Ti Liu Tng Kt Mn Mng My Tnh

I. Nhng Kin Thc C Bn

1. nh ngha mng my tnh:
Mng my tnh l mt h thng cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau bng cc phng thc truyn dn no v tun theo mt kin trc nht nh sao cho chng c th chia s ti nguyn ( d liu, thit b) vi nhau.

2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng my tnh

Cc h thng u cui (End System) kt ni vi nhau to thnh mng, c th l cc my tnh hoc cc thit b khc. Ni chung hin nay ngy cng nhiu cc loi thit b c kh nng kt ni vo mng my tnh nh in thoi di ng, PDA, tivi,... Mi trng truyn (Media) l ni m cc thao tc truyn thng c thc hin qua . Mi trng truyn c th l cc loi dy dn (dy cp), sng in t (i vi cc mng khng dy). Giao thc truyn thng (protocol) l mt tp hp cc quy tc chun dnh cho vic biu din d liu, pht tn hiu, chng thc v pht hin li d li u nhng vic cn thit gi thng tin qua cc knh truyn thng, nh m cc my tnh (v cc thit b) c th kt ni v trao i thng tin vi nhau. 3. Lch s pht trin Cui nm 60, xut hin h thng mng x l: cc my tnh trm c ni ht vo mt my tnh trung tm. H thng nay c nhc im l qu tn km v tt c cc my tnh u phi ni trc tip v my tnh trung tm, my tnh trung tm phi x l qu nhiu dn n qu ti.

Sau gim ti cho my tnh trung tm th cc my tnh s ni vo cc b tp trung, b tin x l trc khi ni vo my tnh trung tm. Vi m hnh mng x l nh vy th cc my tnh mun kt ni vi nhau phi thng qua my tnh trung tm. Cui nhng nm 70, khc phc th cc my tnh c ni vi nhau tng tc v tng tin cy. Cng thi im ny, xut hin khi nim mng truyn thng vi thnh phn chnh l cc nt mng. Cc my tnh kt ni vi nhau thng qua cc nt mng. Cc nt mng cn c gi l b chuyn mch dng hng cc thng tin truyn qua n ti ch. Cc nt mng cng l cc my tnh. Chnh v th mng truyn thng v mng my tnh l mt. 4. Mc tiu ca mng my tnh Cng chia s cc ti nguyn chung, bt k ngi s dng no cng c quyn khai thc, s dng ti nguyn ca mng m khng ph thuc vo v tr a l ca n. Nng cao tin cy ca h thng nh kh nng thay th khi mt s thnh phn ca mng xy ra s c k thut gip cho h thng vn duy tr s hot ng bnh thng. To mi trng giao tip gia ngi vi ngi. Chinh phc c khong cch, con ngi c th trao i, tho lun vi nhau cch xa nhau hng nghn km. Dng chung ti nguyn t tin nh my in, phn mm...Trnh d tha d liu, ti nguyn mng. C kh nng t chc v trin khai cc n ln thun li v d dng. Kinh t trong vic u t xy dng h thng tin hc ca mt c quan, x nghip, doanh nghip... Bo m cc tiu chun thng nht v tnh bo mt, an ton d liu khi nhiu ngi s dng ti cc thit b u cui khc nhau cng lm vic trn cc h c s d liu. 5. Phn loi mng my tnh a. Theo khong cch
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 LAN (Local Area Network), hay cn gi l "mng cc b", l mng c phm vi mt to nh, mt khu vc (trng hc hay c quan chng hn) c quy m chng vi km. Chng ni cc my ch v cc my trm trong cc vn phng v nh my chia s ti nguyn v trao i thng tin. MAN (t Anh ng: metropolitan area network), hay cn gi l "mng th", l mng c c ln hn LAN, phm vi vi chc km. N c th bao gm nhm cc vn phng gn nhau trong thnh ph. Kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50-100 Mbit/s). Mng din rng WAN (Wide Area Network) kt ni my tnh trong ni b cc quc gia hay gia cc quc gia trong cng mt chu lc. Tc truyn dn thp v thng xy ra li. GAN (Global Area Network) kt ni my tnh t cc chu lc khc nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. WAN cng l mt dng mng GAN b. Theo phng thc truyn dn Mng chuyn mch knh: Trc khi trao i thng tin, h thng s thit lp kt ni gia 2 thc th bng mt ng truyn vt l. Thc th ch nu bn, kt ni ny s b hu b. Knh truyn dn s c duy tr trong sut thi gian trao i thng tin v s c hy b khi kt thc qu trnh trao i thng tin. Mng chuyn mch gi: Cc d liu ca ngi dng trao i vi nhau s c chia thnh cc gi (packet) vi cc ln khc nhau v c truyn i trn mng. 6. Mt s m hnh mng my tnh c bn a. Mng tuyn (Mng Bus)

Cu hnh mng Bus l phng php ni mng vi tnh n gin v ph bin nht. Cu hnh mng bus bao gm mt dy cp n l ni tt c my tnh trong mng theo mt hng. u im ca m hnh ny l d trin khai v tit kim chi ph. Tuy nhin m hnh ny c nhc im l n nh khng cao, ch cn xy ra mt li trn c truyn th c h thng ngng hot ng v kh xc nh c li b. Mng hnh sao (mng Star) Mng Star cung cp ti nguyn v ch qun l tp trung. Tuy nhin, do mi my tnh ni vo mt trung tm im, nn cu hnh ny cn rt nhiu cp nu ci t mng quy m ln v yu cu v nng lc ca thit b trung tm cng rt ln. Ngoi ra, nu trung tm b hng th ton b mng cng b t. Trng hp mt my tnh hoc on cp ni my tnh vi thit b trung tm b hng trn mng hnh sao, th ch my tnh mi khng cn c th gi hay nhn d liu mng. Cc my tnh cn li trn mng vn hot ng bnh thng.

c. Mng vng (mng Ring) Cu hnh mng Ring (vng khp kn) ni cc my tnh trn mt vng cp. Khng c u no b h. Tn hiu truyn i theo mt chiu v i qua tng my tnh. Trong m hnh ny mi my tnh ng vai tr nh mt b chuyn tip khuch i tn hiu v gi n ti my tnh tip theo. Do tn hiu i qua tng my nn s hng hc ca mt my c th nh hng n ton mng. Ti mt thi im ch c mt my c truyn d liu

II. Kin Trc Phn Tng Trong Mng My Tnh

1. Gii thiu v kin trc phn tng

gim phc tp ca vic thit k v ci t mng, hu ht cc my tnh u c phn tch thit k theo quan im phn tng.. S lng cc tng cng nh tn v chc nng ca mi tng tu thuc vo nh thit k. Trong hu ht cc mng, mc ch ca mi tng l cung cp mt s dch v nht nh cho tng cao hn
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2. Mt s nguyn tc ca kin trc phn tng Trong cng mt mng, th cc h thng u c cu trc tng nh nhau (v s tng, v chc nng ca tng tng) D liu khng truyn trc tip t tng I ca bn ny sang tng I bn kia. Bn gi d liu, d liu i t tng cao nht xung tng thp nht, di tng ny l ng truyn vt l. D liu s c truyn qua ng truyn vt l. Bn nhn d liu, d liu nhn c qua ng truyn vt l s c chuyn i t tng thp nht n cao nht. Gia 2 h thng ch c lin kt duy nht lp thp nht (lp vt l) 3. Mt s vn khi thit k h thng phn tng Chn quy tc truyn d liu: Truyn mt hng (simplex) Truyn 2 hng ng thi (full-duplex) Truyn theo c 2 hng lun phien (half-duplex) Kim sot li: ng truyn vt l ni chung thng xy ra li. V th cn c c ch kim sot cc li ny. Thng thng bn pht v bn thu s trao i thng qua mt loi m chung dng thng bo li, kim sot li v sa li. Bn thu phi c trch nhim thng bo nhn gi tin hay cha hay l phi truyn li gi tin no di bn tin v th t gi tin: Gi tin khi truyn i s c chia nh thnh cc bn tin. Phi c c ch chia nh bn tin mt cch hp l v c ch bn thu nhn v sp xp gi tin ng nh th t ban u. iu khin lu lng: Gi tin c truyn i phi c tc ph hp vi nng lc bn nhn. Chnh v th phi c c ch bn pht bit c nng lc nhn gi tin ca bn thu truyn ph hp
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4. Mt s thut ng c bn trong kin trc phn tng Mi quan h gia 2 tng cng mc ca hai h thng c gi l giao thc. n v d liu dch v (Service Data Unit) - SDU l d liu t tng di nhn c t tng ngay trn Thng tin iu khin (Protocol Control Information) PCI: l cc thng tin c gn thm vo d liu khi chuyn xung tng di n v d liu s dng giao thc (Protocol Data Unit) - PDU: SDU + PCI

III. M hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection Basic Reference)

L m hnh c a ra bi t chc ISO, m hnh ny c dng lm c s kt ni cc h thng m, mi h thng tun theo m hnh OSI u c th kt ni vi nhau. M Hnh OSI gm c 7 lp. D liu bn truyn s c chuyn t lp 7 xung lp 1 (qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh ng gi d liu Encapsulation). Bn nhn cc gi tin s chuyn t lp 1 ln lp 7 (qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh bc tch d liu De-encapsulation)

1. Tng vt l (Physical Layer)

Lp ny m t cc c trng vt l ca mng: Mi trng kt ni Cc loi dy cp c dng kt ni, Cc chun u cp dng kt ni Khong cch kt ni n v d liu tng ny : Bit 2. Tng lin kt mng ((Data Link Layer) Chc nng ch yu ca tng lin kt d liu l thc hin thit lp cc lin kt, duy tr v hu b cc lin kt d liu. Kim sot li v kim sot lu lng. Tng ny bao gm 2 tng nh l: Media Access Control (MAC), Logical Link Control (LLC). n v d liu tng ny : Frame 3. Tng mng (Network Layer) Chc nng chnh ca tng ny l nh tuyn, quyt nh xem gi tin s i theo ng no m ti u nht. Tng ny cng c nhim v cp cc a ch mng (v d nh a ch IP) n v d liu tng ny: Packet 4. Tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer) L tng chu trch nhim, m bo vic chuyn gi tin ti ngi dng (kt ni end to end). Kim sot tin cy ca kt ni, theo di cc gi tin v truyn li cc gi tin li. Cung cp cc a ch cng dch v (address port). Giao thc chnh c s dng tng ny l TCP v UDP n v d liu tng ny: Segment
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5. Tng phin (Session Layer) iu khin phng thc trao i d liu. Quyt nh trnh t truyn cc gi tin nh du cc im hon thnh gip d dng trong vic truyn li n v d liu tng ny: Data 6. Tng trnh din (Presentation Layer) Bin i d liu v ng chun ph hp vi ng dng tng 7 Thc hin cc cng vic nh m ha, gii m hoc nn, gii nn. n v d liu tng ny: Data 7. Tng ng dng (Application Layer) L tng cung cp cc giao din cho ngi dng truy nhp vo mng my tnh. n v d liu tng ny: Data

IV. Mng Cc B Lan V Cng Ngh Ethernet

1. Tng quan v mng Lan Mng cc b (LAN) l h truyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni cc my tnh v cc thit b x l d liu khc cng hot ng vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca to nh, hoc trong mt to nh. Mng LAN tr nn thng dng v n cho php nhng ngi s dng dng chung nhng ti nguyn quan trng nh my in, a, phn mm.. Tc truyn dn 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps Hin ny ngoi mng Lan in hnh cn xut hin thm khi nim mng LAN khng dy - WLAN (Wireless LAN). 2. Mt s thit b c bn trong mng Lan a. Repeater ( B Lp) L b lp tn hiu. Tn hiu in c truyn trn dy dn, m dy dn li c in tr nn sau mt qung ng th cng (bin ) ca tn hiu b suy
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gim, dn n mt thng tin. V th ngi ta lp trn ng dy c sau mt khong cch no 1 ci Repeater phc hi li cht lng tn hiu.

b. Hub (B chia) L thit b hot ng lp 1 Cung cp mt im kt ni trung tm cho cc im trong Mng. D liu t mt my gi qua ti mt cng ca Hub s c chuyn ti cc cng cn li Hub hot ng ch half - duplex

c. Switch L thit b hot ng lp 2 Chc nng cung cp im kt ni trong h thng mng

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 D liu khi gi i c a ch MAC (a ch vt l) ca n v ca ch n. Switch s hc a ch ny v lu li (lu vo trong bng MAC). Da theo a ch MAC, switch s chuyn gi tin n ng my tnh cn gi. Switch hot ng ch full - duplex

d. Router (Thit b nh tuyn) L thit b hot ng lp 3 C chc nng tm c ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng cui C kh nng ni nhiu mng vi nhau, cho php gi tin i theo nhiu ng ti ch Cc gi tin gi n Router phi c a ch ca ni gi v a ch ni nhn v a ch Router

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3. Mt s loi cp kt ni trong mng Lan Cp ng trc Cp xon Cp quang

4. Mt s m hnh mng Lan c bn (Topo mng) a. Mng hnh tuyn (Mng Bus) S thit b u cui gii hn (< 30) Chiu di dy cp gii hn (185m)
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b. Mng hnh sao (Mng Star)

c. Mng Vng

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5. Mt s phng thc truy nhp ng truyn trong mng Lan Trong mng my tnh ni chung cng nh mng Lan, ng truyn l dng chung v cc my tnh u c quyn truy nhp vo ng truyn trao i thng tin nhng phi tun theo mt nguyn tc nht nh. Cc phng thc truy nhp ng truyn chnh l cc nguyn tc m cc my tnh phi tun theo truy cp ng truyn. C 3 phng thc truy nhp ng truyn c bn trong mng Lan l CSMA/CD, Token passing, FDDI a. Phng thc CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) Phng thc a truy nhp c cm bin sng mang v pht hin ng CSMA/CD c ngun gc t h thng radio pht trin trng i hc Hawai vo khong nm 1970, gi l ALOHANET. Thng c dng cho mng c cu trc tuyn (hnh bus) Cc my trm cng chia s mt knh truyn chung, cc trm u c c hi thm nhp ng truyn nh nhau (Multiple Access). Ti mt thi im, ch c mt my c php truyn tin. Trc khi truyn phi lng nghe xem ng truyn c ri khng (Carrier Sense) Nu ti mt thi im c nhiu my cng truyn, xy ra xung t th ton b gi tin ang truyn s b loi b (Drop), v truyn li thi im khc. Cc my tnh trong mng c trch nhim nhn bit ng v thng bo cc ng . u im ca CSMA/CD l n gin, mm do, hiu qu truyn thng tin cao khi lu lng thng tin ca mng thp v c tnh t bin. Vic thm vo hay dch chuyn cc trm trn tuyn khng nh hng n cc th tc ca giao thc. im bt li ca CSMA/CD l hiu sut ca tuyn gim xung nhanh chng khi phi ti qu nhiu thng tin.
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b. Phng thc truyn th bi Token Passing

Cc th bi chy trong vng logic (vng o) bao gm cc my c nhu cu truyn d liu. Cc trm u bit a ch ca trm trc v sau n Cc LAN c cu trc vng s dng k thut chuyn th bi (token) cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn tc l quyn c truyn d liu i. Th bi y l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v ni dung (gm cc thng tin iu khin) c quy nh ring cho mi giao thc. Trong ng cp lin tc c mt th bi chy quanh trong mng. Phn d liu ca th bi c mt bit biu din trng thi s dng ca n (bn hoc ri). Trong th bi c cha mt a ch ch v c lun chuyn ti cc trm theo mt trt t nh trc. Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi ri. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh bn, nn gi d liu c km theo a ch ni nhn vo th bi v truyn i theo chiu ca vng, th bi lc ny tr thnh khung mang d liu. Trm ch sau khi nhn khung d liu ny, s copy d liu vo b m ri tip tc truyn khung theo vng nhng thm mt thng tin xc nhn. Trm ngun nhn li khung ca mnh (theo vng) c nhn ng, i bit bn thnh bit ri v truyn th bi i.
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 V th bi chy vng quang trong mng kn v ch c mt th nn vic ng d liu khng th xy ra, do vy hiu sut truyn d liu ca mng khng thay i. Trng hp mt th bi: Nu mt trm pht hin qu mt khong thi gian quy nh m khng nhn c th bi, n s pht yu cu ti trm trc n yu cu sinh th bi mi Trng hp trm k tip b hng: Nu mt trm truyn i m trm k tip b hng th n phi truyn thng bo v chuyn th bi qua trm k tip trm b hng.

c. Phng thc FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDDI l k thut dng trong cc mng cu trc vng, chuyn th bi tc cao bng phng tin cp si quang. Chiu di ti a ca vng l 100km S trm i a l 500 Khong cch ti a gia 2 trm l 2km

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 Mi trm lm vic trao i thng tin vi mng ch dual vi mt ng gi v mt ng nhn thng tin ng thi. Nu mt trong hai vng b s c, thng tin s c gi v nhn ti mi trm trn cng mt ng truyn mt cch lun phin. Nu c hai vng cng b s c ti mt im, vng kp cng s c khi phc t ng thnh mt vng n do tn hiu c phn x ti hai b kt ni hai v tr gn nht hai bn im xy ra s c. 6. Cng ngh Ethernet a. Gii thiu Ngy 22 thng 5 nm 1973, Robert Metcalfe thuc Trung tm Nghin cu Palto Alto ca hng Xerox PARC, bang California, a ra tng h thng kt ni mng my tnh cho php cc my tnh c th truyn d liu vi nhau v vi my in lazer. im ni bt ca tng ny l cc my tnh c th truyn trc tip vi nhau m khng cn s dng my tnh trung tm. Nm 1980, Chun Ethernet 10Mbps u tin c xut bn bi s phi hp pht trin ca 3 hng : DEC, Intel v Xerox. Chun ny c tn DIX Ethernet IEEE a ra tiu chun v Ethernet u tin vo nm 1985 vi tn gi "IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications" Ethernet l mt giao thc mng chun ha vic truyn thng tin gi trong mng cc b cho php truyn tn hiu gia cc my tnh vi tc 10Mb/s n 10 Gigabit/s. Trong cc kiu Ethernet th kiu s dng cp xon i l hay thng dng nht. Hin nay c khong 85% mng LAN s dng cng ngh Ethernet. Gn y, vi cc phng tin truyn dn v cng ngh mi, cng ngh Ethernet ngy pht trin v t c tc trao i s liu n 10 Gigabit/s Ethernet l giao thc hot ng lp 2 trong m hnh OSI M hnh mng Ethernet truyn thng l Bus/ Star
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 Phng php truy nhp ng truyn m mng Ethernet s dng l CSMA/CD. Loi cp thng s dng trong mng Ethernet l Cp ng trc mnh, cp ng trc dy, cp xon i, cp quang b. Thnh phn mng Ethernet Mng Ethernet c 3 thnh phn c bn nh sau: Thit b d liu u cui DTE (Data Terminal Equipment): Cc thit b truyn v nhn d liu DTEs thng l PC, Workstation, File Server, Print Server ... Thit b truyn s liu DCE (Data Communication Equipment): L cc thit b kt ni mng cho php nhn v chuyn khung trn mng. DCE c th l cc thit b c lp nh Repeater, Switch, Router hoc cc khi giao tip thng tin nh Card mng, Modem .. Mi trng truyn dn (Interconnecting Media): Cp xon i, cp ng (mng/dy), cp quang.. c. Cu trc khung tin Ethernet Mi khung tin ethernet c kch thc nh nht l 512 bit bao gm cc trng sau: Preamble: Trng ny nh du s xut hin ca khung bit, n lun mang gi tr 10101010. T nhm bit ny, pha nhn c th to ra xung ng h 10 Mhz. SFD (start frame delimiter): trng ny mi thc s xc nh s bt u ca 1 khung. N lun mang gi tr 10101011. Cc trng Destination v Source: Mang a ch vt l (a ch Mac) ca trm nhn v trm gi khung, xc nh khung c gi t u v s c gi ti u. LEN: Gi tr ca trng ni ln ln ca phn d liu m khung mang theo.
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 FCS cha m CRC (cyclic redundancy checksum): kim tra li ca cc trng DA, SA, Length /Type v Data v PAD. Pha gi s tnh ton trng ny trc khi truyn khung. Pha nhn tnh ton li CRC ny theo cch tng t. Nu hai kt qu trng nhau, khung c xem l nhn ng, ngc li khung coi nh l li v b loi b

d. Cu trc a ch ca mng Ethernet Mi giao tip mng Ethernet c nh danh duy nht bi 1 a ch vt l gi l a ch MAC. a ch MAC l 1 chui 48 bit c biu din bng 12 ch s hexa v c chia thnh 6 octet phn cch nhau bi cc du gch ngang (-) . V d: 00-50-56-C0-00-08 a ch MAC c n nh ngay t khi sn xut thit b. 3 octet u xc nh hng sn xut, chu s qun l ca t chc IEEE. 3 octet sau do nh sn xut n nh. e. Mt s khung Ethernet Khung Unicast l khung m trng a ch ch ch cha a ch MAC ca mt trm duy nht. Khung Unicast c s dng khi my ngun truyn thng tin n mt my ch duy nht. Tt c nhng my trn mng u nhn c khung Unicast nhng ch c trm no thy a ch MAC ch ging a
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ch giao tip mng ca mnh th mi x l, cc trm khc s b qua khung ny. Khung Multicast l khung m trng a ch ch cha a ch MAC m i din cho a ch MAC ca mt s trm trn mng. Khung multicast c s dng khi my ngun truyn thng tin cho mt s trm trn mng. Khung Broadcast l khung m trng a ch ch cha a ch MAC ch l FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF ( 48 bit 1). Khung Broadcast c s dng khi my ngun mun truyn thng tin cho tt c cc my trn trm. Khi nhn c mt khung Broadcast th cc my u hiu rng khung tin ny c gi cho mnh f. Hot ng ca mng Ethernet Ethernet s dng phng thc truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD. Khong trng lin khung (Interframe Gap) k hiu IFG: L khong thi gian mt giao tip mng ngng truyn sau khi truyn mt khung. Sau thi gian ny n mi tip tc truyn khung tip theo. Gi tr ca IFG bng 96 ln thi gian truyn mt bit. Ethernet 10Mb/s: IFG = 9,6 us Ethernet 100Mb/s: IFG = 960 ns Ethernet 1000Mb/s: IFG = 96 ns Nh s dng phng thc truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD vi kh nng cm bin sng mang nn cc my trm thuc mng Ethernet c kh nng nhn bit ng truyn bn hoc ri. Khi pht hin ng truyn ri, my trm s i thm mt khong thi gian bng IFG, sau n thc hin ngay vic truyn khung. Nu truyn nhiu khung th gia cc khung phi cch nhau khong IFG. Trong trng hp ng truyn bn, my trm s tip tc lng nghe ng truyn cho n khi ng truyn ri th thc hin li qu trnh truyn. Trng hp khi qu trnh truyn khung ang din ra th my trm pht hin thy s xung t, my trm s phi tip tc truyn 32 bit d liu. Nu s xung t c pht hin ngay khi mi bt u truyn khung th
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my trm s phi truyn ht trng Preamble v thm 32 bit na gip cho tn hiu trn ng truyn lu cc trm nhn bit c xung t. Khi mt trm truyn thnh cng 512 bit, ta xem nh knh truyn b chim. iu ny cng c ngha l khng th c xung t xy ra na. Khong thi gian ng vi thi gian truyn ca 512 bit c gi l SlotTime. Ethernet 10Mb/s : slot Time = 51,2 us Ethernet 100Mb/s : slot Time = 5,12 us Ethernet 1000Mb/s : slot Time = 512 ns Mt mng Ethernet c thit k ng phi tho mn iu kin sau: Thi gian tr tng cng ln nht truyn khung Ethernet t trm ny ti trm khc trn mng phi nh hn mt na slotTime. g. Phn loi mng Ethernet Da trn cc yu t nh tc , phng thc tn hiu, c trng ca ng truyn vt l, ngi ta phn loi mng Ethernet thnh mt s mng nh sau: H thng Ethernet 10Mb/s 10Base5: y l tiu chun Ethernet u tin, da trn cp ng trc loi dy. Tc t c 10 Mb/s, s dng bng tn c s, chiu di cp ti a cho 1 phn on mng l 500m. 10Base2: C tn khc l thin Ethernet , da trn h thng cp ng trc mng vi tc 10 Mb/s, chiu di cp ti a ca phn on l 185 m (IEEE lm trn thnh 200m). 10BaseT: Ch T l vit tt ca twisted: cp xon cp. 10BaseT hot ng tc 10 Mb/s da trn h thng cp xon cp Cat 3 tr ln. 10BaseF: F l vit tt ca Fiber Optic ( si quang). y l chun Ethernet dng cho si quang hot ng tc 10 Mb/s , ra i nm 1993. H thng Ethernet 10Mb/s 100BaseX: Chun Ethernet hot ng vi tc 100 Mb/s trn c cp xon cp ln cp si quang.
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 100BaseX: Ch X ni ln c tnh m ha ng truyn ca h thng ny (s dng phng php m ho 4B/5B ca chun FDDI). Bao gm 2 chun 100BaseFX v 100BaseTX - 100BaseFX. Tc 100Mb/s, s dng cp si quang a mode. - 100BaseTX. Tc 100Mb/s, s dng cp xon cp. H thng Giga Ethernet 1000BaseX: Ch X ni ln c tnh m ho ng truyn ( chun ny da trn kiu m ho 8B/10B dng trong h thng kt ni tc cao Fibre Channel c pht trin bi ANSI). Chun 1000BaseX gm 3 loi: - 1000Base-SX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng si quang vi sng ngn. - 1000Base-LX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng si quang vi sng di. - 1000Base-CX: tc 1000 Mb/s, s dng cp ng. 1000BaseT: Hot ng tc Giga bit, bng tn c s trn cp xon cp Cat 5 tr ln. S dng kiu m ho ng truyn ring t c tc cao trn loi cp ny.

V. M hnh TCP/IP V Mng Internet

1. M hnh TCP/IP a. Gii thiu TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l chng cc giao thc cng hot ng nhm cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng lin mng. TCP/IP c pht trin t thi k u ca Internet, c xut bi Vinton G. Cerf v Robert E. Kahn (M), 1974. TCP l mt giao thc thuc tng vn chuyn. IP l mt giao thc thuc tng mng. TCP/IP l b giao thc c s dng nhiu nht hin nay kt ni cc my tnh v cc mang. Mng Internet, s dng TCP/IP kt ni my tnh trn ton th gii.

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b. M hnh kin trc TCP/IP M hnh TCP/IP l m hnh c cu trc phn tng, bao gm 4 tng:

Tng Truy Nhp Mng - (Network Access Layer) Tng ng vi tng Vt l v Lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI Cung cp cc phng tin kt ni vt l. ng b d liu, iu khin lung thng tin v x l cc li trong qu trnh vt l. Cung cp cc th tc, cc hm m bo cho vic truyn dn an ton cc khung thng tin trn bt k cng ngh truyn dn no nh Ethernet, Token . Phn on d liu thnh cc khung (Frame) Qun l cc a ch vt l Tng mng (Internet Layer hoc Network Layer) Tng ng vi tng mng trong m hnh OSI Nhim v c bn l x l lin lc gia cc thit b trn mng. Cung cp mt a ch logic cho cc giao din vt l mng (a ch IP). Cung cp chc nng nh tuyn gi tin n v d liu lp ny l Packet Tng giao vn (Transport Layer) Tng ng vi tng giao vn trong m hnh OSI Cung cp phng tin kt ni t mt ng dng ny sang mt ng dng khc, kt ni end to end
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 Bo m thng tin truyn n ni nhn khng b li v ng trt t. n v d liu x l l Segment S dng 2 giao thc: Giao thc iu khin trao i d liu TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v Giao thc d liu ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Tng ng dng Application Layer ng vi cc tng Session, Presentation v Aplication trong m hnh OSI Cung cp giao din s dng cho ngi dng. n v d liu l Data c. Hot ng Qu trnh ng gi d liu (Encapsulation): D liu c x l bi tng Application. Tng Application t chc d liu theo khun dng v trt t tng ng dng my nhn c th hiu c. Tng Application gi d liu xung tng di theo dng byte ni byte v gi cc thng tin iu khin khc gip xc nh a ch n, i ca d liu. Khi ti tng Transport, d liu s c ng thnh cc gi c kch thc nh hn 64 KB gi l Segment nu s dng giao thc TCP, hoc Datagram nu s dng giao thc UDP. Cc on d liu ca tng Transport s c nh a ch logic ti tng Internet nh giao thc IP, sau d liu c ng thnh cc gi d liu (Packet/Datagram). Khi cc gi d liu t tng Internet ti tng Network Access, n s c gn thm mt header khc to thnh khung d liu (frame). Cc khung ny s ng truyn qua ng truyn vt l. Qu trnh ng gi d liu (De-Encapsulation):Bn nhn s thc hin qu trnh ngc li, nhn c d liu (data).

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 Qu trnh phn mnh d liu: D liu c truyn qua nhiu mng khc nhau vi cc kch c cho php khc nhau. Kch thc ln nht m gi d liu c th truyn trong mng gi l n v truyn cc i MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit). Nu gi tin khi truyn ti mt mng m ln hn MTU ca mng th n s phi chia thnh cc gi nh hn. d. Giao thc TCP TCP l mt giao thc hng lin kt (Connection Oriented), tc l trc khi truyn d liu, TCP pht v TCP thu thng lng thit lp mt kt ni logic tm thi, tn ti trong qu trnh truyn s liu. TCP nhn thng tin t tng trn, chia d liu thnh nhiu gi theo di quy nh v chuyn giao cc gi tin xung cho cc giao thc tng mng (Tng IP) nh tuyn. B x l TCP xc nhn tng gi, nu khng c xc nhn gi d liu s c truyn li. Thc th TCP bn nhn s khi phc li thng tin ban u da trn th t gi v chuyn d liu ln tng trn. Giao thc TCP hot ng lp 3 trong m hnh TCP/IP v lp 4 trong m hnh OSI.
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 TCP cung cp chc nng: Thit lp, duy tr, gii phng lin kt gia hai thc th TCP. Phn pht gi tin mt cch tin cy. To s th t (Sequencing) cc gi d liu. iu khin li. Cung cp kh nng a kt ni cho cc qu trnh khc nhau gia thc th ngun v thc th ch thng qua vic s dng a ch cng dch v. Truyn d liu theo ch song cng (Full-Duplex). c im ca TCP: Hai thc th lin kt vi nhau phi trao i, m phn vi nhau v cc thng tin lin kt nhm ngn chn s trn v mt d liu khi truyn. H thng nhn phi gi xc nhn cho h thng pht bit rng n nhn gi d liu. Cc gi d liu c th n ch khng ng theo th t, TCP nhn s sp xp li. H thng ch pht li gi tin b li, khng loi b ton b dng d liu. Cu trc gi tin TCP

Cng ngun (Source Port): 16 bt, s hiu cng ngun. Cng ch (Destination Port): di 16 bt, cha s hiu cng ch.
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 Sequence Number: 32 bits, s th t ca gi s liu khi pht. Acknowlegment Number (32 bits): Bn thu xc nhn thu c d liu ng. Offset (4 bts): di Header gi tin TCP. Reserved (6 bt): Lp y bng 0 dnh cho tng lai FLag: Cc bits iu khin URG: Vng con tr khn ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) PSH: Chc nng PUSH. RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt. SYN: ng b cc s liu tun t (sequence number). FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun .

Window (16bits): S lng cc Byte d liu trong vng ca s bn pht. Checksum (16bits): M kim sot li (theo phng php CRC). Urgent Pointer (16 bits): S th t ca Byte d liu khn, khi URG c thit lp . Option ( di thay i): Khai bo di ti a ca TCP Data trong mt Segment . Padding ( di thay i): Phn chn thm vo Header. Hot ng ca giao thc TCP Thit lp kt ni: S dng quy trnh bt tay 3 bc. Bn pht, gi 1 gi tin TCP vi c SYN = 1, tham s Sequence Number = x(ngu nhin), thng s cng TCP ca dch v m mnh mun lin kt. Bn nhn sau khi nhn c gi tin, s gi li mt gi tin vi tham s ACK Number = x +1, v Sequence Number = y (ngu nhin) Bn pht sau s gi li mt gi tin vi tham s ACK Number = y +1, v Sequence Number = x + 1 kt thc qu trnh bt tay v kt ni c thit lp. Kt thc kt ni : u mun kt thc truyn s gi 1 gi tin TCP vi c FIN, tham s Sequence Number = x. Do phng thc truyn l song
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cng nn u bn kia vn tip tc truyn cho ti khi khng c g truyn v n cng s gi 1 gi tin TCP vi c FIN, tham s Sequence Number = y Nh vy c hai pha u nhn c yu cu kt thc kt ni. C hai pha s gi li gi tin vi ACK = x +1 v y +1

Truyn v nhn d liu: Khi nhn mt khi d liu cn chuyn i t ngi s dng, TCP s lu tr ti b m. Nu c PUSH c xc lp th ton b d liu trong b m s c gi i di dng TCP Segment. Nu c PUSH khng c xc lp th d liu trong b m vn ch gi i khi c c hi thch hp. Bn nhn, d liu s c gi vo b m. Nu d liu trong m c nh du bi c PUSH th ton b d liu trong b m s c gi ln cho ngi s dng. Ngc li, d liu vn c lu trong b m. Nu d liu khn cn phi chuyn gp th c URGENT c xc lp v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo d liu khn cn c chuyn gp. e. Giao thc gi tin ngi s dng UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP l giao thc khng lin kt (Connectionless)
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 UDP s dng cho cc tin trnh khng yu cu v tin cy cao, khng c c ch xc nhn ACK, khng m bo chuyn giao cc gi d liu n ch v theo ng th t v khng thc hin loi b cc gi tin trng lp Thng c s dng trong cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao nh Streaming media, game trc tuyn v voice over IP (VoIP)..

f. Giao thc IP Giao thc IP l mt giao thc khng lin kt, thiu tin cy. Giao thc IP c s dng trong mi trng lin mng v vy n phi c gng ht sc gim thiu sai st v mt mt truyn gi tin qua cc mng thnh phn n ch do giao thc IP cn c gi l giao thc n lc cao (best-effort). Cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin mng truyn d liu D liu c gi i theo cc khi (Datagram) Cc thit b nh tuyn lin mng s da trn a ch IP phn pht cc gi tin ti ch.
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 Cu trc gi d liu IP:

VER (4 bits): Version hin hnh ca giao thc IP c ci t. IHL(4 bits): Internet Header Length di header ca Datagram, (32 bits). Type of service(8 bits): Thng tin v loi dch v v mc u tin ca gi IP: Total Length (16 bits): Ch di Datagram Identification (16bits): nh danh cho mt Datagram trong thi gian sng ca n. Flags(3 bits): Lin quan n s phn on (Fragment) cc Datagram. Fragment Offset (13 bits): Ch v tr ca Fragment trong Datagram. Time To Live (TTL-8 bits): Thi gian sng ca mt gi d liu. Protocol (8 bits): Ch giao thc s dng TCP hay UDP. Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li CRC(Cycle Redundancy Check). Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ngun. Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca trm ch.
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 Option (c di thay i): S dng trong trng hp bo mt, nh tuyn c bit. Padding ( di thay i): Vng m cho phn Header lun kt thc 32 bits Data ( di thay i): di d liu ti a l 65.535 bytes, ti thiu l 8 bytes. Hot ng ca giao thc IP i vi my ngun (gi gi tin): Tnh checksum, gn km vo gi d liu gi i. Chia nh gi tin nu cn. Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin xung tng di chuyn i. i vi my ch (nhn gi gi tin): Tnh checksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin. Tp hp cc on ca gi tin (nu c phn on). Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn. Qu trnh phn mnh gi tin IP: Mt gi d liu IP c di ti a 65.535 byte, trong khi hu ht cc lp lin kt d liu ch h tr cc khung d liu nh hn ln ti a ca gi d liu IP nhiu ln (v d di ln nht ca mt khung d liu Ethernet l 1500 byte. di ti a ca mt gi lin kt d liu l MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit). Khi cn chuyn mt gi d liu IP c di ln hn MTU ca mt mng c th, cn phi chia gi s liu IP thnh nhng gi IP nh hn di ca n nh hn hoc bng MTU gi l mnh (Fragment). Qu trnh hp nht gi tin: Khi IP nhn c mt gi phn mnh, n gi phn mnh trong vng m, cho n khi nhn c ht cc gi IP trong chui phn mnh c cng trng nh danh. Khi phn mnh u tin c nhn, IP khi ng mt b m thi gian (gi tr ngm nh l 15s). IP phi nhn ht cc phn mnh k tip trc khi ng h tt. Nu khng IP phi hu tt c cc phn mnh trong hng i hin thi c cng trng nh danh. Khi IP nhn c ht cc phn mnh, n thc hin hp nht cc gi phn mnh thnh cc gi IP gc v sau x l n nh
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mt gi IP bnh thng. IP thng ch thc hin hp nht cc gi ti h thng ch ca gi. g. a ch Ipv4 Mi mt trm (Host) trn mng Internet c gn mt a ch duy nht gi l a ch IP. Mi a ch IP c di 32 bit c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th c biu din di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hoc nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l di dng thp phn c du chm tch gia cc vng. V d: 192.168.1.1 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 a ch IP c chia thnh 5 lp Lp A: Bit 0 u tin dng nh danh a ch lp A. Cc a ch lp A c 8 bit t to ra cc di mng, 24 bit dng dnh cho cc a ch cc my trm

Lp B: Bit 10 u tin dng nh danh a ch lp B. Cc a ch lp B c 16 bit to ra cc di mng, 24 bit dng dnh cho cc a ch cc my trm

Lp C: Bit 110 u tin dng nh danh a ch lp C. Cc a ch lp C c 24 bit to ra cc di mng, 8 bit dng dnh cho cc a ch cc my trm

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 Lp D: Bit 1110 u tin dng nh danh a ch lp D. 28 bit tip theo l a ch ca mt nhm cc my trm trn mng.

Lp E: Bit 11110 u tin dng nh danh a ch lp E. a ch lp ny hin cha c s dng, dnh cho cc ng dng trong tng lai.

Bng tng kt cc lp a ch a ch Private: Ngi ta quy nh cc a ch dng ring (a ch private) c s dng gn cho cc my tnh trong mng ni b ca mt t chc, cng tyCc a ch private gm: -10.0.0.0 n 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0 /8) -172.16.0.0 n 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0 /12) -192.168.0.0 n 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0 /16)
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h. Mng con v k thut subneting a ch IP l mt ti nguyn v c qun l bi Trung tm thng tin mng Internet (NIC). Mi mt mng khi gia nhp Internet c cp mt s di a ch mng dng. Khi h thng mng pht trin hn li phi tip tc xin thm. Hn na cc lp a ch ca Internet khng phi hon ton ph hp vi yu cu thc t, a ch lp B chng hn, mi mt di a ch mng c th cp cho 65534 my ch. Thc t c mng nh ch c vi chc my ch th s lng ph rt nhiu a ch cn li m khng ai dng c Nu tt c cc my tnh u trong mt mng th s lng cng nh phm vi ca cc thng ip qung b s rt ln. Gii hn trong phm vi tng mng con cc trc trc c th xy ra (khng nh hng ti ton mng LAN) Gim % thi gian s dng CPU do gim lu lng ca cc giao vn qung b Tng cng bo mt (cc chnh sch bo mt c th p dng cho tng mng con) Cho php p dng cc cu hnh khc nhau trn tng mng con Nm 1985, khi nim a ch mng con ra i. Mt a ch mng do NIC cp s c chia thnh cc a ch mng con ph hp vi nhu cu thc t. Mt n mng mc nh (Default Mask): L gi tr thp phn cao nht (khi tt c 8 bit u bng 1) trong cc Octet dnh cho a ch mng (net id) Lp A 255.0.0.0 Lp B 255.255.0.0 Lp C 255.255.255.0 Mt n mng con (Subnet Mask): L gi tr trn ca mng con. Khi cc bit trong a ch mng (netid) u bng 1. Cc a ch mng con c sinh ra bng cch: Ly bt mt s bit ca phn a ch my ch to a ch mng
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con. Ly i bao nhiu bit ph thuc vo s mng con cn thit m nh khai thc mng quyt nh s to ra. Cng thc tnh s mng con:

Y l s lng cc mng con, X l s lng bit phn Hostid cn ly thm vo phn Netid Cng thc tnh s lng a ch dnh cho cc my trm (cc host)

Y l s lng a ch dnh cho cc my trm (cc host). X S lng bit host. Mt s bi ton v chia mng con: Bi ton 1: Cp a ch IP cho cc my tnh thuc mt cng ty gm c 8 phng ban. Mi phng c 30 my tnh. Yu cu mi phng l mt di mng con. Bi lm: Nhn thy, s lng cc my trm (cc Host) trong cng ty kh t. Trong cc lp a ch th nhn thy lp C c s lng bit host t nht. Vy ta chn di a ch mng 192.168.0.0 thuc lp C (y l a ch Private dng cp cho cc my ni b) cp cho cc phng ban. Cng ty c 8 phng ban tc l cn 8 di mng con. p dng cng thc tnh s mng con ta c:

Vi x l s bt phn host cn phi mn. Vy x = 3. Di 192.168.0.0 thuc lp C tc l n c 24 bit net v 8 bit host. Vy mng con s c s bit net l 24+3 =27 S bit host lc ny l 32 -27 = 5
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Subnet mask: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224 Biu din a ch di mng 192.168.0.0 di dng thp phn 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000 Thay i gi tr cc bit mn ta s c cc di mng con Di 1: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000 Di 2: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00100000 Di 3: 11000000.10101000.00000000.01000000 Di 4: 11000000.10101000.00000000.01100000 Di 5: 11000000.10101000.00000000.10000000 Di 6: 11000000.10101000.00000000.10100000 Di 7: 11000000.10101000.00000000.11000000 Di 8: 11000000.10101000.00000000.11100000 192.168.0.0/27 192.168.0.32/27 192.168.0.64/27 192.168.0.96/27 192.168.0.128/27 192.168.0.160/27 192.168.0.192/27 192.168.0.224/27

Cc a ch IP s c cp cho cc my tnh trong tng di mng l: Lu do a ch u tin trong di c phn host ton l bits 0 ( i din cho di mng ) v a ch cui cng c phn host u l bits 1 (a ch broadcast) nn khng dng. Di 1: 192.168.0.1 n 192.168.0.30 Di 2: 192.168.0.33 n 192.168.0.62 Di 3: 192.168.0.65 n 192.168.0.94 Di 4: 192.168.0.97 n 192.168.0.126 Di 5: 192.168.0.129 n 192.168.0.158 Di 6: 192.168.0.161 n 192.168.0.190 Di 7: 192.168.0.193 n 192.168.0.222 Di 8: 192.168.0.225 n 192.168.0.254 cp cho 30 my thuc phng 1 cp cho 30 my thuc phng 2 cp cho 30 my thuc phng 3 cp cho 30 my thuc phng 4 cp cho 30 my thuc phng 5 cp cho 30 my thuc phng 6 cp cho 30 my thuc phng 7 cp cho 30 my thuc phng 8

Bi ton 2: Chia di a ch lp B 139.12.0.0 thnh 4 subnet. Bi lm:

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Di a ch lp B nn s c 16 bits Net v 16 bits host Deafault Mask 255.255.255.0 Cn chia thnh 4 subnet, p dung cng thc ta c s bits net cn mn thm phn host l 2. do

Vy s bits net trong mng con l 16 + 2 = 18 Subnet Mask l 11111111.11111111.1100000000.00000000 255. 255. 192. 0 Vy s bits host trong mng con l 16 -2 = 14 Biu din di mng gc di dng nh phn 10001011.00001100.00000000.00000000 139. 12. 0. 0 Thay i gi tr cc bits net mn thm trong di mng gc (2 bits bi en) ta s c cc mng con.
Subnet 1 2 3 4 Subnet ID trong dng nh phn 10001011.00001100.00000000.00000000 10001011.00001100.01000000.00000000 10001011.00001100.10000000.00000000 10001011.00001100.11000000.00000000 Subnet ID 139.12.0.0/18 139.12.64.0/18 139.12.128.0/18 139.12.192.0/18

Tng t bi trn ta s c cc di a ch cp cho cc host trong 4 subnet l

Subnet 1 2 3 4 HostID IP address trong dng nh phn 10001011.00001100.00000000.00000001 10001011.00001100.00111111.11111110 10001011.00001100.01000000.00000001 10001011.00001100.01111111.11111110 10001011.00001100.10000000.00000001 10001011.00001100.10111111.11111110 10001011.00001100.11000000.00000001 10001011.00001100.11111111.11111110 HostID IP address Range 139.12.0.1/18 -139.12.63.254/18 139.12.64.1/18 139.12.127.254/18 139.12.128.1/18 139.12.191.254/18 139.12.192.0/18 139.12.255.254

Bi ton 3: Kim tra xem 2 a ch IP c cng di mng hay khng.

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IP1: 192.168.1.1 /24 IP2 : 192.168.1.2 /24 Bi lm Cch lm: ta thc hin php ton AND ln lt a ch ip vi subnet mask ca n. Nu cho kt qu ging nhau th 2 a ch cng lp mng. Php AND: 0 and 0 = 0 0 and 1 = 0 1 and 0 = 0 1 and 1 = 1 C th: i a ch Ip v Subnetmask sang nh phn v thc hin php ton AND Vi a ch IP1: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001 AND 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 ---------------------------------------------11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000 (a) Vi a ch IP2: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000010 AND 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 ---------------------------------------------11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000 (b) Ta thy 2 kt qu (a) v (b) hon ton ging nhau. Vy IP1 v IP2 cng di mng

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