IS-41 OVERVIEW

Communication Networks Research Lab.

Contents
Introductions Basic Intersystem Handoff Functions Basic Automatic Roaming Functions Authentication Functions Call Processing Functions Short Message Service Functions IS-41/GSM Interworking
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Introductions

Communication Networks Research Lab.

Road to IS-41 Revision C

IS-41 Revision 0 (Feb. 1988)
First version of a cellular internetworking standard Addressed functions
Basic intersystem handoff Basic service qualification Basic OA&M (circuit management)

IS-41 Revision A (Jan. 1991)

First network reference model appeared Addressed functions
Intersystem handoff Enhanced service qualification Location management Mobile station state management

Communication Networks Research Lab.

Road to IS-41 Revision C (Contd)

IS-41 Revision B (Dec. 1991)
Changes were made primarily to intersystem handoff and network routing mechanisms Addressed functions
Path minimization Flash feature support after handoff Support for TDMA handoff parameters Use of SS7 global title translation

IS-41 Revision C (Feb. 1996)

6 times bigger than IS-41 B Support intelligent networking concepts Addressed functions
Provide real time transfer of call detail records Enhanced network addressing Intelligent network trigger points More service management controls at the HLR

Communication Networks Research Lab.

IS-41 Protocol Architecture

Protocol Architecture
Consist of Application services and Data transfer services Based on SS No. 7 structure, rather than OSI model Application services can be supported by a number of data transfer services: Two alternative sets were recommended
X.25-based protocol set SS No. 7 based protocol set

Application services
SS No. 7 Transaction Capabilities (TCs) IS-41 Mobile Application Part (MAP)
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IS-41 Protocol Stack

IS-41 Mobile Application Part (MAP) MAP AP functions MAP ASE functions TCAP component sub-layer TCAP transaction sub-layer OSI application layer

TCAP

SCCP X.25 network layer X.25-based data transfer services

X.25 data link layer X.25 physical layer

...

MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 MTP Level 1

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SS No. 7-based data transfer services

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Model of IS-41 Application Service Interface

IS-41 network node A Application processes Application Service Interface (ASI) Invoke Return Result IS-41 network node B Application processes

REQUEST CONFIRM

INDICATION RESPONSE

MAP ASE and TCAP ASE

MAP ASE and TCAP ASE

Data transfer services

Data transfer services

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Basic Intersystem Handoff Functions

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Intersystem Handoff Functions Specified in IN-41 C

Intersystem Handoff
Handoff between two radio channels that are controlled by two different MSCs

Issues Associated with Intersystem Handoff

Coordinating cell identification between neighboring MSCs Coordinating inter-MSC facility identification between neighboring MSCs Supporting MS characteristics after handoff Limiting the length of handoff chain

Intersystem Handoff Functions

Handoff measurement Handoff forward Handoff back Path minimization Call release
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Handoff Measurement
Handoff Measurement Functions
Identify the need Identify the candidates Evaluate the candidates Select a target

Example of Handoff Measurement Processes

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Handoff Forward
Handoff Forward Functions
Move the MS from the serving MSC to the target MSC Maintain a call path by establishing a circuit between serving MSC and target MSC

Example of Handoff Forward Processes

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Handoff Back
Handoff Back Functions
Target MSC is already connected to serving MSC Once MS is moved to new channel, unused inter-MSC circuit is removed

Example of Handoff Back Processes

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Path Minimization
Path Minimization Functions
Eliminate unnecessary inter-MSC circuits between anchor MSC and target MSC

Example of Path Minimization Processes

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Call Release
Example of Call Release Processes

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Basic Automatic Roaming Functions

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Automatic Roaming
Automatic Roaming
Allow a subscriber to obtain mobile telecommunications service outside the home service provider area Registration: Triggers for a number of automatic roaming functions

Automatic Roaming Functions

MS service qualification MS location management MS state management HLR and VLR fault recovery
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MS Service Qualification
MS Service Qualification Functions
Establish roaming MSs financial accountability and service capabilities in a serving system

MS Service Qualification Process Include

Serving system service qualification process
Obtain service qualification information for each visiting MS Either by initiating a request to HLR or by receiving a directive from HLR

HLR service qualification process

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MS Location Management
MS Location Management Functions
MS location update/cancellation

Example of MS Location Management Processes

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MS State Management
MS State Management Functions
Coordinate the call delivery availability state of an MS between serving system and HLR State: active/inactive MS may be deemed inactive because
MS is not registered MS is out of radio contact MS is intentionally inaccessible

MS State Management Processes Include

Serving system MS state management process HLR MS state management process
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HLR and VLR Fault Recovery

HLR and VLR Fault Recovery Processes

UNRELDIR: Unreliable RoamerDataDirective

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BULKDEREG: BultDeregistration
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Authentication Functions

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Authentication
Authentication
A set of functions used to prevent fraudulent access to cellular networks by illegally programmed with counterfeit mobile identification number (MIN) and electronic serial number (ESN) information Based on A-Key and SSD

Authentication Functions
SSD sharing Global challenge Unique challenge SSD update Call history count update Authentication reporting
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SSD Sharing
SSD Sharing Functions
Process by which the authentication center and the serving system manage the sharing of authentication responsibilities for a visiting MS Give the serving system significant local control over the authentication of a visiting MS

Supported Tasks
Notifying the AC of the serving systems capabilities for SSD sharing Turning on and Turning off SSD sharing AC retrieval of shared COUNT information
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Global Challenge
Global Challenge Functions
Serving system presents a numeric authentication challenge to all MSs that are using a particular radio control channel

Basic Global Challenge Authentication Process

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Unique Challenge
Unique Challenge Functions
Serving system presents a numeric authentication challenge to MS and verifies that the numeric authentication response provided by the MS is correct

Basic Unique Challenge Authentication Process

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SSD Update and Call History Count Update

SSD Update
SSD in MS is changed to new value under direction of AC Only AC may initiate this operation A unique challenge is executed immediately after SSD update to confirm that target MS has successfully changed its SSD

Call History Count Update

Authentication controller (VLR if SSD is shared, AC if not) directs MS to update its stored COUNT value COUNT: 6 bit parameter intended to provide additional security in case A-Key or SSD is compromised COUNT is maintained by both MS and authentication controller 27
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Call Processing Functions

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Call Processing
Call Processing Functions
Call origination services
Basic call origination Subscriber personal identification number (PIN) access (SPINA) Subscriber PIN intercept (SPINI) Calling number identification restriction (CNIR) Message waiting notification (MWN) Voice message retrieval (VMR) Call transfer (CT) Three-way calling (3WC) Conference calling (CC) Priority access and channel assignment (PACA) Preferred language (PL) Voice privacy (VP) 29

Communication Networks Research Lab.

Call Processing (Contd)

Call termination services
Call delivery (I.e., basic call termination) Call forwarding-unconditional (CFU) Call forwarding-default (CFD) Call forwarding-no answer (CFNA) Call forwarding-busy (CFB) Call waiting (CW) Do not disturb (DND) Calling number identification presentation (CNIP) Selective call acceptance (SCA) Password call acceptance (PCA) Mobile access hunting (MAH) Flexible alerting (FA)

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Communication Networks Research Lab.

Call Processing (Contd)

Feature control services
Basic single-step feature control Feature control with call routing Per-call feature control Multistep feature control Remote feature control

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Call Processing Example: Conference Calling

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Call Processing Example: Call Forwarding-Unconditional (CFU)

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Short Message Service Functions

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Short Message Service (SMS)

Short Message Transport Mechanism
Support a variety of teleservice applications Make use of commonly implemented transport protocols Incorporate a flexible addressing scheme Easily interwork with other PSDN Be compatible with e-mail services, paging services, and other commonly used messaging services Short message entity (SME) service qualification SME location management SME state management Short message processing

SMS Functions

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Communication Networks Research Lab.

Category of SMS
SMS Bearer Service: Basic Transaction Mechanism SMS Teleservice: Complete Application Capability Layered Protocol Model
SME SMS teleservices application IS-41 SMS MAP bearer service SS7 TCAP S.25, IP or SS7 data link layer physical layer
transmission
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Message Center
short messages

SME
short messages

SMS teleservices application IS-41 SMS MAP bearer service SS7 TCAP S.25, IP or SS7 data link layer physical layer

SMS teleservices application IS-41 SMS MAP bearer service SS7 TCAP S.25, IP or SS7 data link layer physical layer

SMD-PP

SMD-PP

transport

transport

transmission
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SME Service Qualification and Location Management

SME Service Qualification
Establish an SMEs financial accountability and service capabilities in a serving system MS-based SME service qualification process
If MS is qualified, SME is also qualified

SME Location Management

SME location update SME location cancellation MS-based SME location management process
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SME State Management

SME State Management Functions
Process by which short message transmission availability state of an MS-based SME is maintained in HLR

HLR Consider MS-Based SME Unavailable Because

MS is not registered MS is registered on an SMS-incapable system SME is not authorized for SMS service on the current serving system Host MS is out of radio contact Host MS is intentionally inaccessible
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Short Message Processing: Basic Message Origination and Termination

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IS-41/GSM Interworking

Communication Networks Research Lab.

Introduction to Interworking
Two Separate Areas of System Interworking
Radio technology interworking
Capability of an MS to interoperate between GSM radio technology and IS-41 based radio technology to access either GSM based or IS-41 based network to receive service Reasonable solution: Dual-mode MS

Network interworking
Offer primary service need (seamless automatic roaming) for IS-41/GSM subscriber Best solution: Single MAP protocol supporting many network access protocol Practically impossible Need the interworking of the application-layer MAP protocols
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Interworking Between GSM and IS-41

Definition of Interworking
MAP interworking between GSM and IS-41

Basic Assumptions Between GSM and IS-41 Networks

Interworking implies successful communication Interworking provides a degree of seamlessness to subscribers capable of transiting It is not feasible to provide an interworking solution enabling full complexity Transmission facilities are compatible Signaling protocols providing transport are compatible Dual mode GSM/IS-41 based MS are used The subscriber has a single subscription allowing access to both networks
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Interworking Solutions
Methods to Provide Interworking
Protocol conversion: Translation of messages and parameters Database mapping: Translation and management of information element Transaction management: Completion of queries between two networks

Interworking Solution
Interworking functions (IWF): A logical functional entity that performs appropriate protocol conversion, database mapping, and transaction management to support mobility management, call origination, and call delivery functions
IS-41 network element
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IWF

GSM network element

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Implementation of IWF: Dual-Mode HLR

Intrude the least on both network Very expensive implementation
IS-41 network MSC/ VLR GSM network MSC/ VLR trunks signaling link PSTN

IS-41 GSM HLR HLR IWF

GSM Subscriber (Dual mode MS)

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IS-41 Subscriber (Dual Model MS)

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Implementation of IWF: IWF As a Single Separate Network Element

Require no change to existing IS-41 and GSM networks Can reside external or internal to either of networks IWR appears as HLR to serving network and as VLR to home network
IS-41 Network HLR IWF MSC/ VLR PSTN GSM Subscriber (Dual mode MS)
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GSM HLR Network MSC/ VLR

IS-41 Subscriber (Dual Model MS)

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