AMERICAN EDUCATION PUBLISHING” GRADES 5-6The Complete Book of Science Table of Contents The Scientific Method caisan eT nnne AE eg tus note nas anterstnunweesenamedl Animal Kingdom: Vertebrates and Invertebrates ........0sc+sseeeeeseeepern ersten renee 7 The Human Body ..,. cave Genetics sannene Animal Cells and Plant Cells... 6. seen eraeniAveranrernencenaverenvennen ee kl PIII ses ers dea moorngeins pai lenoctig coardhearaies Rings emt noua soaesicastensiee 125 Web Sites for Further StUdY oo... see e cece veeveeseceeseuseueeaeseeseeeeeeeeenenes 154 Food Chains and WebS/NUHITON .. sss sie re erere eens (Asien connie neemennenenet OS ERVGAMGNT cscs aansnerna nena eegese vasa meee aya Rape m eR naeS venereenye se 174 Geology sett Laneeamaagpane nua seen eee eae aR EE ceca ema 187 MeteOrOlOgy o.oo cee scecenesensvegsdvehessecdausadeaenseuesbeeeeseeeseneeeeeees 208 SOG SISIOM Sais sicaes teinneninnceiecey's eRe oy AR ol SE acne ce ieee grein 240 Elements, Compounds, GAG Mixtures ....sssrcressnsersenerseseesesensenne seeee eres: 287 Electricity and Sound ..... Wiasaesuesoay ee eer reer e ere nee eee 7 Simple and Compound Machines ......... chamneeaee ORs soeeneare mene TOS GOON ee eee eerste cere ene eeeeen eee teeeetesersesen seen esses 328 Answer Key ....... . . . deca teaesveeeeeeeceeee eee ee ees 1326Te Ti pa ac The scientific method Is the way scientists learn and study the world around them. You become a scientist when you try to find answers to your questions by using the scientific method. Asking questions and coming up with answers is the basis for the scientific method, When you begin a science project, you begin with a question that you have. The educated guess you make about this question is called a hypothesis. After you have asked the question and made an educated guess, you have to perform tests to determine whether or not your hypothesis is right. To test your hypothesis, you must fallow a procedure, which Is the name given to the steps you take in your experiment or fieldwork. Your experiment or fielcwork should give you information that can be measured. It is important to conduct your test multiple times and use as many test subjects as possible to make sure your results are consistent before you draw your conclusion, Your conelusion describes how your data, or results you received from your experiment, compare to your hypothesis, 4 disproved hypothesis is just as important as a proven hypothesis because It gives important information to others. Your conclusion should also include any new questions that arise as you are doing your experiment. EB te scenic weno aUES Sees 4g Shivam Refer fo this model sheet whenever filling out a lab sheet. It will guide you as you record your information, QUESTION WNP) PROCEDURE RESULTS: CONCLUSION What is this experiment about? What are you trying to discover? The question you write in this section must be specific, focusing on the exact concept of the experiment. Uist the items you use for the experiment, Including the product names. Be specific in the amounts needed and used, as this may have an effect on the final outcome of the experiment. The procedure Is like a recipe. It tells step-by- step how to do the experiment. Someone completely unfamiliar with the subject should be able to read and follow the procedure and be successful with the experiment. Remember that in an experiment everything should be kept the same each time it is performed. This is called “controlling the variable.” The data is the numeric result of your experiment, This is often shown In a graph or chart to make the information clearer for the People seeing the results. This section includes a detailed description of what you saw happening during the ‘experiment. You will not tell why something happened, only what happened, Changes ‘ond pattems that take place during the experiment are also mentioned, since these may have an effect on the outcome. What was discovered? This is the answer to the original question. The answer must be based on the results of the experiment, net on opinions.A typical lab sheet looks like this. E Planning A es TF 0 (purpose of the experiment) EL ey (materials needed for the experiment) PROCEDURE 1 Steps in your procedure: 2 4. 5 RESULTS Record observations and/or collect data. CONCLUSION HE tee scene mernoeBE Te The animal kingdom can be divided inte two main groups. Animals with backbones are called vertebrates and those without are called invertebrates. ls All in the Name! Every living thing is given a scientific name made from two Greek or Latin words, The first is the genus name, and the second is the species. human = Homo sapiens dog = Canis fomiliaris cat = Felis domesticus a tt eeName Sort Em Out Vertebrates are animals with backbones. Animals without backbones are called Invertebrates. At the bottom of the page are pictures of both kinds of animals. Directions: Write the name of each animal under the correct heading below. VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES os eR wD ee wpVes Ua Cag ‘The animal kingdom is divided into two main groups—invertebrates ‘and vertebrates. An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. vertebrate is an animal with a backbone. Only 4 percent of the approximately 1.5 million known species on Earth are vertebrates. Vertebrates can be divided into five categories, or types, The types are fish, amphibians, reptiles. birds, and mammals. Of the 4 percent ‘of known species that are vertebrates, only a srnall fraction are mammats, Look at the table below. Read the basic choracteristics and examples of the five basic groups of vertebrates. Rie CAN Sais) Most often a cold-blooded water creature with an elongated body and fins and gills ewe as Sharks and bony fish such as trout, bass, and tuna Amphibians Most often a cold-bloeded creature with young that live in the water and use gills to breathe and adults that are air-breathing Frogs. toads, and salamanders Most often an animal that crawls or moves (on the ground on its belly: has a bony skeleton and Is covered with scales or bony plates Snakes, lizards, alligators, and turties ‘Most often a watm-bicoded animal that is covered with feathers, has hollow bones, ‘and has forelimbs modified into wings Robins, ostriches, ducks, and geese Most often a warm-blooded animal that feeds Its young with milk: has skin and is often covered with hair; gives birth to live young Humans, dogs. whales, platypuses, bats, and apes While vertebrates are different in many ways, as shown in the table, they ciso have significant ‘similarities, All of the animats use food to obtain and maintain energy. They all reproduce, give Off waste products, and respond to the environment. Vertebrates also are bilaterally symmetrical. This means that the left and right sides of the body are alike. More advanced vertebrates have necks, while others are usually divided into a head and trunk.Oat UR a Types of vertebrates are found throughout the world. Certain species are able to survive the polar freeze. Others can live in the tropics. All of these animals have responded to their environment by utilizing the world around them, using available food, water, and shelter. Often, cnimals will change over hundreds of years to adapt to changes that occur in thelr natural habitat; for example, growing a thicker or thinner coat of fur as a body covering, Invertebrates are also found throughout the world. They are varied in characieristics, The invertebrates are offen categorized into eight different groups. The following chart shows the: different types. the characteristics. and examples of each, CHARACTERISTICS Vary in shape ond size depending on environment; adult sponges live attached to Items in the water and never move; they reproduce sexually and asexually 12 eWay Hollow-bodied organisms with stinging cells; many have snake-ike tentacles that capture food and help them move Coral, jeltyfish, and sea anemones The simplest type of worm; most are Parasites; others live in fresh- or saltwater Tapeworms and flukes Roundworms Found almost everywhere In the world: most are free-living in the soll; more complex than the flatworm: a parasite Nematodes and hookworms Most are free-living and live in the soils: some, such as leeches, are parasitic: complex enough to have systems for Circulating blood, sensing stimuli, reproduction, and movement Earthworms and leeches Soft bodies generally, but not always; covered with a hard shell: has a special fold of skin called the mantie; a foot aids in movement and capturing prey Clams, squid, and snails Live in oceans and are covered in spines, which are actually bony plates of the skeleton Sea stars and sand dollars 1 milion known: species of arthropods on earth; extemal skeletons, jointed legs Insects, crabs, and crayfish