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Start of Citation[PU]John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK)[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation title: author: publisher: isbn10 | asin: print isbn13: ebook isbn13: language: subject publication date: lcc: ddc: subject: The Finite Element Method in the Static and Dynamic Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media Lewis, R. W. 0471928097 9780471928096 9780585294810

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The Finite Element Method in the Static and Dynamic Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media Second Edition R W. Lewis University of Wales Swansea, UK B. A. Schrefler University of Padua, Italy

Start of Citation[PU]John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK)[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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Copyright 1998 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex P019 IUD, England National 01243 779777 International (+44) 1243 779777 e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com Reprinted January 2000 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road. London WIP 9HE. UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012. USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappelallee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany Jacaranda Wiley Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01. Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 0512 John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario M9W ILI. Canada Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lewis, R. W. (Roland Wynne) The finite element method in the static and dynamic deformation and consolidation of porous media / R. W. Lewis, B. A. Schrefler. 2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: The finite element in the deformation and consolidation of porous media / Roland W. Lewis, Bernard A. Schrefler. 1987. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-92809-7 1. Porous materials-Mathematical models. 2. Finite element method. 3. Multiphase flow-Mathematical models. I. Schrefler, B. A. II. Lewis, R. W. (Roland Wynne). Finite element method in the deformation and consolidation of porous media. III. Title.

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TA418.9.P6L49 1998 624.1 '5136-dc21

98-12080 CIP

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 471 92809 7 Typeset on 10/12pt Times by Thomson Press (India) Ltd., New Delhi Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bookcraft (Bath) Ltd This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry, in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Start of Citation[PU]John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK)[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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For Celia and Chantal Start of Citation[PU]John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK)[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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Contents Preface 1 Introduction References 2 Mechanics of Saturated and Partially Saturated Porous Media 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Averaging Principles 2.2.1 Averaging Process 2.2.2 Microscopic Balance Equations 2.2.3 Macroscopic Balance Equations 2.3 Macroscopic Balance Equations for a Non-Isothermal Partially Saturated Porous Material 2.3.1 Kinematic Equations 2.3.2 Mass Balance Equations 2.3.2.1 Solid Phase 2.3.2.2 Liquid Phase: Water 2.3.2.3 Gaseous Phases: Dry Air and Vapour 2.3.3 Linear Momentum Balance Equation 2.3.4 Angular Momentum Balance Equation 2.3.5 Balance of Energy Equation 2.3.6 Entropy Inequality 2.4 Constitutive Equations 2.4.1 Stress Tensor in the Fluid Phases 2.4.2 Gaseous Mixture of Dry Air and Water Vapour xv 1 5 9 9 9 11 13 14 18 18 21 21 22 22 24 28 29 32 34 35 35

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2.4.3 Sorption Equilibrium 2.4.4 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 2.4.5 Pore Size Distribution 2.4.6 Equation of State for Water 2.4.7 Darcy's Law 2.4.8 Fick's Law 2.4.9 Stress Tensor in the Solid Phase and Total Stress 2.4.10 Solid Density 2.4.11 Fourier's Law 2.5 General Field Equations 2.5.1 Mass Balance Equation 2.5.2 Linear Momentum Balance Equation 2.5.2.1 Fluids 2.5.2.2 Solid Phase 2.5.2.3 Multiphase Medium

35 36 37 37 39 40 41 43 44 44 44 48 48 49 49

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2.5.3 Energy Balance Equation 2.5.3.1 Enthalpy Balance Equation for the Multiphase Medium 2.5.4 Summary of Governing Equations 2.5.4.1 Mass Balance Equations or Continuity Equations 2.5.4.2 Linear Momentum Balance Equations 2.5.4.3 Enthalpy Balance: Multiphase Medium 2.6 Physical Approach: Extended Biot Theory 2.6.1 The Physical Model 2.6.2 Constitutive Equations 2.6.3 Governing Equations 2.6.3.1 Linear Momentum Balance Equation: Multiphase Medium 2.6.3.2 Mass Balance Equations 2.6.3.3 Energy Balance Equation References Appendix 2A Appendix 2B Appendix 2C 3 Numerical Solution for Isothermal Consolidation 3.1 Introduction

50 53 54 54 56 56 56 57 61 63 63 64 66 68 71 72 72 75 75

3.2 Coupled Solution: Saturated One-Phase Flow in a Deforming Porous Medium 75 3.2.1 Governing Equations 3.2.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 3.3 Solution of the Boundary Value Problem 3.4 Application of the Finite Element Method 3.5 Choice of Elements 3.6 Discretisation in Time 75 77 77 79 83 84

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3.7 Numerical Properties of the Time Discretisation

85

3.8 Saturated-Unsaturated Flow in a Deforming Porous Medium: One-Phase Flow 86 3.8.1 Governing Equations 3.8.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 3.9 Discretisation of the Governing Equations for the Consolidation of Partially Saturated Soils 3.10 Stability, Convergence and Consistency in the Non-Linear Case 3.11 Airflow and Water Flow in a Deforming Porous Medium 3.11.1 Governing Equations 3.11.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 3.12 Discretisation of the Governing Equations for Air and Water Flow in Deforming Porous Media References 87 88 88 89 93 93 94 95 97

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4 Solid-Phase Constitutive Relationships, Variable Permeabilities and Solution Procedures 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Stress Invariants 4.3 Linear Elastic Analysis 4.4 Variable Elastic Analysis 4.4.1 Bilinear Models 4.4.2 Variable Elastic Model 4.4.2.1 Hyperbolic Model 4.4.2.2 E-v and K-G Variable Elastic Models 4.4.2.3 Spline functions 4.4.3 Thermo-Elastic Behaviour 4.4.4 Solution Procedures 4.5 Elastoplastic Models 4.5.1 Constitutive Law 4.5.2 Mohr-Coulomb Yield Surface 4.5.3 Critical State Model 4.5.3.1 Modified Cam Clay Model 4.5.3.2 p-q- Critical State Model 4.5.4 Corners of Yield and Potential Surfaces 4.5.5 Generalised Plasticity 4.5.6 Thermo-Plastic Behaviour 4.5.7 Solution Procedures 4.5.7.1 Explicit Algorithms 4.5.7.2 Implicit Algorithms 4.5.7.3 Consistent Stiffness Matrix

99 99 100 102 103 104 105 105 107 107 107 109 112 112 114 118 118 122 124 124 126 129 129 130 131

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4.6 Partially Saturated Models 4.6.1 Elastic Behaviour 4.6.2 Plastic Behaviour 4.7 Variation of Permeability 4.8 Conclusions References 5 Verification of Elastic and Elastoplastic Consolidation Programs 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Elastic Solutions for Drained and Undrained Conditions 5.2.1 Plane Strain, Uniform Loading 5.2.2 Radially Symmetric, Uniform Loading

131 133 134 136 139 139 145 145 146 147 149

5.3 Elastic Analysis of Consolidation under Strip and Circular Uniform Loading 152 5.4 Elastoplastic Solutions 5.4.1 Undrained Triaxial Tests On Normally Consolidated Soil 5.4.1.1 Mohr-Coulomb Analysis 5.4.1.2 Critical State Ellipse Analysis 5.4.2 Drained and Undrained Analyses of Strip Loading 5.4.2.1 Mohr-Coulomb Analysis 5.4.2.2 Critical State Ellipse Analysis 154 154 154 155 156 156 157

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5.4.2.3 Analysis by Critical State Ellipse, with Mohr-Coulomb Cut-off (c = 0) 158 5.5 Elastoplastic Analysis of Consolidation under Uniform Loading and Strip Loading 5.5.1 One-Dimensional Consolidation 5.5.2 Two-Dimensional Consolidation 5.6 Linear and Non-Linear Elastic Consolidation with Variable Permeability 5.6.1 Consolidation of Swansea Blue Clay in a Rowe Consolidation Cell 5.6.2 Consolidation of Kaolin in a Rowe Consolidation Cell 158 159 161 163 163 165

5.7 Multiphase Flow in Porous Media: A Benchmark Problem for Non-Saturated Flow 167 5.8 Conclusions References 6 Modelling Subsidence: Numerical Aspects and Problems of Regional Scale 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 More about Coupling and Staggered Procedures 6.2 Problems of Regional Scale: Vertically Averaged Models 6.2.1 Spatially Averaged Quantities: The Megascopic Level 6.2.2 Macrolevel Governing Equations 6.2.2.1 Equilibrium Equation for the Two-Phase Medium 6.2.2.2 Fluid-Phase Behaviour 6.2.3 Implementation of the Numerical Model 6.3 Far-Field Boundary Conditions 6.3.1 Infinite Elements 6.4 A Coupled Solution for the Settlement above Gas Reservoirs 6.5 Single-Aquifer Withdrawal 6.5.1 Isolated Aquifer 174 175 177 177 181 184 184 186 186 187 188 192 193 197 201 202

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6.5.2 Embedded Aquifer 6.6 Conclusions References 7 Modelling Subsidence: Case Studies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Subsidence of Venice 7.2.1 Background 7.2.2 The Mathematical Model 7.2.3 Results 7.3 Subsidence in the Po Delta and the Polesine 7.3.1 Background 7.3.2 The Contarina Model 7.3.2.1 Available Data 7.3.2.2 Parametric Investigation 7.3.2.3 Subsidence Rebound

206 208 209 213 213 214 214 220 224 230 230 232 232 235 245

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7.4 Subsidence above Gas Reservoirs: The Ravenna Case 7.4.1 Background 7.4.2 Results 7.4.3 Comparison with a Volumetric Reservoir 7.4.4 New Results for the Ravenna Field 7.5 Subsidence of Abano Terme 7.5.1 Background 7.5.2 The Mathematical Model 7.6 Conclusions References 8 Modelling Three-Phase Flow in Deforming Saturated Oil Reservoirs 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Development of the Governing Equations 8.2.1 The Equilibrium Equation for a Three-Phase System 8.2.2 Three-Phase Flow Equations 8.3 Application of the Finite Element Method 8.4 Numerical Procedures 8.4.1 Treatment of Fluid Non-Linear Terms 8.4.2 Stability Analysis 8.4.3 Mass Balance and Convergence Checks 8.4.4 Computational Procedures 8.5 Validation and Applications 8.5.1 Non-Linear Soil Column Analysis 8.5.2 Reservoir Compaction Problems 8.5.3 Surface Subsidence Analyses 8.5.3.1 Effect of Reservoir Parameters

248 248 251 257 262 268 268 273 276 277 281 281 282 282 283 284 287 287 288 289 290 290 291 293 298 300

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8.5.3.2 Effect of Water Injection Schemes On Subsidence Analysis 8.6 Conclusions References 9 Fractured Reservoir Simulation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Description of the Model 9.3 Development of the Governing Equations

302 304 305 307 307 308 310

9.4 A special Case: Single-Phase Flow in a Deforming Fractured Porous Medium 312 9.5 Discretisation in Space 9.6 Validation of the Model References 10 Heat and Fluid Flow in Deforming Porous Media 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Non-Isothermal Fully Saturated Consolidation 10.2.1 Governing Equations 10.2.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 313 322 338 341 341 344 344 345

Start of Citation[PU]John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK)[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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10.3 Discretisation for Non-Isothermal Consolidation of Saturated Porous Media 346 10.4 Solution Procedures 10.4.1 Monolithic Augmentation Approach 10.4.2 Partitioned Solution Procedures 10.4.2.1 Numerical Properties of Partitioned Procedures 10.5 Non-Isothermal Airflow and Water Flow in a Deforming Porous Medium 10.5.1 Governing Equations 10.5.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 348 349 349 352 354 354 356

10.6 Discretisation for Airflow and Water Flow in a Deforming Porous Medium 358 10.7 Numerical Examples 10.7.1 Thermo-Elastic Consolidation 10.7.2 Thermo-Elastoplastic Consolidation 10.7.3 Thermo-Elastic Consolidation around a Cylindrical Heat Source 10.7.4 Non-Isothermal Consolidation 10.7.5 Thermo-Elastic Consolidation of Partially Saturated Clay 10.8 Conclusions References Appendix 10A Appendix 10B 11 Secondary Consolidation Creep in Solids 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Formulation of Secondary Consolidation 11.3 Application of the Creep Model 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Mathematical Modelling 11.3.3 Results 364 364 368 370 376 379 386 386 389 394 397 397 398 400 400 403 405

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References 12 Soil-Structure Interaction 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Governing Equations 12.3 Material Models 12.3.1 Interface Behaviour 12.3.2 Soil Behaviour 12.4 Applications 12.4.1 Test 1: Shallow Foundation 12.4.2 Test 2: Pile-Soil Interaction 12.4.3 Test 3: Frame on Soft Soil 12.4.3.1 Interaction of Two Adjacent Footings 12.4.3.2 Eccentric Loading 12.4.3.3 Horizontal Loading 12.5 Conclusions References

408 409 409 410 412 412 413 414 414 418 421 424 425 425 425 425

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13 Back Analysis in Consolidation 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Definition of Back Analysis 13.3 Methodology 13.3.1 Direct Method 13.3.2 Indirect Method 13.3.3 Probabilistic Approaches 13.3.4 Alternative Methods 13.4 Parameter Identification 13.4.1 Optimisation Methods 13.4.1.1 Simplex Method 13.4.1.2 Rosenbrock's Algorithm 13.4.1.3 Levenberg-Marquardt Method 13.4.2 Sensitivity Analysis 13.5 Case Study 13.5.1 Background 13.5.2 Hypothetical Case Study 13.6 Summary References 14 Large-Strain Quasi-Static and Dynamic Soil Behaviour 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Kinematic Equations 14.3 Constitutive Equations 14.4 Governing Equations and Their Weak Form 14.5 The Rate Form of Stress Power

427 427 428 429 429 430 431 431 432 433 433 434 434 434 436 436 437 442 443 445 445 445 448 451 453

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14.6 Finite Element Discretisation 14.6.1 Spatial Discretisation 14.6.2 Discretisation in Time and Solution Procedure 14.7 Examples 14.7.1 Finite-Strain and Small-Strain Fully Saturated Consolidation 14.7.2 Finite-Strain and Small-Strain Partially Saturated Consolidation 14.7.3 Slope under Seismic Behaviour: Finite Strains 14.7.4 Dynamic Strain Localisation 14.8 Conclusions References Subject Index

453 454 456 459 459 461 463 464 473 474 477

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Preface Our first text on this subject 'The Finite Element Method in the Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media', was published ten years ago and has been out of print for much of the past decade. It was the first book of its kind, despite the many available texts on groundwater flow through deforming porous media. The topic has been covered, albeit briefly, in many texts on geomechanics, petroleum engineering and finite element methods. However, there still exists no other book which covers all the mechanical and numerical aspects of flow in porous media in such detail. In the intervening period there was a rapid expansion in the research and practical applications of these types of problem, which has prompted us to write this new and thoroughly updated version. It contains not only the results of research carried out at our two institutions but also reports on the work done under various European research programmes, e.g. Science (Greco Geomateriaux), TEMPUS PHARE (with the Technical University of Lodz and the Polish Academy of Sciences IPPT-PAN), and in particular Human Capital and Mobility, where an Alliance of Laboratories in Europe for Research and Technology (ALERT) was created, concentrating on research in geomaterials (soil, rock and concrete). Both our institutions were partners in this network, and the scientific exchanges proved to be extremely fruitful. Also, collaborative work carried out with the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, under the BRINORD agreement, contributed to a better understanding of petroleum reservoir subsidence. The chapters from the previous edition have been extensively updated and several new chapters have been added to give a much broader coverage of recent research interests. The theoretical part of the book is completely new: it now incorporates both phenomenological and averaging approaches. We are indebted to many of our coworkers and in particular we thank Drs N. Abd. Rahman, P. Baggio, G. Bolzon, D. Gawin, H.R. Ghafouri, C.E. Majorana, E.A. Meroi, R.S. Ransing, V. Salomoni, L. Sanavia, L. Simoni, Y. Sukirman. D.V. Tran, E. Turska, X. Wang, X. Zhan, H.W. Zhang and Y. Zheng, who over the years have contributed to the work, Also, many thanks to Drs S.M. Hassanizadeh and D. Pigozzi for their advice on the theoretical chapter. Finally, we would like to dedicate this book to the two ladies in our lives, Celia and Chantal, without whom it might never have been completed. ROLAND W. LEWIS BERNARD A. SCHREFLER SWANSEA/ PADUA JULY 1997 Start of Citation[PU]John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (UK)[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

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