TYPES OF PARAGRAPHS

DESCRIPTION 1) STEP BY STEP

ARGUMENTATION

NARRATION 1) STORY 2) TIME

1) TAKE A STAND

WRITING

2) EVIDENCE 3) FACTS 4) ARGUE WHAT IS ARGUABLE

EXPOSITION 1) EXAMPLES 2) PROCESS 3) DEFINITION 4) CLASSIFICATION 5) CAUSE AND EFFECT 6) COMPARISON

WRITING n DESCRIPTIVE /NARRATIVE/ EXPOSITORY / ARGUMENTATIVEc

THE MEANINGS
1) DESCRIPTIVE

Science-related essays often require background description : of a thing, process or state of affairs analyzing it into its parts. This can be done chronologically, serially, hierarchically, etc. It is a test of your ability to select and synthesise factual information.

A description is a verbal picture of a person. it is a word picture. use all five senses to portray a scene in words. the senses are sight, hearing, taste, smell and feel. to write a vivid description be precise on dominant impression. it is the feature that stands out about what you are describing.

2) NARRATIVE > A narration is writing that tells a story in words. > It can be a make-believe story (fiction) or something that actually took place (a personal experience). > Narration is normally written to entertain, but it may also function as an information text or a persuasive text. > The narrative follows a time order, so the sentences and the paragraphs are best linked by using proper transitions such as : 1) afterwards 7) not long after that 2) presently 8) since then 3) later 9) soon at last 4) before 10) immediately 5) how 11) after a short time 6) the next day 12) lately 13) suddenly

3) EXPOSITORY Exposition is a rather formal term which really means either information or explanation, modes of communication we might use to write a manual, offer instructions on how things work or where to find things, or recount what happened during a revolution, etc. There are 4 types of expository essays : i. Descriptive ii. Explanatory iii. Illustrative iv. Analytical

4) ARGUMENTATIVE
 Argumentative literally refers to everything that

involves debate and possible disagreement, and to opinion as opposed to the uncontested facts of exposition. It means agreeing or disagreeing with a given proposition, either strongly or tentatively.  In more general terms it refers to a more subjective style of writing, where writers engage in defining their terms or interpreting and evaluating the views, evidence or data very clearly from their own perspective or viewpoint.

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic, collect, generate, and evaluate evidence, and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay. In the first paragraph of an argument essay, students should set the context by reviewing the topic in a general way. Next the author should explain why the topic is important (exigence) or why readers should care about the issue. Lastly, students should present the thesis statement. It is essential that this thesis statement be appropriately narrowed to follow the guidelines set forth in the assignment. If the student does not master this portion of the essay, it will be quite difficult to compose an effective or persuasive essay.

Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion. Transitions are the mortar that holds the foundation of the essay together. W ithout logical progression of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essays argument, and the structure will collapse. Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous section and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next section.

Body paragraphs that include evidential support. Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. In addition, such conciseness creates an ease of readability for ones audience. It is important to note that each paragraph in the body of the essay must have some logical connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. Some paragraphs will directly support the thesis statement with evidence collected during research. It is also important to explain how and why the evidence supports the thesis (warrant).

However, argumentative essays should also consider and explain differing points of view regarding the topic. Depending on the length of the assignment, students should dedicate one or two paragraphs of an argumentative essay to discussing conflicting opinions on the topic. Rather than explaining how these differing opinions are wrong outright, students should note how opinions that do not align with their thesis might not be well informed or how they might be out of date.

Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal). The argumentative essay requires well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information to support the thesis statement and consider other points of view. Some factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal evidence should support the thesis. However, students must consider multiple points of view when collecting evidence. As noted in the paragraph above, a successful and well-rounded argumentative essay will also discuss opinions not aligning with the thesis. It is unethical to exclude evidence that may not support the thesis. It is not the students job to point out how other positions are wrong outright, but rather to explain how other positions may not be well informed or up to date on the topic.

A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided. It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, synthesize the information presented in the body of the essay. Restate why the topic is important, review the main points, and review your thesis. You may also want to include a short discussion of more research that should be completed in light of your work.

A COMPLETE ARGUMENT
Perhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause of W orld War II and its current effect on those who lived through the tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the conversation. In fact, if I were to end the argument in the middle of my second point, questions would arise concerning the current effects on those who lived through the conflict. Therefore, the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.

NARRATIVE ESSEY

DEFINATION OF NARRATIVE ESSEY As a mode of expository writing, the narrative approach, more than any other, offers writers a chance to think and write about themselves. We all have experiences lodged in our memories, which are worthy of sharing with readers. Yet sometimes they are so fused with other memories that a lot of the time spent in writing narrative is in the prewriting stage. When you write a narrative essay, you are telling a story. Narrative essays are told from a defined point of view, often the author's, so there is feeling as well as specific and often sensory details provided to get the reader involved in the elements and sequence of the story. The verbs are vivid and precise. The narrative essay makes a point and that point is often defined in the opening sentence, but can also be found as the last sentence in the opening paragraph.

 Since a narrative relies on personal

experiences, it often is in the form of a story. When the writer uses this technique, he or she must be sure to include all the conventions of storytelling: plot, character, setting, climax, and ending. It is usually filled with details that are carefully selected to explain, support, or embellish the story. All of the details relate to the main point the writer is attempting to make.

How to Write a Narrative Essay

 Writing a Narrative Essay  There's nothing like reading a great narrative. Whether in novel or essay form, a narrative piece of writing transports readers into the time and space of the world portrayed by the writing.  There's also nothing like writing a great narrative. Through reflecting upon an event, and through recreating the experience for other readers, writing a narrative essay can enable you to develop new, subtle, and rewarding perspectives

 Basic qualities of a narrative essay:  A narrative essay is a piece of writing that

recreates an experience through time.  A narrative essay can be based on one of your own experiences, either past or present, or it can be based on the experiences of someone else.  In addition to telling a story, a narrative essay also communicates a main idea or a lesson learned.

 First steps for writing a narrative essay:  Identify the experience that you want to write

about.  Think about why the experience is significant.  Spend a good deal of time drafting your recollections about the details of the experience.  Create an outline of the basic parts of your narrative

 Writing about the experience:  Using your outline, describe each part of your narrative.  Rather than telling your readers what happened, use vivid details and descriptions to actually recreate the experience for your readers.  Think like your readers. Try to remember that the information you present is the only information your readers have about the experiences.  Always keep in mind that all of the small and seemingly unimportant details known to you are not necessarily known to your readers

 Communicating the significance of the

experience:  It's often effective to begin your narrative with a paragraph that introduces the experience and communicates the significance. This technique guarantees that your readers will understand the significance of the experience as they progess through the narrative.

 Another effective technique is to begin the

essay by jumping directly into the narrative and then ending the essay with a paragraph communicating the significance of the experience. This approach allows your readers to develop their own understanding of the experience through the body of the essay and then more deeply connect to your expression of the significance at the end

 You might also consider introducing the

experience in the first paragraph but delaying your expression of the significance of the experience until the end of the essay. This approach heightens your readers' sensitivity to the significance of the narrative.

 Potential prompts for your narrative essay:  If you're having trouble choosing an

experience to write about, take a quick glance through these prompts. They might help you remember or identify a particularly interesting or significant experience to focus on.

 A childhood event. Think of an experience when you learned something for the first time, or when you realized how important someone was for you.  Achieving a goal. Think about a particularly meaningful achievement in your life. This could be something as seemingly minor as achieving a good grade on a difficult assignment, or this could be something with more long-lasting effects, like getting the job you desired or getting into the best school to which you applied.

 A failure. Think about a time when you did

not perform as well as you had wanted. Focusing on an experience like this can result in rewarding reflections about the positive emerging from the negative.  A good or bad deed. Think about a time when you did or did not stand up for yourself or someone else in the face of adversity or challenge

 A change in your life. Think about a time when something significant changed in your life. This could be anything from a move across town to a major change in a relationship to the birth or death of a loved one.  A realization. Think about a time when you experienced a realization. This could be anything from understanding a complicated math equation to gaining a deeper understanding of a philosophical issue or life situation

How To summarize, the narrative essay

 is told from a particular point of view  makes and supports a point  is filled with precise detail  uses vivid verbs and modifiers  uses conflict and sequence as does any story  may use dialogue

 The purpose of a narrative report is to describe something. Many students write narrative reports thinking that these are college essays or papers. While the information in these reports is basic to other forms of writing, narrative reports lack the "higher order thinking" that essays require. Thus narrative reports do not, as a rule, yield high grades for many college courses. A basic example of a narrative report is a "book report" that outlines a book; it includes the characters, their actions, possibly the plot, and, perhaps, some scenes. That is, it is a description of "what happens in the book." But this leaves out an awful lot

 What is left out is what the book or article is about -- the underlying concepts, assumptions, arguments, or point of view that the book or article expresses. A narrative report leaves aside a discussion that puts the events of the text into the context of what the text is about. Is the text about love? Life in the fast lane? Society? Wealth and power? Poverty? In other words, narrative reports often overlook the authors purpose or point of view expressed through the book or article

 Once an incident is chosen, the writer should keep three

principles in mind.  Remember to involve readers in the story. It is much more interesting to actually recreate an incident for readers than to simply tell about it.  Find a generalization, which the story supports. This is the only way the writer's personal experience will take on meaning for readers. This generalization does not have to encompass humanity as a whole; it can concern the writer, men, women, or children of various ages and backgrounds.  Remember that although the main component of a narrative is the story, details must be carefully selected to support, explain, and enhance the story.

Conventions of Narrative Essays In writing your narrative essay, keep the following conventions in mind. Narratives are generally written in the first person, that is, using I. However, third person (he, she, or it) can also be used. Narratives rely on concrete,