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65
No. 668, February 1985 (Translated from J apanese by Takako Bundgaard, edited by M.S.
Chislett for Danish Maritime Institute, 1986).
[3] International Towing Tank Conference, 7.5-02-06-02 Procedure for Captive model test,
website http://ittc.sname.org/2006_recomm_proc/7.5-02-06-02.pdf, 2005.

Phn bin: TS. Phm Vn Thun


MT S VN TRONG PHT HIN NH C GIU TIN
SOME PROBLEMS IN IMAGE STEGANALYSIS

ThS. NGUYN HNH PHC; ThS. NGUYN VN THY; ThS. NGUYN TH CNG
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin, Trng HHH
Tm tt
Trong bi bo trc y, tc gi trnh by s lc v k thut giu tin trong nh s v
ng dng. Bi vit ny trnh by mt s k thut, thut ton pht hin nh c giu tin.
Abstract
In the previous article, the authors presented a overview on data hiding in general and data
hiding in digital images. This article is about some techniques, algorithms in steganalysis.

1. Tng quan v k thut pht hin nh c giu tin (Steganalysis)
1.1. Khi ni m
Steganalysis l k thut pht hin s tn ti ca thng tin n giu trong multimedia. Ging
nh thm m, mc ch ca Steganalysis l pht hin ra thng tin n v ph v tnh b mt ca vt
mang tin n.
Tu vo bi ton c th, thnh cng ca k thut pht hin s tn ti ca thng tin n giu
c nh gi khc nhau. Mt s bi ton ch cn pht hin c hay khng tin n giu trong vt
mang tin. Mt s bi ton yu cu sa i hay ph hy tin n giu trong vt mang tin.
1.2. Phn tch tin n giu thng da vo cc yu t sau:
- Phn tch da vo cc i tng mang tin.
- Phn tch bng so snh c trng: So snh vt mang tin cha c giu tin vi vt mang
tin c giu tin, a ra s khc bit gia chng.
- Phn tch da vo thng ip cn giu d tm.
- Phn tch da vo cc thut ton giu tin v cc i tng giu bit: Kiu phn tch ny
phi quyt nh cc c trng ca i tng giu tin, ch ra cng c giu tin (thut ton) s
dng.
- Phn tch da vo thut ton giu tin, i tng gc v i tng sau khi giu tin.
1.3. Cc phng php phn tch nh c giu tin
- Phn tch trc quan: Thng da vo quan st hoc dng biu histogram gia nh gc
v nh cha giu tin pht hin ra s khc bit gia hai nh cn c a ra vn nghi vn. Vi
phng php phn tch ny thng kh pht hin vi nh c nhiu cao v kch c ln.
- Phn tch theo dng nh: Phng php ny thng da vo cc dng nh bitmap hay l
nh nn on nhn k thut giu hay s dng nh cc nh bitmap thng hay s dng giu
trn min LSB, nh nn thng s dng k thut giu trn cc h s bin i nh DCT, DWT,
DFT.
- Phn tch theo thng k: y l phng php s dng cc l thuyt thng k v thng k
ton sau khi xc nh c nghi vn c trng. Phng php ny thng a ra tin cy cao
hn v c bit l cho cc nh d liu ln.
2. K thut giu tin da vo lc thy vn RCM (REVERSIBLE CONTRAST MAPPING)
K thut giu tin s dng k thut giu RCM [7] do Coltuc v cc ng nghip a ra vo
thng 4 nm 2007. K thut giu ny nhanh v giu c lng thng tin ln. N ch giu thng
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tin trong nhng cp im nh ca nh thuc min RCM, do cung cp kh nng khi phc li
nh gc mt cch hon ho.
L bit c nh hng t nht ti vic quyt nh ti mu sc ca mi im nh, v vy khi ta
thay i bit t quan trng ca mt im nh th mu sc ca mi im nh mi s tng i gn
vi im nh c. V d vi nh 256 mu th bit cui cng trong 8 bit biu din mt im nh c
coi l bit t quan trng nht, ngha l nu thay i bit ny th nh hng t nht n cm nhn ca
mt ngi v im nh. Hay i vi nh 16 bit th 15 bit l biu din 3 mu RGB ca im nh cn
bit cui cng khng dng n th ta s tch bit ny ra mi im nh giu tin Nh vy k
thut tch bit trong x l nh c s dng rt nhiu trong qui trnh giu tin.
V d: Tch bit cui cng trong 8 bit biu din mi im nh ca nh 256 mu

1001110 0 1001010 1 1110001 0


Hnh 2.1 Mi im nh bu din bi 8 bit, bit cui cng c
coi l bit t quan trng nht tc l bi t bn phi nht

Trong php tch ny ta coi bit cui cng l bit t quan trng nht, hay i gi tr ca bit ny
th s thay i gi tr ca im nh ln hoc xung ng mt n v, v d nh gi tr im nh l
234 th khi thay i bit cui cng n c th mang gi tr mi l 235 nu i bit cui cng t 0 thnh
1. Vi s thay i nh ta hi vng l cp mu ca im nh s khng b thay i nhu
Vic xc nh LSB ca mi im nh trong mt bc nh ph thuc vo nh dng ca nh
v s bit mu dnh cho mi im ca nh
2.1. Php bin i RCM
Cho 1 nh c t-bit v (a, b) l 1 cp im nh. Php bin i RCM c nh ngha nh sau:

=
=
a b b
b a a
2 '
2 '
(2.1)
Cp im nh (a,b) thuc min RCM ((a, b) RCM ) nu:

s s
s s
1 2 ' 0
1 2 ' 0
t
t
b
a
(2.2)
2.2 Thut ton RCM
2.2.1. tng thut ton
- Cho thng ip nhng W. W c th l:
o Mt chui bit thng ip (vd: W = [0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1] ).
o Mt chui cc k t (vd: W = Viet Nam phi i W sang h nh phn).
o nh nh phn.
- Tnh di L_W ca thng ip W, i L_W ra h nh phn sau ni vo trc W c
c thng ip nhng cui cng (thng_ip) nhng vo nh.
- Giu thng_ip vo tt c cc cp im nh (a, b) thuc min RCM.
2.2.2. Thut ton giu tin gm c 2 bc:
+ Bc 1: Chia d liu nh thnh cc cp theo chiu qut ty (trn hng, trn ct)
+ Bc 2: i vi mi cp (a, b):
- Nu (a, b) e RCM, v LSB ca chng khng phi l (1,1) (ngha l LSB ca chng thuc
{(0,1), (1,0),(0,0)}) bin i cp ny s dng cng thc (3.1) ta c (a, b), t LSB ca
a l 1, v t bit thng ip vo LSB ca b.
- Nu (a,b) e RCM v LSB ca chng l (1,1) , t LSB ca a l 0 v t bit thng ip vo
LSB ca b.
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- Nu (a, b) khng thuc RCM, t LSB ca a l 0, LSB ban u ca a c coi nh l bit
thng ip v nhng vo trong nh (ngha l bit ny s c ni vo chui thng ip
nhng tip vo nh).
2.2.3. Thut ton tch thng ip v khi phc nh gc
tng thut ton
- Chia d liu nh thnh cc cp theo chiu qut ty (trn hng, trn ct).
- Tch tt c cc bit LSB ca cc cp im nh theo chiu qut.
- T chui bit LSB tch c, tin hnh tch ly di ca thng ip (24 bit u tin).
- C c di thng ip, ta tin hnh tch ly thng ip gc v khi phc nh gc.
Thut ton tch v khi phc nh gc
+Bc 1: Chia d liu nh thnh cc cp theo chiu qut ty (trn hng, trn ct).
+ Bc 2: i vi mi cp (a, b):
- Nu LSB(a) = 1, trch LSB ca b v lu tr. Thit lp LSB(a) v LSB(b) = 0 sau khi
phc cp im nh gc (a, b) theo cng thc:

(
(
(

+ =
(
(
(

+ =
'
3
2
'
3
1
'
3
1
'
3
2
b a b
b a a
(2.3)
- Nu LSB(a) = 0 v LSB ca a, b sau khi thit lp bng 1 m thuc min RCM th trch
LSB(b), lu tr v khi phc cp im nh gc (a, b) chnh l (a, b) sau khi LSB ca chng
c thit lp bng 1.
- Nu LSB(a) = 0 v LSB ca a, b sau khi thit lp bng 1 m khng thuc min RCM,
cp im nh gc s c khi phc bng cch thay th LSB(a) vi gi tr thc c trch t thy
vn.
3. K thut pht hin nh c giu tin s dng k thut giu RMC
K thut pht hin nh c giu tin s dng k thut giu RCM [7] do Coltue v cc ng
nghip a ra. tng ca k thut ny da vo xc sut xut hin ca cc bit t c trng nht
(bit LSB).
3.1. Phn tch vn an ton ca k thut RCM
Cho 1 nh O, chia d liu nh thnh cc cp im nh (x, y). Theo php bin i RCM
(Chng 3, phn 3.1.2), chng ta chia cp im nh ca O thnh hai b l:
- B S
RCM
gm tt c cc cp im nh thuc min RCM.
- B
RCM
S cha cc cp im nh khng thuc min RCM.
Chng ta tin hnh kim tra s thay i ca biu LSB ca lc thy vn RCM. Khng
lm mt tnh tng qut, cho (x, y) v ( x , y ) ln lt tng ng vi cp im nh trong nh gc
v nh sau khi giu tin. Chng ta phi ch n ba quy tc nh du ca lc thy vn RCM.
Trong cch chn nh du th nht, (x, y) thuc S
RCM
v LSB ca (x, y) l mt trong cc gi
tr {(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)}. Cho thy d liu LSB ca nh gc l c phn b mt cch ngu nhin,
ba gi tr c cp trn s xy ra vi xc sut ging nhau. Rt d tnh ton c xc sut
ca bit 0 v 1 ln lt l 2/3 v 1/3. Trong trng hp ny, LSB ca ( x , y ) l (1, 0) hoc (1, 1) v
xc sut xut hin ca chng l ging nhau. Hin nhin, xc sut ca bit 0 v 1 ln lt l 1/4 v
3/4.
Trong cch chn th hai, (x, y) thuc S
RCM
v LSB ca (x, y) l (1, 1). Xc xut ca bit 0 v 1
ln lt l 0.0 v 1.0. Trong trng hp ny, LSB ca ( x , y ) l (0, 0) hoc (0, 1) v xc sut xut
hin ca chng l ging nhau. Xc sut bit 0 v 1 ca ( x , y ) ln lt l 3/4 v 1/4.
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Trong cch chn th ba, (x, y) thuc
RCM
S v LSB ca (x, y) l 1 trong cc gi tr {(0, 0), (0,
1), (1, 0), (1, 1)}. Trong trng hp ny, xc sut bit 0 v 1 ca (x, y) ln lt l 1/2 v 1/2. Ging
vi trng hp hai, LSB ca ( x , y ) l (0, 0) hoc (0, 1). Xc sut bit 0 v 1 ca ( x , y ) ln lt
l 3/4 v 1/4.
Da vo s bn lun trn, xc sut ca bit 0 v 1 trong LSB ca lc thy vn RCM
ca nh sau khi giu tin c th c tnh ton. Gi s xc sut ca cp im nh thuc RCM v
xc sut ca cp im nh khng thuc RCM ln lt l P
RCM
v
RCM
P , P
E
l t l nhng. Xc sut
LSB ca bit b={0, 1} ca nh sau khi giu tin c th c tnh ton nh s dng cng thc E
q
sau:
( )
( )
( )

=
+ +
=
+ +
=
. 1
, 5 . 0 25 . 0 625 . 0
, 0
, 5 . 0 75 . 0 375 . 0
b if
P P P P
b if
P P P P
b P
E RCM
RCM E
E RCM
RCM E
LSB

Cho 1 nh mi trng, gi s LSB c phn b mt cch ngu nhin, sau coi P(0) =
P(1), v d P
LSB
(0) =P
LSB
(1) = 0.5. v d nhng sau ca thy vn RCM. Gi s xc sut nhng
ca 1 nh l P
RCM
=0.9 v mt na ca tng s cp im nh c th giu tin c s dng
nhng thng ip, cho t l nhng P
E
=0.9x0.5 =0.45. T E
q
(3) chng ta c:
P
LSB
(0) =0.45x(0.375x0.9+0.75x0.1)+0.55x0.5 =0.460625
P
LSB
(1) =1- 0.460625 =0.539375.
Chng ta c th nhn thy s xut hin khc nhau ca bit 0 v 1 trong LSB ca lc thy
vn RCM ca nh sau khi giu tin i vi nh gc. Da trn nhn xt ny, quy tc sau c a
ra phn bit mt nh sau khi giu tin t mt nh mi trng.
( )
( ) ( )

>
=
. ,
, 1 0 ,
otherwise false
P P if true
O W
LSB LSB


Trong cng thc (3.2), mt nh c pht hin l c nh du bng phng php thy
vn RCM nu gi tr tuyt i P
LSB
(0) - P
LSB
(1)> (0 1), l mt ngng c s dng
kim sot bin gii quyt nh ca nh mi trng v nh thy vn. Gi tr ca c th c
nh gi thng qua vic phn tch nh sau khi giu tin v c th c chn ph hp yu cu
cho tng ng dng c th.
3.2. K thut pht hin nh c giu tin s dng k thut giu RCM
+ u vo: cho mt nh bt k c kch c ( H x W).
+X l:
o Tnh tong_pixel_cua_anh =

W)/2 * (H
o B1: Tch ton b LSB ca nh.
o B2: m trn ton b LSB ca nh xem c bao nhiu LSB= = 0 gn vo bin
Sum_LSB_0.
o B3: m trn ton b LSB ca nh xem c bao nhiu LSB= = 1 gn vo bin
Sum_LSB_1.
o B4: Tnh xc sut xut hin ca bit 0 l:
P_0 =Sum_LSB_0/tong_pixel_cua_anh.
o B5: Tnh xc sut xut hin ca bit 1 l:
P_1 =Sum_LSB_1/tong_pixel_cua_anh.
o B6: Tnh abs(P_0 P_1) v so snh vi = 0.03 (s dng cng thc 4.2):
Nu abs(P_0 P_1) 0.03: nh khng giu tin.
Ngc li, abs(P_0 P_1) >0.03: nh c giu tin.
(3.1)
(3.2)
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+ u ra: Kt lun nh c giu tin hay khng?
3. Kt lun
Bi bo ny mong mun a n cho c gi nhng kin thc v pht hin tin c giu
trong vt mang tin ni chung, cng nh k thut pht hin tin c giu trong nh s ni ring. Do
khun kh bi bo, tc gi cha th trnh by vn mt cch chi tit, cng nh cha th trnh
by mt s thut ton v phn ci t th nghim lin quan. Mi kin ng gp xin lin h vi tc
gi theo a ch: phucvima@gmail.com

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Xun Huy, Trn Quc Dng, Gio trnh giu tin v thu vn nh.
[2] Lng Mnh B, Nguyn Thanh Thy, Nhp mn x l nh s, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K
thut, 1999
[3] Ingemar Cox, J effrey Bloom, Matthew Miller, Ton Kalker, J essica Fridrich, Digital Watermarking
and Steganography, Morgan Kaufmann, 2008
[4] Yeh-Shun Chen, Ran-Zan Wang, Yeuan-Kuen Lee, Shih-Yu Huang, Steganalysis [6] of
Reversible Contrast Mapping Watermarking, proceedings of the world congress on engineering
2008 Vol I WCE 2008, London, UK.
[5] Fabien A. P. Petitcolas, et al. Information Hiding A survey, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999.
[6] Fabien A. P. Petitcolas, Introduction to Information Hiding, in Information techniques for
Steganography and Digital Watermarking, S.C. Katzenbeisser et al., Eds. Northwood, MA: Artec
House, 1999.
[7] D.Cotuc and J . M. Chassery, "Very fast watermarking by reversible contrast mapping", IEEE
Signal Processing Lett, 2007.
[8] Codeproject.com

Ngi phn bin: ThS. Phm Tun t

TNH TON V O NNG MUI TRONG KH X CA NI HI TRC
V SAU KHI X L BNG THP PHUN NC NP IN
CALCULATING AND MEASURING PARTICULATE MATTER RATE FOUND IN
EXHAUSTED GAS FROM BOILERS, PRE- AND POST ELECTROSTATIC
WATER TREATMENT
TS. TRN HNG H
Khoa My Tu Bin, Trng HHH
Tm tt
Trong kh x ca ni hi tu thu c nhiu cht gy nhim khng kh nh mui, SOx,
NOx, COx..vv. Cc cht gy nhim ny thng thng c ho trn vi nhau trong kh
x. Trong cc ht mui vi ng knh t nh hn 2,5 m c nh hng ti sc kho
ca con ngi, n l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ung th phi. x l mui trong kh x,
mt thp phun nc np in c s dng. Hiu sut x l mui ca thp nc c
tnh ton bng l thuyt, sau kt qu l thuyt c so snh vi kt qu thc nghim.
Kt qu tnh ton tng i gn ng vi kt qu thc nghim trong iu kin phng th
nghim. Hiu sut x l cc ht mui trong kh x ca thp nc cao hn 98% i vi tt
c cc kch thc ca ht mui.
Abstract
Boiler exhaust gas consists of many components that cause air pollution, such as:
particulate matter (PM), SOx, NOx, COx, etc. These pollutants normally are mixed. For
PM2.5 they are hazardous human heath, they cause lung cancer. To eliminate them, an
electrostatic water spraying scrubber is used. This study presents computed and
experimented results of PM collection efficiency in an electrostatic water spraying
scrubber. Computed results are in good agreement with the experimental data obtained in
the laboratory. Compared to inertial scrubbers, the electrostatic water spraying scrubbers
can operate at lower flow rate, but total collection efficiency is over 98% of all PM sizes.