1

*1 **1 1 2 1
.1

.2

:
) (Plantago ovata L. .
2 230 s-1 ) 0/4 0/2 0/1 ( w/w % 0/6 )15 5
50 40 25 (60 C 7 4 2/5 ) pH (10 . .
0/1 0/6 .
) (k ) (n . pH
. pH .

: Plantago ovata L. .

) Plantago ovata L. ( ) (Plantago .

Plantago Planta ") "Sole (
. Plantain ) 200(
5-10
.
) 1 .(2
. 1 .

1 . Mucilage

 .
).(4

) .(1 ) ( ) (

) .(2 )( )( )(.

)( ) (4
%25 .
.
) .(3
20 .
. ) .(4
) (8 ) (2
)1 .(5
2 .

) .(6
) (Plantago ovata L. .

2. Functional Food

 ) (Plantago ovata L.
) (18 .
) 3( .

100 ) % 6/05 (
2 .
18 . % 28/5 .

30 25 C 24
. ) SORVALL (RC-5 10000 g 25 C
. 3 %96
. 5000 g .
2 3 .
40 C 53-125 .

pH %99 . ) 0/05
( 7 4 2/5 pH 10 . pH
0/5 0/1 .

7 4 2/5 pH 10 pH
5 80 C
.
) 16( ) (25 C
.

3. MERCK

 DV-II+Pro

) (Brookfield Engineering Laboratories. Inc. USA CP51 LV . 0/5

) 60C 50 40 25 15 5
( 0/1 C 2 (s-1) 230 ) (m.Pa.s .
10 (s-1) 2/88 . 3
) (1
. n K ) (1
.

= KD n

) (1
: )(N/m2

: n

: K )(m.Pa.s

: D )(s-1

(w/w) % 0/4
) ( 6/05 pH ) (Sigma (MERCK) 4
) (Sigma, medium viscosity ) (KELSET ) ( 25 C
.

.
0/01
ANOVA SPSS .
:
.
) (1 .

4. CMC

 K n 0/4 0/2 0/1 (w/w) % 0/6

50 40 25 15 5 60C pH 7 4 2/5 10 ) (1 ) (2 .
5
.
pH
pH ) (1 . pH . K

pH ) (1 .
0/01 . n
pH .

) (1 ) (2 K
0/01 . n . )(2
) (a ) (b
60 C .

) (1 ) (2 .
0/01
. ) (2 ) (c ) (d
% 0/6 2/5 pH pH
. ) (2 ) (e ) (f
% 0/6 10 pH pH
40 C 50 60 C pH
.

5. Shear thinning

 ) (2 ) (g ) (h % 0/4

.

 pH n k .(1)
5 C

15 C

25 C

40 C

50 C

60 C

pH

% 0/1

2/5

12/20C a

0/730 A n.s.

4/95 B a

0/830 B d

4/195 B a

0/870 B d

1/600 A a

0/985 C b

1/540 A a

0/995 C c

1/305 A a

1/00 C n.s.

% 0/1

15/40 D a

0/690 A n.s.

8/00 C b

0/770 B c

5/345 B a

0/815 B c

2/415 A a

0/925 C b

1/650 A a

0/975 C c

1/430 A ab

1/00 C

% 0/1

16/25 E a

0/685 A n.s.

10/73 D c

0/725 AB b

7/125 C b

0/745 B b

5/145 BC b

0/790 C a

2/320 AB b

0/930 D b

1/600 A b

0/995 E

% 0/1

10

24/30 E b

0/640 A n.s.

13/40 D d

0/670 AB a

8/900 C c

0/705 B a

5/535 B b

0/775 C a

4/020 B c

0/835 D a

1/825 A c

1/00 E n.s.

% 0/2

2/5

19/05 C a

0/670 A b

5/780 B a

0/835 B d

5/065 B a

0/815 B c

5/455 B a

0/835 B b

2/780 A a

0/980 C b

1/125 A a

0/985 C c

% 0/2

40/90 E b

0/535 A a

11/520 C b

0/735 B c

8/710 BC b

0/730 B b

7/375 ABC a

0/820 C b

4/050 AB a

0/975 D b

2/625 A b

0/965 D bc

% 0/2

42/25 D b

0/525 A a

21/90 C c

0/625 B b

12/350 B c

0/685 B a

12/175 B b

0/765 C ab

6/155 A b

0/855 D a

4/775 A c

0/900 D ab

% 0/2

10

65/50 C c

0/555 A a

32/85 B d

0/545 A a

12/550 A c

0/685 B a

12/050 A b

0/700 B a

7/685 A b

0/835 C a

5/765 A c

0/885 C a

% 0/4

2/5

477/80 D a

0/490 A n.s.

166/90 C a

0/485 A a

99/45 B a

0/505 A a

21/15 A a

0/715 B a

14/850 A a

0/710 B b

8/590 A a

0/765 C b

% 0/4

594/55 D b

0/495 A n.s.

340/50 C b

0/655 A b

228/50 B b

0/645 A b

329/15 C b

0/510 C b

184/750 A b

0/515 C a

171/600 A b

0/585 B a

% 0/4

627/75 E b

0/495 A n.s.

366/60 C b

0/645 C b

322/00 B c

0/625 C b

441/60 D c

0/510 A b

272/700 A c

0/550 B a

239/150 A c

0/565 B a

% 0/4

10

638/80 D b

0/495 A n.s.

373/10 B b

0/640 C b

340/70 B d

0/630 C b

492/85 C d

0/505 A b

336/350 B d

0/510 A a

260/150 A c

0/555 B a

% 0/6

2/5

2528/50 E a

0/355 B b

1449/00 D a

0/355 B n.s.

1044/60 C a

0/330 A a

492/95 B a

0/335 A a

165/40 A a

0/440 C b

47/50 A a

0/595 D b

% 0/6

3794/00 C b

0/275 A a

2596/50 B b

0/345 B n.s.

1148/50 A b

0/525 D b

2752/50 B b

0/405 C b

2392/00 B b

0/380 C a

1088/70 A b

0/380 C a

% 0/6

4074/50 D b

0/270 A a

2988/00 C bc

0/335 B n.s.

1411/50 A c

0/500 D b

3176/50 C c

0/410 C b

2426/00 B b

0/385 C a

1511/50 A c

0/375 C a

% 0/6

10

4366/50 D b

0/265 A a

3249/00 C c

0/325 B n.s.

1815/00 A d

0/495 E b

3205/00 C c

0/415 D b

2512/50 B b

0/385 C a

1707/50 A c

0/365 C a

. pH 0/01 *
. 0/01 **

: N.S.

n.s.
n.s.

 n k .(2)

pH

5 C
k

15 C
n

k
d

25 C
n

k
c

40 C
n

k
d

50 C
n

k
d

60 C
n

k
a

n
a

1/00 C c

% 0/1

2/5

12/20C

% 0/2

2/5

19/05 C a

0/670 A c

5/780 B a

0/835 B c

5/065 B a

0/815 B c

5/455 B a

0/835 B c

2/780 A a

0/980 C a

1/125 A a

0/985 C c

% 0/4

2/5

477/80 D b

0/490 A b

166/90 C a

0/485 A b

99/45 B b

0/505 A b

21/15 A a

0/715 B b

14/850 A a

0/710 B b

8/590 A b

0/765 C b

% 0/6

2/5

2528/50 E c

0/355 B a

1449/00 D b

0/355 B a

1044/60 C c

0/330 A a

492/95 B b

0/335 A a

165/40 A b

0/440 C c

47/50 A c

0/595 D a

% 0/1

15/40 D a

0/690 A d

8/00 C a

0/770 B c

5/345 B a

0/815 B d

2/415 A a

0/925 C b

1/650 A a

0/975 C c

1/430 A a

1/00 C c

% 0/2

40/90 E a

0/535 A c

11/520 C a

0/735 B c

8/710 BC a

0/730 B c

7/375 ABC a

0/820 C b

4/050 AB a

0/975 D c

2/625 A a

0/965 D c

% 0/4

594/55 D b

0/495 A b

340/50 C a

0/655 A b

228/50 B b

0/645 A b

329/15 C b

0/510 C a

184/750 A b

0/515 C b

171/600 A b

0/585 B b

% 0/6

3794/00 C c

0/275 A a

2596/50 B b

0/345 B a

1148/50 A c

0/525 D a

2752/50 B c

0/405 C a

2392/00 B c

0/380 C a

1088/70 A c

0/380 C a

% 0/1

16/25 E a

0/685 A c

10/73 D a

0/725 AB c

7/125 C a

0/745 B d

5/145 BC a

0/790 C c

2/320 AB a

0/930 D d

1/600 A a

0/995 E

% 0/2

42/25 D a

0/525 A b

21/90 C a

0/625 B b

12/350 B a

0/685 B c

12/175 B a

0/765 C c

6/155 A a

0/855 D c

4/775 A a

0/900 D c

% 0/4

627/75 E a

0/495 A b

366/60 C b

0/645 C b

322/00 B b

0/625 C b

441/60 D b

0/510 A b

272/700 A b

0/550 B b

239/150 A b

0/565 B b

% 0/6

4074/50 D b

0/270 A a

2988/00 C c

0/335 B a

1411/50 A c

0/500 D a

3176/50 C c

0/410 C a

2426/00 B c

0/385 C a

1511/50 A c

0/375 C a

% 0/1

10

24/30 E a

0/640A c

13/40 D a

0/670 AB c

8/900 C a

0/705 B c

5/535 B a

0/775 C d

4/020 B a

0/835 D c

1/825 A a

1/00 E d

% 0/2

10

65/50 C a

0/555 A b

32/85 B a

0/545 A b

12/550 A a

0/685 B c

12/050 A a

0/700 B c

7/685 A a

0/835 C c

5/765 A a

0/885 C c

% 0/4

10

638/80 D b

0/495 A b

373/10 B b

0/640 C c

340/70 B b

0/630 C b

492/85 C b

0/505 A b

336/350 B b

0/510 A b

260/150 A b

0/555 B b

% 0/6

10

4366/50 D c

0/265 A a

3249/00 C c

0/325 B a

1815/00 A c

0/495 E a

3205/00 C c

0/415 D a

2512/50 B c

0/385 C a

1707/50 A c

0/365 C a

0/730 A

4/95 B

0/830 B

4/195 B

0/870 B

1/600 A

0/985 C

1/540 A

0/995 C

1/305 A

. 0/01 *
. 0/01 **

: N.S.

40.00

2.30
2.20

35.00
4

2.10

Viscosity (m.Pa.s)

Shear stress (N/m2)

30.00
2
4
7
10

2.00
1.90

25.00

10
7
4
2

1.80

20.00

1.70

15.00

1.60

10.00

1.50
200.00

205.00

210.00

215.00

220.00

225.00

230.00

235.00

5.00
0
0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

0.00
0.00

250.00

50.00

100.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

(a)

Viscosity (m.Pa.s)

Shear stress (N/m2)

2
4
7
10

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

35.00

3.50

30.00

3.00

25.00

2.50

20.00

2.00

15.00

1.50

10.00

1.00
200.00

10
7
4
2

205.00

210.00

50.00

220.00

100.00

225.00

150.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

(c)

(d)

80
2
4
7
10

60

40

400.00

60.00

350.00

50.00

300.00

40.00

250.00

30.00

230.00

235.00

20

200.00

250.00

10
7
4
2

20.00

200.00

10.00

150.00

0.00
200.00

100.00

205.00

210.00

215.00

220.00

225.00

230.00

235.00

50.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

0.00
0.00

250.00

50.00

100.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

150.00

200.00

250.00

Shear rate (1/sec)

(e)

(f)

300

250

800.00

100

700.00

90

600.00
200

Viscosity (m.Pa.s)

Shear stress (N/m2)

215.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

Viscosity (m.Pa.s)

Shear stress (N/m2)

40.00

4.00

0.00
0.00

250.00

100

2
4
7
10

150

100

500.00

50

80

70

10
7
4
2

60

400.00
50

300.00
200.00

0
0.00

250.00

5.00

120

0
0.00

200.00

(b)

0
0.00

150.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

40
200

205

210

215

220

225

230

235

100.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

0.00
0.00

250.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

(g)

(h)

25 C pH .(1)
(w/w) % 0/2 : (d) ( c)

(w/w) % 0/1 : (b) ( a)

(w/w) % 0/6 : (h) ( g)

(w/w) % 0/4 : (f) ( e)

250.00

140

1000.00
70.00

900.00

120

60.00
50.00

100

700.00

0.10 %
0.20 %
0.40 %
0.60 %

80
60

Viscosity (m.Pa.s)

Shear stress (N/m2)

800.00

40.00

600.00

20.00

400.00

10.00
0.00
200.00

300.00

40

0.60 %
0.40 %
0.20 %
0.10 %

30.00

500.00

205.00

210.00

215.00

220.00

225.00

230.00

235.00

200.00

20

100.00

0
0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

0.00
0.00

250.00

50.00

100.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

(a)

200

1200.00

200.00

250.00

(b)

100.00
90.00

180

80.00

1000.00

160

70.00

60

120

50
40

100

25

80

15
5

60

60.00

Viscosity (m.Pa.s)

140

Shear stress (N/m2)

150.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

800.00

60
50
40
25
15
5

50.00
40.00

600.00

30.00
20.00
10.00

400.00

0.00
200.00

40

205.00

210.00

215.00

220.00

225.00

230.00

235.00

200.00

20

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

0.00
0.00

250.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

Shear Rate(1/sec)

(c)

(d)

350

1600.00

300

1400.00

200.00

250.00

500.00
450.00
400.00

1200.00

250
60
50
40
25
15
5

200
150
100

Viscosity (m.Pa.s)

Shear stress (N/m2)

0
0.00

350.00
300.00

1000.00
800.00

200.00
150.00

600.00

100.00
30.00

400.00

50

60
50
40
25
15
5

250.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

55.00

200.00

0
0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

0.00
0.00

250.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

Shear Rate (1/sec)

(e)

(f)

200.00

250.00

140
700.00

100.00

600.00

80.00

500.00

60.00

120

Arabic
Na- Alginate

80

Espharze
Katira

60

Algin
CMC

40

20

Viscosity (m.Pa.s)

Shear Stress (N/m2)

100

400.00
300.00
200.00

Katira
Esfarze
CMC
Arabic
Na-Alginate
Algin

40.00

20.00

0.00
100.00

145.00

190.00

235.00

100.00

0
0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

0.00
0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

Shear Rate (1/sec)

Shear Rate (1/sec)

(g)

(h)
.(2)

2/5 pH ( w/w) % 0/6 : (d) ( c)

( w/w) % 0/4 : (h) ( g)

60 C ( w/w) : (b) ( a)
10 pH ( w/w) % 0/6 : (f) ( e)

:
. pH
.
pH . ) (2007
pH

pH
).(7
pH .
(w/w) % 0/6 10 pH 40 C
pH
. 60 C
. 2/5 pH
pH .

.
.
-2 6
).(4

.

).(6

.
.
.
.

6. 2- phenyl ethanol

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Davidson, M. H., Dugan, L. D., & Burns, J. H. 1996. A psyllium enriched cereal for the treatment of
hypercholesterolemia in children: a controlled, double blind, crossover study. American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 64, 96102.
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postprandial blood glucose and plasma gastric inhibitory peptide in insulin-dependent diabetics. Acta Medica
Scandinavica, 212, 237239.
Fischer, H. M., Nanxiong, Y., Ralph, R. G. J., Andersond, L., & Marletta, J. A. 2004. The gel-forming
polysaccharide of psyllium husk (Plantago ovata Forsk). Carbohydrate Research, 339, 20092017.
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Industrial Gums, 2nd Ed., R. L. Whistler and J. N. BeMiller (eds.) Academic.
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and LDL cholesterol, but not HDL cholesterol, in hypercholesterolemic adults: results of a metaanalysis.
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Renard, D., Velde F. V. D., & Visschers R. W., 2006. The gap between food gel structure, texture and
perception. Food Hydrocolloids.20: 423431.
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317321.

Extraction of mucilage gum (Plantago ovata L.)

and the study of its rheological properties
Hamed Askari, Asgar Farahnaky, Mahmoud Aminlari, Mahsa Majzoobi, Gholamreza Mesbahi
Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract:
The rheological properties of aqueous solutions of the mucilage isolated from plantago ovata L. have been investigated.
Viscosity, in a wide range of shear rates from 2 to 230 s-1, was measured as a function of mucilage concentration (0.1,
0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 %, w/w), temperature (5, 15, 25, 40, 50 and 60 C) and pH (2.5, 4, 7 and 10). A non-Newtonian shearthinning behavior was observed for all solutions. Shear thinning behavior observed for the solutions was more enhanced
for higher concentrations from 0.1 to 0.6 %. Power Law Equation was used to fit the shear stressshear rate data and
obtain consistency and flow behavior indices of the systems. Hydrocolloid concentration, pH and temperature had
significant impacts viscosity. Generally changes of pH from acidic to basic caused an increase of viscosity in the
solutions.
Keywords: Rheological properties; Plantago ovata L.; Mucilage; Shear thinning; Viscosity.