mIcd
Issucs AffccIng LapacIy
MixLure of services nakes caaciLy lanninq nore conlex
Peal !ine voice and 0aLa services in Erlanq
hon-Peal !ine 0aLa services in kbs
Load calculaLion is required esecially in bL Lo deLernine Lhe bL inLerference (hoise
Pise}
0ifferenL Services have differenL Ebjho requirenenLs
!raffic is asynneLric beLween 0L and bL
0ifferenL kinds of inLerferences have Lo be Laken inLo accounL (orLhoqonaliLy facLor ,
liLLle i, eLc.}
0ifferenL hode 8 naxinun !x ower should be considered
Seed of Lhe bsers differs
va|ucs uscd n Ihc fo||owng cxamp|cs 12.2 spccch,
84j128j884 khps 0aIa
BTS TX power 43 dBm
MS TX power 21 dBm
E
c
/I
o
-16.5 dB
BTS E
b
/N
o
4/2/1.5/1
MS E
b
/N
o
7/6/5.5/5
Other to own cell
interference ratio i
0.6
Orthogonality 0.6
Channel profile ITU Vehicular
A, 3 km/h
MS speed 3 km/h
MS/BTS NF 8 dB / 4 dB
Antenna gain 16 dBi
JhroughpuI for 0ffcrcnI Scrvccs
12.2 spccch, 84j128j884 khps 0aIa
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
DL throughput in kbps
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
Macro cell, P(DL) = 43 dBm, P(UL) = 21 dBm
3 km/h 12.2 kbps
3 km/h 64.0 kbps
3 km/h 128.0 kbps
3 km/h 384.0 kbps
Max caaciLy
0 500 1000 1500
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
128 kbps
i = 0.2
i = 0.4
i = 0.6
i = 0.8
LffccI of |II|c
0oublinq of Lhe "liLLle i" will cause 70 % LhrouqhuL decrease of Lhe oriqinal value
LffccI of Spccd
12.2 khps spccch Q 8, 20, 120 kmjh
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
Number of users
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
Macro cell, P(DL) = 43 dBm, P(UL) = 21 dBm
3 km/h 12.2 kbps
20 km/h 12.2 kbps
120 km/h 12.2 kbps
UL
DL
For slow novinq nobiles a low
received L
h
jN
0
value is needed due Lo
qood channel esLinaLe and ower
conLrol. 0n Lhe oLher hand hiqh eak
ower is needed Lo conensaLe Lhe
deeesL fades.
For fasL novinq nobiles channel
esLinaLes are worse buL inLerleavinq
works nore efficienLly. Power conLrol
is noL able Lo follow snall scale fadinq
(=> ower conLrol headroon snaller
for hiqh seed nobiles}
ln bL a PC headroon is needed in
calculaLinq Lhe coveraqe
ln 0L Lhe fasL ower conLrol effecLs
are included in Lhe averaqe required
E
b
jh
0
(no ower conLrol headroon in
0L}
!he neL effecL can be seen in Lhe
followinq fiqures
0L IhroughpuI vs. 0L |oad
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
DL load
D
L

t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t

i
n

k
b
p
s
12.2 kbps
64 kbps
128 kbps
384 kbps
Main reason causinq differenL
LhrouqhuLs is differenL
L
h
jN
0
values
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
128 kbps
Asymmetry 1/1
Asymmetry 1/10
DL
UL
LffccI of asymmcIry facIor: 1,1j10
ln 86 Lhe bL and 0L Lraffic can be
asynneLric
ln 86 Lhe 0L Lraffic is suosed Lo be
hiqher Lhan bL Lraffic as in inLerneL
0ue Lo Lhis, bL load is lower and Lhe
naxinun allowable bL aLh loss is
hiqher
ln real neLworks asynneLry facLor is
chanqinq accordinq Lo Lhe Lraffic
LffccI of Nodc 8 Jx Powcr
10, 20, 80, 40 W, 84 khps, 8-sccIor
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
Macro cell, P(DL) = 40 to 46 dBm, P(UL) = 21 dBm
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
ulink
1 - h0KlA Coveraqe u CaaciLy lnrovenenL.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Lovcragc B LapacIy ImprovcmcnI
M00bLE 6
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
Exlain 8 coveraqe u 8 caaciLy inrovenenL alLernaLives
Exlain Lhe effecL of E
b
jh
0
on Lhe sysLen caaciLy u coveraqe
Exlain Lhe inacL of orLhoqonaliLy on Lhe neLwork erfornance
Lovcragc vcrsus LapacIy
Load
m
a
x
.

p
a
t
h

l
o
s
s

[
d
B
]
D
o
w
n
l
in
k
U
p
lin
k
|cw tc irjrcvc t|c cojocity?
|cw tc irjrcvc t|c ccvcroc?

Lovcragc ImprovcmcnI A|IcrnaIvcs
MasL Read Anlifier MRA
basic soluLion for oLinised bL erfornance
conensaLes feeder cable loss
suorLed by hokia's base sLaLions
can be used LoqeLher wiLh SnarL Padio ConceL
hokia SnarL Padio ConceL SPC
4-way Px diversiLy
secLored cell
uLilizinq narrow-bean anLennas
- 2 d8 beLLer anLenna qain Lhan in 8 secLored siLe
SPC:
blink inrovenenL -2.6 d8 conared Lo 2-way diversiLy
0ownlink inrovenenL -1.6 d8 wiLh !X diversiLy assuninq ower sliLLinq. lf LransniLLed ower
renained Lhe sane for boLh LransniL aLhs, Lhen qain would be even hiqher (Lhis neans LhaL if
we oriqinally had 20W for Lransnission, Lhen we would have 2x20W for 0L diversiLy}.
LapacIy ImprovcmcnI A|IcrnaIvcs
secLored siLe
- 80% caaciLy qain conared Lo 8 secLors (noL
100% due Lo inLer-secLor inLerference}
More carriers (frequencies} er secLor
doublinq Lhe anounL of carriers wiLh ower sliLLinq
qives rouqhly 0% nore caaciLy
SnarL Padio ConceL SPC
LransniL diversiLy
Power splitting means that one 20W LPA module is shared between two carriers,
resulting as 10W for both carriers.
- h0KlA Coveraqe u CaaciLy lnrovenenL.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
8 sccIorcd sIc
More secLors increase Lhe caaciLy of Lhe WC0MA neLwork
SecLorisaLion qain in caaciLy is nore efficienL Lhan in 6SM where iL is liniLed by Lhe nunber
of frequencies available and frequency lanninq (WC0MA freq reuse=1}
6oinq fron 8 Lo secLors, Lhe caaciLy qain is noL 100% due Lo Lhe increased inLerference.
!o achieve a hiqher caaciLy qain, iL is crucial Lo conLrol Lhe anounL of inLerference and Lhe
sofL handover overhead. lf Lhe overlainq is Lo biq, Lo nuch inLerference and a hiqher sofL
handover overhead occurs.
80% mchr, d.h. 2.55 d8 gan
Noka SmarI ado LonccpI SL
bL Coveraqe inrovenenL
4-branch diversiLy receLion er secLor
Maxinal raLio baseband conbininq of 4 bL siqnals forns a bean
2-way PX
diversiLy
4-way X
dvcrsIy
Phase 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
dB
Seconds, 3km/h
SRC
Rx diversity
SL:
up|nk mprovcmcnI ~2.5 d8 comparcd Io 2-way dvcrsIy
0ownlink inrovenenL -1.6 d8 wiLh !X diversiLy assuninq ower sliLLinq. lf LransniLLed ower
renained Lhe sane for boLh LransniL aLhs, Lhen qain would be even hiqher (Lhis neans LhaL if
we oriqinally had 20W for Lransnission, Lhen we would have 2x20W for 0L diversiLy}.
0L caaciLy uqrade
0ne !X
anLenna
Mu|Ip|c Jx
anIcnnas
Phase 2
X
+
J
X
X
J
X
X
SL:
bL inrovenenL -2.6 d8 conared Lo 2-way diversiLy
0L mprovcmcnI ~1.5 d8 wIh JX dvcrsIy assumng powcr sp|IIng. lf
LransniLLed ower renained Lhe sane for boLh LransniL aLhs, Lhen qain would
be even hiqher (Lhis neans LhaL if we oriqinally had 20W for Lransnission, Lhen
we would have 2x20W for 0L diversiLy}.
Phasc 1: Incrcasc uL Lovcragc
146
160
166
10
16
170
100 200 800 400 600 00 700 800 000 1000 1100 1200 1800
Load pcr sccIor [khpsj
Max. a||owcd
paIh |oss [d8j
WIh SL
WiLhouL SPC
2.5-8 d8 covcragc
mprovcmcnI
ParamcIcrs :
uL:
8iL raLe 144 kbs
Ebjh0 = 1.6 d8
8S noise fiqure = 4.0 d8
i=0.6 (8-secLor nacro}
AnLenna qain: 18.0 d8i
ho cable loss = MRA used
FasL fadinq narqin = 4.0 d8 + SofL handover qain = 2.0 d8
80% loadinq -> lnLerference narqin = 1.6 d8
Max. aLh loss = 164.4 d8 wiLhouL SPC and 16.0 d8 wiLh SPC
0L
Ebjh0 = 6.6 d8
Mobile sLaLion noise fiqure = 8.0 d8
i=0.6
0rLhoqonaliLy = 0.0
8S anLenna qain: 18.0 d8i
bE anLenna qain 2.0 d8i
Cable loss = 4.0 d8
Max.javeraqe aLh loss = d8
SR0 overhead = 40%
SR0 qain = 2.6 d8 - Lhis is qeneral value.
SIcs j km
2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.8
8-sccIor (rx dv) 8-sccIor (SL)
Lovcragc : 80 % |css sIcs wIh SL
2.6-8 d8 qain
corresonds Lo
80% less siLes
146
160
166
10
16
170
100 200 800 400 600 00 700 800 000 1000 1100 1200 1800
Load pcr sccIor [khpsj
Max. a||owcd
paIh |oss [d8j
Noka SmarI ado LonccpI
Phasc 2: Incrcasc 0own|nk LapacIy
0
L
2
0
W n
o
d
iv
e
rs
iL
y
0
L w
iLh
!x
d
ive
rsiLy
2
0
W

e
r b
ra
n
c
h
bL
70% increase
in caaciLy
ParamcIcrs :
up|nk:
8iL raLe 144 kbs
Ebjh0 = 1.6 d8
8ase sLaLion noise fiqure = 4.0 d8
i=0.6 (8-secLor nacro}
AnLenna qain 18.0 d8i
ho cable loss = MRA used
FasL fadinq narqin = 4.0 d8 + SofL handover qain = 2.0 d8
80% loadinq -> lnLerference narqin = 1.6 d8
Max. aLh loss = 164.4 d8 wiLh SPC and 16.0 d8 wiLh SPC
0ownlink
Ebjh0 = 6.6 d8
Mobile sLaLion noise fiqure = 8.0 d8
i=0.6
0rLhoqonaliLy = 0.0
8ase sLaLion anLenna qain 18.0 d8i
Mobile anLenna qain 2.0 d8i
Cable loss = 4.0 d8
Max.javeraqe aLh loss = d8
SofL handover overhead = 40%, SofL handover qain = 2.6 d8
LapacIy upgradc wIh SL
ho chanqes Lo anLennas or anLenna cables
All Lhese caaciLy uqrades wiLhin one blLrasiLe cabineL
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Speech Erlang per site
20W 2x10W + 2x10W
DL power per sector
Add Jx dvcrsIy +
Lake 2nd frcqucncy
inLo use
CosLjErlanq is
decreasinq wiLh
caaciLy uqrade
Assuned caaciLies
20 W : 8 x 40 Erl = 120 Erl
2x20 W + 2 carriers : 2 x 8 x 6.7 Erl = 840 Erl
Mehr & detaillierter: Chap. 7 Nokia WCDMA BS Family Sl. 9
ImpacI of scnsIvIy (MhA)
!he use of MRAs brinqs
uL covcragc gan (inorLanL for early hase of a neLwork}
caaciLy qain for low-loaded neLworks (keeinq Lhe cell size consLanL}
DL Path loss
NRT Data 384k UL Path loss
NRT Data 384k UL Path loss, 1dB improvement
145
150
155
160
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
uL Load
P
a
I
h

|
o
s
s
L
h
jN
0
!he lower Lhe required Ebjho's, Lhe hiqher Lhe sysLen caaciLy
!he lower Lhe required Ebjho's, Lhe larqer Lhe cell radii
Row Lo lower E
b
jh
0
SmarI ado LonccpI

SmarI AnIcnnas
ImpacI of uL-LhjNo
lnrovenenLs in bL Ebjho has Lwo effecLs:
increase in caaciLy due Lo rcduccd uL |oad
enhancenenL in coveraqe due Lo hghcr paIh |oss (in bL liniLed case}
DL Path loss
145
150
155
160
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
UL Load
P
a
t
h
l
o
s
s
Hier nochmals Graphik mit Pathloss Berechnung zeigen: Chap. 03 Sl. 05
ImpacI of uL-LhjNo
lnrovenenLs in bL
Ebjho has Lwo effecLs:
increase in caaciLy due Lo
reduced bL load
enhancenenL in coveraqe
due Lo hiqher aLh loss (in
bL liniLed case}
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Subscribers/km
U
L

L
o
a
d
UL Load, no improvement
UL Load, 1dB improvement
in UL Eb/No
UL Load, 2dB improvement
in UL Eb/No
lnrovenenL in bL Ebjho
ImpacI of 0L- LhjNo
lnrovenenLs in 0L Ebjho has Lwo effecLs:
ncrcasc n capacIy due Lo reduced 0L load (in 0L liniLed case}
enhancenenL in coveraqe due Lo hiqher aLh loss
145
150
155
160
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
UL Load
P
a
t
h
l
o
s
s
DL Path loss, 1dB improvement in DL E
b
/N
0
DL Path loss, 2dB improvement in DL E
b
/N
0
DL Pathloss, no improvement
0rIhogona|Iy
0L sreadinq codes are erfecLly orLhoqonal, if no Line shifL beLween Lhen is resenL
As soon as Lhe channel becones Line-disersive, orLhoqonaliLy decreases u resulLs in
inLerference
Riqher orLhoqonaliLy neans hiqher caaciLy
Row Lo increase orLhoqonaliLy
Avoid nulLiaLh (anLennajsiLe lacinq}
Micro cells
AdaLive anLennas (SnarL Padio ConceL}
ImpacI of 0rIhogona|Iy
DL Load, 40% orthogonality
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
UL Load [%]
D
L

L
o
a
d

[
%
]
ImpacI of 0rIhogona|Iy
145
150
155
160
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
UL Load
P
a
t
h
l
o
s
s
DL Pathloss, 45% orthogonality
1 - h0KlA Pre-launch 0LinisaLion.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Prc-|aunch 0pImsaIon
M00bLE
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
Exlain how cell overla affecLs caaciLy
LisL aL leasL Lhree ossible reasons for coveraqe holes
LisL Lhe acLions which are done durinq re-launch oLinisaLion
LisL Lhe Lools, which are used durinq re-launch oLinisaLion.
LisL aL leasL Lhree araneLers, which could be Luned durinq re-launch oLinisaLion
Exlain Lhe Lhree qolden rules for re-launch oLinisaLion
Lc|| 0vcr|apng
Cell overlainq is needed Lo conLrol Lhe anounL of inLerferences since Lhe neLwork
caaciLy is direcLly relaLed Lo iL. !he value describes how nuch cells overla:
Sone overla is required Lo allow sofL handover Lo occur
SofL handover hels Lo reduce inLerference. (SofL R0 6ain}
!yically sofL R0 should occur in 20-40% of connecLions, buL in racLice iL could be as
hiqh as 0-80 %
!oo nuch overla:
lncreases inLerference Lo oLher cells --> rcducc capacIy
lncreases SofL Randover overhead --> rcducc capacIy
own
other
I
I
i little =
Lovcragc ho|cs
Cause:
!raffic increasinq
8ad coveraqe lanninq
lnLerferences
8lockinq and buildinq eneLraLion loss
SoluLion:
bse Lhe naxinun bL load which is noL Loo low or Loo hiqh. Low bL load will encounLer
Lhe coveraqe hole when Lraffic qrows, hiqh Lraffic resulLs in a hiqh nunber of siLes
0eloynenL of nicro cells
0eloy Lhe coveraqe enhancenenL soluLion (e.q. SnarL Padio ConceL, MasL Read
Anlifier, !ransniL diversiLy u eLc.}
128 kbps
64 kbps
8 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
144 kbps
144 kbps
64 kbps
64 kbps
Pref = 0 dB
-15 ...-25 dB
no coverage
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
InpuIs for Prc-|aunch 0pImsaIon
0rive LesLs are done Lo LesL
Coveraqe for differenL daLa raLe services
PiloL channel coveraqe
SofL handover areas and robabiliLies
0ualiLy (8LEP}
Key Perfornance lndicaLors (KPl} are defined Lo neasure
Cell LoLal daLa LhrouqhuL
Call seLu success raLes for differenL services
Call dro raLes
SofL Randover erfornance
CusLoner conlains
- h0KlA Pre-launch 0LinisaLion.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Prc-|aunch 0pImsaIon Proccss
NelWor| Varagererl
No||a NelAcl
TV
lor 30
F|e|d Too| 3erver
RAN 0pl|r|sal|or
pre-del|red procedures
ser| / lu|| auloraled
corl|gural|or
Start
WindowAdd Change 1 stepsi ze WindrowDrop Change 1 stepsize CompThr eshold Change 1 stepsize DropTimer Change 1 stepsi ze
NMS: Col lect network performance data
Eval uate KPI ' HO Over head' . OK ?
Eval uate all network KPIs. OK ?
Yes
Go to relevant opti misation flow-chart No
End
Yes
No
r
e
a
s
u
r
e
r
e
r
l
s
KPls, courlers
a|r-|rlerlace
F|e|d Too|
wC0VA RAN
KPls,
reasurererls
Corl|gural|or
Joo|s
0rive LesL Lools for Coveraqe verificaLion
AqilenL scanner
heno !echnoloqies !0M
Ericsson !EMS
PosL Processinq Lool for rollouL verificaLion, lanninq validaLion, infrasLrucLure verificaLion and
neLwork oLinisaLion
AcLix Analyzer v. 4.1 and heLAcL
heLwork ConfiquraLion Lool for Perfornance lnfo (Pl, KPl}
heLwork ElenenL ManaqenenL bniL (henu}
heLwork roLocol analyzer for LroubleshooLinq
heLRawk
blink and 0ownlink loadinq Lools
InIa| 0rvc JcsIng LonfguraIon
Iub
(ATM)
Iub
(ATM)
Iu-CS
( ATM )
Iu-CS
( ATM )
STM-1 STM-1
STM-1 STM-1
RNC
BTS
ExLracL radio araneLers which are
exchanqed over Lhe PPC roLocol:
blink SlP LarqeL, 0ownlink 8LEP
LarqeL, bL CPC 0Kjh0K eLc.
h8AP
Padio link MeasurenenL reorL
0edicaLed PPC nessaqes
Nethawk analyser
A WC0MA scanner (AqilenL, heno
!echnoloqies !0M or Ericsson !EMS} can be
used for (assive} idle node downlink
neasurenenLs:
CPlCR Ecjlo
AcLive seL (neiqhbor lisL neasurenenLs}
LocaLion infornaLion
When used LoqeLher wiLh a bE (no
noniLorinq} and Lhe roLocol analyzer, iL
can (analysinq nessaqinq in lub inLerface}
be used Lo assess Lhe bE behavior
PosLrocessinq (AcLix
andjor a cusLonised Lool}
Lool Lo correlaLe Lhe daLa
fron neLwork and Lerninal
side by usinq Lhe
LinesLan
AddiLional
Lerninals (if
available}
used Lo
increase
neLwork load.
Rardblockinq
will be used Lo
liniL required
nunber of
Lerninals
Iu-PS
(IP)
Iu-PS
(IP)
Load 0cncraIon
8ecause in Lhe 1
sL
neLwork inlenenLaLion hase Lhe load is very snall, load
qeneraLion is needed Lo sinulaLe Lhe siLuaLion in Lhe nornal loaded neLwork
ln ulink Lhere is a ossibiliLy Lo qeneraLe noise sinly by addinq noise Lo Lhe bL
branch Lo LesL coveraqe
by usinq Lhe bEs which increases Lhe Lhe load in Lhe cell (noise like inLerference}
bse X sinulLaneous Y kbiLsjs P! services Lo achieve Lhe load
ln downlink iL is nore challenqinq and also inorLanL since a snaller or larqer arL of
Lhe inLerference is orLhoqonal and iL is less Lhernal noise like.
0rLhoqonal Channel hoise SinulaLor (0ChS} is a nechanisn used Lo sinulaLe Lhe users or
conLrol siqnals on Lhe oLher orLhoqonal channels of a downlink link
0ChS is a feaLure candidaLe in PAh2.1
0pImsaIon 8ascd on SIaIsIcs
0LinisaLion is nainly based on hokia heLAcL reorLs
Field neasurenenLs are used Lo qeL addiLional infornaLion fron Lhe inoinLed roblen
soLs
bseful for oLinisaLion
!o locaLe Lhe roblen soLs qeoqrahically and by neLwork elenenLs
!o rioriLise acLions needed wiLh Lhe hel of KPls
!o idenLify reasons for non-erfornance by qivinq infornaLion on various sLaLisLical
indicaLors and neLwork hisLory
8asis for area-wide erfornance inrovenenL
Area wide araneLer Luninq based on lonq-Lern sLaLisLics and Lrends
Alarns of fuLure roblens in fasL-qrowinq Lraffic areas
Prior noLice Lo be able Lo reacL in Line and Lo be reared for neLwork exansions
0ynamc Smu|aIons for hghcr vsh|Iy
SIaIc smu|aIons
"SnapshoI"
SIaIc
Movng random|y or a|ong
roads wIh random spccd
ay-Iracng propagaIon
modc| wIh vccIor map
ay-Iracng propagaIon
modc| wIh vccIor map
ca|sIc Noka a|gorIhms;
a|so fuIurc a|gorIhms
Smp|fcd and |mIcd
a|gorIhms, c.g no powcr
conIro|
No Iraffc modc|
ca|sIc Iraffc modc|;
pro|ccIon of Iraffc growIh
Movng n Ihrcc
dmcnsons
LurrcnI sofIwarc
vcrsons n usc
SIaIsIcs co||ccIcd from
snapshoIs
SIaIsIcs co||ccIcd ovcr
Imc pcrod from dcIa|cd
ca|| smu|aIons
Jraffc s |ow n
ncIwork |aunch
SIaIsIcs co||ccIcd
from ncIwork
managcmcnI sysIcm
Mu|IpaIh
propagaIon
A|gorIhms
Jraffc
Pcrformancc
ana|ysng
PropagaIon
Moh|Iy
0ynamc smu|aIons
"Movc"
ca| ncIwork
"ca|Iy"
SLaLic sinulaLions - lanninq Lool like heLAcL lanner (MonLeCarlo sinulaLor}
0ynanic sinulaLions
SLudy and analyse (users in 20 noL 80; neans on one floor}
0ecisison nakinq Lool
WinPro nodel
MaLLab
Malnfo
Proh|cm
0pImsaIon Prncp|cs
0vcr|appng of cc||s,
no c|car domnancc
Lc|| szcs do noI maIch
Io uscr dsIrhuIon
No covcragc
Proh|cm
ndcaIor
n P|annng
Joo|
- Riqh i
- Low caaciLy
- Riqh sofL handover
overhead
- 0uLaqe due Lo 8!S
ower or ulink load
- 0Lher cell do noL
collecL Lraffic
- 0uLaqe due Lo bE ower
- 0uLaqe due Lo 0L link
ower
Proh|cm
ndcaIor
n ncIwork
- Riqh noise rise while
low LhrouqhuL in bL
- Riqh sofL handover
overhead
- 8lockinq in sone cells
- 0Lher cells do noL
collecL Lraffic
- 0roed calls
- 8ad qualiLy
- Low biL raLes for ackeLs
So|uIons
- AnLenna downLilL
- 0e-SliLLinq => 2 cells
- Penove siLes
- SR0 araneLers
- AnLenna LilLinq
- CPlCR ad|usLnenL
- More siLes
- Riqher link ower in 0L
undcr
sIand
0cIccI
So|vc
csu|Is - 10-20% hiqher caaciLy
- 10-20% hiqher caaciLy
- Cells collecL Lraffic
nore equally
Lhcck
Avoid unnecesary
overlainq
PuL cells close Lo
Lhe user
Make sure Lhere is
Lhe coveraqe
!here are few araneLers
LhaL have a qreaL influence
for Lhe SofL Randover of
Lhe neLwork
SofI handovcr 0pImsaIon Lxamp|c
Addition
Window
Too wide soft HO
area
Too small soft HO
area
+ Soft HO
Overhead
UL macrodiversity
gain decrease
- UL Troughput
too high
too low
unnecessary soft
HO branch
addition
- DL Troughput
frequent HOs
+ signalling
overhead
Add Window
0ro Window
Maxinun AcLive SeL Size
0ro !ine
!ransnission ower of Lhe CPlCR channel
PelacenenL Window
kPI mprovcmcnI
Purose: lncrease neLwork erfornance
!arqeL: SofL Randover 0verhead aL
oLinal oinL
MeLhod: ad|usL window_add and
window_dro araneLers
PesulL: 0Linal araneLer value found
8cforc AfIcr
20
26
80
86
40
0 1 2 8 4 6
SinulaLion Phase
SR00 [%|
Sc|ccIcd
opIma|
paramcIcr
va|uc
80
0cgradcd pcrformancc
Scm-opIma|
AcIvc scI szc
"Microscoic
analysis"
on area of 1 kn
2
and 80 siLes
0pImsng SofI handovcr Arcas
0pImsaIon Lxamp|c
lniLial neLwork lan consisLed of LoLal 60 cells, of which 24 were in
nicro layer and 86 were in nacro layer
ln Lhe firsL oLinisaLion round anLenna LilLs and bearinqs were Luned in
nacro cells
!he siLes were already oLinised for 6SM
hunber of served users increased
ouLdoor users abouL 2.6%
indoor users abouL 2.%
nixed case abouL 8.1%
Chanqe of oLher Lo own cell inLerference (averaqe}
ouLdoor: fron 0.48 Lo 0.44
indoor: fron 0.47 Lo 0.48
nixed: fron 0.48 Lo 0.44
Macro: LII|c n Ihc hcgnnng
Macro: LII|c afIcr 0pImsaIon
LapacIy ncrcasc afIcr 0pImsaIon
!oLal nunber of users is 2600 boLh in nacro and nicro layers
lndoor case neans LhaL 14 d8 aLLenuaLion has been used conared Lo ouLdoor
Mixed case neans LhaL 80 % nobiles are inside
8iqqesL ouLaqe reason is Lhe nax achieved hode 8 ower
bevor
opfimisofion
offer
opfimisofion
chonge
bevor
opfimisofion
offer
opfimisofion
chonge
oufdoor I93I ZZ0o I47 I48o Io89 IZ7
indoor I87Z Z079 II7 Ibb9 I7bb II7
mixed I943 ZZII I37 I48b I7I3 I37
users in fhe mocro Ioyer users in fhe micro Ioyer
1 - h0KlA hokia WC0MA 8S Fanily.PP!j10.0.2008 j hh
Noka WL0MA 8S Fam|y
M00bLE 7
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
AL Lhe end of Lhis nodul Lhe arLicianL will be able Lo:
Exlain Lhe siqnal flow Lhrouqh a hode 8
0escribe differenL RW confiquraLion ossibiliLies for a hode 8
hane all hokia hode 8's wiLh Lheir naxinun confiquraLion
LocaLe Lhe hode 8 uniLs in a cabineL
LisL anLenna sysLen cononenLs
Sgna| F|ow
WPA
WSM W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
WAM
AXU IFU
Iub
WIC
WAF
WTR
to WTR of 2. carrier
RF BB
from WTR of 2.
carrier
Tx
Rx
Bi-directional
Tx/Rx
Rx Div
from/to WTR of 2.
carrier
from/to adj.
WSM
from/to adj.
WSM
from/to 2./3. WAM
WSC
CLK
CLK to WSM/
WTR
CLK from/to other
cabinet(s)
Interface Unit
Termination point for
transmission
ATM Cross Connect
ATM Switching from/to
other BS/RNC
System Clock
Baseband reference
clocks. Synchronises
with Iub
Application Manager
ATM termination point
Contol functions for BS
Summing & Muliplexing
Summing Tx-Samples
from WSP. Distributing
Rx-Samples from WTR to
all WSP
Signal Processor
RAKE Receiver, (De-)
Spreading, Channel
coding, ...
Transmitter & Receiver
Modulation/Demodulation,
Tx power control, Rx
power measurements
Input Combiner
2-way combiner & 2-
way devider
Antenna Filter
Filters, amplifies and
devides the Rx-signal
Power Amplifier
Linear amplification of
1 to 4 carriers
WAF
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WSM
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
A
M
WAF
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WSM
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
A
M
WAF
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WSM
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
S
P
W
A
M
AXU IFU
Iub
WIC
WIC
WIC
1+1+1 (20jcarrcr) wIhouI SL
F sccIon w||
changc for SL
confguraIons
uL SL - 1 Larrcr 20W
Carrier 1
WAF
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WAF
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WIC
Rx Main
Rx Div3
Rx Div2
Rx Div1
Ant1
Ant2
- h0KlA hokia WC0MA 8S Fanily.PP!j10.0.2008 j hh
uL B 0L SL - 1 Larrcr 20W
Carrier 1
WAF
WPA
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WAF
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
WIC
Rx Main
Rx Div3
Rx Div2
Rx Div1
Ant1
Ant2
WPA
Tx1
Tx2
uL B 0L SL - 2 Larrcrs 20Wj8ranch
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
WAF
WAF
WIC
Tx
Rx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
Txsum
Tx
Rx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Rx
WTR
Txsum
WPA
WPA
NoIc:
Pequires Pelease 2 bniLs
upgradc PaIh
roll-ouL hase
1 carrierj8!S
60 Erljcarrier
1sL carrier
1+1+1
20 W
60 Erl
1+1+1
20 W
60 Erl
R
O
C
Add
LPA
2+2+2
2x20 W
100 Erl
2+2+2
2x20 W
100 Erl
2 carriersj8!S
20Wjcarrier
60 Erljcarrier
lncreased
ower
R
O
C
2+2+2
x10 W
240 Erl
2+2+2
x10 W
240 Erl
2 carriersjsecL
10Wjcarrier
40 Erljcarrier
2 carriersj
secLor
C
E
C
2+2+2
x20 W
800 Erl
2+2+2
x20 W
800 Erl
2 carriersjsecL
20Wjcarrier
60 Erljcarrier
2 carriersj
secLor
C
E
C
Add
LPA
2+2+2
2x10 W
2+2+2
2x10 W
2 carriersj8!S
10Wjcarrier
40 Erljcarrier
2
nd
carrier
R
O
C
1+1+1
8x20 W
160 Erl
1+1+1
8x20 W
160 Erl
1 carrierjsecL
20Wjcarrier
60 Erljcarrier
1 carrierjsecLor
C
E
C
Add
8 JXs
Add
8 JXs
Add
LPA
Add
8 LPAs
1+1+1
40 W
0 Erl
1+1+1
40 W
0 Erl
1 carrierj8!S
40Wjcarrier
0 Erljcarrier
lncreased
ower
R
O
C
Add
LPA
P0C rollouL confiquraLion
CEC caaciLy enhancenenL confiquraLion
2+2+2
2 x 20W
88Erl
2+2+2
2 x 20W
88Erl
Noka SL LapacIy 0rowIh PaIh
4-way diversiLy for naxinun cell coveraqe
downlink diversiLy for enhanced caaciLy
wiLhouL SPC
60 Erljcarrier
4-way bL div
0L diversiLy
2nd carrier
1+1+1
20W
120Erl
1+1+1
20W
120Erl
1+1+1
20W
160Erl
1+1+1
20W
160Erl
1+1+1
2 x 20W
210Erl
1+1+1
2 x 20W
210Erl
!PX or 8 dual !PXs
8 LPAs
40 Erlj carrier
8 dual !PXs
LPAs
70 Erlj carrier
dual !PXs
LPAs
6 Erlj carrier
+8d8 coveraqe qain
- 20% caaciLy
+15% caaciLy
+80% caaciLy
u|IraSIc 0pIma LompacI wIh F LxIcnson
u|IraSIc 0pIma LompacI wIh I88u LxIcnson
PecLifiers: 8 x 8A!A 8.0 kW 0C
Power 0isLribuLion bniL (P0b}
Connon ConLrol bniL (CCbA}
L!E sace: 8 x Rb
8aLLeries: 00 Ah (Q 48 v 0C}
unI PosIons n u|IraSIc Suprcmc
WAF (cs}
AnIcnna F|Icr
WEA (1c}
LxIcrna| A|arm unI
WPA (cs}
Powcr Amp|fcr
WlC (8cs}
InpuI Lomhncr
W!P (cs}
JransmIIcr B cccvcr
WSC (2cs}
SysIcm L|ock
AXb (1c}
AJM Lross-connccI unI
lFb (6cs}
InIcrfacc unI
WPS (8cs}
Powcr Suppy
WAM (cs}
App|caIon Managcr
WSM (8cs}
Summng B Mu|Ip|cxng
WSP (18cs}
Sgna| Proccssor
LonfguraIons
1+1+1, 8W
2+2+2, 4W
8JS capacIy
nax. 10 MbiLjs er cabineL
0Ihcr fcaIurcs
6SMjE06E !PXs and WC0MA carriers or
12 6SMjE06E !PXs in sinqle cabineL
Lri- secLored soluLions
2-orL ulink diversiLy as sLandard
AC or 0C ower feed
u|IraSIc L00LjWL0MA
0uIdoor
1040 x 770 x 760 nn
-88C ... +60 C
lP66
Indoor
1800 x 00 x 670 nn
-6C ... +60 C
lP20
1 Wideband Transceiver unit (WTR)
2 Wideband Power Amplifier unit (WMP)
3 Wideband Input Combiner unit (WIC)
4 Wideband Antenna Filter unit (WAF)
5 Wideband Suming and Multiplexing unit (WSM)
6 Wideband Application Manager unit (WAM)
7 Wideband Signal Processor unit (WSP)
8 Wideband Power Supply unit (WPS)
9 Wideband SystemClock unit (WSC)
10 ATMMultiplexer unit (AXU)
11 Interface unit (IFU)
12 Wideband Fan Module (WFA)
13 Transmission unit (VXxx)
14 Bias Tee unit (BPxx)
KEY:
8
5
6 7
1
2
9
2
2
1
1
11
12
14
10
3 1
3
4 4 4
0pIma and 0pIma LompacI LonfguraIons
PEL I PEL Z
I corrier omni I Z0 W 384 7o8 Z0 W
3 secfor (I+I+I) I Z0 W 384 7o8 Z0 W
3 secfor (Z+Z+Z) I Z0 W 384 7o8 40 W
3 secfor (Z+Z+Z) I Z0 W 384 7o8 Z0 W
WPA
Version
Mox HW chonneI copocify
Oufpuf power
per corrier
nr of
cobinefs
OPTIMA
PEL I PEL Z
I corrier omni I Z0 W 384 7o8 Z0 W
I+I+I I Z0 W 384 7o8 Z0 W
I+I+I+I+I+I I Z0 W 384 7o8 Z0 W
Z+Z+Z I Z0 W 384 7o8 Z0/40 W
4+4+4* I Z0 W 384 7o8 40 W
Z+Z+Z+Z+Z+Z* I Z0 W 384 7o8 40 W
* ovoiIobIe in PEL Z
OPTIMA
Compocf
nr of
cobinefs
Oufpuf power
per corrier
Mox HW chonneI copocify WPA
Version
SuPLML B Jrp|c-modc LonfguraIon
PEL I PEL Z
I corrier omni I Z0 W b7o IIbZ Z0 W
I+I+I I Z0 W b7o IIbZ Z0 W
I+I+I I 40W b7o IIbZ Z0/40 W
I+I+I+I+I+I I Z0 W b7o IIbZ Z0 W
Z+Z+Z I Z0 W b7o IIbZ Z0/40 W
4+4+4* I Z0 W b7o IIbZ 40 W
Z+Z+Z+Z+Z+Z* I Z0 W b7o IIbZ 40 W
4+4+4+4+4+4* Z Z0 W b7o IIbZ 40 W
SUPPEME
nr of
cobinefs
Oufpuf power
per corrier
Mox HW chonneI copocify WPA
Version
PEL I PEL Z
I+I+I I 8 W Io0 3Z0
Z+Z+Z* I 4 W Io0 3Z0
WPA
Version
Mox HW chonneI copocify
Oufpuf power
per corrier
nr of
cobinefs
TripIe-Mode
Available in PEL 2
Lodc Lhannc| La|cu|aIon
Pequired nunber of code channels er service biLraLe
Code channels needed for siqnallinqjconLrol channels
Throughpuf UL DL
400 kbps 8 8
400 kbps Io Io
8if Pofe [kbps]
Mumber of Code
ChonneIs
Io (or voice) I
3Z Z
o4 4
IZ8 4
Zbo 8
384 Io
AnIcnna SysIcm
!he WC0MA blLraSiLe AnLenna SysLen conLains Lhe follwinq cononenLs
AnLennas
WC0MA MasLhead Anlifiers (MRA}
8ias-!
EMP ProLecLor, liqhLninq roLecLion (only needed if no 8ias-! is used}
0ilexers (conbinesjdivids Lwo bands such as WC0MA and 6SM Lo a connon feeder line}
!rilexers (conbinesjdivids Lhree bands such as WC0MA, 6SM1800 and 6SM000 Lo a connon feeder line}
Feeder and Juner cables, 6roundinq kiLs
WL0MA Panc|s
WCDMA roudbund Antennus
Anfenno Type
Dimensions
[mm]
Weighf
[kg]
Frequency
Ponge [MH;]
0oin
[d8i]
8eom
Widfh
DownfiIf
CS7Z7oI.0I XpoI F-poneI 34Z/Ibb/o9 Z.0 I7I0-ZI70 IZ.b ob" Z"
CS7Z7oI.0Z XpoI F-poneI I30Z/Ibb/o9 o.0 I7I0-ZI70 I8.b ob" Z"
CS7Z7oI.0b XpoI F-poneI I30Z/Ibb/o9 7.b I7I0-ZI70 I7 88" 0"...8"
CS7Z7oI.07 XpoI F-poneI I94Z/Ibb/o9 I0.0 I7I0-ZI70 I9.b ob" 0"...o"
CS7Z7oI.08 XpoI F-poneI ooZ/Ibb/o9 7.b I7I0-ZI70 I8 ob" 0"...8"
CS7Z7oI.09 XpoI F-poneI I30Z/Ibb/o9 3.b I7I0-ZI70 Ib.b ob" 0"...I0"
WL0MA Panc|s
WCDMA Nurrowbeum Antennus
Anfenno Type
Dimensions
[mm]
Weighf
[kg]
Frequency
Ponge [MH;]
0oin
[d8i]
8eom
Widfh
DownfiIf
CS7Z7oZ.0I XpoI F-poneI I30Z/Z99/o9 IZ I900-ZI70 ZI 30" 0"...8"
WCDMA Omni Antennus
Anfenno Type
Dimensions
[mm]
Weighf
[kg]
Frequency
Ponge [MH;]
0oin
[d8i]
8eom
Widfh
DownfiIf
CS7Z7o0 Omni Ib70/I48/IIZ b.0 I9Z0/ZI70 II 3o0" --
WCDMA DuuI roudbund Antennus {WCDMA/SSM 100 or SRC}
Anfenno Type
Dimensions
[mm]
Weighf
[kg]
Frequency
Ponge [MH;]
0oin
[d8i]
8eom
Widfh
DownfiIf
CS7Z7o4.0I XpoI F-poneI I30Z/Z99/o9 IZ.0 I7I0-ZI70 I8.b/I8.b 8b"/8b" 0..8"/0"..8"
CS7Z7oI.09 XpoI F-poneI I30Z/Z99/o9 IZ.0 I7I0-ZI70 I7/I7 ob"/ob" 0..8"/0"..8"
upgradcs Io LurrcnI 0SM AnIcnnas
spacc
dvcrsIy
spacc
+
po|arzaIon
dvcrsIy
po|arzaIon
dvcrsIy
2 x po|arzaIon
dvcrsIy wIhn
onc radomc
1
8
0
0

n
n
160 nn 160 nn
20 nn
bqrade bqrade
LurrcnI
Sace diversiLy inroves erfornance 0.6..1.0 d8 conared Lo sinqle radone.
!he qain of 2.6 d8 assunes sinqle radone.
SL AnIcnna So|uIons
2 cs X-ol anLennas er
secLor u Lo 8 n aarL
forn each oLher
2 cs X-ol anLennas
er secLor insLalled
nexL Lo each oLhers
0ne SPC anLenna er
secLor. !he nunber of
anLennas does noL
increase.
MasI hcad Amp|fcr
-119 dBm / 200 kHz
-37 dBm / 200 kHz
ANT port in-band 5 dBm
out-of-band 20 dBm
BTS port avg 46 dBm in-band
peak 62 dBm in-band
65 dB
71 dB
65 dB
200 - 300 mA
100 msec
UMTS RX, 1920-1980
Alarm Setting Conditions
Alarm current range
Switch time
Critical Input RX filter rejections
Critical TX filter rejections
UMTS TX, 2110-2170
GSM1800, 1805-1880
Passive Intermodulation Products
PIM level in TX band
PIM level in RX band
Rated Power at Ports
+/- 0.5 dB room
+/- 0.9 dB all temps
Insertion Loss 0.6 dB
Response, other freqs
0 dB within 20 MHz of
passband
3rd-order intercept 10 dBm
1dB compression -5 dBm
Noise Figure 2 dB
RX band 16 dB
TX band 18 dB
Group delay distortion 20 ns over 5 MHZ
7.0 - 8.6V, UltraSite/MetroSite
11 - 13 V , CoSited BTS
Nominal current 190 mA
Max. current 350 mA
Insertion Loss 3 dB
Return Loss 12 dB
Voltage
Return Loss, ANT and BTS ports
MHA Input Dynamic Range
Bypass Mode
Nominal gain of 12 dB
Gain, RX band
Ripple
DC Power supplied
lnroves Siqnal Lo !hernal hoise PaLio
!echnical 0aLa SheeL:
6SM 000 8!S
6SM 1800 8!S
WC0MA 8!S
Insertion Loss,
Port - Common
Isolation, port to
port
Return Loss, any
port
GSM RX band
GSM 120 W avg 1.44 kW peak
UMTS 55 W avg 2.15 kW peak
-116 dBm
Rated Power at Ports
Passive Intermodulation
RF Performance
0.3 dB
50 dB
>18 dB
bniL Lyes
hokia !rilexer bniL
hokia 6SM 000 j WC0MA 0ilexer bniL
hokia 6SM 1800 j WC0MA 0ilexer bniL
SelecLable 0C ass funcLion in each uniL
!echnical 0aLa SheeL:
hokia !rilexer
0p|cxcrs j Jrp|cxcrs
8as-J
FuncLion
Provides 0C ower for MRA Lhrouqh
feeder line
LiqhLninq roLecLion
FeaLures
FaulL noniLorinq of MRA and AnLenna
line
Fowards alarns Lo WAF
Low inserLion loss (<0.8d8}
Can be insLalled on nasL or in any
WC0MA blLraSiLe cabineL
Insertion loss 0.3 dB
Return loss 18 dB
Rated power 55 W avg, 2.2 kW peak
7 dB nominal
+/- 2 dB tolerance
no alarm: 0 V, 50 mA max
alarmed : 3.3V, 0 mA
Response time 0.5 sec
Alarm indicates:
no RF power, high VSWR (no
DC power implied)
Voltage drop 0.5 V
Rated power 7.5 - 9.1V, 350 mA max
DC supply via: RJ-45 from BTS
Ins loss @ 1 MHz 3 dB
DC and Signal
RF Performance
Alarm Signal
VSWR alarm
threshold
Logic
Fccdcrs
SingIe Pepeofed
CS7ZZbI I/Z 0.3b 80 Io0 II.9
CS7ZZbZ 7/8 0.bb IZ0 Zb0 o.bZ
CS7ZZb4 I I/b I.4b Zb0 b00 4.0b
Affenuofion
ZI70 MHZ
[d8/I00m]
Min 8ending Podius [mm]
Feeder Type
Diomefer
[inch]
Weighf
[kg/m]
1 - h0KlA WC0MA-6SM Co-siLinq.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
WL0MAj0SM Lo-sIng
M00bLE 8
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
0escribe whaL can cause inLerference in WC0MAj6SM co-siLinq
0escribe Lhe differenL anLenna sysLen sharinq soluLions
0escribe Lhe neaninq of coulinq loss and isolaLion criLeria in shared anLennas
LisL Lhe asecLs havinq influence Lo Lhe overall neLwork qualiLy
Exlain Lhe inacL of siLe u anLenna locaLion Lo Lhe neLwork qualiLy
InIcrfcrcncc from 0Ihcr SysIcm
6SM surious enissions and inLernodulaLion resulLs of 6SM 1800 inLerfere WC0MA
receiver sensiLiviLy
WC0MA surious enissions inLerfere 6SM receiver sensiLiviLy
6SM LransniLLer blocks WC0MA receiver
WC0MA LransniLLer blocks 6SM receiver
0SM 0SM
1800 uL 1800 uL
0SM 0SM
1800 0L 1800 0L
1710-1786 MRz
1806-1880 MRz
uMJS uMJS
uL uL
uMJS uMJS
0L 0L
1020-1080 MRz
2110-2170 MRz
40 MRz
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-108
-107.5
-107
-106.5
-106
-105.5
Antenna Isolation (dB)
N
o
i
s
e

P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)
NEW spec: -96 dBm / 0.1 MHz
InIcrfcrcncc from 0Ihcr SysIcm
!wo nain reasons Lo isolaLe 6SM and WC0MA
8lockinq
SensiLiviLy
1
More infornaLion: !S 26.104 and 6SM 06.06
6SM1800 8!S can have u Lo -0
d8n j 0.1 MRz = -80 d8n j 4 MRz
(relaLion Lo 8,84 Mchis} surious
enissions aL Lhe anLenna connecLor
1
!hernal noise floor of Lhe WC0MA
band is -108 d8n => in Lheory -108
d8n - (-80 d8n} = 28 d8 isolaLion
needed beLween 6SM1800 and
WC0MA
harmonc dsIorIon
Rarnonic disLorLion can be a roblen in Lhe case of co-siLinq of 6SM000 and
WC0MA.
6SM000 0L frequencies are 086 - 00 MRz and second harnonics nay fall inLo Lhe
WC0MA !00 band and inLo Lhe lower end of Lhe F00 band.
6SM000
086 - 00 MRz
WC0MA
!00
WC0MA F00
1020 - 1080
...
2
nd
harnonics
= 060 - 00 MRz
1000 -1020 MRz
2nd harmoncs can hc f|Icrcd
ouI aI Ihc ouIpuI of 0SM000
8JS.
- h0KlA WC0MA-6SM Co-siLinq.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh

M 0sIorIon
from 0SM1800 0L Io WL0MA uL
6SM1800 lM8 (8
rd
order inLernodulaLion}
roducLs hiLs inLo Lhe WC0MA F00
bL PX band if:
182.
1870.8 MRz
1806.2
1880. MRz
WC0MA
0L
WC0MA
bL
6SM1800
0L
6SM1800
bL
1710 - 1786 MRz 1806 - 1880 MRz 1020 - 1080 MRz 2110 - 2170 MRz 40 MRz
f
IM8
= 2f
2
- f
1
X d8c
For acLive elenenLs lM
roducLs levels are hiqher
Lhan lM roducLs roduced
by assive cononenLs
!yical lM8 suression
values for ower anlifiers
are -80 . -60 d8c
deendinq on frequency
sacinq and offseL
!yical values for assive
elenenLs are -100 . -10 d8c
Spurous Lmssons from 0SM Io WL0MA
6SM 8!S
RorizonLal searaLion beLween
anLennas
8y roer anLenna lacenenL
60d8 isolaLion reachable
ho deLerioraLion in erfornance
if 6SM 8!S conlianL wiLh -
0d8n
WC0MA 8S
6SM 8!S
hokia's dilexerjLrilexer conbines
6SMjWC0MA Lo one feeder cable
0ilexerj!rilexer isolaLion > 60d8
ho deLerioraLion in erfornance if 6SM 8!S
conlianL wiLh -0d8n
WC0MA 8S
MulLiband AnLenna
hokia 0ilexerj !rilexer
6SM 8!S
MulLianel AnLenna in use
AnLenna isolaLion >80d8
6eneral 6SM requirenenLs fulfilled if 6SM 8!S
conlianL wiLh -0d8n
WC0MA 8S
MulLiband AnLenna
hon-conlianL 6SM 8!S
WorsL case scenario
>80d8 isolaLion assunLion
6SM 8!S surious enissions conly
"old sec." -80d8n
WC0MA 8S
MulLiband AnLenna
AddioLional filLer needed
ScparaIc AnIcnna Lncs
WiLhouL hokia MasL Read Anlifiers
WiLh hokia MasL
Read Anlifiers
6SM 8!S WC0MA 8!S
WC0MA 8!S
hokia MRAs
for 6SM
hokia MRAs for
WC0MA
6SM 8!S
hokia 8ias-!s hokia8ias-!s
AnLennas
for 6SM
AnLennas
for WC0MA
!yical PequirenenL for Mininun Coulinq Loss beLween 6SM and WC0MA anLennas:
hokia equinenL: 80 80 d8 d8
0Lher: 50 50 d8 d8
Sharcd AnIcnna Lncs
wIh ScparaIc AnIcnnas
WiLh hokia MasL
Read Anlifiers
6SM 8!S WC0MA 8!S
6SM AnLenna WC0MA AnLenna
hokia 6SM j WC0MA
0ilexer bniLs
6SM AnLenna WC0MA AnLenna
6SM 8!S WC0MA 8!S
hokia 8ias-!s
hokia 0uLdoor
8ias-!s
SearaLe 0C feed
for new hokia MRAs
hokia 6SMjWC0MA
0ilexer bniLs wiLh
SelecLable 0C ass
hokia MRAs for 6SM
hokia WC0MA MRAs
!yical lsolaLion PequirenenL for dilexers used wiLh:
hokia equinenL: 80 80 d8 d8
0Lher: 50 50 d8 d8
Sharcd AnIcnna Lncs
wIh Sharcd AnIcnnas
6SM 8!S WC0MA 8!S
6SMjWC0MA 0ual 8and
X-olarized anLenna wiLh
2 anLenna connecLors
(1800jWC0MA wideband elenenL or
builL in dilexer funcLion}
6SMjWC0MA
0ilexer bniLs inside
6SM 8!S cabineL
6SM 8!S
WC0MA 8!S
hokia
8ias-!s
hokia
0uLdoor
8ias-!s
SearaLe 0C feed
for new hokia MRAs
hokia 6SMjWC0MA
0ilexer bniLs wiLh
SelecLable 0C ass
6SMjWC0MA 0ual 8and
X-olarized anLenna wiLh
4 anLenna connecLors
(SearaLe ElenenLs for boLh SysLens}}
WiLh hokia MasL
Read Anlifiers
AnIcnna Iso|aIon McasurcmcnI
horzonIa|
Antenna A
(fixed)
GSM1800
Antenna B
UMTS
horizontal
separation
distance
Front View
direction of radiation
2000mm
1000mm
400mm
Side View
650mm
Sketch of measurement configuration
AnIcnna Iso|aIon McasurcmcnI
horzonIa|
0SM1800 85 dcg Io uMJS 85 dcg
horzonIa| co-po|ar mcasurcmcnIs
1900 MHz
1950 MHz
1980 MHz
40.00
46.00
60.00
66.00
0.00
6.00
70.00
76.00
0sIancc (m)
I
s
o
|
a
I
o
n

(
d
8
)
1 2 8 4 6 7 8 0
60 d8 MarkeL
AnIcnna Iso|aIon McasurcmcnIs
vcrIca|
Sketch of measurement configuration
10m
Antenna B
UMTS
Antenna A
GSM1800
(fixed)
AnIcnna Iso|aIon McasurcmcnIs
vcrIca|
0SM1800 115 dcg Io uMJS 85 dcg
1900 MHz
1950 MHz
1980 MHz
60.00
66.00
0.00
6.00
70.00
76.00
80.00
86.00
0sIancc (m)
I
s
o
|
a
I
o
n

(
d
8
)
hoise Floor
1.60 1.26 1.00 0.76 0.60 0.26
8asc SIaIon LqupmcnI:
hokia blLraSiLe WC0MA 8!S Surene wiLh Carriers,
hokia CiLyLalk 8!S wiLh !PXs.
Jransmsson LqupmcnI:
hokia FlexiRoer Microwave Padio
ScparaIc AnIcnna|ncs and Sharcd AnIcnnas:
8 cs 6SMjWC0MA 0ual 8and X-ol anLennas 6 deq
0Lional: MasL Read Anlifiers for one or boLh neLworks
Noka u|IraSIc SupporI:
7.8 kW recLifier caaciLy wiLh h+1 redundancy
u Lo 180 Ah baLLery caaciLy
8acku Line 1 hour
SIc LnvronmcnIa| 0aIa:
FooLrinL (WidLh nn x 0eLh nn}
lndoor: 1800 nn x 20 nn
0uLdoor: 2810 nn x 1110nn
WeiqhL: lndoor 1080 kq, 0uLdoor 1200 kq
Lo-SIng Lxamp|c
u|IraSIc B LIyIa|k
Lo-SIng Lxamp|c
u|IraSIc B LIyIa|k
6SM
2+2+2 2+2+2
6SM
2+2+2 2+2+2
WC0MA
2+2+2 2+2+2
(10 W}
SiLe Sace for 8 cabineLs
8asc SIaIon LqupmcnI:
2 cs hokia blLraSiLe WC0MA 8!S Surene wiLh 12 carriers in each,
CiLyLalk 6SM 8!S wiLh !PXs.
Jransmsson LqupmcnI:
hokia blLraRoer Microwave Padio
ScparaIc AnIcnna|ncs and Sharcd AnIcnnas:
8 cs 6SMjWC0MA 0ual 8and X-ol 6 deqj88 deq,
8 cs WC0MA X-ol 88 deq anLennas
0Lional: MasL Read Anlifiers for one or boLh neLworks
u|IraSIc SupporI:
14.8 kW recLifier caaciLy wiLh h+1 redundancy
u Lo 180 Ah baLLery caaciLy
8acku Line 1 hour
SIc LnvronmcnIa| 0aIa:
FooLrinL (WidLh nn x 0eLh nn}
lndoor: 2400 nn x 20 nn
0uLdoor: 8080 nn x 1110nn
WeiqhL: lndoor 1820 kq, 0uLdoor 160 kq
Lo-SIng Lxamp|c
u|IraSIc B LIyIa|k
6SM
2+2+2 2+2+2
6SM
2+2+2 2+2+2
WC0MA
4+4+4+4+4+4 4+4+4+4+4+4
(10 W}
SiLe Sace for 4 cabineLs
P|annng u|cs n Lo-sIng
lsolaLion requirenenL
WiLh hokia equinenL 80 d8
WiLhouL hokia equinenL 60 d8
6SM- WC0MA co-siLinq is ossible if anLenna isolaLion requirenenL
is fulfilled
8y roer anLenna lacenenL
nininun RorizonLal disLance (-0.8 n}
nininun verLical disLance (0.26 n}
0i- or Lrilexer is needed in case feeder and anLenna is shared beLween differenL
sysLens
!iqhLer filLerinq is needed in AnLenna line of hon-conlianL 6SM 8!S Lo avoid
Lhe !X ower inLerference Lo WC0MA Px
Careful frequency lanninq in 6SM won'L cause inLerference Lo WC0MA
NcIwork AsscssmcnI
AssessnenL neans Lhe evaluaLion exisLinq 26 siLes u anLenna sysLen
and ossible inLerference siLuaLion for 26j86 Co-siLinq
0csgn
Lv|
Works
Imp InIcgraIc.
N
c
I
w
o
r
k

A
s
s
c
s
s
m
c
n
I
NcIwork P|annng B SIc AcqusIon
NcIwork AsscssmcnI
PequesLed heLwork 0ualiLy
(quaranLeed KPl values}
NcIwork Imp|cmcnIaIon 0ua|Iy
LqupmcnI 0ua|Iy
NcIwork
P|annng
0ua|Iy
F
J
S
P
S

L
o
r
c
L
S

L
o
r
c
heLwork 0ualiLy does h0! deend only on neLwork lanninq
NcIwork AsscssmcnI
0omnancc B |II|c
0 500 1000 1500
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
128 kbps
i = 0.2
i = 0.4
i = 0.6
i = 0.8
BTS TX power 43 dBm
MS TX power 21 dBm
E
c
/I
o
-16.5 dB
BTS E
b
/N
o
1.5
MS E
b
/N
o
5.5
Other to own cell
0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
0.8
Orthogonality 0.6
Channel profile ITU Vehicular
A, 3 km/h
MS speed 3 km/h
MS/BTS NF 8 dB / 4 dB
Antenna gain 16 dBi
0ouh|ng of Ihc "|II|c " w|| causc 10 % IhroughpuI dccrcasc of Ihc orgna| va|uc
!oo hiqh "visibiliLy" across
Lhe neLwork
lL has low caaciLy due Lo
huqe inLer-cell inLerference and
SR0 overhead
Lc|| A - uph|| gradcnI Lc|| 8 - downh|| gradcnI
rc|aIvc|y |mIcd
caIchmcnI arca
!he obvious soluLion is Lo increase
Lhe anLenna downLilL Lo resLricL Lhe
cell fooLrinL Lo a nore reasonable
area
sgnfcanI|y grcaIcr
caIchmcnI arca
LonnnccIcd Io ovcr 15
ncghhours !
NcIwork AsscssmcnI
ImpacI of I|Ing
Low oLher Lo own cell inLerference can be achieved by
lanninq clear doninance areas:
!he cell coveraqe (and overla} nusL be roerly
conLrolled. !he cell should cover only whaL iL is
suosed Lo cover
Low(er} anLenna heiqhLs and down LilL of Lhe
anLennas
bse buildinqs and oLher environnenLal sLrucLures Lo
isolaLe cells coveraqe
bse indoor soluLions Lo Lake advanLaqe of Lhe
buildinq eneLraLion loss
Avoid siLes "seeinq" Lhe buildinqs in horizon esecially
over Lhe waLer or oLherwise oen area (due Lo huqe
inLerference}
> 8 km > 8 km
< 800 m < 800 m
NcIwork AsscssmcnI
Lxamp|c
8asic rules 8asic rules
Problen indicaLion
if rule is noL alied
Problen indicaLion
if rule is noL alied
SoluLions SoluLions
NcIwork AsscssmcnI
Lhcck LsI
(1)
Make sure
Lhere is coveraqe
(2)
Avoid unnecessary
overlainq of cells
(8)
LocaLe cells
close Lo users
(4)
Make cell sizes naLch user
disLribuLion
0roed calls
8ad qualiLy
Low biL raLes
hoL clear doninance area
Riqh inLer-cell inLerference
Low caaciLy
bsers aL Lhe cell edqe
hiqh inLer-cell inLerference
hiqh sofL handover overhead
8lockinq in sone cells,
oLhers do noL collecL Lraffic
0o noL use Lhis siLe
1. bse AnLenna LilLinq
2. PuL AnLennas lower
8. 0o noL use Lhe siLe
1. bse 0ifferenL siLe
2. 0o noL use Lhe SiLe
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
WC0MA 1000 heLwork
ldenLified laces for oLinisaLion
brban area: hiqh oLher-cell inLerference
Pural area: a few siLes collecLinq a loL of inLerference
0LinisaLion aroaches
AnLenna down LilLinq
AnLenna lowerinq
27 siLes, 40 cells
0nni, 2-secLor and 8-secLor siLes
varyinq anLenna heiqhLs
Area 16 kn x 16 kn
0n averaqe 8 kn
2
er siLe
!errain: hilly wiLh waLers
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
ura| Arca
1 siLes, 48 cells
All 8-secLor siLes
sinilar heiqhL
Area 10 kn x 12 kn
0n averaqe 7 kn
2
er siLe
!errain: flaL wiLhouL waLers
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
urhan Arca
0own LilLinq everywhere inroved caaciLy in urban area by 18%, buL reduced
sliqhLly caaciLy in Lhe rural area
!he urban area benefiLed fron down LilLinq because of hiqh overlainq of Lhe cells
before oLinisaLion (=hiqh i}
0
500
1000
1500
2000
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

U
s
e
r
s
Rural Urban
Optimization Effect
Before Optim
After Optim
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
ImpacI of I|Ing
Coveraqe robabiliLy qoL lower afLer downLilLinq
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
ImpacI of I|Ing
2 hranch x dvcrsIy
ura|
0uLdoor coveraqe
lndoor coveraqe
(+20 d8 loss}
Seech 12.2 kbs 06% 80% 40% 87%
0aLa 4 kbs 86% 77% 22% 22%
0aLa 144 kbs 78% 8% 16% 1%
urhan
Seech 12.2 kbs 00.0% 00.0% 74% 1%
0aLa 4 kbs 00.8% 08.% 4% 88%
0aLa 144 kbs 00.1% 0.2% 88% 20%
before afLer before afLer
before afLer before afLer
0pImsaIon
!hose siLes which suffered are
close Lo Lhe oLinised siLes
Also Lhe surroundinq siLes should
be considered in Lhe oLinisaLion
pcrformancc
dccrcascd
opImscd
sIc
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
LffccI on Ncghhourng SIcs
AfLer oLinisaLion Lhe liLLle i is nore uniforn in all cells, i.e. Lhe erfornance of Lhe
worsL cells has clearly inroved
Averaqe liLLle i 1.8 0.78
0
2
4
8
8
10
12
14
18
#

o
f

c
c
|
|
s
0 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
i
urhan Arca 0sIh'n 0Ihcr Io 0wn () (J|Icd)
0Ihcr Io 0wn ()
20 W
0
2
4
8
8
10
12
14
18
#

o
f

c
c
|
|
s
0 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
i
urhan Arca 0sIh'n 0Ihcr Io 0wn () (InIa|)
0Ihcr Io 0wn ()
20 W
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
LII|c n urhan Arca
0
2
4
8
8
10
12
14
18
#

o
f

c
c
|
|
s
0 5 10 15 20 25 80 85 40 45 50 55 80 85 10 15 80
MSs
urhan Arca 0sIrhuIon of Moh|cs (J|Icd)
uscrs pcr cc||
AfLer oLinisaLion Lhe nunber of users er cell is nore uniforn in all cells, i.e. Lhe
erfornance of Lhe worsL cells has clearly inroved
Averaqe nunber of users 8 41 (i.e. caaciLy increase -18%}
0
2
4
8
8
10
12
14
18
#

o
f

c
c
|
|
s
0 5 10 15 20 25 80 85 40 45 50 55 80 85 10 15 80
MSs
urhan Arca 0sIrhuIon of Moh|cs (InIa|)
uscrs pcr cc||
WorsL cells
clearly
inroved
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
Numhcr of uscrs n urhan Arca
SofL handover overhead is reduced afLer oLinisaLion in urban area since Lhe cell
overlainq (=liLLle i} is reduced
SofL handover robabiliLy reduced 80% 2%
SofL handover overhead reduced 80% 88%
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Original)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
SHOProb. Sof t(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%
Rural
Urban
Soft Hand-Off Overhead and Probability (Optim)
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
SHOProb. Soft(+er)HOverhead SHOverhead AreaProb%
Rural
Urban
Lo-sIng 0pImsaIon
Lxamp|c
SofI handovcr 0vcrhcad
1 - h0KlA PAh Sharinq.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
AN Sharng
M00bLE 0
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
Exlain Lhe neaninq of PAh sharinq and iLs key benefiLs
Exlain whaL neLwork elenenLs are ossible Lo be shared in PAh
0escribe Lhe nosL inorLanL neLwork lanninq issues Lo be Laken inLo accounL in
PAh sharinq
From SIc Sharng Io AN Sharng
PhC
SiLe environnenL
8!S EquinenL sace (cabineL}
SiLeSuorLSysLen
!ransnission
AnLenna and feeders (oLional}
lniLial coveraqe wiLh low service denand
Low-Lraffic areas
Places wiLh liniLed 8!S siLes, e.q. subways
Fewer siLes wiLh larqer confiquraLions when
EnvironnenLal inacL counLs
Scoe of sharinq: CosL savinqs in:
Civil works
EquinenL (feeders, anLennas, 88b}
Annual renLs
SiLe acquisiLion( hunLinq, ernissions eLc}
0eraLional cosLs
!ransnission (and Lransnission
nanaqenenL}
b Lo 4 oeraLors wiLh own:
Core neLworks
Services
heLwork ManaqenenL SysLen
0edicaLed PAh fron any vendor in non-
shared areas
Sharinq of PhCs and 8!Ss:
(2)
cabineL and 88 shared
dedicaLed WAF,WPA, W!P
(8)
dedicaLed 8!S for each oeraLor
(1)
cabineL, 88, WAF, WPA shared
dedicaLed W!P
Peqired: Frequencies wiLhin 20MRz band!
AN Sharng LonccpI
Shared 8!S
0pcraIor 2
LS LN
0pcraIor 1
PS LN Shared PhC
Frequency 2
Frequency 1
0pcraIor 1
LS LN
0pcraIor 2
PS LN
0SS of
onc opcraIor
or Mu|I-AN 0SS
MhC 1
MhC 2
MhC 2
MhC 1
no frequency resLricLion
hiqher ouLuLower er carrier
wiLh Pel.2 uniLs u Lo 4+4+4j20W er carrier
CabineL and 88 Sharinq
Connon AnLenna sysLen
(feeders, anLennas, MRAs}
Ah!1j1
Ah!2j1
!X
PX
PX
WJ
!X
PX
PX
WJ
0pcraIor spccfc
WJ, WPA B WAF
WAF
WAF
0PX
WPA
28j60 W
WPA
28j60 W
- h0KlA PAh Sharinq.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Sharinq whole 8!S includinq WPA:
0PX
N0JL:
Frcqucnccs nccd Io hc wIhn 20 Mhz hand
!X
PX
PX
WJ
!X
PX
PX
Ah!1j1
Ah!2j1
WAF
WPA
28j60 W
0pcraIor spccfc WJ
Connon AnLenna sysLen
WAF and WPA
how 0pcraIors can work wIh sharcd AN ?
Each 0eraLor has own
PLMh -id
Carrier Frequency
PPM araneLers u Lraffic MoniLorinq
heiqhbour cell lisLs (own lnLer-SysLen R0 decisions}
0eraLors nay add indeendenLly 8!S where Lhey
wanL Lo rovide beLLer coveraqe or nore caaciLy
0ue Lo own Frequencies and PLMh-id.
0eraLor secific cell is ossible
Mobile SLaLions (MS} can show aroriaLe oeraLor loqo
6lobal roaninq easy
ho exLra suorL feaLures fron MSs needed,
works wiLh 86PP P00 WC0MA MSs
heeds SW-udaLe Lo hokia WC0MA PAh
1 - h0KlA MulLilayer Planninq.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Mu|I|aycr P|annng
M00bLE 10
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
Exlain Lhe neaninq of WC0MAj6SM inLerworkinq
Exlain Lhe reasons for nulLilayer usaqe and how iL is done
0escribe Lhe 86-neLwork evoluLion fron cell layer oinL of view
Exlain when conressed node is needed and whaL drawback iL has
Exlain on whaL criLeria cell-reselecLion and handover sLraLeqies are based on
Mu|I|aycr P|annng
MulLilayer heLwork neans Lhe use of
nicrocellular neLwork Lo qive nore
caaciLy needed in Lraffic hoL soLs
Macro layer is nainly used for coveraqe
and fasL novinq nobiles
Micro layer is used Lo rovide caaciLy
for Lraffic hoL soLs
!yically differenL frequencies are used
for differenL layers
0Lher layer's frequency can be
reused in sone cases
LapacIy n Macro vs. Mcro LnvronmcnIs
PackeL daLa LhrouqhuL, calculaLed wiLh C0MA caaciLy fornulas
AssunLions
PesulLs
0ownlink caaciLy is nore sensiLive Lo Lhe environnenL because of orLhoqonal codes
(oLher cell inLerference affecLs nore downlink}
Micro cells rovide a hiqher caaciLy due Lo less nulLiaLh
Macro cell Micro cell
Downlink
orthogonality
0.6 0.95
Other-to-own cell
0.65 0.2
Uplink E
b
/N
0
1.5 dB 1.5 dB
Uplink loading 60% 60%
Downlink E
b
/N0
5.5 dB 8.0 dB
Downlink loading 80% 80%
Micro cell:
hiqher orLhoqonaliLy
Micro: hiqher
isolaLion beLween cells
Macro cell Micro cell
Uplink 1040 kbps 1430 kbps
Downlink 660 kbps 1440 kbps
!hese fiqures wiLhouL
LransniL diversiLy
Mu|I|aycr AnIcnnas
Microcellular anLenna lacenenL rovides beLLer (very hiqh} caaciLy buL lower
coveraqe
!he caaciLy is hiqh because Lhe cells are well isolaLed and Lhe 0L is quiLe orLhoqonal
!he coveraqe is low because Lhe very sane buildinqs LhaL isolaLe Lhe cells fron each
oLher also isolaLe Lhe nobiles fron Lhe hode 8 in larqer cells
!he facLors affecLinq Lhe decision include aL leasL
!raffic densiLy
Max required biLraLe in Lhe bL direcLion
lnLer-cell inLerference wiLh differenL anLenna osiLions
ProaqaLion loss wiLh differenL anLenna osiLions
SiLe acquisiLion cosLs
ELc.
- h0KlA MulLilayer Planninq.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
Mu|I|aycr P|annng
So|uIon 1
MosL sinle usaqe of Lwo carriers.
ln an area which is covered by a conLinuous
cell layer and Lhe caaciLy requirenenL
exceeds Lhe available caaciLy Lhe nosL
sinle soluLion is Lo add a second carrier Lo
Lhe cells, co-locaLed wiLh Lhe firsL carrier.
!his rocess can be conLinued furLher Lo
addiLional carriers.
Conressed node raises Lhe inLerference.
!he Lraffic beLween Lhe carriers could be
balanced by direcLed PPC connecLion seLu
in Lhe call seLu hase and by inLer-
frequency handovers.
f
1
and f
2
f
1
and f
2 f1 and f2
f1 and f2
f1 and f2
f1 and f2
Mu|I|aycr P|annng
So|uIon 2
Micro cell layer in Lhe niddle of surroundinq nacro
cells usinq Lhe samc carrcr as Lhe nacro cells.
!his way of nixinq differenL cell Lyes is fully
alicable buL iL requires LhaL clear doninance areas
for nicro and nacro layers.
!his is a nicrocell soluLions for coverinq holes
ln lonq run qoinq Lo snaller cell sizes cannoL be
avoided in hoL-soL areas, and a nicro cellular
soluLion has Lhe benefiL LhaL inLer-cell inLerference is
nininised, leadinq Lo increasinq cell LhrouqhuL and
user biL-raLes.
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
1
f
2
f
2
Mu|I|aycr P|annng
So|uIon 8
0ifferenL frequencies are used for
differenL layers (Rierachical Cell SLrucLure
RCS}
Fron Lhe neLwork lanninq oinL of view
Lhis soluLion is easier Lo deloy Lhan Lhe
revious since overlainq is ossible.
!he nacro layer can collecL Lraffic fron
nicro layer's doninance area whereas in
soluLion 2 nacro cells and nicro cells
collecL Lraffic wiLhin Lheir own doninance
areas.
!his is Lhe nicrocell soluLions for caaciLy
reasons
f
1
f
1
f
2
f
2 f
2
f
2 f
2
f
2
6SMj6PPS
6SMj6PPS
ln addiLion Lo soluLion 8 Lhe 6SMj6PPS
nacrolayer is added Lo RCS
0ual node bE's can chanqe Lo 6SMj6PPS
where no WC0MA coveraqe exisLs, Lhis
enables Lo rovide seanless 86 services
wiLhouL seanless WC0MA coveraqe
Allows Lraffic balancinq beLween
6SMj6PPS and WC0MA
Conressed node raises Lhe inLerference.
8SlC decodinq is Line consuninq
!his is Lhe soluLion if WC0MAj6SM
inLerworkinq is required
Mu|I|aycr P|annng
So|uIon 4
6SMj6PPS
6SMj6PPS
f
1
f
1
f
2
f
2
f
1
f
1
f
2
f
2 f
2
f
2 f
2
f
2
InIcrworkng n AN 1.5
lnLerworkinq neans Randover funcLionaliLy beLween 6SM and WC0MA or beLween
WC0MA carriers
Randover fron 6SM Lo WC0MA or fron WC0MA Lo 6SM is inLer-sysLen hard handover
Randover beLween WC0MA carriers is inLer-frequency hard handover (inLra-8!S, inLra-PhC,
inLer-PhC handover}
lnLerworkinq is ossible also in idle node when nakinq cell re-selecLion
Randover reasons are nainly based on coveraqe in WC0MA and load in 6SM
Conressed node is used in WC0MA for inLer-frequency or inLer-sysLen neiqhbour
neasurenenLs before handover decision
Service downqradejuqrade niqhL be needed durinq inLer-sysLen handover
handovcr Jypcs n AN 1.5
26 RLPjAbC
MSCjvLP
26
86 MSC
bM!S PAh
MSCjvLP
86
bM!S PAh
L-nIcrfacc
6SM 8SS
A-inLerface
lu (cs}-inLerface
bM!S PAh
lnLersysLen,
lnLra-MSC,
lnLra-PLMh
lnLrasysLen,
lnLer-MSC,
lnLra-PLMh
6SM 8SS
0pcraIor 1 0pcraIor 2
26 MSCjvLP
lnLrasysLen,
lnLer-MSC,
lnLer-PLMh
bM!S PAh
lnLrasysLen,
lnLra-MSC,
lnLra-PLMh
lnLersysLen,
lnLer-MSC,
lnLer-PLMh
6SM 8SS
86 RLPjAbC
M6W
M6W
86 RLPjAbC
WL0MA Lomprcsscd Modc
Conressed node is Lhe neLhod Lo creaLe idle eriods (=qa} in Lhe Lransnission in
order Lo erforn lnLer-Frequency or lnLer-SysLen neasurenenLs durinq Lhe qa
8ecause sane daLa anounL is senL durinq shorLer Line iL has Lhe followinq affecL Lo
Lhe cell
Peduced bL coveraqe
Peduces 0L caaciLy
Peduced 0ualiLy
hornal frane
Lomprcsscd
modc
hornal frane
10 ns 10 ns 10 ns
MeasurenenL qa
InIcr-SysIcm handovcr u|cs
6 Randover !riqqerinq reasons is ossible fron WC0MA
CPlCR Ecjho
CPlCR PSCP
bL qualiLy u Power
0L Power
6SM neiqhbours are neasured only in Conressed node, noL all Lhe Line
bE needs nore ower for neiqhbour neasurenenLs durinq conressed node ->
neasurenenLs should sLarL early enouqh
8SlC decodinq Line need Lo be Laken inLo accounL; Lhe lSR0 rocedure could Lake
nore Line in case nany 6SM neiqhbours are neasured as neiqhbours
Randover fron 6SM Lo WC0MA is done only if 6SM load is hiqh enouqh
AN1.5 handovcr funcIona|Iy
6SMj6PPS
6SMj6PPS
6SMj6PPS
6SMj6PPS
6SMj6PPS
6SMj6PPS
WC0MA
WC0MA
WC0MA
WC0MA
WC0MA
WC0MA
6SMj6PPS
6SMj6PPS
WC0MA
WC0MA
Load reason lS-R0
fron 6SM(8SS10.6}
Coveraqe reason lF-R0
6SM handover
8ased on PSSl neasurenenLs of all cells in neiqhbour lisL
ConLrolled by R0 alqoriLhns in 8SC
WC0MA sofL handover
8ased on iloL Ecjho neasurenenLs of all cells in neiqhbour lisLs on Lhe sane frequency
Mobile EvaluaLed handover (MER0} conLrolled by SR0 araneLers
WC0MA lF u lS handover
8ased on neasurenenL resulLs in servinq cell
Coveraqe (CPlCR PSCP or CPlCR Ecjho}
bL 0CR qualiLy,bL 0CR Power, 0L 0PCR ower
heLwork evaluaLed handover (hER0} conLrolled by lF and lS R0 araneLers
Coveraqe reason lS-
R0
WC0MA
WC0MA
WC0MA
WC0MA
WC0MA
WC0MA
usagc of hcrarchca| Lc||s
bse RCS araneLers => nobile cans Lo nicro cell whenever iL is available
RCS araneLers noL suorLed in dedicaLed node
f
2
f
2 f
1
f
1 f
1
f
1
RoL soL area
Macro
Micros
Fast moving MSs can be pushed to
use Macro Layer to avoid frequent
cell re-selection
Fast moving MSs can be pushed to
use Macro Layer to avoid frequent
cell re-selection
f
1
f
1
f
2
f
2
f
1
f
1 f
1
f
1
f
2
f
2 f
2
f
2
f
2
f
2
Coveraqe reason handover fron nicro Lo nacro
Call sLarL in nicro cell
because of RCS rioriLies
RCS consisLs of boLh nacro and nicro siLes.
Lc|| c-sc|ccIon hcIwccn |aycrs
Cell selecLion u re-selecLion can be done
wiLhouL RCS oeraLion
wiLh RCS oeraLion
hornally cell re-selecLion is done Lo cell havinq beLLer coveraqe, buL wiLh RCS
oeraLion Lhe cell re-selecLion is also ossible Lo Lhe weaker cell or Lo Lhe 6SM (in
case Lhey have hiqher rioriLy}
8oLh qualiLy and level should be qood enouqh in Lhe neiqhbour cell before cell re-
selecLion
heiqhbour cells wiLh differenL rioriLies could be rioriLised by usinq offseL durinq
enalLy Line
Cells havinq sane rioriLies (or RCS noL used} are ranked and cell re-selecLion is done
Lo Lhe besL cell
!raffic balancinq wiLh direcLed PPC connecLion seLu is ossible in WC0MA
Lc|| c-sc|ccIon u|cs
0urinq cell re-selecLion iL is ossible Lo can on 6SM or WC0MA deeninq how
araneLers are seL in servinq and neiqhbourinq cell
Caninq on 6SM is reconnended:
ConLinious 6SM coveraqe
86 ->26 handover anounL is reduced or iL is noL aL all suorLed
Caninq on WC0MA is reconnended:
ConLinious 86 coveraqe, uLilize fully 86 neLwork
For dual node Mobiles
26 ->86 handover is noL suorLed
lniLial hokia inlenenLaLion sLraLeqy is Lo ush all dual node MS Lo WC0MA
1 - h0KlA Planninq SuorL for 86 Poll-ouL.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
P|annng SupporI for 80 o||-ouI
M00bLE 11
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
LisL Lhe Lools belonqinq Lo Lhe heLAcL Franework, which are relevanL for siLe
inLeqraLion
0escribe Lhe siLe inLeqraLion rocess usinq Lhe hokia heLAcL Franework
Exlain how Lhe work is sliL beLween radio and Lransnission lanners
0escribe Lhe sLrucLure of Lhe hokia PAh araneLer daLabase
Noka NcIAcI Framcwork
InIcgraIcd Joo| Lhan
cporIcr
NcIwork
AdmnsIraIor
8rd parIy Ioo|s
aIng B Lhargng
unfcd McdaIon
and AdapIaIon
Scrvcc Lcvc|
Managcr
MonIor
LonfguraIor
P|anncr
Workf|ow Managcr
NcIAcI P|anncr is a arL of Lhe heLAcL Franework. ExorL and lnorL funcLionaliLy link heLAcL
Planner Lo Lhe resL of Lhe heLAcL fanily roducLs.
WC0MA Planner kees Lrack of chanqes since Lhe laLesL synchronisaLion. !his infornaLion is
used Lo deLernine whaL needs Lo be exorLed. SynchronizaLion clears exorLed infornaLion fron
WC0MA Planner.
NcIAcI P|an LdIor suorLs 86 develonenL and oLinisaLion. lL conleLes Lhe funcLionaliLy
of heLAcL Planner and NcIAcI AL.
Noka NcIAcI Framcwork
InIcgraIcd Joo| Lhan
NcIAcI P|anncr
Program Modu|cs
InIcgraIcd
0aIa B
LnvronmcnI
Mcrowavc Lnk
P|annng
Lnk
SIc AcqusIon B
Pro|ccI Jrackng
o||ouI
Fc|d McasurcmcnI
Ana|yss
0ua|Iy
WL0MA
80 ado NcIwork
P|annng
ado
20 ado NcIwork
P|annng
Jransmsson NcIwork
P|annng
Jransmsson
- h0KlA Planninq SuorL for 86 Poll-ouL.PP!j 10.0.2008 j hh
SIc InIcgraIon wIh Noka NcIAcI
NcIAcI P|anncr
WC0MA
Planner
!ransnission
Planner Plan EdiLor
NcIAcI ado Acccss LonfguraIor
Plan
ManaqenenL
SiLe
ConfiquraLion
!ool
PhC
AXC W8!S
ado NcIwork
P|anncr
JransporI NcIwork
P|anncr
LM!
LM!
Connissioninq
Enqineer
SCF for W8!S SCF for AXC
NW P|an SLFs for AXL B W8JS
SCF for AXC SCF for W8!S
W8!S Physical
!enlaLes
PhW Loqical
!enlaLes
AXC Physical
!enlaLes
ExerL ConLenL
JransporI ado NcIwork
P
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
PhW Plan
PhW Plan
ProducL (W8!S, AXC} ExerLise Padio heLwork Planninq ExerLise
NcIAcI P|an LdIor
AXL SLF a|so conIans
AJM Jransmsson P|an
8) 0efininq Lhe A!M layer
araneLers in PhC usinq a renoLe
session fron ado Acccss
LonfguraIor
5) lnsLallinq Lhe neLwork elenenLs,
connissioninq Lhen wiLh Lhe
araneLer files, and roducinq
connissioninq reorLs usinq Lhe
Loca| ManagcmcnI Joo|
4) 0ownloadinq araneLer files and
insLallaLion insLrucLions for 86 8!Ss
and AXCs fron Lhe web server of
ado Acccss LonfguraIor Lo Loca|
ManagcmcnI Joo|
cmoIc
acccss Io 8JS
and AXL
s possh|c
7} 0ownloadinq Lhe radio neLwork
araneLers usinq ado Acccss
LonfguraIor
SIc
opcraIona|
8) bloadinq Lhe connissioninq
reorL fron Loca| ManagcmcnI
Joo| Lo ado Acccss LonfguraIor
0LN
opcraIona|
bser of heLAcL Planner bser of heLAcL Planner
bser of PAC bser of PAC lnsLallaLion Enqineer lnsLallaLion Enqineer
SIc InIcgraIon wIh Noka NcIAcI
2) ConleLinq lans wiLh siLe
secific defaulL araneLer
LenlaLes in P|an LdIor
1) Planninq of WC0MA Padio
heLwork and A!M !ransnission in
NcIAcI P|anncr
Work Sp|I 8cIwccn ado B JX P|anncr
86 Padio heLwork Planninq Enqineer :
heLAcL Planner - WC0MA Planner: define siLes, cells, l0s and sone araneLers
heLAcL Plan EdiLor: conleLe PhW lan, araneLers and needed W8!S RW confiquraLions
wiLh hysical u Loqical LenlaLes
0aLa exorLed for Padio Access ConfiquraLor and SiLe ConfiquraLion !ool
86 !ransnission heLwork Planninq Enqineer:
heLAcL Planner - !ransnission Planner: define Access and A!M araneLrs
heLAcL Plan EdiLor : ConleLe AXC araneLrs for connissioninq; Physical !enlaLes are
available searaLely
!wo Lyes of daLa have Lo be creaLed as a resulL of neLwork lanninq:
Padio heLwork Plan
SiLe ConfiquraLion Files, SCF
XML Jransfcr from P|anncr Io P|an LdIor
NcIAcI P|anncr
XML !ransnission Planner
X
M
L

f
i
l
e
s
NcIAcI
PLAN L0IJ0
NcIAcI AL
heLAcL !ransnission Planner
allows Lhe creaLion of an AXC
confiquraLion file in XML fornaL
LhaL can be exorLed Lo heLAcL
Plan EdiLor. heLAcL Plan EdiLor
sends Lhe confiquraLion daLa Lo
Lhe relevanL neLwork elenenL
via ElenenL Manaqers.
More Lhan 00% of radio
araneLers defined wiLh
lan ediLor e.q: Power
conLrol, Randover conLrol,
Ad|acencies, eLc.
araneLers
86 radio araneLers fron
WC0MA Planner 4.0
26u2.66 araneLers fron
Padio Planner 4.0
86 LrsjA!M araneLers fron
!ransnission Planner 4.0
P|an LdIor B Jcmp|aIcs
0ver 00% of PhW araneLers are sLill defined wiLh PlanEdiLor even if WC0MA
Planner is used.
10 -16% of !PS araneLers are defined wiLh PlanEdiLor, Lhe resL of Lhen cones
fron !ransnission Planner.
Padio heLwork Planner creaLes required radio neLwork lan wiLh heLAcL WC0MA
Planner and conleLes iL wiLh PlanEdiLor by usinq Icmp|aIcs:
Logca| Icmp|aIcs define defaulL araneLer seLs for differenL kind of cells in differenL
environnenLs (e.q. brban nacrocell}.
Physca| Icmp|aIcs nanaqe Lhe wide varieLy of W8!S sellable hysical confiquraLions
(e.q. 1+1+1 P0C 20W}.
!enlaLes reduce Lhe anounL of nanual sLes in Lhe ob|ecL creaLion and reduce
anounL of Lyinq errors --> fasLer ob|ecL creaLion.
!enlaLes available in Plan EdiLor
8!S RW confiquraLion LenlaLe
AXC confiquraLion LenlaLe seL
A!M araneLer LenlaLes
Lxamp|c of 80 ParamcIcr 0aIahasc SIrucIurc
WCELL
32*ADJG
48*ADJI
32*ADJS
WBTS
RNC
FMCS
FMCI
FMCG
100
100
100
HOPS
100
HOPI
100
HOPG
100
S:lnLra-
Frequency
l:lnLer-
Frequency
6:lnLer-
SysLen
Lxamp|c of 80 ParamcIcr 0aIahasc SIrucIurc
Each cell will be assiqned Lhe followinq for RC:
0ne inLra-frequency neasurenenL conLrol araneLer seL (FMCS}, searaLe seL for P! and
hP! Lraffic
0ne inLer-frequency neasurenenL conLrol araneLer seL (FMCl}, when inLer-frequency
neiqhbour cells are defined
0ne inLer-sysLen neasurenenL conLrol araneLer seL (FMC6}, when inLer-sysLen
neiqhbour cells are defined
bLo 82 inLra-frequency neiqhbour cells (A0JS}. Each neiqhbour cell will be assiqned an
inLra-frequency handover aLh araneLer seL (R0PS}, searaLe R0PS seL for P! and hP!
Lraffic
bLo 48 inLer-frequency neiqhbour cells (A0Jl}. Each neiqhbour cell will be assiqned an
inLer-frequency handover aLh araneLer seL (R0Pl}
bLo 82 inLer-sysLen neiqhbour cells (A0J6}. Each neiqhbour cell will be assiqned an
inLer-sysLen handover aLh araneLer seL (R0P6}.
1 - h0KlA Case SLudy.PP!j 26.0.2008 j hh
Lasc SIudy
M00bLE 12
Modu|c 0h|ccIvcs
CalculaLe coveraqe u caaciLy usinq a sinle excel sheeL
bndersand Lhe iLeraLion rocess in siLe nunber calculaLion
Analise Lhe effecL of locaLion robabiliLy, services and SPC on Lhe required nunber
of siLes
Analyse Lhe ouLuLs of Lhe radio neLwork dinensioninq: nunber of hode8's and Lheir
confiquraLions, nunber of hardware channels, eLc
Lxcrcsc
1. !eanwork: definiLion and analysis of inuL araneLers
2. lnLroducLion Lo Lhe Lool (excel sheeL}
8. PuLLinq daLa inLo Lhe Lool
4. Coveraqe calculaLion
6. CaaciLy calculaLion
. lLeraLion rocess analysis
7. 0uLuLs: nunber of siLes , nunber of RW channels
8. 0uesLions u 0iscussion
Ad. IIcraIon Proccss- Searchinq for balance beLween coveraqe and caaciLy in connecLion Lo
nunber of siLes.
InpuIs for 0mcnsonng
Lxamp|c
Available SecLrun (e.q. 2 x 6Mhz F00}
hunber of roll-ouL hases (e.q. 2}
Areas Lo be covered (e.q. brban, Suburban u Pural} [kn
2
| each hase
hunber of subscribers er rollouL hase er area
Which services shall be rovided in each area and hase (e.q. voice, P!4kbs, hP!144kbs or
884kbs}
DK Area [km2] Sub. Phase 1 Sub. Phase 2
Urban 183 100000 400000
Suburban 2646 80000 250000
Rural 40533 10000 100000
Bearer Services/Roll-out Area Coverage
Phase 1 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 2
Urban 144kbps 90% 384kbps 100%
Suburban 144kbps 50% 384kbps 100%
Rural 64kbps 10% 144kbps 80%
Lxamp|c
8!S confiquraLion er area (e.q. sLandard, SPC, SPC+MRA}
AnLenna ReiqhLs er area
Site Configuration Distribution
Area Standard SRC SRC+MHA
Urban 60 40 0
Suburban 60 30 10
Rural 20 20 60
Site Configuration (UltraSite)
Area HW Ant.Height Cable Length Cable Loss
Urban Standard 25 28 2,5
Suburban Standard 30 33 2,8
Rural Standard 40 43 3,5
- h0KlA Case SLudy.PP!j 26.0.2008 j hh
Lxamp|c
0efined er Phase
Max bL load er area
!raffic rofiles and locaLion robabiliLy (indoor, ouLdoor, lncar} er service
8R voice [nErl| er subscriber, LP
8R P! 0aLa [nErl| er subscriber, LP
8R hP! 0aLa [kbiLjs| bLj0L er subscriber, LP, !houqhuL
Location Probability (All Services)
Area LP Type
Urban 90% Indoor
Suburban 90% Indoor
Rural 90% InCar
Network Load
Area Max. Load
Urban 50%
Suburban 40%
Rural 30%
Traffic Profiles
Type Value Unit
Voice 20 mErl/sub
RT64 5 mErl/sub
NRT144 0,4/1,0 UL/DL kbps
NRT384 0,8/2,0 UL/DL kbps
NRT Thoughput 79 %
Voice Blocking 1 %
Lxamp|c
ProaqaLion nodel
0kunura RaLa is Lyical used as roaqaLion nodel
CorrecLion facLor for each used area Lye
SLd. 0eviaLion ouLdoor
8uildinq eneLraLion lossjSLd. 0eviaLion indoor
Car eneLraLion lossjSLd. 0eviaLion incar
Morpho Corrections (Okumora Hata Model-2000MHz)
Corr. Factor Std. Dev. Out BPL Std. Dev. In CPL Std. Dev. Car
Urban 0 7 15 12 5 7
Suburban -6 7 10 10 5 7
Rural -14 7 8 10 5 7
hoLe! Sone suliers use 7d8 here -> nuch less siLes
ScnsIvIy Ana|yss
LocaLion ProbabiliLy
!yical used values 00% Lo 06%
Exanle heLwork 0inensioninq
LocaLion ProbabiliLy 00% = 2188 SiLes
LocaLion ProbabiliLy 06% = 8408 SiLes
!oLal siLe increase a. 4%
8earer Services
Riqher daLa raLe requires nore siLes Lo fulfill Lhe sane coveraqe criLeria's
Exanle brban Area
voice only = 20 SiLes
voice and P!4kbs = 868 SiLes -> 88% nore SiLes
voice and hP!144kbs = 868 SiLes -> 88% nore SiLes
voice and hP!884kbs = 462 SiLes -> 8% nore SiLes
SPC or hoL
hoL all suliers suorL Lhe AdaLive AnLenna !echnique
SPC inroves Lhe link budqeL wiLh 2,6d8 Lo 8,6d8 in all environnenLs
!yical 2,6d8 is used as worsL case in Lhe heLwork 0inensioninq
Exanle:
SLandard Confiq = 2188
SPC overall = 1672 - 2% less siLes
SPC + MRA overall = 1066 - 60% less siLes
80 NcIwork 0mcnsonng csu|Is
haLional Coveraqe
Case 1: Number of Sites
Phase 1 Phase 2
Urban 335 455
Suburban 385 941
Rural 77 603
Total 797 1999
Site roll-out per phase
Phase 1 Phase 2
Urban 335 120
Suburban 385 556
Rural 77 526
Total 797 1202
Lovcragc (Lxamp|c)
Population Coverage versus Area
0,0%
10,0%
20,0%
30,0%
40,0%
50,0%
60,0%
70,0%
80,0%
90,0%
100,0%
0
,
0
%
2
,
1
%
3
,
9
%
5
,
8
%
7
,
2
%
9
,
1
%
1
2
,
0
%
1
4
,
1
%
1
8
,
0
%
2
2
,
7
%
2
6
,
4
%
3
1
,
2
%
3
5
,
3
%
3
9
,
5
%
4
3
,
8
%
4
7
,
8
%
5
1
,
9
%
5
5
,
6
%
5
9
,
3
%
6
3
,
1
%
6
6
,
6
%
7
0
,
4
%
7
3
,
7
%
7
6
,
5
%
7
9
,
2
%
8
1
,
8
%
8
4
,
7
%
8
7
,
2
%
8
9
,
6
%
9
1
,
7
%
9
3
,
5
%
9
5
,
2
%
9
7
,
0
%
9
8
,
7
%
9
9
,
8
%
Area
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
Lc|| angc: > 2500 popjkm
2
= 0,15 km, > 500 popjkm
2
= 1,8 km B < 500 popjkm
2
4,8 km
885 SIcs
580 SIcs
110 SIcs
025 SIcs
1115 SIcs
1880 SIcs

1810 SIcs

3G RPFUN TRAINING 1 (2)
6-60626 Glossary
NET/PS/NPS
Christian Nnni 03.05.2002 v. 1.0

A
AC Admission Control
AICH Acquisition Indication Channel
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

B
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel
BER Bit Error Rate
BLER Block Error Rate
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BS Base Station
BSC Base Station Controller
BSS Base Station System
BTS Base Transceiver Station

C
CCCH Common Control Channel
CCH Control Channel
CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CFN Connection Frame Number
CN Core Network
CPICH Common Pilot Channel
CRNC Controlling Radio Network ControllerCS
Circuit Switched
CW Continuous Wave (unmodulated signal)

D
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
DCH Dedicated Channel
DL Downlink (Forward Link)
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DRNC Drift Radio Network Controller
DRX Discontinuous Reception
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
DTX Discontinuous Transmission

E
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

F
FACH Forward Access Channel
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FER Frame Erasure Rate, Frame Error Rate
FN Frame Number

G
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS General Packet Radio System
GSM Global System for Mobile
Communications

H
HC Handover Control
HCS Hierarchical Cell Structure
HHO Hard Handover
HO Handover

I
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IP Internet Protocol

K
kbps Kilo-bits per second
ksps Kilo-symbols per second

L
L1 Layer 1 (physical layer)
L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)
L3 Layer 3 (network layer)
LAC Link Access Control, Location Area
Code
LAI Location Area Identity
LC Load Control

M
MCC Mobile Country Code
Mcps Mega-chips per second
MDC Macro Diversity Combining
ME Mobile Equipment
MEHO Mobile evaluated handover
MGW Media Gateway
MM Mobility Management
MNC Mobile Network Code
MO Mobile Originated
MS Mobile Station
MSID Mobile Station Identifier
MSC Mobile Services Switching Center
MT Mobile Terminated

N
NEHO Network evaluated handover
NRT Non-Real Time

O
OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

P
PC Power Control
PCCH Paging Control Channel
PCH Paging Channel
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel
PCCPCH Primary Common Control Physical
Channel
PG Processing Gain
PhyCH Physical Channel
PICH Page Indication Channel

3G RPFUN TRAINING 2 (2)
6-60626 Glossary
NET/PS/NPS
Christian Nnni 03.05.2002 v. 1.0

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
PS Packet Switched / Packet Scheduler
PSTN Public Switeched Telephone Network

Q
QoS Quality of Service

R
RAB Radio Access Bearer
RACH Random Access Channel
RAN Radio Access Network
RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part
RF Radio Frequency
RL Radio Link
RLC Radio Link Control
RLCP Radio Link Control Protocol
RM Resource Manager
RNC Radio Network Controller
RNS Radio Network Subsystem
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RSCP Received Signal Code Power
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator
RT Real Time
RU Resource Unit
RX Receive

S
SCCH Synchronization Control Channel
SCCPCH Secondary CommonSCH
Synchronization Channel
SDCCH Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel
SF Spreading Factor
SFN System Frame Number
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
SHO Soft Handover
SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
SMS Short Message Service
SMS-CB SMS Cell Broadcast
SRNC Serving Radio Network Controller
SS7 Signaling System No. 7
SSC Secondary Synchronization Code

T
TCH Traffic Channel
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TF Transport Format
TFS Transport Format Set
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TPC Transmit Power Control
TX Transmit

U
UARFCN UTRAN Absolute Radio Frequency
Channel Number
UARFN UTRAN Absolute Radio Frequency
NumberUE User Equipment
UL Uplink (Reverse Link)
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
URA User Registration Area
USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Module
UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network

V
VA Voice Activity factor
VBR Variable Bit Rate

W
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access

3G Radio Planning Essentials

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