-

:
. , .

:
a 471/98

, 2009.

3
6
8

1.

2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.

DVB-S

12
12
13
13

3.
3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.
3.2.3.

M


MPEG-2


MPEG Layer II
Dolby Digital

16
16
16
19
26
26
29
30

4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.4.1.
4.4.2.

MPEG-2
MPEG-2
MPEG-2 DVB-SI
PEG-2

31
32
34
38
39
39
41

4.4.3.

42

5.
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.

(FEC)
( )
Reed-Solomon ( )
Forney ( )
( )

43
43
44
45
45

6.
6.1

QPSK

48
50

7.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.3.1.
7.3.2.
7.3.3.

DVB-S
M BER-a
M
M

53
54
55
57
57
58
59

60

 KO

AC-3
AF

Adaptation Field

AVC

Advanced Video Coding

B
BER
BP
C/N
CA
CAM
CAT
CC
CCD

CD
CRC
CSA
DCT
DFT

Bouquet Association Table

Bit Error Rate
Band Pass
Carrier/Noise
Conditional Access
Conditional Access Messages
onditional ccess able
Continuity_counter
Charge Coupled Device
Comit Consultatif International des
Radiocommunications
Compact Disc
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Common Scrambling Algorithm
Discrete Cosine Transform
Discrete Fourie Transform

DPCM

Differential Pulse Code Modulation

DSCQS

Double Stimulus Continual Quality Scale

DTS
DVB

Decoding Time Stamp

Digital Video Broadcasting
Digital Video Broadcasting - Common
Scrambling Algorithm
Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite
Digital Video Broadcasting - Service
information

CCIR

DVB-CSA
DVB-S
DVB-SI

Audio Coding 3

3

(
ao MPEG-4.10)

-

-
-

DVB-I
DVD
DVQL-U
EAV
CM
EI
EIRP
I
ELG

EPG
ES
TSI
FEC
FFT
FIFO
FIR

GMT
GOP
HD-MAC
HDTV
IDTV
IEC
IF
ISI
ISO
IU
JPEG
LDPC
LNA
LNB
DFT
P@ML

MPEG
MSB
MUSE
NIT

Digital Video Broadcasting - Common

Interface
Digital Versatile Disk

Digital Video Quality Level - Unweighted

End of Active Video

Entitlement Control Messages

Transport_error_indicator

Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

Event Information Table
a
European Launching Group

Entitlement Management Messages

Electronic Program Guide

Elementary Stream

European Telecommunications Standards

Institute

Forward Error Cirection

Fast Fourie Transform

First In First Out

Finite Impulse Response

Greenwich Mean Time

Group Of Pictures

High-Definition Multiplexed Analog

Components

High Definition Television

Improved Definition Television

International Electrotechnical Commission
Intermediate Frequency

Inter-Symbol Interference
-
International Standards Organization

International Telecommunications Union

Join Photograpic Experts Group

Low Density Parity Code

Low Noise Amplifier

Low Noise Blok


Modified Discrete Fourie Transform

main profil at main lelvel

Motion Picture Expert Group

Most Significant Bit.


Multiple Sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding

Network Information Table

5

NTSC

National Television System Committee

PAL
PAT
PCM
PES
PF
PID
PLL
PMT
PRBS
PSI

Phase Alternating Line

Program Allocation Table
Pulse Code Modulation
Packetized Elementary Stream
Payload_flag
Packet IDentifier
Phase Lock Loop
Program Map Table
Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence
Program Specific Information

PUSI

Payload_unit_start_indicator

QEF
QPSK
RF
RLC
RMS
RS
RST
SA
SAV
SCR
SDI
SDT
SNR

Quasi Error-Free
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Radio Frequency
Run Length Coding
Root Mean Square
Reed-Solomon
Running Status Table
Spatial Activity
Start of Active Video
SCRembling
Serial Digital Interface
Service Description Table
Signal Noise Ratio
Single Stimulus Continual Quality
Evaluation
Stuffing Table
System Time Clock.
Temporal Activity
Time and Date Table
Transport_priority
Time Offset Table
Transport Stream
video for windows
Vertical Insertion Tests Signals
Variable Length Coding
Video Quality Experts Group

SSCQE
ST
STC
TA
D
TPR

S
vfw
VITS
VLC
VQEG

T

J
procena
a


a


T
Windows

1.1.

DVB-S

10

2.1.

13

2.2

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
3.12.
3.13.
3.14.
3.15.
3.16.
3.17.
3.18.
3.19.

IU-BT.R601
SAV EAV IU-BT.R601


DPCM
e GOP-a
DCT
4:2:0
-
, , slice





32 MPEG Layer II
MPEG Layer II

17
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
30
30

4.1.

PES- PEG-2 (PES1

PT1,PT3 PT4; PES2

31

13

 4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.

PT6)

32
33
33
33
34
38

4.9.

AF
PES-

ECM EMM control_word

5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5.6.

/

RS
Forney /

43
44
44
45
45
46

6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.

QPSK
QPSK
f S /4

49
49
50
51
51

7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
7.5.

DVQ
Rohde&Schwarz [DVQ]

53
54
55
56
57

4.8.

41
42

Taa 1.1.

DVB-S

10

Taa 4.1.
Taa 4.2.
Taa 4.3.
Taa 4.4.
Taa 4.5.
Taa 4.6.
Taa 4.7.
Taa 4.8.

PAT-a
PMT-a
CAT-a

transport_scrambling_flags
PES_scrambling_flags

33
34
36
36
37
38
40
40

Taa 5.1.
Taa 5.2.

DVB
DVB ETSI 1995.

46
46

Taa 6.1.

48

1.
1980- ,
20 .

PAL NTSC ( 108 270 b/s ).

( , )
(IDTV) (HDTV),
750 IDTV 125 1250 HDTV.
HDTV
, Gb/s. HDTV (MUSE , HD-MAC
HD )
. .
1990- . JPEG
MPEG
, o
( 1.5b/s 30 Mb/s
).

,
. 1994
'Direktna TV '
.
, 1991
HDTV (HD-MAC) (ELG)
. 1993
DVB ( ),
(P@ML) MPEG-2.
MPEG-2 je MPEG-1 HDTV
. DVB-S.
10

1.1 DVB-S
1.1 DVB-S

Roll-off

MPEG-2 MPEG-4 AVC (H264)

MPEG-1 (Layer II), Dolby Digital
DVB-CSA
188
Reed-Solomon (204, 188, T = 8)
Forney, = 12
LDPC
35%
QPSK
27 ~ 36 MHz

11

MPEG

 .

.
(MPEG-2) ,
.
, . .
DVB-S
. ,
.
(PEG Lyer II)
(MPEG-2).
. -
.
, .
.
.
, . . BER
.
.
QPSK .

.

12

2.

.
36000 km.
, . .
13


.

.
200 dB.
.
27.5 S/s. QPSK 2 :
bits

R uk = 2 symbol

2.1.

s
27.5 Megasymbol
s

R RS = 55

Mbit
s

R RS 3 / 4 = 50.69

Mbit
s

= 55

Mbit
s

(2.1)

188
Mbit
= 50.69
204
s

(2.2)

Mbit
3
= 38.01
s
4

(2.3)

(up-link)
14 ... 17 GHz.
. ,
.
.
, .
.
().
. 60 ... 80 W 11
14 GHz. , .
. .

LNA

2.1
2.2.

DVB-S

200 d
.
LNB.
. LNB (14/18V).
14

 - IF
900 ... 2100 MHz .
LNB 9.6 GHz 10.6 GHz
9.75 GHz 10.6 GHz. DVB-S
10.6 GHz. 22 kHz
.
2.3.

,
90 .
.
QPSK ,
.
MPEG-2

DVB-S
front end
CR
1/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
7/8

C/N
>4.1dB
>5.8dB
>6.8dB
>7.8dB
>8.4dB

BER<

RS

MPEG-2

BER<10
QEF=1

BER<

2.2 ,
.

.
():
: 82 W =
19 dBW

32 dB
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EIRP
52 dB
:
- = 37.938 km
91.6 dB

= 12.1 GHz
21.7 dB

92.4 dB
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
205.7 dB
:
EIRP

52 dB
15


205.7 dB

0.3 dB

0.5 dB

0.2 dB
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-154.7 dBW
37 dB
-117 dB

:

-228.6 dbW/K/Hz
= 33
74.4 dB
= 293
24.7 dB
LNB
1 dB
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 128.5 dBW
- C/N:
C
-117.7 dBW
N
-128.5 dBW
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C/N
10.8 dB
C/N 9 ... 12 dB.
:
L[dB] = 92.4 + 20 log(

f
d
) + 20 log( )
GHz
km

(2.4)

f GHz
d e km
:
D
f
) + 20 log(
)
km
GHz

(2.5)

B
T
) + 10 log(( + 273)) + F
Hz
C

(2.6)

G[dB ] = 20 + 20 log(

D - m
f GHz
:
N [dbW ] = 228.6 + 10 log(

B -
T -
F - dB

16

3.

17

3.1.

, .
CCD ,
. , ,
6 8 Hz. (18 24 Hz)
( NTSC
6 Hz PAL 8 Hz).
, (NTSC
PAL) .
3:1
(

.).
(
).
3.1.1.

CCIR
CCIR601, IU-BT.R601, .
, ,
Y ( Cb Cr).
Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B
(3.1)
Cb = 0.56(B-Y)

(3.2)

Cr = 0.71(R-Y)

(3.3)

5.75 Hz, . ,
2.75 Hz, (
, . 1.5 Hz ).
(NTSC PAL ) 1.3 Hz.

18

5.75 MHz

13.5 MHz

Y
R
G

8/10

A
D

Cb

8/10

D
Cr

8/10

A
D

Cb

270 Mb/s
ITU-R.BT601
CCIR601

Cr

2.75 MHz

6.75 MHz

3.1
A/D ( 4:3) 13.5 Hz,
6.5 Hz, 16:9 18
Hz 9 Hz .
8 10 . 10
270 B/s (
), .
: Cb Y Cr Y Cb 3.2 Y
Cb Cr Y
Cb Cr. 4:2:2, 4:4:4
Y, Cb Cr.
SAV (Start of
Active Video) EAV (End of Active Video) . EAV SAV
, .
. , ,
, .
O 8 10 . SAV EAV
,
.
. ,
. .
( 8 10- 6 8- ) ;
, ( -
-). ( 7 10- 5 8- )
;
, . 6 ( 10 ) 4
( 8 ) SAV ( ) EAV
19

( ). 5...2 ( 10 ) 3...0 ( 8 )
SAV EAV .

1 F V H P3 P2 P1 P0

00000000(00) = 0/0

00000000(00) = 0/0

11111111(11) = 255/1023

3.2 IU-BT.R601

4

TRS (SAV EAV)

3.3 SAV EAV IU-BT.R601

F = (0 = , 1 = );

V = (1 );

H = SAV/EAV (0 = SAV, 1 = EAV);

P0, P1, P2, P3 = ( ).

20

 Y , (Cb Cr)
.
SAV EAV. Y 16 64 (8 )
240 960 (10 ). 16 240
(8 ) 64 960 (10 ).
.
255/1023
700 mV

255/1023

235/940

Cb/Cr

0 mV

16/64

350 mV

240/960

0 mV

128/512

-350
mV

16/64
0

3.4
SDI ( ) ,
MPEG .
3.1.2.

MPEG-2

o ()
() .
,
.
. .
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
( ).
.
PEG MPEG .
.
130 MPEG-a, :

8 10 ( )

( )
21

(4:2:0) ( )

(DPCM) (
)

(DCT) (
)

- ( )

( )

( )

( )

3.5
g ITU-BT.R601,
( 4:2:2) 270 b/s
MPEG-2 2..15 b/s.
10 8
/ (SNR)
48 dB. .
8 , 10
( ).
ITU-BT.R601 8 20%
((10-8)/10 = 2/10 = 20%). .
12 dB. 216 b/s.

, ,
(, ...)
MPEG. ,
.
PAL :

8% = 50/625, jer je 575 625 ( )

25% = 52/64 + ( 19%),

52 s 64 s.
22

 166 b/s.


. 5.75 Hz ( ) 2.75 Hz.
4:2:2 .
,
. MPEG-2
4:2:0. 25%
, . 124.5 b/s.
(DPCM)
.

.
, , . .

255

ts
3.6 DPCM

A/D
. (PCM).
.
.


.
, .
1616
88 . 4:2:0,
88 b 88 Cr 1616
.
23

 16 (Y: 720 576 ).

( I ),
( ).

.
.
.
.
. P
() . (
. . I
( ) GOP.
, (
P) ( )
.
.
( )
. ,
, . DCT
.
P
I . 12 I,
B, B, P, B, B, P, , B, P, B, B, I I P.
I P I P
. MPEG GOP .
, GOP
.

P6
B
B 2

P3
B
B 1

I0

B7

P9

B4B5

B8I 12

3.7 e GOP-a
I o , B1 , B2 , P3 , B4 , B5 , P6 , B7 , B8 , P9

I o , B 2 , B 1 , P3 , B1 , B2 , P6 , B4 , B5 , P9 . P I

.
.
24

 .
(DTS) PES.

.
,
.
,
.
.
88 . DCT.
128
.

3.8 DCT
DCT:
F (u , v) = (

N 1 N 1
2
u
v
)C (u )C (v) f ( x, y ) cos[(2 x + 1)
] cos[(2 y + 1)
]
N
2N
2N
x =0 y =0
(3.4)

DCT:
25

f ( x, y ) + (

2 N 1 N 1
u
v
)C (u )C (v) F (u , v) cos[(2 x + 1)
] cos[(2 y + 1)
]
N u =0 v =0
2N
2N
(3.5)

: - N = 8;
- C(u), C(v) =

1
2

u,v = 0 ( u v, 1).

88 , .

.
,
.
.
. MPEG
,
( vfw xvid.
h263 MPEG,
.). .
. .
- .
(VLC)
. .

3.9 4:2:0
26


.
MPEG
.
.
I . P B

.

. DCT 88
. . .
- RLC

3.10 -

27

 . 0, 0, 0 ,0, ...
10 .

.

Slice

ES:

GOP

slice

3.11 , , slice
3.2
3.2.1.

140 dB, 20 kHz. .

.
32 kHz (MPEG ), 44.1 kHz ( CD ), 48 kHz
( ) 96 kHz ( ) ( DVD
100 kHz , DVD )
16 . 48 kHz 16
786 kb/s 1.5 b/s .

32/44.1/48 KHz

~ 1.5 Mbit/s

16

... 768 kbit/s

D

15 ... 20 KHz

16

... 768 kbit/s

D

15 ... 20 KHz

100 ... 400 kbit/s

32/44.1/48 KHz

28

 3.12
. 3 - 4 kHz,
.
. .

3.2.13.

3.14
29

 .
,
.
.

. .
.

3.15
,
. ).

:
:

:
:

3.16.
8 48 dB 16 96 d
.
, .
(FFT)
.
30

 (
).
.
, .
. .

.
.
.

.
.

.
.

,
. .
.
3.2.2.

MPEG Layer II

BP

BP

BP

1024
24 ms
FFT

3.17 32 MPEG Layer II

32 750
Hz. FFT
. FFT 24 1024 , .
24 . 24 ms
31

 . 24
ms. , .
.
312 . 12
. 12
.

3.18 MPEG Layer II

3.2.3.

Dolby Digital

MDFT

FFT

3.19.
,

(DFT). (DFT) (DFT),
256 512 . ,
, FFT
. FFT-
MDFT, .
32


. Dolbu digital AC-3.

4.

MPE
G-2

(BER< 10 4 ).
.

.
188 , ,
DVB .
STC. ,
PES-
.

33

PES1 (> 184 )

PES2 = 184

PES

184

PT1

184

PT2

PT3

< 184B

PT4

184

PT5

PT6

PT7

188

(,
...)

(AF)
PES

4.1 PES- PEG-2 (PES1

PT1,PT3 PT4; PES2 PT6) .
4.1.

MPEG-2

34

TS Mux
1

ES

PSI

PE
S

PCR
STC1

ES

PE
S

35
PSI

STCN

4.2
4 , 184 (payload)
(F).
PES- .
PEG-2 .
ISO/IEC 13818-1 PES
PES
.
PES (188 2048 ),
PES 184 . PES
184 , AF PES
184 PES ( 4.3.).

(F)

184 -

188

4.3
13

Cont
inuit
y

Sync
0x47

111

Coun
ter

PID

Transport_priority
Payload_unit_start_indicator
Transport_error_indicator

Adaptation_field_control
Transport_scrambling_control

4.4
4.1.

Sync_byte
EI
PUSI
TPR
PID

()
Synchronizatio byte (10000111 = 47 hex )
Transport_error_indicator ( )
Payload_unit_start_indicator ( PES )
Transport_priority ( )
Packet_identifier ( )
36

8
1
1
1
13

SCR_flags
AF
PF
CC

Transport_scrambling_flags ( )
Adaptation_field_flag ( )
Payload_flag ( )
Continuity_counter ( PES-a)

2
1
1
4

y
1

y-x-1 ()

Flags

Optional_fields

Stuffing

Adaptation_filed_lenght

4.5 AF
4.2

Adaptation_field_length
Flags
Optional_fields
Stuffing

(y - 1)

( )
FFh

PES

8
8
x * 8
(y 1- x )

PES-
x

184 -

AF

4.6 PES-.
4.2.

MPEG-2 DVB-SI

MPEG-2 MPEG-2
(PSI).
( 256 , 1024
4096 ).
PEG-2
(PAT)
PID-a (PID = 00000).
( 0 65535) PID-
( PMT). .

37

 (CAT)
.
PID = 00001 PID ( , .
)
.
(PMT)
. PID

(CM
). PMT PID
PAT ( 00000 00001 PAT CAT ).
(TDST)
. PID = 00002.

, ,
CAT-, 4096 1024
.
DVB .
DVB-SI ( )
.
DVB-SI
.
(NIT)
RF ,
, .
PID = 00010.
T (SDT)
.
PID = 00011.
(I), /
.
PID = 00012.
(D)
. PID = 00014.
DVB-SI
38

 (B)

- ( EPG).
. PID=00011.
(EIT),
.
PID = 00012.
(RST)

. PID = 00013.
()
GMT. PID = 00014.
(ST)
. PID = (00010-00014).
,.
PID .
(NIT)
(SDT)
(EIT), /

.
TSI TR 101 290
.
, , ( 256)
1024 , 4096 .
PEG-2 , DVB
.
4.3 PAT-a
(PAT)
Table_id (00)
Section_syntax_indicator 0
Reserved
Section_length
Transport_stream_id
Reserved
Version_number

00 PAT
1
0
1021 (2 MSB = 0)

PAT-a
39

8
1
1
2
12
16
2
5

Current_next_indicator
Section_number
Last_section_number
Program number 0 a
Reserved
Network_PID
Program_number 1
Reserved
Program_map_id
.
CRC_32

1 = PAT, 0 =
( = 00)
(JV tot - 1)
0 = (NIT)
NIT- PID
(1 = )
PMT- PID
4
CRC 32

1
8
8
16
3
13
16
3
13
...
32

Ta 4.4. PMT-a
(PMT)
Table_id (02)
Section_syntax_indicator
0
Reserved
Section_length
Program_number
Reserved
Version_number
Current_next_indicator
Section_number
Last_section_number
Reserved
PCR_PID
Reserved
Program_info_length
Stream_type 1
Reserved
Elementary_PID 1
Reserved
ES_info_length 1
Descriptors 1
Stream_type 2
Reserved
Elementary_PID 2
Reserved
ES_info_length 2
Descriptors 2
.
CRC_32

02 PMT
1
0
1021 (2 MSB = 0)
(1 65536)
PMT
1 = PAT, 0 =
00 ( )
PID 1

1
PID 1
N 1 = 1

2
PID 2
N 2 = 2

(ES )
CRC 32

8
1
1
2
12
16
2
5
1
8
8
3
13
4
12
8
3
13
4
12
N 1
8
3
13
4
12
N 2
...
32

Ta 4.5. CAT-a
(CAT/TDST)

40

Table_id (01)/(03)
Section_syntax_indicator
0
Reserved
Section_length
Reserved
Reserved
Version_number
Current_next_indicator
Section_number
Last_section_number

01 CAT, 03 TDST
1
0

Descryptors

/TS

CRC_32

CRC 32

1021 (2 MSB = 0)
CAT-a
1 = , 0 =
(1 = 00)
(N tot - 1)

8
1
1
2
12
16
2
5
1
8
8

1012
32

Ta 4.6.

Table_id
Section_syntax_indicator
Private_indicator
Reserved
Private_section_length
Private_data_byte a

( 00h-3Fh FFh)
0 = , 1 =

4093 (2MSB = 1)
(
;
CAT- )

8
1
1
2
12

4093

PES-,
. PES , PUSI
(payload_unit_start_indicator) 1. ,
, AF. ,
.

Pointer_field

Section_start

AF

4.7.
AF . PUSI
1 .

41

 , (pointer_field)
.
4.3.

PEG-2

, PAT
PMT (/ NIT )
( ).
(EPG) EIT .
,
.

, ,. .
( )
( ) BAT .
, .
PID- ,
PAT PMT
.
NIT .
- -
.
4.4.

DVB CAT-
PMT. CSA

( ).
CA , .
:
1. Simulcrypt.
, (CSA DVB-)
. ,

.
2. Multicrypt.
PCMCIA .
DVB-CI ( )
- .
DVB-CI , .
/ ,
.

42

 , . DVB-CI
( ).
4.4.1.

.

:

8 ( )

( ).

( )
2 .
(ECM)
.

.
( PES
), .

transport_scrambling_flags.
.
Ta 4.7. transport_scrambling_flags
Transport_scrambling_flags

00

01

(default)

10

11

PES .
PES-,
PES- .
PES
, ,
- PES (PES_scrabling_control).
43

Ta 4.8. PES_scrambling_flags
Transport_scrambling_flags

00

01

10

11

PES :

;
PES_header_length_field
packet_length_field;

184-
F;

PES 184
;

PES .

4.4.2.

(CAM) : (ECM)
(EMM). :

(control_word) ;

(service_key)
;

(user_key) .

ECM 2
.
10 .

44

User_key Service_key

Control_words

CONTROL_WORD

Descryption
CTRL_WORD

CM
CM

SERVICE_KEY

MM
MM

Descryption
Service_KEYRD

USER_KEY

MM
USER_KEY
(smart card)
:

ECM = (control_word, service_key)

control_word = (ECM, service_key)

EMM = (service_key, user_key)

service_key = (EMM, user_key)

4.8. ECM EMM control_word

:
1. (PAT)
PID=0x0000, PID(M) (PMT);
2. PMT PID PES-, PCR, PID
;
3. () PID=00001
;


(PS ).

45

PAT

Prog 3

PID M

PMT

Prog 3

Audio
PID

ECM
PCR

PID 0

PID M

CAT

CA
1
CA
2

PID 1

EMM-1

EMM-2

ECM-3

EMM-1
EMM-2

4.9.
4.4.3.

DVB-CSA .


.
(
) ( ).

46

5.

(FEC
)

188 .

(, , ). ,
, (BER)
( -10 -12 0.1-10
o 30 b/s). (QEF).

.
(
) (FEC).

RS(204, 188, 8)

Forney

()

5.1.
FEC FEC
.
5.1.

( )

,
RF .
47

 188
47 hex (01000111 bin ) (MSB).
,
.
- (PRBS) 1+ X 14 - X 15 .

1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0000001

X-OR
X-OR

AND

(/)

(/)

Enabled

5.2. /

100101010000000.
, (47 hex 8 hex ),
.
, enable , - .
MPEG-2
. .
PRBS = 1503

Sync1

R
187

Sync2

R
187

Sync8

R
187

Sync1

R
187

5.3.
5.2.

Reed-Solomon ( )

DVB
( ); ( )
.
QEF .
Reed-Solomon RS(204, 188, = 8) RS(255,
239, = 8). Forney ,
.
.
48

RS(204, 188, = 8) 16
204 . 8
. , ,
.
( 8%=16/188).
204
Sync1

syncn

R
188

RS(204, 188, 8)

5.4. RS
5.3.

Forney ( )

Reed-Solomon
RS
.

Sync word route

1
1

2
3
11

17 x 2
17 x 3

17 x 11

17 x 11

17 = M

Sync word route

8

17 = 2

9
10

17 x 3
17 x M

9
10

11

11 = I - 1

Interleaver I = 12

11 = I - 1

De-interleaver I = 12

5.5. Forney /
L (204 ) I ( 12)
( ). I = 12 L = 204.
12 FIFO ( = 0 11) x ( = L/I = 204/12 = 17),
FIFO (11 ).
12 = 0 11
0, 17, 34, ..., 187
. .
5.4.

( )

49

 (100%
)
.
/ (SNR) ,
. Y I Q QPSK

(R c = 1/2 ).
= 133

= 171

5.6.
(2 QPSK) .
,
.
( Y ) . I Q
I Q
. (R c =
2/3, 3/4, 5/6, 7/8) .
(1/2) (
/ ).
Ta 5.1. DVB

(Code rate)
(Constraint length)
(First polynomial generator)
(Second polynomial generator)
(Free distance)

Rc

K
G1
G2
d free

1/2
7
133 oct
171 oct
10

Ta 5.2. DVB ETSI 1995.

Rc
d free

X
Y
I
Q

1/2

2/3
10
1
1
X1
Y1

3/4

5/6

7/8

6
10 10
11 11

5
101
110

4
10101
11010

3
1000101
1111010

X 1Y2 Y3

X 1Y2
Y1 X 3

X 1Y2Y4
Y1 X 3 X 5

X 1Y2 Y4Y6

Y1 X 3Y4

50

Y1Y3 X 5 X 7

: X Y, , .
(d free )
.
QPSK.

51

6.

/ (/N SNR) (10dB ),

. 27 36 MHz

( 6 8 MHz .

.
.

, . - (ISI).

.
.
- .
roll-off .
Ta 6.1.

0 < f < 0.5(1 - )

1

0.5(1 - ) < f < 0.5(1 + )

0.5{1 + sin[(0.5 - f )

52

T
aT

]}

0.5(1 + )< f <

0


:
B = (1 + )

1
2T

(6.1)

6.1 (
1/T) (0.2, 0.35, 0.5).
( ).

6.1.

53

 6.2.

(ISI)
.
6.1.

QPSK

54

 1 0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

I
+1
-1
-1
+1

Q
+1
+1
-1
-1

data(t)
Q
01

10

i(t)

-1

q(t)

+1

-1

-1

-1

+1

-1

+1

+1

-1

00
I

data(t)

0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

11

I
i(t)
q(t)

iqmod(t)

Q
/
2
lo(t)

6.3. QPSK
I Q
. I Q . i(t)
q(t) iqmod(t).
, .
= ( Ai ) 2 + ( Aq ) 2 - iqmod(t);
(6.1)
= arctan

Aq
Ai

- iqmod(t).

(6.2)

q(t) i(t) +1V -1V, lo(t)

45 , 135 , 225 315 .
(QPSK).
i(t)
q(t). ( ) .
.
, QPSK .
i(t) q(t). i(t) q(t)
, .
2, .
2.
( = ). .
.

55

iqmod(t)

data(t)

/
2

6.4. QPSK
.
.
. PLL .
, . .

90 . i(t) q(t)
.
f S /4
. iqmod(t)
/D IF
. ,
f S /2.

I
iqmod(t)

i(t)

q(t)

FIR

+/- 1

D
= 4*

/2

+/- 1

6.5. f S /4
I Q (
I Q)
. +1 -1.
-1. i(t) q(t)
( ),
56


.
( i(t) q(t)) FIR .
.
i(t) q(t)) .

57

7.

.
'
, . ,
BER-a.
,
.
( , , ' '...)
( ' ').

7.1.

, .
VITS ( )
, (
). , ,
58

 .
:

MPEG-2

MPEG-2
.
, (
). MPEG-2 ,
. .
. ,

. , .

, .
.

,
. ,
.

7.2.
, DCT , .
.
7.1.

VQEG
:
59

(DSCQS)

J procena (SSCQE)

.

.
0 () 100 (). , .
( 0.5 ) .
, . .
100
Excelent

80

Good

60

Fair

40

Poor

20

Bad

7.3.
7.2.

DCT , SSCQE
.
.
( &)
.
Y , Cb Cr .
16 . 16 .
16 Y .
.
.
16
. 16
16
. 0 ... 15
. Cb Cr.
,
16
, ( )
( ).
O DCT
DVQL-U(
60

 ).
.
,
.
:

(SA)

(TA),

, . .
. (
) .
.

( ).
.

.
.

7.4. DVQ
DVQL-U SA TA .
.
.
:

( = 0),

( = 0, SA = 0)

MPEG-2
. ,

61

 .
.

7.5. Rohde&Schwarz [DVQ]

7.3.

DVB-S

C/N

BER

(Rohde&Schwarz FSP, FSU)

DVB-S BER

DVB-S -- IDTV (Rohde&Schwarz

SFQ, SFU, SFL)

7.3.1.

M BER-a

BER :

BER

Reed-Solomon BER

Reed-Solomon BER

.

.
62

 ( ),
.
BER = bit errors / transmitted bits
(7.1)
BER 10 4 10 2 .
,
Reed-Solomon- . Reed-Solomon BER 2 10 4 .
Reed-Solomon ,
. . .
Reed-Solomon
TS-.
, Reed-Solomon BER.
BER-
. BER
.
7.3.2.

.
:

DVB-S

100 MHz

2 MHz

10 MHz ( RMS )

RMS

(2000 )

(C' dBm/Hz)

RMS 1 Hz,
.
U RMS =

1
u12 + u 22 + u 32 + ....
N

50 dBm.
. .
C [ dBm ] = C + 10logB N = C + 10log(symbol rate / Hz) dB
N [ dBm ] = N + 10logB K = N + 10log(channel bandwidth / Hz) dB
C/N [ dBm ] = C [ dBm ] - N [ dBm ]

63

(7.2)

(7.3)
(7.4)
(7.5)

C/N [ dB ] = 10log(

PNosilac
)
Puma

S/N [ dB ] = 10log(

S/N [ dB ] = C/N [ dB ] + 10log(1 -

Puma

) = C/N [ dB ] - 0.3977 dB

E B /N 0 = S/N [ dB ] + 10log(
= S/N [ dB ] + 10log(

PSignal

188
) 10log(m) 10log(code rate)
204

(7.6)

(7.7)

(7.8)
(7.9)

188
3
) 10log(2) 10log( )
204
4

= S/N [ dB ] - 1.4062dB - QPSK

7.3.3.

, . .
. ,
. 40 dB.

64

:
[1] Herve Benoit, Digital Television: Satellite, Cable, terrestrial, IPTV, Mobile TV in the DVB

Framework, Dunod,4 th Edition, Paris 2006.

[2] Walter Fischer, Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology: A practictal Engineering Guide

Second edition, Berlin 2008.

[3] Ronald de Bruin, Jan Smits, Digital Video Broadcasting: Technology, Standards and Regulations, London

1999.
[4] Jie Chan, Ut-Va Koe, K. J. Ray Liu, Design of Digital Video Coding Systems: A Complete Compressed
Domain Approach, America 2002.
[5] Irini Reljin, predavanja iz predmeta Televizija 2008-2009.

65