BNG THNG QUA N MN HC

H v tn: L Trng Tm Lp: 49K - TVT Tn n: Thit k tuyn viba t Thnh ph H tnh n Th trn c Th Nhn xt (cho php/ khng cho php, thng qua t sau)

Ln

Ngy thng

Ni dung

Ch k GVHD

1 2 3 4 5

Nhn xt chung: .................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................

M u

Hin nay s pht trin mnh m ca cc ngnh in t, tin hc, vin thng, s pht trin ny th hin qua hai xu th. Hin i ho v a dng ho dch v vin thng. Cc dch v vin thng ngy cng tr nn a dng v phong ph p ng nhu cu giao tip ca x hi nh nghe nhn, thng tin trao i a chiu nh in thoi hi ngh, in tn, pht thanh truyn hnh. Vi nhng u im vt tri, thng tin vi ba l mt trong nhng phng tin truyn dn c s dng ch yu hin nay bn cnh thng tin v tinh v thng tin quang.

Trong n ny em xin trnh by ti: Tm hiu v thit k tuyn thng tin viba s. Vi kh nng v kin thc c hn, n khng th trnh khi sai st, em mong nhn c gp ca thy c, bn b ti c hon thin hn. Qua y em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio KS.L Trn Nam tn tnh hng dn v gip em hon thnh ti ny.

Sinh vin thc hin.

Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng vi ba s

1.1. Khi nim Vi ba c ngha l sng in t c bc sng cc ngn. H thng vi ba s l h thng thng tin v tuyn s c s dng trong cc ng truyn dn s gia cc phn t khc nhau ca mng v tuyn. T vi ba c s dng chung cho cc h thng v tinh, di ng hay v tuyn tip sc mt t, song nc ta t vi ba c s dng t trc ch cc h thng v tuyn tip sc. Thng tin vi ba l mt trong nhng phng tin truyn dn ch yu hin nay bn cnh thng tin quang v thng tin v tinh. y l mng thng tin v tuyn s dng sng v tuyn c tn s t 1 GHz n 30 GHz v khong khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. 1.2. S lc v qu trnh pht trin ca h thng vi ba Thng tin sng cc ngn gia hai im bt u xut hin vo nhng nm 30 ca th k XX, tuy nhin lc by gi do kh khn v mt k thut nn ch lm vic di sng mt do vy u im ca thng tin siu cao tn cha c pht huy. Nm 1935 ng thng tin v tuyn tn s u tin c thnh lp New York v Philadenphia chuyn tip qua 6 a im v truyn c 5 knh thoi. Sau chin tranh th gii th hai th thng tin v tuyn tn s pht trin bng n. H thng viba s bt u c hnh thnh vo nhng nm 50 v pht trin mnh m cng vi s pht trin ca k thut vin thng. Ti Vit Nam, h thng thng tin vi ba u tin c lp t l RVG-950 vo cui thng 6 nm 1969. u nm 1988 h thng viba s AWA c a vo nc ta. n nm 1990 th h thng thit b vi ba s, vi ba nhiu knh thay th hon ton h thng RVG-950. 1.3. M hnh h thng viba s S tng qut ca mt h thng truyn dn vi ba s

FDM

Codec

Thoi tng t

ADC

B ghp s

My pht

Ngun s ng truyn FDM Codec

Thoi tng t

DAC

B tch s

My thu

Ngun s

Hnh: M hnh h thng vi ba s Mt h thng vi ba s bao gm mt lot cc khi x l tn hiu. Chc nng ca cc khi nh sau: - Khi ADC: bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s. - B ghp s: tp hp cc tn hiu s t cc ngun khc nhau thnh tn hiu bng tn gc. - My pht: x l tn hiu bng tn gc a ti anten pht bc x c ra khng gian. - My thu: thu tn hiu bng gc t knh thng tin trn ng truyn v tuyn. - Khi DAC: bin i tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t; - B tch s: x l tn hiu bng gc v tch chng thnh cc ngun s tng ng. 1.4. c im v ng dng ca h thng vi ba s - H thng vi ba s hot ng theo nguyn tc tia nhn thng; - Chu tc ng ca cc hin tng suy hao ng truyn, tn hao do ma, cc vt chn . . . 4

- Vi h thng dung lng thp th chu nh hng ca pha inh phng, cn h thng dung lng cao chu nh hng ca pha inh chn lc tn s. - H thng vi ba s c th c s dng lm: + Cc ng trung k s ni gia cc tng i s. + Cc ng truyn dn ni tng i chnh n cc tng i v tinh. + Cc ng truyn dn ni cc thu bao vi cc tng i chnh hoc cc tng i v tinh. + Cc b tp trung thu bao v tuyn. + Cc ng truyn dn trong cc h thng thng tin di ng kt ni cc my di ng vi mng vin thng. Cc h thng truyn dn vi ba s l cc phn t quan trng ca mng vin thng, tm quan trng ny ngy cng c khng nh khi cc cng ngh thng tin v tuyn mi nh thng tin di ng c a vo s dng rng ri trong mng vin thng. 1.5. Phn loi h thng vi ba s Da vo tn hiu truyn dn m h thng vi ba c chia lm hai loi l h thng vi ba s v h thng vi ba tng t. Da vo tc bt ca tn hiu PCM cn truyn, ta c th phn loi h thng vi ba s nh sau: - Vi ba s bng hp (tc thp): c dng truyn cc tn hiu c tc 2Mbit/s, 4 Mbit/s v 8 Mbit/s, tng ng vi dung lng knh thoi l 30 knh, 60 knh v 120 knh. Tn s sng v tuyn (0,4 - 1,5)GHz; - Vi ba s bng trung bnh (tc trung bnh): c dng truyn cc tn hiu c tc t (8-34) Mbit/s, tng ng vi dung lng knh thoi l 120 n 480 knh. Tn s sng v tuyn (2 - 6)GHz; - Vi ba s bng rng (tc cao): c dng truyn cc tn hiu c tc t (34-140) Mbit/s, tng ng vi dung lng knh thoi l 480 n 1920 knh. Tn s sng v tuyn 4, 6, 8, 12GHz. 1.6. Cc mng vi ba s Thng cc mng vi ba s c ni cng vi cc trm chuyn mch nh l mt b phn ca mng trung k quc gia hoc trung k ring, hoc l ni cc tuyn nhnh xut pht t trung tm thu thp thng tin khc nhau n trm chnh (ng dng trong cc trung tm chuyn mch hoc t chc cc mng Internet). 1.6.1 Mng vi ba s im ni im M hnh h thng vi ba s im ni im 5

Hnh: H thng vi ba s im ni im Mng vi ba s im ni im hin nay c s dng ph bin. Trong cc mng ng di thng dng cp si quang cn cc mng quy m nh hn nh t tnh n cc huyn hoc cc ngnh kinh t khc ngi ta thng s dng cu hnh vi ba s im - im dung lng trung bnh hoc cao nhm tho mn nhu cu ca cc thng tin v c bit l dch v truyn s liu. Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp vi ba dung lng thp l gii php hp dn cung cp trung k cho cc mng ni ht, mng thng tin di ng. 1.6.2 Mng vi ba s im ni nhiu im M hnh h thng vi ba s im ni nhiu im

Hnh: H thng vi ba s im ni nhiu im 6

Mng vi ba s ny tr thnh ph bin trong mt s vng ngoi v nng thn. Mng bao gm mt trm trung tm pht thng tin trn mt anten ng hng phc v cho mt s trm ngoi vi bao quanh. Nu cc trm ngoi vi ny nm trong phm vi (bn knh) truyn dn cho php th khng cn dng cc trm lp, nu khong cch xa hn th s s dng cc trm lp a tn hiu n cc trm ngoi vi. T y, thng tin s c truyn n cc thu bao. Thit b vi ba trm ngoi vi c th t ngoi tri, trn ct v.v... mi trm ngoi vi c th c lp t thit b cho nhiu trung k. Khi mt cao c th b sung thm thit b, c thit k hot ng trong cc bng tn 1,5GHz 1,8GHz v 2,4GHz s dng mt sng mang cho h thng hon chnh. Hin nay cc h thng im ni n a im 19GHz c ch to v lp t Chu u cung cp cc dch v s liu (Kbit/s) Internet trong mng ni ht khong cch 10Km. Trm trung tm pht tc bit khong 8,2Mb/s v a ch mi trm li s dng k thut TDMA. 1.7. Cc ch tiu k thut ca vi ba s 1.7.1 Phn b tn s lung cao tn Tn s lung cao tn y l tn s thu pht ca thit b v tuyn, vic la chn phng n phn b tn s ph thuc vo: - Phng thc iu ch s. - Cch sp xp cc lung cao tn. - c tnh ca mi trng truyn sng. Theo khuyn ngh ca ca CCITT v vi ba s th di tn lm vic nn chn t 2 GHz n 23GHz. Nu sng mang gia cc lung cao tn khng c phn chia ng th c s can nhiu gia chng v tp m s tng ln. Cc lung ln cn nn cch nhau 29 n 40 MHz v phn cc trc giao. 1.7.2 Cng sut pht Cng sut pht cng ging nh vi ba tng t, ph thuc vo c ly v nhy my thu m bo t s li bit cho php. n v cng sut pht tnh bng dBm, P0 = 1mw.

PTX dBm = 10 log10

PTX P = 10 log10 TX P0 1mW

[dBm]

1.7.3 nhy my thu hay ngng thu nhy ca my thu l mc tn hiu cao tn ti thiu n u vo my thu n hot ng bnh thng, ngha l tho mn t s li bit (BER) cho trc tng ng vi tc bt nht nh. 1.7.4 T s bit li BER S bt li BER = % S bt truyn i thng tin t c tin cy cao, m bo cho thit b hot ng
3 khng nhm li th t s ny cng nh cng tt, bnh thng cng phi t 10 ,

vi cht lng tt hn phi t 10 . Vi yu cu BER cho trc my thu phi c mt ngng thu tng ng. 1.7.5 Phng thc iu ch v gii iu ch Thng thng trong vi ba s, ty theo tc bit (dung lng knh) ngi ta thng dng cc phng thc iu ch nh QPSK (hoc 4PSK hay QAM) hoc QAM nhiu mc, chng hn (16QAM, 64QAM)... Phng thc gii iu ch c chn tng ng vi phng thc iu ch thc hin ti my pht. Thng thng, trong vic gii iu ch c 2 phng php l tch sng kt hp, hoc tch sng khng kt hp. Tch sng kt hp i hi my thu s khi phc li sng mang ng pha vi i pht nn cu hnh phc tp nhng cht lng tn hiu cao hn so vi tch sng khng kt hp. 1.7.6 Tr khng vo my thu v tr khng ra my pht Vn phi hp tr khng i vi mch cao tn rt quan trng, cc b phn kt ni vo my pht v my thu phi phi hp c tr khng. Nu vic phi hp tr khng tt s lm nh hng n cht lng tn hiu, cng sut pht hoc thu khng t cc i, ngoi ra cn gy ra sng phn x, gy mt cn bng lm gim nhy my thu. Thng thng tr khng ra ca my pht v tr khng vo my thu c chun ho l 50 do tr khng vo ra ca cc b lc, ng dn sng, phi phi l 50. 1.7.7 Tc bng tn gc Tc bng gc l tc dy s liu vo ra my thu pht v tuyn V d: Thit b vi ba s RMD 1502/4 HDB3 2*2048kb/s 9470LX HDB3 4*2048kb/s Mini-link HDB3 2*2048kb/s 8

vi tr khng 75 khng cn bng. 1.9. C s truyn sng v tuyn trong h thng vi ba s 1.9.1 Khi nim Sng in t l s truyn lan trong khng gian ca in t trng. Sng in t bao gm cc loi sng v tuyn, tia hng ngoi, nh sng, tia t ngoi, tia X v tia Gamma. Sng v tuyn in l sng in t c tn s thp hn 3000 GHz. C hai loi sng v tuyn thng thy trong thc t l sng dc v sng ngang. Sng dc l sng lan truyn theo phng chuyn ng ca n (tiu biu nh sng m thanh lan truyn trong khng kh). Cn sng ngang l sng in t c vect cng in trng v t trung vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi phng truyn sng. 1.9.2 Phn chia di tn s v tuyn v ng dng cho cc mc ch thng tin Ta bit rng thng tin v tuyn m bo vic pht thng tin i xa nh cc sng in t. Mi trng truyn sng (kh quyn trn mt t, v tr, nc, i khi l cc lp a cht ca mt t) l chung cho nhiu knh thng tin v tuyn. Vic phn knh ch yu da vo tiu chun tn s. Ph tn tng cng v min p dng ca chng.
Di tn s radio H m m Siu thanh m Vi ba, AM TV, V tinh, radio FM rada Di si quang Tia Hng nhn ngoi thy Cc tm Tia Tia v Tia X Gamma tr

100

102

104

106

108

1010

1012

1014

1016

1018

1020

1022

Tn s (Hz)

Hnh: Ph tn s v tuyn v ng dng Ph ny ko di t cc tn s di m thanh (vi Hz) n cc tia v tr (1022 Hz) v c chia tip thnh cc on nh gi l cc bng tn. Ton b di tn s v tuyn (RF) li c chia ra thnh cc bng nh hn, c tn v k hiu nh bng 3.1 theo y ban t vn v Thng tin v tuyn quc t CCIR.

Bng: K hiu v phn chia bng tn theo CCIR Cc tn s cc k thp (ELF - Extremely Low Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 Hz, cha c tn s in mng AC v cc tn hiu o lng t xa tn thp. Cc tn s ting ni (VF - Voice Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 Hz 3 KHz, cha cc tn s knh thoi tiu chun. Cc tn s rt thp (VLF - Very Low Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 KHz, cha phn trn ca di nghe c ca ting ni. Dng cho cc h thng an ninh, qun s v chuyn dng ca chnh ph nh l thng tin di nc (gia cc tu ngm). Cc tn s thp (LF - Low Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 KHz (thng gi l sng di), ch yu dng cho dn ng hng hi v hng khng. Cc tn s trung bnh (MF - Medium Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 KHz 3 MHz (thng gi l sng trung), ch yu dng 10

cho pht thanh thng mi sng trung (535 n 1605 KHz). Ngoi ra cng s dng cho dn ng hng hi v hng khng. Cc tn s cao (HF - High Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 MHz (thng gi l sng ngn). Phn ln cc thng tin v tuyn 2 chiu (twoway) s dng di ny vi mc ch thng tin c ly xa xuyn lc a, lin lc hng hi, hng khng, nghip d, pht thanh qung b...v.v. Cc tn s rt cao (VHF - Very High Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 MHz (cn gi l sng mt), thng dng cho v tuyn di ng, thng tin hng hi v hng khng, pht thanh FM thng mi (88 n 108 MHz), truyn hnh thng mi (knh 2 n 12 vi tn s t 54 MHz n 216 MHz). Cc tn s cc cao (UHF - UltraHigh Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 300 MHz 3 GHz (cn gi l sng xi mt), dng cho cc knh truyn hnh thng mi 14 83, cc dch v thng tin di ng mt t, cc h thng in thoi t bo, mt s h thng rada v dn ng, cc h thng vi ba v thng tin v tinh. Cc tn s siu cao (SHF - SuperHigh Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 3 30 GHz (cn gi l sng cen ti mt), ch yu dng cho vi ba v thng tin v tinh. Cc tn s cc k cao (EHF - Extremely High Frequencies) l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 30 300 GHz (cn gi l sng mi li mt), t s dng cho thng tin v tuyn. Cc tn s hng ngoi l cc tn s c gi tr nm trong phm vi 0,3 THz 300 THz, ni chung khng gi l sng v tuyn. S dng trong h thng dn ng tm nhit, chp nh in t v thin vn hc. Cc nh sng nhn thy l cc nh sng c gi tr nm trong phm vi 0,3 PHz 3 PHz, dng trong h thng si quang. Cc tia cc tm, tia X, tia gamma v tia v tr. Rt t s dng cho thng tin. 1.9.3 Cc nhn t nh hng n s truyn lan sng v tuyn Pha inh Pha inh l s bin i cng tn hiu sng mang v tuyn siu cao tn thu c do s thay i kh quyn v cc phn x ca t v nc trong ng truyn sng. Nguyn nhn pha inh c th do thi tit v a hnh lm thay i

11

iu kin truyn sng. Khi xy ra pha inh trong truyn dn vi ba s, ti im thu cng sng thu c lc mnh lc yu thm ch c lc mt thng tin. Ngi ta chia hin tng pha inh thnh pha inh phng v pha inh la chn tn s. Hai loi pha inh ny c th xut hin c lp hoc ng thi dn n gin on thng tin. S thay i tn hiu ti anten thu do phn x nhiu tia gi l pha inh nhiu tia. a) Pha inh phng Pha inh phng l pha inh lm thay i u tn hiu sng mang trn mt di tn s, pha inh ny l mi quan i vi h thng dung lng nh, bng tn hp. Pha inh phng xut hin thng xuyn l do chm tia sng truyn i b cong. Chm tia sng cc ngn c th b chuyn hng do s thay i ch s khc x ca khng kh (hng s in mi). H s k=4/3 c dng tnh ton truyn sng iu kin p sut tiu chun. Ti tia sng c cong bng mth phn t ca cong mt t thc. Bn knh qu t hiu dng K= Bn knh tht ca qu t Khi hai anten pht v thu c t trong iu kin tiu chun, ton b cng tn hiu s nhn c bi my thu. Khi mt khng kh thay i th ch s khc x cng thay i khc vi iu kin chun lm cho chm tia sng c th cong ln hay cong xung ph thuc ch s k. Khi k < 4/3 thng gi l khc x thp hay iu kin di chun tia sng c hng cong ln. Khi k > 4/3 thng gi l khc x cao hay iu kin trn chun tia sng c hng cong xung. Ni chung th hu nh loi tia sng xut hin cong ln pha trn anten thu.

12

Hnh: HIn tng tia sng cong b) Pha inh la chn tn s Pha inh la chn tn s lm thay i tn hiu sng mang vi mc thay i ph thuc vo tn s, pha inh ny nh hng ln n tuyn vi ba s dung lng cao, bng tn rng. Pha inh nhiu ng kh quyn Khi cc iu kin kh quyn l cc lp vi s tn ti cc mt khc nhau, s dn c th xut hin. Nu s tp hp cc lp lm cho cc chm tia sng cc ngn khng b by m ch b lm lch hng th nng lng sng ngn c th i ti anten thu bng nhiu ng khc nhau so vi ng trc tip. S thu nhn nhiu ng gy ra pha inh do hai sng thu him khi c cng pha. Nu chng n hon ton tri pha th c t giy mt cng sut thu c th ln n 30 dB hoc hn, l iu tr ngi.

ng 1 trc tip; ng 2,3 lch; ng 4 phn x Hnh: Cc ng sng t pha pht n pha thu Pha inh nhiu tia phn x t t 13

S phn x t t to thnh s thu nhiu ng tia sng, n s l tr ngi khi cc tia sng thu c ngc pha. Khi phn x t v pha inh kh quyn xut hin ng thi c th xy ra pha inh su ti 40 dB. Nu cc tc ng sa li khng c tin hnh th thng tin c th ngng tr. Suy hao khi truyn lan trong khng gian t do Khong khng m trong cc sng truyn lan b suy hao c gi l khng gian t do. Mc suy hao ca sng v tuyn c pht i t anten pht n anten thu trong khng gian t do t l thun vi khong cch gia hai anten v t l nghch vi di bc sng. Suy hao ny gi l suy hao truyn lan trong khng gian t do, c tnh nh sau:

Lo = 20 lg(

4d

[dB]

d[m], [m]: ln lt l khong cch truyn dn v bc sng ca sng v tuyn. Suy hao do ma nh hng do ma l mt trong nhng nh hng lan truyn ch yu i vi cc tuyn v tuyn tm nhn thng trn mt t lm vic trong di tn GHz. N nh hng ch yu n cc ng truyn ngn v c tn s hot ng cao.

Bng: Kt qu thc nghim v suy hao do hi nc kh hu theo tn s sng v tuyn ca Alcatel S can nhiu ca sng v tuyn

14

Thng thng nhiu xy ra khi c thnh phn can nhiu bn ngoi trn ln vo sng thng tin. Sng can nhiu c th trng hoc khng trng tn s vi sng thng tin. Chng hn h thng Vi ba s ang s dng b nh hng bi s can nhiu t cc h thng vi ba s ln cn nm trong cng khu vc, c tn s sng v tuyn trng hoc gn bng tn s ca h thng ny, ngoi ra n cn b nh hng bi cc trm mt t ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh ln cn. 1.9.4 u, nhc im ca h thng vi ba s a) u im - Nh cc phng thc m ho v ghp knh theo thi gian dng cc vi mch tch hp c ln nn thng tin xut pht t cc ngun khc nhau nh in thoi, my tnh, facsimile, telex, video... c tng hp thnh lung bit s liu tc cao truyn trn cng mt sng mang v tuyn. - Nh s dng cc b lp ti sinh lung s liu nn trnh c nhiu tch lu trong h thng s. Vic ti sinh ny c th c tin hnh tc bit cao nht ca bng tn gc m khng cn a xung tc bit ban u. - Nh c tnh chng nhiu tt, cc h thng vi ba s c th hot ng tt vi t s sng mang/nhiu (C/N) > 15dB. Trong khi h thng vi ba tng t yu cu (C/N) ln hn nhiu (> 30dB), theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR). iu ny cho php s dng li tn s bng phng php phn cc trc giao, tng ph hiu dng v dung lng knh. - Cng mt dung lng truyn dn, cng sut pht cn thit nh hn so vi h thng tng t lm gim chi ph thit b, tng tin cy, tit kim ngun. Ngoi ra, cng sut pht nh t gy nhiu cho cc h thng khc. b) Nhc im - Khi p dng h thng truyn dn s, ph tn tn hiu thoi rng hn so vi h thng tng t; - Khi cc thng s ng truyn dn nh tr s BER, S/N thay i khng t gi tr cho php th thng tin s gin on, khc vi h thng tng t thng tin vn tn ti tuy cht lng km; - H thng ny d b nh hng ca mo phi tuyn do cc c tnh bo ho, do cc linh kin bn dn gy nn, c tnh ny khng xy ra cho h thng tng t FM. Cc vn trn c khc phc nh p dng cc tin b k thut mi nh iu ch s nhiu mc, dng thit b d phng (1+n) v s dng cc mch bo v. 15

Chng 2: Thit k tuyn vi ba s t TP. H Tnh n Th trn c th

2.1. Cc quy nh chung v thit k tuyn vi ba s Vic thit k tuyn thng tin ni chung v tuyn vi ba s ni ring c tin hnh trn c s: + D n bo co kh thi c cc cp c thm quyn ph duyt. + H s kho st, thuyt minh chnh xc v ni dung xy lp, cc s liu tiu chun cn t c. + Cc vn bn th tc hnh chnh ca c quan trong v ngoi ngnh lin quan n a im, mt bng xy dng trm. + Cc tiu chun, qui trnh, qui phm xy dng ca nh nc v ca ngnh. + Cc nh mc v d ton c lin quan p dng trong thit k. + H s ti liu thu thp c trong qu trnh kho st v o c. Vic thit k cn phi m bo ng tiu chun, qui trnh, qui phm ca nh nc ban hnh, nh: + ng k tn s lm vic ca thit b vi Cc tn s v tuyn in Quc gia. + An ton v phng chng thin tai, bo lt. + An ton khi c ging st, m bo cht lng ca cc h thng chng st, tip a cho thit b v thp anten theo qui phm ca ngnh.... 2.2 C s l thuyt thit k tuyn 2.2.1 Kho st v tr t trm xc nh v tr t trm th cn phi tin hnh cc cng vic sau: - Xc nh tuyn trn bn (cn tm bn a hnh ca khu vc xy trm). - To nn cc bn v mt ct nghing ca tuyn. T cc yu cu thc t ca mt tuyn vi ba gm: v tr trm, khong cch trm, dung lng truyn dn, a hnh tuyn s i qua... ta tin hnh nh du hai u cui ca trm trn bn ca S o c xc nh chnh xc kinh , v ca mi trm. Cc thng s to ny c s dng iu chnh cc anten mi trm trong giai on lp t thit b. K hiu trn bn gi s trm A l trm th nht v trm B l trm th hai. Sau v mt mt ct nghing ca ng truyn. Hnh dung mt ct ny nh mt con dao ct ri qu t dc theo 16

hng ca tia v tuyn. Hnh th hin mt ct ng truyn gia hai trm A v B:

Hnh: Mt ct ng truyn gia hai trm A v B Mc d mt t c cong nhng n gin trong tnh ton ngi ta thng v mt ct nghing ng vi h s bn knh hiu dng ca tri t l k = 4/3. Phng trnh sau cho ta xc nh ch li ca mt t: E=

d1d 2 1000 2r.k

E = (4/51)d1d2/k [m] Trong : r l bn knh qu t 6370 [km] d1 l khong cch t trm A n im kho st [km] d2 l khong cch t trm B n im kho st [km] k l h s bn knh ca qu t E l li thc ca mt t ti im ang xt. Nh vy trn mt ct nghing ny th hin c b mt ca a hnh. Ngoi ra n cng c th biu din c c cao ca cy ci cc vt chn trn ng truyn ni hai trm A, B chng hn nh cc g, i, cc nh cao tng... i vi khong truyn dn di, cong ca mt t ln th cn phi tnh ton n 17

nng ca v tr trm. nng c v dc cc ng thng ng nn khng i dc theo ng bn knh xut pht t tm qu t. 2.2.2 Nghin cu dung lng yu cu Trc khi thit k bt k mt tuyn thng tin no ta phi nghin cu dung lng truyn trn tuyn. Vi ba cng vy, ta phi nghin cu dung lng ca n mt cch ph hp. Nu chn dung lng truyn qu ln s gy ra lng phi v khng c tnh kinh t. Vic nghin cu dung lng ny da trn mt s im nh l: + c im pht trin dn s cc khu vc m tuyn vi ba s truyn n. + c im ca vng l thnh ph, nng thn, vng nng nghip + T l pht trin ca cc hot ng kinh t. + Tc ci thin iu kin sng trong tng lai Da vo mt s im nh trn d on dung lng hin ti cn truyn trn tuyn v dung lng s pht trin trong vng 10 n 15 nm ti. c bit h thng c thit k cho php c th m rng thm trong tng lai. 2.2.3 Chn tn s lm vic Cng vic ny lin quan n vic chn thit b cho tuyn v lin quan n tn s sng v tuyn ca cc h thng ln cn. Vic chn la tn s phi trnh can nhiu vi cc tn s khc tn ti xung quanh khu vc, xem xt c th b tr vic phn cc anten nh th no cho hp l. Khi s dng cc thit b th gi tr cc tiu chun c chn theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR. 2.2.4 Xc nh bn knh min Fresnel th nht Min Fresnel th nht l min khng gian hnh elip t anten pht n anten thu vy xung quang tia trc tip ng bin ca min Fresnel th nht to nn qu tch sao cho bt k tn hiu no i n anten thu qua ng ny s di hn so vi ng trc tip mt na bc sng ( /2) ca tn s sng mang. Nu tn ti mt vt cn ra ca min Fresnel th nht th sng phn x s lm suy gim sng trc tip, mc suy gim tu thuc bin ca sng phn x. Do vic tnh ton i vi min Fresnel th nht i hi c tnh chnh xc vic thng tin gia hai trm khng b nh hng ng k bi sng phn x ny. Bn knh ca min Fresnel th nht (F1) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
F1 = d1d 2 dd = 17,32 1 2 d df

[m]

18

Trong : d1, d2 [km] ln lt l khong cch t trm A v trm B n im bn knh min Fresnel c tnh ton. d [km] l khong cch gia hai trm, d = d1 + d2 f l tn s sng mang [GHz]. Trong thc t, thng gp ng truyn i qua nhng a hnh khc nhau c th chn min Fresnel th nht gy nn tn hao trn ng truyn. cc loi a hnh ny c th c vt chn hnh nm trn ng truyn v cc loi chng ngi khc. Hnh di ch ra m hnh ca vt chn trn ng truyn dn, trong F1 l bn knh min Fresnel th nht, F (khong h thc) l khong cch gia tia trc tip v mt vt chn hnh nm ti im tnh ton min Fresnel th nht.

Hnh: Mt ct nghing ng truyn v min Fresnel th nht Theo cc ch tiu thit k v khong h ng truyn c khuyn ngh th cao ti thiu ca anten m bo sao cho tn hiu khng b nhiu x bi vt chn nm trong min Fresnel th nht l F = 0,577F1. Ngha l ng trc tip gia my thu v my pht cn mt khong h trn mt t hoc trn mt vt chn bt k t nht l vo khong 60% bn knh min Fresnel th nht t c cc iu kin truyn lan trong khng gian t do. 2.2.5 Tnh chn chiu cao ca thp anten 19

 tnh cao ca thp anten th trc tin phi xc nh c cao ca tia v tuyn truyn gia hai trm. Trn c s ca cao tia c tnh cao ti thiu ca thp anten thu c tn hiu. Vic tnh ton cao ca tia v tuyn cng phi dng n s mt ct nghing ng truyn ni hai trm trong c xt n cao ca vt chn (O), cao ca cy ci (T) gia tuyn v bn knh ca min Fresnel th nht (F1). Biu thc xc nh cao ca tia v tuyn nh sau: 4 d1 d 2 51 + ( O + T ) + 17,32C d1d 2 k df

B = E(k) + (O + T) + C.F1 =

[m]

Trong : d, d1, d2, f c dng nh trong cng thc tnh Fresnel th nht k l h s bn knh ca qu t, k = 4/3 C l h s h, C = 1 Thng thng th cao ca tia B c tnh ton ti im c mt vt chn cao nht nm gia tuyn. Cc cao ca cy ci v vt chn gia tuyn c xc nh t bc kho st ng truyn. Hnh 3.3 biu din mt ct ng truyn ca tuyn cng vi cc vt chn gia tuyn v c xt n min Fresnel th nht. Sau khi c c cao tuyn, ta tnh cao ca anten lm h mt vt chn nm gia tuyn (tc khng gy nhiu n ng truyn v tuyn).

Hnh: Xc nh cao tia B lm h mt vt chn 20

 bc kho st nh v trm, ta xc nh c cao ca hai v tr t trm so vi mt nc bin tng ng l h1 v h2. Hai thng s ny kt hp vi cao B ca tia nh tnh ton trn s tnh c cao ca ct an ten cn li khi bit trc cao ca mt ct anten. ha1 = h2 + ha2 + [B - (h2 + ha2)](d/d2) - h1 [m] ha2 = h1 + ha1 + [B - (h1 + ha1)](d/d1) - h2 [m] Trong : ha1, ha2 [m] l cao ca mt trong hai anten cn c tnh d1, d2 [km] l khong cch t mi trm n v tr ang xt Cch tnh cao ca anten ni trn c minh ha nh hnh

Hnh: Minh ha vic tnh cao ca mt anten khi bit cao ca anten kia 21

Nh vy, khi bit c cao ca mt an ten th c th tnh c cao ca an ten kia sao cho khng lm gin on tia truyn ca hai trm. Tuy nhin, nh cp phn trc, m bo cho h thng hot ng khng chu nh hng ca cc yu t trong tng lai th cao an ten phi s dng mt khong d phng, ph thuc vo ngi thit k. Khi cc cao ca cc an ten thc t phi l har1, har2 do c cng vi mt lng cao d phng l Ph1 hoc Ph2 nh sau: har1 = ha1 + Ph1 [m] har2 = ha2 + Ph2 [m] 2.2.6 Tnh ton cc tham s ca tuyn Cc tham s c s dng trong tnh ton ng truyn nh: Mc suy hao trong khng gian t do, cng sut pht, ngng thu, cc suy hao trong thit b ... c vai tr quan trng xem xt tuyn c th hot ng c hay khng v hot ng mc tn hiu no. Tn hao trong khng gian t do Tn hao trong khng gian t do (A0) l tn hao ln nht cn phi c xem xt trc tin. y l s tn hao do sng v tuyn lan truyn t trm ny n trm kia trong mi trng khng gian c tnh theo biu thc sau: Ls =
20 lg 4 d 4 df = 20 lg c

Ls = 92,5 + 20lg (f) + 20 lg (d) [dB] Trong :

=
c f

f l tn s sng mang tnh bng [GHz] d l di tuyn [km] Tn hao phi y l tn hao thit b (ng dn sng) truyn dn sng gia an ten v my pht/ my thu. Khi tnh ton suy hao ny th phi cn c vo mc suy hao chun c cho trc bi nh cung cp thit b. Chng hn vi phi s dng loi WC 109 c mc tiu hao chun l 4,5dB/100m v cng vi 0,3dB suy hao ca vng trn chuyn tip ng dn sng th tn hao phi my pht (L Tphd) v my thu (LRphd) c tnh nh sau: 22

LTphd = 1,5har1.0,045 + 0,3 [dB] LRphd = 1,5har2.0,045 + 0,3 [dB] Trong : har1 v har2 l cao ca cc anten c tnh ton lng d phng. Tn hao r nhnh Tn hao r nhnh xy ra ti b phn nhnh thu pht, tn hao ny cng c cho bi nh cung cp thit b. Mc tn hao ny thng khong (2 8) dB. Tn hao hp th kh quyn Cc thnh phn trong kh quyn gy ra cc tn hao m mc ca n thay i theo iu kin thi tit, thay i theo ma, theo tn s s dng... Khi tnh ton mc suy hao ny ta da theo cc ch tiu c khuyn ngh cc nc chu u. chng hn i vi h thng thit b v tuyn 18, 23 v 38GHz th mc suy hao chun Lsp0 c cho trong khuyn ngh vo khong 0,04 dB/km 0,19 dB/km v 0,9 dB/m, khi tn hao cho c tuyn truyn dn c xc nh l: Lsp = Lsp0.d [dB] Vi d l khong cch ca tuyn tnh bng km. Phng trnh cn bng cng sut trong tnh ton ng truyn: Pr = Pt + G - L [dB] Trong : Pt l cng sut pht L: Tn hao tng L = tn hao trong khng gian t do + tn hao phi + tn hao r nhnh + tn hao hp th kh quyn G: Tng cc li G = li ca an ten A + li ca an ten B Pr: Cng sut ti u vo my thu Pr l tham s quan trng khi thit k ng truyn vi ba, tham s ny l mt ch tiu quyt nh xem tuyn c hot ng c hay khng khi em so snh n vi mc ngng thu ca my thu. 2.3. Thit k tuyn t TP. H Tnh n Th trn c th 2.3.1 Kho st v tr t trm ti TP. H Tnh v Th trn c th Vic chn v tr t trm phi ph hp v mt k thut v tin li trong vic xy dng trung tm giao dch Bu chnh Vin Thng. Da vo bn ca tnh H Tnh xc nh c v tr t trm ti:

23

- TP. H Tnh: c cao so vi mc nc bin l 3m, nm trn ng Trn Ph, c kinh 18.339, v 105.985. - Th trn c th: c cao so vi mc nc bin l 5m, c kinh 18.32 v v 105.34 Tuyn truyn dn t TP. H Tnh n Th trn c th c di 40 km. Tuyn c a hnh khng chnh lch nhiu so vi nhau, dc theo tuyn c: - Nhiu nh ca, cy ci nhng c cao khng ng k 2.3.2 Nghin cu dung lng truyn dn v la chn thit b nghin cu dung lng truyn dn cho tuyn TP. H Tnh Th trn c th ta cn phi kho st c im ca hai vng ny. TP. H Tnh c din tch 56,19 km2, dn s khong 117546 ngi (theo thng k nm 2006). y l trung tm kinh t, chnh tr, x hi ln ca tnh H Tnh. Do vy, nhu cu s dng cc dch v vin thng y l rt ln. Th trn c th c din tch 3,23 km2, dn s khong 7.463 ngi (theo thng k nm 2010). T nhng phn tch trn ti chn dung lng truyn dn cho tuyn TP. H Tnh Th trn c th l 2*2 Mb/s. Cn c vo c im ca tuyn truyn dn kho st c mc 3.3.1, cc thit b vi ba s c gii thiu chng 2 v dung lng truyn dn nh trn ti la chn thit b MINI LINK (Ericson) vi cc thng s k thut nh sau: - Tn s trung tm: 7 GHz - Cng sut pht: + 26 dBm - Bn knh Anten: 2,4 m vi G = 42 dB - Ngng thu: BER 10-3 = -93 (dBm) BER 10-6 = -89 (dBm) - ng dn sng: WC2 c suy hao 0,1dB/m - Dung lng truyn dn: 2*2 Mb/s - M ng truyn: HDB3 - Tn hao r nhnh: 4 dB 2.3.3 V mt ct ca tuyn TP. H Tnh Th trn c th v tnh ton cc tham s ca tuyn Sau khi kho st v tr t trm v c im a hnh ca tuyn truyn dn ti tin hnh v mt ct ca tuyn. Mt ct ca tuyn c m t nh hnh: 24

Hnh: Mt ct ca tuyn TP. H Tnh c th Khi v c mt ct ca tuyn ta tin hnh tnh ton cc tham s ca tuyn xem tuyn hot ng nh th no v thit k nh vy c kh thi hay khng. Sau y l phn tnh ton: - li mt t:
E (k ) = 4 d1d 2 4 20.20 = 51 k 51 4 = 23,52 3

(m)

- Bn knh min Fresnel th nht:

F1 = 17,32 d1d 2 20.20 = 17,32 = 20,7(m) fd 7.40

- cao ca tia v tuyn: B = E(k) + (O + T) + F1.C = 23,52 + 3 + 20,7 = 47,22 (m) - Tnh chn chiu cao anten: Chiu cao ca anten ti trm TP. H Tnh c chn l 45 m. T y, ta tnh c chiu cao ca trm c th nh sau: ha2 = h1 + ha1 + [B - (h1 + ha1)](d/d1) - h2 (m) ha2 = 3 + 45 + [ 47,22 (3 + 45)](40/20) 5 = 41,44 (m) cao thc t ca anten l: har1 = ha1 + Ph1 25

har1 = ha1 + Ph1 Trong : Ph1 l cao d phng ca anten pht. Ph2 l cao d phng ca anten thu. Chn Ph1 = 1 (m); Ph2 = 1 (m) Vy: har1 = 45 + 1 = 46 (m) har2 = 41,44 + 1 = 42,44 (m) - Tn hao trong khng gian t do:

Ls = 92.5 + 20 lg f + 20 lg d
= 92,5 + 20 lg 7 + 20 lg 40 = 141.44 - Tn hao phi : + Tn hao phi pha pht:
LTphd = 1,5har1.0,1 + 0,3 = 1,5 . 46 .0,1 + 0,3 = 7,2 (dB)

+ Tn hao phi pha thu:

LRphd = 1,5har2 .0,1 + 0,3 = 1,5 . 42,44 . 0,1 + 0,3 = 6,66 (dB)

+ Tng tn hao phi : Lphd = LTphd + LRphd = 7,2 + 6,66 = 13,86 (dB) + Tn hao r nhnh: Lr nh = 4 dB + Tn hao do hp th kh quyn (b qua hp th kh quyn) Lsp = 0 (dB) + Tn hao tng cng: L = Ls + Lphd + Lr nh + Lsp = 141.44 + 13,86 + 4 + 0 = 159,3 (dB) + Tng li ca anten: G = 42 + 42 = 84 (dB) + Cng sut my pht: Pt = +26 dBm + Cng sut ti u vo my thu: Pr = Pt + G L = 26 (dBm) + 84 (dB) 159,3 (dB) = -49,3 (dBm) + Mc ngng my thu: BER 10-3 = -93 (dBm) BER 10-6 = -89 (dBm) => So snh mc cng sut vo my thu vi mc ngng my thu ta thy mc cng sut vo my thu ln hn mc ngng my thu, do tuyn c hot ng.

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