Nu nh vi nm trc y chng ta khng c nhiu iu ni v RAM bi a s cc h thng u c trang b SDRAM vi tc t 66MHz ti 133MHz th trong khong thi gian ngn

gn tr li y, xut hin kh nhiu chng loi b nh mi nh DDR SDRAM, Rambus RDRAM, DDR-II SDRAM... khin ngi dng 'hoa c mt' khi chn la Trong nhng nm qua, ngi dng chng kin s thay i nhanh chng ca h thng my tnh bn. Hai dng CPU chnh ca Intel v AMD thay i lin tc khng ch v tc (t vi trm MHz ln ti hng GHz) m cn c giao tip (Intel: Socket 370/ 423/ 478 /775, AMD: Slot A, Socket 462-A/ 754 /940/ 939...) v d nhin chng ko theo s thay i ca bo mch ch v nhiu thnh phn khc. Mt trong nhng thnh phn chu nh hng ln nht l b nh h thng (RAM). Bi vit ny s gip cc bn hiu r hn v nhng khi nim ca b nh RAM my tnh km theo mt s thng tin b ch khc. Tuy nhin chng ta s tp trung vo b nh DDR v DDR2 v hin ti, chng l loi thng tr trn th trng. SDRAM qu c cn RDRAM th gi qu cao m ch c dng trong mt s my tnh Pentium 4 i u. 1. KHI NIM C BN V RAM TN GI Hin nay nhiu ngi thng nhm ln v cch gi tn ca cc loi RAM. Nu nh RDRAM khng c g ni th vi dng SDRAM, vic nhm ln ngy cng ln. Khi nim RAM (Random Access Memory) th chc hn ai cng bit. DRAM hay SDRAM l khi nim m rng hn (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory - RAM ng b). Ban u v thm ch hin nay khi ni n SDRAM ngi ta thng ngh ngay n RAM loi c vi tc 100MHz hay 133MHz; tuy nhin t sau khi DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) ra i th quan nim ny hon ton sai. Tham kho mt vi bng bo gi linh kin, bn s thy cc cng ty gp phn khng nh vo vic khin ngi dng hiu sai vn . SDRAM l tn gi chung ca mt dng b nh my tnh, n c phn ra SDR (Single Data Rate) v DDR (Double Data Rate). Do nu gi mt cch chnh xc, chng ta s c hai loi RAM chnh l SDR SDRAM v DDR SDRAM. Cu trc ca hai loi RAM ny tng i ging nhau, nhng DDR c kh nng truyn d liu c hai im ln v xung ca tn hiu nn tc nhanh gp i. Trong thi gian gn y xut hin chun RAM mi da trn nn tng DDR l DDR-II, DDR-II c tc cao hn nh ci tin thit k. TC (SPEED) y c l l khi nim c ngi dng quan tm nht, tuy nhin c ngi thc mc v cch gi tn, i vi DDR th c hai cch gi theo tc MHz hoc theo bng thng. V d, khi ni DDR333 tc l thanh RAM mc nh hot ng tc 333MHz nhng cch gi PC2700 th li ni v bng thng RAM, tc l khi chy tc 333MHz th n s t bng thng l 2700MB/s (trn l thuyt). Tng ng nh th chng ta s c bng sau: Thng Vit Nam thng dng cc loi RAM c bus 333 v 400, nhng loi c bus cao hn thng xut hin nhng loi cao cp nh Kingston HyperX, Corsair , Mushkin LV nhng ni chung kh him. TR (LATENCY) CAS Latency l khi nim m ngi dng thc mc nhiu nht. Trc y, khi i mua RAM, ngi mua thng ch quan tm ti tc hot ng nh 100MHz hay 133MHz nhng gn y, khi nim CAS ang dn c ngi dng bi n ng vai tr kh quan trng vo tc x l tng th ca h thng; c bit trong p xung. Vy CAS l g? CAS l vit tt ca 'Column Address Strobe' (a ch ct). Mt thanh DRAM c coi nh mt ma trn ca cc nh (bn c th hnh dung nh mt bng tnh excel vi nhiu trng) v d nhin mi nh s c to (ngang, dc). Nh vy bn c th on ngay ra khi nim RAS (Row Adress Strobe)l a ch hng nhng do nguyn l hot ng ca DRAM l truyn d liu xung chn nn RAS thng khng quan trng bng CAS. Khi nim tr biu th qung thi gian bn phi ch trc khi nhn c th mnh cn. Theo t in Merriam-Webster th latency c ngha l 'khong thi gian t khi ra lnh n khi nhn c s phn hi'. Vy CAS s lm vic nh th no? CAS Latency c ngha g? hiu khi nim ny, chng ta s cng im nhanh qua cch thc b nh lm vic, u tin chipset s truy cp vo hng ngang (ROW) ca ma trn b nh thng qua vic a a ch vo chn nh (chn RAM) ri kch hot tn hiu RAS. Chng ta s phi ch khong vi xung nhp h thng (RAS to CAS Delay) trc khi a ch ct c t vo chn nh v tn hiu CAS pht ra. Sau khi tn hiu CAS pht i, chng ta tip tc phi ch mt khong thi gian na (y chnh l CAS Latency) th d liu s c tm thy. iu cng c ngha l vi CAS 2, chipset phi ch 2 xung nhp trc khi ly c d liu v vi CAS3, thi gian ch s l 3 xung nhp h thng. Bn s thc mc nh vy phi chng CAS2 nhanh hn CAS3 ti 33%, khng n mc nh vy bi c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n hiu nng tng th ca b nh in hnh nh: + Chui x l thng tin: kch hot RAS, ch khong thi gian tr RAS-to-CAS Delay v CAS Latency. + Truy cp b nh theo chui: i khi chipset s c d liu trong b nh RAM theo chui (burst) nh vy rt nhiu d liu s c chuyn i mt ln v tn hiu CAS ch c kch hot mt ln u chui. + B vi x l c b m kh ln nn cha nhiu lnh truy cp v d liu; do thng tin c tm kim trn b m trc khi truy cp vo RAM v tn s d liu cn c tm thy trn b m (hit-rate) kh cao (vo khong 95%). Ni tm li vic chuyn t CAS 3 sang CAS 2 s tng hiu nng x l cho tt c cc ng dng. Nhng chng trnh ph thuc vo b nh nh game hay ng dng ha s chy nhanh hn. iu ny ng ngha vi vic nhng thanh RAM c ng du CAS2 chc chn chy nhanh hn nhng thanh RAM CAS3. Nu bn d nh mua chi cho mt cuc ua p xung hay n gin ch cn h thng t tc ti u, hy chn RAM CAS2 nhng nu ch l cng vic vn phng, CAS 3 hon ton vn p ng yu cu. TN S LM TI Thng th khi nhc ti khi nim tn s lm ti (RAM Refresh Rate), ngi ta thng ngh ngay n mn hnh my tnh, tuy nhin b nh DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) cng c khi nim ny. Nh bn bit module DRAM c to nn bi nhiu t bo in t, mi t bo ny phi c np li in hng nghn ln mi giy v nu khng d liu cha trong chng s b mt. Mt s loi DRAM c kh nng t lm ti d liu c lp vi b x l thng c s dng trong nhng thit b di ng tit kim in nng. SDRAM ACCESS TIME

Vic cho ra i cch c d liu theo tng chui (Burst Mode) gip khc phc nhiu nhc im v tng hiu nng cho RAM, chu k ca chui ngn hn rt nhiu chu k trang ca RAM loi c. Chu k ca chui cng c coi nh l chu k xung nhp ca SDRAM v chnh v th n c coi nh thang xc nh cho tc ca RAM bi l khong thi gian cn thit gia cc ln truy xut d liu theo chui ca RAM. Nhng con s -12, -10, -8... ghi trn cc chip RAM cho bit khong thi gian ti thiu gia mi ln truy xut d liu: nhn -12 xc nh chu k truy cp d liu ca RAM l 12ns (nano-giy) ng ngha vi vic tc hot ng ti a ca RAM s l 83MHz. Thng RAM c tc cao s s dng chip RAM c chu k truy xut thp nhng vi chu k truy xut thp cha chc RAM c th hot ng tc cao do cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc. Do i khi bn s gp trng hp thanh RAM c tc thp nhng khi em vo 'th la' p xung th ln c tc cao hn nhiu so vi nhng loi RAM mc nh dn nhn tc cao. 2. CHN NG LOI RAM Khi mua hay rp my tnh, vic chn ng loi RAM l kh quan trng nhng li t ngi . Mi h thng s dng CPU Intel hay AMD li 'thch' mt kiu RAM khc nhau, ngoi ra vic chn la RAM cn ph thuc vo chipset v nhu cu lm vic ca ngi dng. Thng thng CPU Intel Pentium 4 v Athlon 64 yu cu RAM tc cao (bus 400MHz) tr ln do FSB ca CPU kh ln cho php bng thng d liu rng. Nu nh RAM khng p ng c mc bng thng th s b hin tng 'nghn c chai' (bottle-neck), ng dng s hot ng rt chm. Nu khng xt n vic p xung (overclock), thng thng khi mua RAM cho my tnh, bn hy mua nh sau: DDR SDRAM Nh ni trn, y ang l loi RAM thng dng v thnh hnh nht cho ton b cc loi my tnh bn vo thi im bn c bi vit ny. A. I VI CPU INTEL + Intel Pentium 4-C/E/G/J Front Side Bus (FSB) 800MHz: Nhng loi CPU ny c FSB rt ln nn nu s dng trn nn bo mch ch 865/875 hay 915/925 mi nht, bn s t tc cao khi lp t b nh knh i (Dual Channel DDR) ng cch. V nguyn tc Dual Channel DDR kh ging vi ch RAID ca a cng, vi 100MB d liu chuyn vo RAM, thay v vo mt thanh RAM 100MB, chipset s chuyn ng thi vo mi thanh RAM 50MB nn s rt ngn thi gian lm vic xung ch cn mt na. V nh vy hai thanh RAM DDR bus 400 s cho bng thng l thuyt ln mc 800MHz, tng xng vi bus ca CPU. iu cho thy nu bn s dng CPU c bus 800 th vic mua hai thanh RAM DDR bus 400 ging nhau l la chn l tng. Ch hai thanh RAM phi ging nhau c v tc v loi chip nh s dng, c bit l khi bn chy trn nn chipset i875P bi chipset ny kh 'kh tnh', nu khng ging nhau th rt c th tnh nng PAT s khng c kch hot v lm gim hiu nng h thng. + Intel Celeron/Pentium4 bus 400MHz/533MHz: Mc d nhng loi CPU c bus kh cao nhng do thuc th h c hoc dng r tin nn chng thng c lp chung vi cc loi chipset 845, cho n chipset 845PE th tc RAM cao nht c chnh thc h tr ch l 333MHz. Do nu bn lp RAM DDR400 th s khng kinh t. Nh vy tr khi bn dng bo mch ch c chipset 845PE, cn nu khng bn nn chn cc loi RAM c bus 266MHz v dnh khon ti chnh d ra cho mt ln nng cp tng th h thng sau ny. B. I VI AMD Nu nh t trc n nay nhng dng CPU ca AMD khng c ph bin Vit Nam do ch phn phi v bo hnh th gi y vi vic Silicom chnh thc tr thnh nh phn phi cho AMD, ngi dng s hon ton yn tm s dng dng vi x l ny. Mt khc, trn th trng cng xut hin thm nhiu sn phm bo mch ch v ph kin (qut tn nhit, lp socket...) cho CPU AMD. Tuy nhin c mt iu ng bun l trc kia sn phm ca AMD c yu thch do chi ph thp m hiu nng cao, cn gi y phng chm khng cn c nh vy bi nhng dng CPU cao cp ca AMD gi qu cao, thm ch vt hn Intel. Tuy nhin ngi dng AMD cn ch l b x l AMD (c bit l AthlonXP) s cho hiu nng tt nht khi RAM chy ng b vi FSB (tc ngang nhau) v CAS Latency thp (tt nht l 2) nn vic chn ng RAM l rt quan trng. + Duron/Athlon XP/Sempron Bus 266MHz: Nu bn ang s dng nhng loi CPU ny th d nhin la chn l tng nht vn l DDR 266MHz. Thng th do bus thp nn bn c th tm c nhiu loi RAM c CAS2, hy ch chi tit ny v chn la sao cho hp l. + AthlonXP bus 333/400MHz: Vi hai loi CPU ny, vic chn RAM ph thuc nhiu vo chipset ca mainboard m bn s dng. Thng th vi cc loi chipset thng dng VIA c s hiu t 333 tr xung nh KT333, KT266, KM266... bn nn dng RAM tc 333MHz. Ti sao li khng tm mua RAM bus 400MHz? L do rt n gin, vic tm mua mt thanh RAM bus 266 hay 333 c CAS thp n gin hn nhiu so vi tm mt thanh RAM 400MHz CAS2. i vi nhng chipset nh KT400, KT600 hay c bit l nVIDIA nForce 2, bn nn mua DDR400 bi ngoi vic chng h tr sn tc ny th a s CPU AthlonXP Barton ca AMD u c th chy tt bus 400MHz cho d mc nh chng ch l 333MHz m thi. Tuy nhin nh ch la chn tht k trc khi mua v trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu chng loi RAM DDR400 vi ngun gc khc nhau. Chi tit v vic chn la RAM bn c th tham kho bi vit 'Overclock - c, mt v nhng iu cn bit' (Th Gii Vi Tnh A 9/2003). Ch nForce2 h tr Dual Channel DDR 400MHz. + Athlon 64: Hu nh tt c cc h thng Athlon64 u yu cu ti thiu RAM c bus 400MHz, nhng h thng Socket939 mi h tr Dual Channel nn bn phi nh chn mua cho ph hp. DDR-II Mc d xut hin c mt thi gian di nhng DDR-II dng nh cha to c n tng tt vi ngi dng, cha kha chnh nh sn xut nng bng thng ca DDR-II ln chnh l vic nhn chip nh chy mt na tn s ca b m I/O v iu ny ng ngha vi vic b m d liu chy tc gp i nhn. Thng thng nu RAM c tc 100MHz th b m d liu cng chy tc 100MHz, nhng vi DDR, tc ny l 200MHz. Trong DDR-II, b m d liu chy 200MHz vn vi xung nhp 100MHz ca RAM, iu ny cho php chng x l c 4 bit d liu trong mt xung nhp v tc gp i nn khi p dng nguyn tc DDR ln th chng ta s c tn s d liu thc ln ti 400MHz vi ch 100MHz tc hot ng ca RAM. Ni mt cch n gin hn: Vi DDR1: 100MHz xung thc -> 100MHz b m d liu -> 200MHz tc d liu (DDR). Vi DDR2: 100MHz xung thc -> 200MHz b m d liu -> 400MHz tc d liu (DDR). Nh vy tr CAS ca DDR-II s c nhiu im khc bit so vi DDR-I hin ti v thng c t mc 4 hoc 5. Hin nay th trng trong nc khng c nhiu s la chn v b nh DDR-II do nhu cu ca ngi dng cha cao m

sn phm him, gi t. Ngoi ra nu bn mun s dng DDR-II cho my tnh bn ca mnh, bn khng c s la chn no th trng Vit Nam ngoi nhng bo mch ch c chipset Intel 915 v 925, iu ny s ko theo nhiu nng cp khc nh CPU Socket 775 v card ha PCI-Express. Mc d vy, tc ca DDR-II vo thi im hin ti cha chng t c sc cnh tranh so vi DDR truyn thng nn khng c ngi dng quan tm nhiu. Bn c th tm thy mt vi sn phm ca Samsung, Kingston hay KingMax nhiu ca hng trong c nc nu cn. 3. KINH NGHIM Chc chn bn cng nhn thy mt iu l s la chn vo thi im hin ti gn nh ch gii hn trong loi RAM DDR bi DDR-II v RDRAM hu nh khng ph bin. a s nhng loi DDR ang c bn cc ca hng linh kin my tnh u c kh nng hot ng trn tru trn mi h thng. Tuy nhin, c c loi RAM tt, hiu nng cao ng thi bn vn mun 'nghch ngm' p xung c th s phi b ra mt cht cng sc. Thng dng nht l DDR400 hay cn gi l PC3200 vi hng chc loi khc nhau v gi c chnh nhau t vi USD cho ti vi chc USD! tin, chng ta s phn lm hai loi: 'bnh dn' v 'cao cp'. Nhng loi RAM bnh dn thng khng c v thp m ch gm thanh RAM khng, mt s hng thuc dng ny ca nhng hng tn tui nh Corsair hay Kingston th c thm hp nha ng rt lch s v ghi r l Value RAM. Dng Value RAM ni chung cht lng khng c ng u v ph thuc kh nhiu vo loi chipset m hng sn xut s dng, mi t hng cht lng li rt khc nhau nn vic mua c sn phm tt hay d a phn u nh may mn. V d nh Kingston Value RAM PC3200 c t l RAM CAS 2,5, c t li l CAS 3; Adata PC3200 c v nha lc mi ra th b xem thng nhng v sau th li c khen v sc mua mnh dn ti him hng. Vy b quyt l g? Thng khi mua RAM thuc dng cp thp, bn c th rt d dng nhn thy nhng k hiu ghi trn chip RAM v nhng thanh RAM c cht lng tt thng s dng chip nh ca nhng hng c tn tui nh Winbond, Samsung, Hynix, Huyndai, Kingston, Kingmax... ch chn loi RAM c 8 chip nu c th. Ngoi ra bn c th kim tra thng s Access Time thng qua on m ghi trn chip RAM v d nh vi mt thanh Elixir bnh thng c m s l N2DS25680BT-5T th -5 chnh l thng s bn cn tm, t suy ra tc ca thanh RAM ny khong 400MHz tr ln. Yu t cui cng m bn kim tra l cht lng bn mch v tinh xo ca mch in, hy th un nh thanh RAM kim tra bn, mt s RAM c cc lp bn mch dp khng c kht v pht ra ting ku khi un hi cong s d hng hn nhng thanh khc. Vi nhng dng RAM cao cp th vic la chn s kh khn hn nhiu do v hp ln bn thn thanh RAM u c ng gi bo v rt k lng (tham kho hnh bn). Vic tho v ng gi xem bn trong l khng th, bn ch c th nhn din cht lng ca RAM thng qua m s sn phm v ngy thng sn xut, nhn chung nhng sn phm thuc dng cao cp c cht lng kh tt p ng c hu ht ngi dng k c khi bn mun p xung, ch tr mt vi ngi thuc loi 'qui kit' vi y ngh 'xn' cho overlocking mi c yu cu cao hn. Nhng loi RAM tc cao thuc series cao cp ni bt th trng Vit Nam vo thi im hin ti c th k: + Kingston HyperX: Vi tc t 400MHz cho ti 500MHz v c phn phi thng qua i l chnh hng nn ngi dng c th yn tm s dng, tuy nhin h s CAS ca HyperX kh cao nn khng c ngi dng AMD a chung. Mt s series HyperX sn xut trc kia s dng chipset Winbond BH-5 c dn overlocker sn lng lin tc. + Adata Vitesta: Tc t 500MHz n 600MHz, gi thnh kh r, trong th nghim mt thanh Atada Vitesta ngu nhin c th chy CAS 2,5 (mc nh ca nh sn xut l 3) bus 500MHz (ch knh i Dual Channel) n nh. + Mushkin Level 2 Black Cover: Tc t 400MHz ti 466MHz. Hin ti y l loi RAM c gii snh chi my tnh nh gi kh cao v kh nng nng ln tc cao v CAS thp, c bit dng mi nht s dng chip nh Samsung k hiu TCCD cho kt qu tt hn nhiu v thm ch cn vt xa dng BH-5 trc kia. Loi chip nh TCCD cn c s dng cho c nhng series RAM c bus mc nh l 600MHz (PC4800). + Corsair: Sau mt thi gian di vng bng, hin ti Corsair ang dn ly li phong vi dng sn phm RAM XMS C2PT cao cp mi nht (revision 4.1) dng chipset TCCD, trong nhng th nghim ca din n VOZ, hu ht cc loi RAM s dng chipset TCCD u c th vt qua bus 550MHz d dng thm ch vi h s CAS ch mc 2,5. Ngoi ra hng cn cung cp dng RAM c CAS 2 vi dn n Data Indicator nhy theo hot ng kh p. Tuy nhin bn cn lu theo kin nhiu ngi dng th nhng sn phm RAM cao cp ca Corsair c cht lng khng c ng u cho lm. + Gskill: y l mt tn tui mi i vi ngi dng trong nc, tuy nhin s ra mt ca hng vi dng RAM DDR600 (chip nh TCCD) thc s gy n tng. Mc d vy s lng hng khng nhiu v vic tm mua rt kh khn. Ngoi ra nhng nh sn xut nh OCZ hay Geil cng c nhiu sn phm cao cp m bn c th tm mua nhng thng kh him v khng c i l phn phi chnh thc trong nc. 3. IU CHNH BIOS CHO PH HP A. TC Mun ti u ha hiu nng ca RAM, bn ch c cch s dng BIOS ca my tnh, nhn Del khi khi ng vo BIOS. Thng cc thng s ca RAM chia lm hai mc, t l ca RAM s nm trong phn CPU Voltage/Frequency (mt s hng sn xut li a chng vo nhm ring v d nh Soft Menu (Abit), Genie Bios (DFI)... Trong phn ny, mi hng c cch sp xp khc nhau nhng u da trn mt nguyn tc chung l tc ca RAM t l vi FSB ca CPU theo mt h s nht nh. Mt s hng nh Asus chn cch hin th tc RAM trc tip gip ngi dng khng mt thi gian tnh ton cn Abit li chn cch s dng t l, bn s phi nhn, chia c kt qu tc tuy nhin iu ny s gip bn c thm kin thc v hiu r hn v thng s ca my tnh. Tc ca RAM c tnh theo t s CPU/DRAM, v d khi CPU c bus ngoi l 200MHz ( nhng CPU bus 800MHz) v t l ny l 1:1 th RAM s chy bus 200MHz (400MHz DDR). Khi t l l 5:4, bus ngoi CPU l 200MHz th tc RAM s l (200/5)*4 = 160MHz (320MHz DDR). Ring nhng thng s khc v RAM nh CAS Latency, RAS-to-CAS Delay... u c tt c cc nh sn xut a vo mt nhm chung c tn l Advance Chipset Configuration. C th bn s cm thy hoa mt nhng thng s quan trng nht l phn DRAM Timing bao gm bn thng s chnh theo th t l CAS Latency, Act to Precharge Delay, Ras-to-CAS Delay v DRAM Ras Precharge. Nu bn gp thng s RAM kiu nh 2-2-2-5 hay 2-3-3-7 th chnh l bn thng s c xp theo ng th t nh vy. ngha ca nhng thng s cn li bn c th tham kho sch hng dn i km ca tng bo mch ch.

B. IN TH: Cng trong nhng hnh nh trn, bn c th thy c mt ch s v in th cung cp cho RAM (DRAM Voltage). Thng th DDR s dng mc in th 2,5v v DDR-II l 1,8v. Mt s loi RAM DDR tc cao c th yu cu ti 2,8v hoc 2,85v, i vi nhng loi ny bn phi tham kho ti liu hng dn i km c c thng tin. Tuy nhin bn cn tun theo mt nguyn tc an ton l: Khng nn ko in th ln qu 2,9v nu khng c gii php tn nhit hu hiu v RAM c th s b chy hoc phng IC sau mt thi gian s dng. i vi nhng loi bo mch ch r tin, bn s khng chnh c in th ca RAM m ch c th thay i c tc . Trong trng hp ny bn c th s dng mt vi mn chi chuyn dng nh DDR Booster ca OCZ. Theo thng k t pha ngi dng, nhng chip RAM ca Samsung c kh nng chu c in cao nht v p xung ln c mc tc tng xng, cn nhng loi chip ca Winbond th c th chy tc cao ngay c vi in th mc nh hoc nhnh hn mt cht. in th ca RAM thm ch cn nh hng c n timing nn nu thanh RAM bn mua v khng chy c mc timing thp (v d nh 2) th bn c th th y in th ln mt cht xem sao. Sau khi c nhng gii php v phn cng, iu quan trng nht ca vic chn RAM chnh l hiu nng cao v n nh, bn s cn n nhng phn mm chuyn dng kim tra tc cng nh kh nng hot ng lu di ca RAM cho d chy tc mc nh hay p xung. Hai chng trnh sng gi nht c nhiu ngi dng nh gi cao l Sisoft Sandra 2005 (http://www.sisoftware.co.uk/) v Passmark Burn-in Test (http://www.passmark.com). Hai chng trnh ny c kh nng kim tra bng thng ca RAM km theo th nghim ti a 'ni lc' ca RAM pht hin li nu c. Nu nh RAM ca bn t c thi gian kim tra t 8 n 10 ting v tc chp nhn c th bn l ngi may mn, nu khng hy kim tra li ton b mi thit b hoc lin h vi ni bn i loi khc. Tm li, vic chn mua mt loi RAM ng vi cu hnh my tnh v ph hp vi cng vic ca mnh l rt quan trng. Vic mua RAM t cc hng tn tui d nhin s m bo cho bn v cht lng cng nh bo hnh. Mc d a s cc loi RAM trn th trng vo thi im hin ti u c thi hn bo hnh 3 nm nhng s tht phin toi nu RAM hng v bn phi chy i chy li lin lc vi ni bn; cha k chuyn thanh RAM chp chn c th cho d liu quan trng ca bn ra i khng li t bit ch trong tch tc. Ni chung nu l my tnh cho vn phng, bn hon ton c th mua nhng loi RAM ph thng tit kim chi ph, d nhin l phi kim tra cn thn. Cn nu nh bn l 'dn chi' overlock snh si hoc thng xuyn chi game tc cao hay ch n gin l mun lm cho chic my tnh ca mnh trng 'xn' hn th c th lt qua dng sn phm cao cp nhng hy nh kim tra ci v ca mnh trc! Gi ca chng chc chn khng h r cht no. bit thm thng tin v gii p thc mc ca mnh, bn c th gh thm din n Vietnam Overclocker Zone ti a ch www.vozforums.com.

Nhng mn chi khng th thiu Bn c th nhn thy mt iu rt r rng l tc ca RAM v in th s dng ngy cng cao hn. Ban u chng ta c DDR200/2,5v th gi y chng ta c DDR500/2,8v (thm ch l 2,85v i vi mt s loi nht nh) hay DDR2667/1,8v. Hai yu t ny gp phn lm cho nhit ca RAM ngy cng tng, cng chnh l l do ti sao cc loi RAM cao cp thng c l thp p mt ngoi; ngoi l do bo v th n cn gp phn tn nhit. Tuy nhin nu bn mua c RAM loi thng nhng c tc tt v kh nng p xung cao, bn c th tham kho nhng gii php tn nhit dnh ring cho RAM ca nhng nh sn xut th ba nh tn nhit cho RAM ca CoolerMaster (xem hnh). Nu cm thy kh nng ti chnh c gii hn, bn c th t ch nhng mu tn nhit nh hnh bn vi mt cc tn nhit ln ca CPU v mt chic ca st. Nu kho tay, bn s c nhng sn phm p mt khng thua g hng hiu. Mt s nh sn xut li chn gii php n gin hn bng cch lm nhng tm gii nhit ging ca hng hiu vi cht liu nh hp kim dn nhit hay ng nhng thc t chng khng hiu qu cho lm. Mt mn chi na cng ang c dn overclock a chung hin nay l DDR Booster ca OCZ tuy nhin n kh nguy him v bn ch nn dng nu c kinh nghim v my tnh. DDR Booster khng phi l mt thanh RAM mc d khi mi nhn th c v hi ging. Tuy nhin n li rt gn gi vi RAM nh kh nng can thip vo h thng cp in cho RAM, chnh v th vi DDR Booster, bn c th chnh c in nng tiu th cho RAM mt cch chnh xc nh ng h o i km. Vic s dng rt n gin, bn ch vic cm vo khe RAM trng ri vn chit p trong khi theo di ng h sao cho hp l v nu nhit ln qu cao, RAM c th b chy. C th DDR Booster kh ng s nhng hiu qu n mang li th khng ai c th ch c. Trc kia bn cn n m hn v trnh in t vo loi c hng nu mun chnh li in ca RAM bng tay th vi DDR Booster, vic cn lm ch n gin l cm v vn. Bn c th hnh dung nhng thanh RAM rt thng bnh thng bn y ngoi ca hng c th chy tc gn gp i hoc ch t cng ngang vi cc loi RAM xn hay khng? Cu tr li l c, d nhin l vi DDR Booster v nhng gii php tn nhit hp l. Cc bc nng cp b nh Khi nhn thy my tnh chy chm chp, c th bn ngh ngay ti vic nng cp card mn hnh, b x l hay bo mch ch (mainboard). Nhng bn c bit rng trong nhiu tnh hung, nng cp b nh RAM gip tng ng k hiu nng my tnh m chi ph li r? XC NH DUNG LNG Dung lng b nh ph thuc vo h iu hnh v ng dng. Windows XP yu cu b nh RAM ti thiu 64MB nhng khuyn khch 128MB. Windows Me yu cu ti thiu 32MB, trong khi Windows 98 ch cn 16MB. Nu ci thm b Office XP trn h iu hnh Windows XP, bn cn ti thiu 128MB RAM. chy cng lc cc ng dng nh Word, Excel v Power Point, bn cn ti thiu 152MB. Ni chung, bn nn trang b 256MB RAM khi s dng h thng WinXP. Nu chi game, thit k ha, x l phim, bn nn c 512MB RAM; cng nhiu cng tt nhng cn ph thuc vo kh nng h tr ca bo mch ch . XC NH LOI B NH

Hin c 3 cng ngh b nh ph bin l SDRAM, DDR-SDRAM v RDRAM nn bn cn xc nh loi b nh da theo ti liu hng dn ca bo mch ch. SDRAM: Ph bin trong cc h thng Pentium, Pentium II, v Pentium III, SDRAM c 3 loi: PC66, PC100 v PC133; tng ng vi tn s lm vic 66MHz, 100MHz v 133 MHz. DDR SDRAM: Ph bin trong h thng Pentium IV hay AMD. Cng ging nh SDRAM, DDR SDRAM cng c nhiu loi tc khc nhau nh PC2100, PC2700, PC3200, PC3500 v PC3700 (xung lm vic tng ng l 266MHz, 333MHz, 400MHz, 433MHz, v 466MHz) RDRAM: L cng ngh b nh 'xn' nht, RDRAM s dng cho cc h thng Xeon v Pentium IV cao cp. Do gi cn mc nn khng c ph bin nh 2 loi RAM trn. TNG HP ng vi chn loi RAM tc nhanh v cha chc thch hp vi my bn m nn chn loi b nh c thng s ging nh b nh hin thi trn h thng. Mua thanh DDR-SDRAM PC3700 tc 466MHz trong khi bo mch ch ch h tr ti a RAM 266MHz th xem ra khng hiu qu bng mua loi DDR SDRAM PC2100 tc 266MHz. LP T Trc tin, bn phi m thng my v nh eo vng kh tnh in hoc tip t trnh lm hng linh kin in t. Quan st trn bo mch ch, tm nhng khe cm RAM (c l l di nht). Nhn cht 2 bn khe cm RAM cn trng ra hai bn ri t thanh RAM vo ng v tr, nhn u 2 u ( khng lm hng hay try xc mch in t) n khi thy 2 cht cm vo hai thnh thanh RAM. Lp t RDRAM cng tng t nhng cn lp cc thanh RDRAM theo cp v t CRIMM trong khe cm trng khp kn mch in. i vi loi SDRAM, bn s phi y nghing. CHY TH Hy quan st con s bo dung lng b nh khi h thng khi ng. Nu sai bit th nn kim tra li v tr gn cc thanh RAM. Nu cn c th nhn phm Pause/ Break tm dng mn hnh khi ng. Khi thy h thng bo dung lng RAM v khi ng bnh thng vo Windows, bn tip tc chy th mt s ng dng v kim tra xem chng c hot ng tt khng; bi RAM khng tng thch c th gy ra s c treo my hay ng bng.

VIDEO RAM (VRAM) VRAM c pht trin da trn cng ngh FPM (fast page mode), c hai cng giao tip thay v mt cng nh thng thng: mt cng dnh cho chc nng lm ti mn hnh) cng cn li xut nh ra mn hnh. Nh thit k ny, VRAM hot ng hiu qu hn DRAM trong nhng ng dng video. Tuy nhin, do sn lng tiu th chip video t hn chip nh chnh nn gi cn cao. V th, trong mt s h thng card video t tin, ngi ta c th dng DRAM thng thng gim gi thnh. GRAPHIC DDR (GDDR) GDDR (DDR ha) c pht trin da trn cng ngh DDR SDRAM dnh ring cho ha. Sau phin bn GDDR-2 thit k da trn DDR-II, ATI v NVIDIA kt hp cht ch vi cc nh sn xut b nh a ra phin bn GDDR-3 c in p lm vic thp hn GDDR-2, lm vic t tn s 500MHz n 800MHz vi mc tiu gim in nng tiu th, tng mt chip nh v n gin ha gii php tn nhit. WINDOW RAM (WRAM) WRAM l mt dng b nh hai cng khc, c dng trong nhng h thng chuyn x l ha. Hi khc VRAM, WRAM c cng hin th nh hn v h tr tnh nng EDO (Extended Data Out). SYNCHRONOUS GRAPHIC RAM (SGRAM) SGRAM l loi SDRAM thit k ring cho video vi chc nng c/ghi c bit. SGRAM cho php truy xut v chnh sa d liu theo khi thay v tng n v nn gim bt s lt c/ghi b nh v tng hiu nng ca b iu khin ha. BASE RAMBUS V CONCURRENT RAMBUS Trc khi tr thnh cng ngh b nh chnh, cng ngh Rambus c dng lm b nh video. Cng ngh b nh Rambus dng lm b nh chnh hin ti c gi l Direct Rambus. Cn hai dng Rambus s khai l Base Rambus v Concurrent Rambus c dng cho ng dng video trong my trm v h thng game video nh Nintendo 64.

B nh ci tin ENHANCED SDRAM (ESDRAM) tng tc v hiu nng, thanh nh chun c th c tch hp thm b m SRAM (Static RAM) trc tip trn chip. ESDRAM l SDRAM c thm b m SRAM c kh nng lm vic vi tn s 200MHz. Cng tng t nguyn l b nh m ngoi, DRAM cng dng mt b m SRAM lu d liu thng dng, nhm rt ngn thi gian truy xut DRAM. u im ca SRAM trn chip l to lp tuyn bus rng hn gia SRAM v DRAM, tng cng bng thng v tc DRAM mt cch hiu qu. FAST CYCLE RAM (FCRAM) FCRAM c Toshiba v Fujitsu ng pht trin nhm phc v my ch, my in cao cp v h thng chuyn mch vin thng. B nh c phn thnh nhiu mng v c thit k hng i nn tng c tc truy xut ngu nhin v gim in nng tiu th. SYNCLINK DRAM (SLDRAM) Hin ti tuy li thi nhng SLDRAM tng c cng ng ch to DRAM pht trin nhm cnh tranh vi Rambus vo cui thp nin 1990.

VIRTUAL CHANNEL MEMORY (VCM) Do NEC pht trin, VCM cho php cc 'khi' b nh khc nhau giao tip c lp vi b iu khin nh v c m ring. Cch ny cho php mi tc v h thng thnh mt khi ring, khng chia s hay dng chung vi cc tc v cng chy khc. B NH FLASH B nh Flash l dng b nh ghi li c, khng mt, trng thi n nh, c chc nng kt hp ca RAM v a cng. B nh flash lu bit d liu di dng tn hiu in trong nh (ging DRAM) nhng c kh nng nh c khi ngt in (ging a cng). Nh c tnh in th thp, n nh, tc cao, b nh flash thch hp vi rt nhiu ng dng di ng nh my nh s, my quay phim s, in thoi di ng, my in, PDA, my nhn tin, my ghi m s, my MP3, h thng GPS.