MRI

:


.
. 0.31.5.

. Larmor
. ppm,
, .
. ,
.
.
0.5.

.
.


0.35.
.,, .

, -270 ,
(.. )
( ).
'
.
2.

shimming coils

.
Larmor
.

. shimming coils,
shimming.

Gradient Coils
.


(x,y,z). ,
Larmor
.
(spatial enconding)(
, ).

Radiofrequency Coils
. (transmit), (receiver)
-.

, Larmor,
.

.

-.

, ,, ...
,
.

.
, , synthesizer, ,
.

 ,
, .

.
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
, .

(.. )
,

.

;
, ,
.

.

.


.
,
.





,
.


,
(longitudinal)



,
(precessing) ,

. , ,,

.

.
Larmor:
= . o
= ,=
,
=
.

, :

13

31

(MHz/Tesla)

29,16

42,58

10,7

17,24

.
.
.

.
.
.
,
XY .
XY.
Larmor, .
(RF)
(.. ).
(coils)
.

(RF)
,
(,longitudinal,

),
XY.

, xy.

Larmor,

 xy.

, Mxy
.

.

.
.

( ).
.
,, .

. (longitudinal)
.
.
(=0).

(in-phase).
,
XY,.
.

XY , ,
. ,
.

XY
Mxy.



:
,
, Mz.
(in-phase),
Mxy.
,
.
,, .

.
,, .
,
, .
(out of phase),
.


. Mz.
, .
63%
( 63% Mz), 1 .

1

(,lattice),

,spin-lattice
relaxation time.


Larmor. , ,
.
,
Larmor ...

, .
,
, 1. 1
Mz.
(CSF) (long) 1 , 20003000msec.

(short) 1,
.
1 150-250msec.

1 1 ,
1.5,920msec 790msec.

XY.
(out of phase).
(Mxy).

 ,
2. 2 37%
.

2
,

,spin-spin relaxation time.

 ,
,
.
Gradient Coils
(spatial encoding).

.

,
. , ,

. ,
, (long) 2.

,
, (short) 2.

,
2.
, 2*(T2 star). 2*
2.
PULSE SEQUENCES AND IMAGE CONTRAST

.
,
.
(proton density)
, 1 2
.

. 1 2
, ,
.

, (,TR,Flip angle ,)
.

.

.

.

 Spin Echo.

SPIN ECHO
Spin Echo

90
180,
/2.


XY.



(
1
2),
180 /2,
, XY.
(Echo Time, ) (spin echo),
.
.
, 90
90, TR(Repetition Time, ).

:
90. (
, Y ).
(gradient coil) .
.
/2 90
180. XY .
/2 180,
90,
. ,
--
.
spin echo
TR. pixel Spin Echo
:
Sse(TE,TR)=N[H]e-TE/T2(1-e-TR/T1)

 (FOV,matrix,NEX), []
pixel.
2
TR 1

. :
TR(<700msec ) (<20msec )
1 (T1 weighted)
TR(>2000msec ) (<30msec)
(proton density)
TR(>2000msec ) (>80msec) 2
(2 weighted).
:

Spin Echo T1
, ,
.
1 .
2
, , , .
1
1 . (short) 1,
, (). (long) 1
, ENY, 1
, , .
2 ,, 2
. (long) 2 , ,
(). (short) 2 , , ,
, () 2
, , , ,
.

 (proton density)
.
, , ,
. , , ,
.

:

Spin echo
:
1

1
( 1


, 1

).
2 2 (
2 , ,
2 ).
(proton density)
(
,
).

GRADIENT ECHO
GRE ,
, . 1 180.
,
(Gradient Coils),
(180), Spin Echo.
Gradient Coils, ,,
. gradient coils
(..180),

90(.. 30 60), ,
90, Spin Echo.

 GRE

Spin Echo 180,

.
GRE , ,
.
2, 2*(T2 star) GRE
2 2
.
:
1/T2*=1/T2 + 1/T2.
O T2* 2 .
(contrast)
GRE Spin Echo ,
(flip angle),
. (TR) ( 45-70
) 1 . (5-10 )
(proton density).
(TE, 20-50msec) (TR,200-500msec)
2.
:

INVERSION RECOVERY

 IR 180,
. ,
TI(Inversion Time), 90,
XY . 180,

(spin echo). 90
(read out), (Echo Time).
TR.

Inversion Recovery 1

(TR,TE,TI).
, STIR(Short Tay Inversion
Recovery)
1, 1 ,
1 .
, 400-700msec,
1 ,
1 , 1
.
Spin Echo 1 .

:

 Inversion Recovery
:
Inversion Time(TI) 1
( 1 ,
1 ).
Inversion Time(TI> 400-700 msec)
1 ( 1
, 1 ).

Artifacts

 artifact
.
. .
'
. artifact

service .
artifacts
.

.
artifact
.
artifact ,

.
artifact
. Aliasing, Chemical Shift artifact,
Truncation, (Partial Volume Effect) artifact
.
artifact (RF)
Gradients. .. Crosstalk artifact, artifacts
Eddy currents, artifact ...
artifact
artifact (Magnetic
Susceptibility),
.

Artifact
H
Fourier(2D
Fourier Transform).
pixel , pixel
(gray scale). (frequncy)
(phase) pixel Y,
.

, artifact.
,
(min). ,
(sec).

 pixel


(frequency enconding steps) milliseconts,
(phase enconding steps)
(min). artifact
.
artifact
.

,
, , Parcinson.
artifact
.
artifacts
,
. ECG

( R wave).
artifacts
, .(

).

,
.
,
, artifacts.
'
artifact breath hold ,
.

,
.
breath hold
artifacts. respiratory gating
respiratory compansation. respiration compansation
respiratory gating to TR
.

 artifacts ,
, artifacts.
' artifact
.

Artifact ( ) .
.
Artifact C. D
.
Artifact
Artifact
artifacts.
(RF)
,
. (signal loss).
, , flow
void.
'
, .
ghost artifact,
, .


spatial presaturation(SAT).
,
.,
artifact.

.,, , (superior)
(inferior) .

Saturation . Saturation inferior. C Saturation superior. H D

Saturation inferior Superior.
.
(CSF),
, .
artifact,
.
' artifact,
gradient moment nulling( GE Flow Comp).

(rephase)
.'
ghost artifact, CSF,
CSF(myelograhic effect).

 gating(pheripheral gating).

CHEMICAL SHIFT

.
1.5,.., 220Hz,

.
1.7pixel,
'
.( 32kHz
matrix 256).


.



.
artifact,

(swap phase-frequncy). artifact
, .
Wrap Around Aliasing
artifact
, (FOV), .

(FOV).

 ()
.
,
Backfolding Artifact .
.
. No Phase
Wrap. (FOV)
256 , 512( matrix
256).
.
FOV .
artifact
.
,.. 32kHz 16kHz.
Truncation Artifact ( Gibbs)
artifact
,
. Fourier(Fourier
transform) (raw data)
.

matrix,.. 128
.
,
, ..
matrix 128 256 (FOV).
Array Processor

 Array Processor
.o
.
artifacts
(grid) .

Artifact

artifact ,
(RF)
(shading areas) .

(FOV),
90 180 .

.
90 180 .
,
.

,.

(Scan Room)

.

 streak
artifacts.

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY ARTIFACT

(Magnetic Susceptibily)
. ,
,
,
,
, .

,
artifact.
,
(spin dephasing).
(signal loss)
.

 artifact ,,
,
.

(magnetic
susceptibility), ..
.
artifact Spin Echo
. Gradient Echo
EPI .
make up
, , .
.

Artifacts (RF) Gradients

' .
.

coils.'
,, .
, , (spatial
encoding) gradient
.
, ,
(phase) (frequency)
.

 gradient
(geometric distortion) .
Eddy
artifacts Eddy,
gradient .

.
(multiecho imaging)
(cine).
Crosstalk Artifact
artifact
. RF,
.
(saturation)
.
1 SNR.